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| {{Infobox IPA | {{Short description|Type of phonation}}{{Infobox IPA | ||
| | above = Creaky voice | | above = Creaky voice | ||
| | ipa symbol = ◌̰ | | ipa symbol = ◌̰ | ||
| | decimal=816 | | decimal=816 | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| In ], '''creaky voice''' (sometimes called '''laryngealisation''', '''pulse phonation''', ''']''', or '''glottal fry''') is a special kind of ]<ref>{{cite journal | author = Titze, I. R. | year = 2008 | title = The Human Instrument | journal = ] | volume = 298 | issue = 1 | pages = 94–101 | pmid = 18225701 | doi = 10.1038/scientificamerican0108-94 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author = Titze, I. R. | year = 1994 | title = Principles of Voice Production | publisher = Prentice Hall | isbn = 978-0-13-717893-3 }}</ref> in which the ]s in the ] are drawn together; as a result, the ] are compressed rather tightly, becoming relatively slack and compact. They normally vibrate irregularly at 20–50 pulses per second, about two octaves below the frequency of ], and the airflow through the ] is very slow. Although creaky voice may occur with very low ], as at the end of a long ], it can also occur with a higher pitch.{{ |
In ], '''creaky voice''' (sometimes called '''laryngealisation''', '''pulse phonation''', ''']''', or '''glottal fry''') refers to a low, scratchy sound that occupies the vocal range below the common vocal register. It is a special kind of ]<ref>{{cite journal | author = Titze, I. R. | year = 2008 | title = The Human Instrument | journal = ] | volume = 298 | issue = 1 | pages = 94–101 | pmid = 18225701 | doi = 10.1038/scientificamerican0108-94 | bibcode = 2008SciAm.298a..94T }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author = Titze, I. R. | year = 1994 | title = Principles of Voice Production | publisher = Prentice Hall | isbn = 978-0-13-717893-3 }}</ref> in which the ]s in the ] are drawn together; as a result, the ] are compressed rather tightly, becoming relatively slack and compact. They normally vibrate irregularly at 20–50 pulses per second, about two octaves below the frequency of ], and the airflow through the ] is very slow. Although creaky voice may occur with very low ], as at the end of a long ], it can also occur with a higher pitch.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kuang |first=Jianjing |date=2017-09-01 |title=Covariation between voice quality and pitch: Revisiting the case of Mandarin creaky voice |journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America |volume=142 |issue=3 |pages=1693–1706 |doi=10.1121/1.5003649 |pmid=28964062 |bibcode=2017ASAJ..142.1693K |issn=0001-4966|doi-access=free }}</ref> All contribute to make a speaker's voice sound creaky or raspy. | ||
| ] | |||
| Researcher ] found that "college-age Americans ... perceive female creaky voice as hesitant, nonaggressive, and informal but also educated, urban-oriented, and upwardly mobile."<ref>{{cite journal | author = Yuasa, I. P. | title = Creaky Voice: A New Feminine Voice Quality for Young Urban-Oriented Upwardly Mobile American Women? | journal = American Speech | year = 2010 | volume = 85 | issue = 3 | pages = 315–337 | doi = 10.1215/00031283-2010-018 }}</ref> However, according to a 2012 study in ''PLOS ONE'', young women using creaky voice are viewed as less competent, less educated, less trustworthy, less attractive and less employable.<ref>Anderson, Rindy C., et al. , ''PLOS ONE'', 28 May 2014. {{doi|10.1371/journal.pone.0097506}}</ref> Some suggest that creaky voice can function as a marker of parentheticals in conversations; creaky voice may indicate that certain phrases, when uttered with creaky voice, contain less central information.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Sinae|date=2015-06-01|title=Creaky voice as a phonational device marking parenthetical segments in talk|journal=Journal of Sociolinguistics|volume=19|issue=3|pages=275–302|doi=10.1111/josl.12123|issn=1467-9841}}</ref> | |||
| ==In phonology== | |||
| It is subsequently theorized by many that creaky voice may be a way for women to sound more “authoritative” and credible (Dilley, Shattuck-Hufnagel, & Ostendorf 1996; Coates 1986; Hollien, Moore, Wendahl, & Michel 1966; Borkowska & Pawlowski 2010). Pennock- Speck (2005) finds that creaky voice is often seen as sexually desirable in American culture. Henton & Bladen (1988) suggest there may be biological reasons as to why women produce creaky voice more than men. They find that creaky voice may be easier for female speakers to produce because they have shorter vocal cords than males, making the bunching of their vocal cords easier. Yuasa (2010) further theorizes that because California is at the center of American popular culture and much of the entertainment industry is rooted there, young Americans may unconsciously be using creaky voice more because of the media they consume. She concludes that further research is needed in analyzing creaky voice in other regions of the country. | |||
| ⚫ | In the ] of ], creaky voice has been described as a possible realisation of ]. For example, an alternative phonetic transcription of ''attempt'' {{IPA|}} could be {{IPA|}}.<ref>{{cite journal |page=241 |doi=10.1017/S0025100304001768 |last=Roach |first=Peter |year=2004 |title=British English: Received Pronunciation |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=34 |issue=2 |s2cid=144338519 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/D4AFF0A7118E7081ACF7C7586FF87590/S0025100304001768a.pdf/british_english_received_pronunciation.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905105051/https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/D4AFF0A7118E7081ACF7C7586FF87590/S0025100304001768a.pdf/british_english_received_pronunciation.pdf |archive-date=2018-09-05 |url-status=live|doi-access=free }}</ref> | ||
| ⚫ | In some languages, such as ], creaky voice has a ]; that is, the presence or absence of creaky voice can change the meaning of a word.<ref name="AshbyMaidