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| {{Globalize|date=October 2020|2=European politics}} | |||
| {{pp-protect|small=yes}} | {{pp-protect|small=yes}} | ||
| {{short description|political views located further to the left on the left–right political spectrum than the standard political left}} | {{short description|political views located further to the left on the left–right political spectrum than the standard political left}} | ||
| {{use dmy dates|date=January 2015}} | {{use dmy dates|date=January 2015}} | ||
| {{party politics}} | {{party politics}} | ||
| '''Far-left politics''' are politics further to the left of the ] than the standard ]. | |||
| '''Far-left politics''' are politics further to the left of the ] than the standard ], particularly in terms of ], ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Heywood |first1=Andrew |title=Political Ideologies : an Introduction |date=16 February 2017 |location=Basingstoke |isbn=9781137606044 |pages=14–17 |edition=6th}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Totalitarianism {{!}} Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=https://iep.utm.edu/totalita/ |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=University of Tennessee at Martin}}</ref><ref>Althusser, L. (1971). Lenin and Philosophy. In ''Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays''. NY: Monthly Review Press.</ref> | |||
| There are different definitions of the far-left. Some scholars define it as representing the left of ] while others limit it to the left of ]. In certain instances, especially in the ], the term ''far-left'' has been associated with some forms of ] and ], or it characterizes groups that advocate for revolutionary ] and ]. | There are different definitions of the far-left. Some scholars define it as representing the left of ] while others limit it to the left of ]. In certain instances, especially in the ], the term ''far-left'' has been associated with some forms of ] and ], or it characterizes groups that advocate for revolutionary ] and ]. | ||
| ] far-left politics can involve violent acts and the formation of far-left ] organizations meant to abolish ] systems and the upper ]. Historically, far-left movements in their extreme forms led to atrocities against political opponents, most notably regarding ]. ] consists of groups that attempt to realize their radical ideals and bring about change through violence rather than established political processes. | ] far-left politics can involve violent acts and the formation of far-left ] organizations meant to abolish ] systems and the upper ]. ] consists of groups that attempt to realize their radical ideals and bring about change through violence rather than established political processes. | ||
| == Definition == | == Definition == | ||
| ⚫ | The definition of the far-left varies in the literature and there is not a general agreement on what it entails or consensus on the core characteristics that constitute the far-left, other than being to the left of "]". In France, ''extrême-gauche'' ("extreme left") is a generally accepted term for political groups that position themselves to the left of the ], although some such as the political scientist Serge Cosseron limit the scope to the left of the ].{{sfn|Cosseron|2007|p=20}} | ||
| ], a far-left ideology]] | |||
| ⚫ | The definition of the far-left |
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| Scholars such as Luke March and Cas Mudde propose that socio-economic rights are at the far-left's core. Moreover, March and Mudde argue that the far-left is to the left of "the left" with regard to how parties or groups describe economic inequality on the base of existing social and political arrangements.{{sfn|March|Mudde|2005}} Luke March, Senior Lecturer in Soviet and post-Soviet Politics at Politics and International Relations of the ], defines the far-left as those who position themselves to the left of ] which is seen as insufficiently left-wing.{{sfn|Liebman|Miliband|1985}} The two main sub-types of far-left politics are called "the radical left" and "the extreme left". The first desires fundamental changes in ] ] and progressive reform of ] such as ] and the inclusion of marginalised communities{{sfn|Dunphy|2004}} while the latter denounces ] as a "compromise with ] political forces" and defines capitalism more strictly.{{sfn|March|Mudde|2005}} | Scholars such as Luke March and Cas Mudde propose that socio-economic rights are at the far-left's core. Moreover, March and Mudde argue that the far-left is to the left of "the left" with regard to how parties or groups describe economic inequality on the base of existing social and political arrangements.{{sfn|March|Mudde|2005}} Luke March, Senior Lecturer in Soviet and post-Soviet Politics at Politics and International Relations of the ], defines the far-left as those who position themselves to the left of ] which is seen as insufficiently left-wing.{{sfn|Liebman|Miliband|1985}} The two main sub-types of far-left politics are called "the radical left" and "the extreme left". The first desires fundamental changes in ] ] and progressive reform of ] such as ] and the inclusion of marginalised communities{{sfn|Dunphy|2004}} while the latter denounces ] as a "compromise with ] political forces" and defines capitalism more strictly.{{sfn|March|Mudde|2005}} | ||
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| == Far-left terrorism == | == Far-left terrorism == | ||
| {{main|Left-wing terrorism}} | {{main|Left-wing terrorism}} | ||
| ] in 1981 by the West German |
] in 1981 by the West German left-wing terrorist group ]]] | ||
| Left-wing terrorism or far-left terrorism, sometimes called Marxist–Leninist terrorism or revolutionary/left-wing terrorism, is ] meant to overthrow ] and replace them with ] or ] societies. Left-wing terrorism also occurs within already ] as ] against the current ruling government.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Aubrey|first=Stefan|title=The new dimension of international terrorism|publisher=|year=2004|isbn=3-7281-2949-6|location=|pages=44–45}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Moghadam, .|first=Assaf|title=The roots of terrorism|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=2006|isbn=0-7910-8307-1|location=New York|pages=56}}</ref> | Left-wing terrorism or far-left terrorism, sometimes called Marxist–Leninist terrorism or revolutionary/left-wing terrorism, is ] meant to overthrow ] and replace them with ] or ] societies. Left-wing terrorism also occurs within already ] as ] against the current ruling government.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Aubrey|first=Stefan|title=The new dimension of international terrorism|publisher=|year=2004|isbn=3-7281-2949-6|location=|pages=44–45}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Moghadam, .|first=Assaf|title=The roots of terrorism|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=2006|isbn=0-7910-8307-1|location=New York|pages=56}}</ref> | ||
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Far-left politics are politics further to the left of the left–right political spectrum than the standard political left.
There are different definitions of the far-left. Some scholars define it as representing the left of social democracy while others limit it to the left of communist parties. In certain instances, especially in the news media, the term far-left has been associated with some forms of anarchism and communism, or it characterizes groups that advocate for revolutionary anti-capitalism and anti-globalization.
Extremist far-left politics can involve violent acts and the formation of far-left militant organizations meant to abolish capitalist systems and the upper ruling class. Far-left terrorism consists of groups that attempt to realize their radical ideals and bring about change through violence rather than established political processes.
Definition
The definition of the far-left varies in the literature and there is not a general agreement on what it entails or consensus on the core characteristics that constitute the far-left, other than being to the left of "the left". In France, extrême-gauche ("extreme left") is a generally accepted term for political groups that position themselves to the left of the Socialist Party, although some such as the political scientist Serge Cosseron limit the scope to the left of the French Communist Party.
Scholars such as Luke March and Cas Mudde propose that socio-economic rights are at the far-left's core. Moreover, March and Mudde argue that the far-left is to the left of "the left" with regard to how parties or groups describe economic inequality on the base of existing social and political arrangements. Luke March, Senior Lecturer in Soviet and post-Soviet Politics at Politics and International Relations of the University of Edinburgh, defines the far-left as those who position themselves to the left of social democracy which is seen as insufficiently left-wing. The two main sub-types of far-left politics are called "the radical left" and "the extreme left". The first desires fundamental changes in neoliberal capitalism and progressive reform of democracy such as direct democracy and the inclusion of marginalised communities while the latter denounces liberal democracy as a "compromise with bourgeois political forces" and defines capitalism more strictly.
Far-left politics is seen as radical politics because it calls for fundamental change to the capitalist socio-economic structure of society. March and Mudde claim that far-left parties are an increasingly stabilized political actor and are challenging mainstream social democratic parties, defining other core characteristics of far-left politics as being internationalism and a focus on networking and solidarity as well as opposition to globalization and neoliberalism. In his later conceptualization, March started to refer to far-left politics as "radical left politics" which is constituted of radical left parties that reject the socio-economic structures of contemporary society that are based on the principles and values of capitalism.
Radical left parties
In Europe, the support for far-left politics comes from three overlapping groups, namely far-left subcultures, disaffected social democrats and protest voters—those who are opposed to their country's European Union membership.
To distinguish the far-left from the moderate left, Luke March and Cas Mudde identify three useful criteria:
- Firstly, the far-left rejects the underlying socio-economic structure of contemporary capitalism.
- Secondly, they advocate alternative economic and power structures that involve the redistribution of resources from political elites.
- Thirdly, they are internationalists, seeing a causality between imperialism and globalism and regional socio-economic issues.
Others classify the far-left under the category of populist socialist parties. Some such as Professor Vít Hloušek and Professor Lubomír Kopeček of the Masaryk University at the International Institute of Political Science suggest secondary characteristics, including anti-Americanism, anti-globalization, opposition to NATO and in some cases a rejection of European integration.
Luke March states that "compared with the international communist movement 30 years ago, the far left has undergone a process of profound de-radicalization. The extreme left is marginal in most places". March identifies four major subgroups within contemporary European far-left politics, namely communists, democratic socialists, populist socialists and social populists. In a later conception of far-left politics, March writes that "I prefer the term 'radical left' to alternatives such as 'hard left' and 'far left', which can appear pejorative and imply that the left is necessarily marginal". According to March, the most successful far-left parties are "pragmatic and non-ideological".
Far-left terrorism
Main article: Left-wing terrorism
Left-wing terrorism or far-left terrorism, sometimes called Marxist–Leninist terrorism or revolutionary/left-wing terrorism, is terrorism meant to overthrow capitalist systems and replace them with Marxist–Leninist or socialist societies. Left-wing terrorism also occurs within already socialist states as activism against the current ruling government.
See also
- Autonomism
- Hard left
- List of anti-capitalist and communist parties with national parliamentary representation
- Moonbat
- Ultra-leftism
References
- Cosseron 2007, p. 20.
- ^ March & Mudde 2005.
- Liebman & Miliband 1985.
- Dunphy 2004.
- ^ March 2012. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFMarch2012 (help)
- Holzer & Mareš 2016, p. 57.
- Smaldone 2013, p. 304.
- ^ Hloušek & Kopeček 2010, p. 46.
- Katsambekis & Kioupkiolis 2019, p. 82.
- March 2008, p. 3.
- March 2012, p. 1724. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFMarch2012 (help)
- Aubrey, Stefan (2004). The new dimension of international terrorism. pp. 44–45. ISBN 3-7281-2949-6.
- Moghadam, ., Assaf (2006). The roots of terrorism. New York: Infobase Publishing. p. 56. ISBN 0-7910-8307-1.
Sources
- Chaliand, Gérard (2010). The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to Al Qaeda (1st ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520247093.
- "Red Brigades". CISAC. Stanford University. May 2008. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
- Cosseron, Serge (2007). Dictionnaire de l'extrême gauche. Paris: Larousse. p. 20. ISBN 978-2035826206.
- Hloušek, Vít; Kopeček, Lubomír (2010). Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared (1st ed.). London: Roitledge. ISBN 9780754678403.
- Dunphy, Richard (2004). Contesting Capitalism?: Left Parties and European Integration. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 9780719068041.
- Holzer, Jan; Mareš, Miroslav (2016). Challenges to Democracies in East Central Europe (1st ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 9781138655966.
- "Red Brigades announce end of their struggle to overthrow German state". The Irish Times. 22 April 1998. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
- Katsambekis, Giorgos; Kioupkiolis, Alexandros (2019). The Populist Radical Left in Europe (illustrated ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-74480-6.
- Liebman, Marcel; Miliband, Ralph (1985). "Beyond Social Democracy". The Socialist Register. 22: 476–489 – via Marxists Internet Archive.
- March, Luke; Mudde, Cas (1 April 2005). "What's Left of the Radical Left? The European Radical Left After 1989: Decline and Mutation". Comparative European Politics. 3 (1): 23–49. doi:10.1057/palgrave.cep.6110052. ISSN 1740-388X. S2CID 55197396.
- March, Luke (2008). Contemporary Far Left Parties in Europe: From Marxism to the Mainstream? (PDF). Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. ISBN 9783868720006. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
- March, Luke (2012). Radical Left Parties in Europe (illustrated ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 9781136578977.
- March, Luke (1 September 2012). "Problems and Perspectives of Contemporary European Radical Left Parties: Chasing a Lost World or Still a World to Win?". International Critical Thought. 2 (3): 314–339. doi:10.1080/21598282.2012.706777. ISSN 2159-8282. S2CID 154948426.
- Pedahzur, Ami; Perliger, Arie; Weinberg, Leonard (2009). Political Parties and Terrorist Groups (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 9781135973377.
- Raufer, Xavier (October–December 1993). "The Red Brigades: A Farewell to Arms". Studies in Conflict and Terrorism. 16 (4): 315–325. doi:10.1080/10576109308435937.
- Smaldone, William (2013). European Socialism: A Concise History with Documents (illustrated ed.). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 9781442209077.
Further reading
- Chiocchetti, Paolo (2016). The Radical Left Party Family in Western Europe, 1989–2015 (1st ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 9781138656185.
External links
Media related to Far-left politics at Wikimedia Commons
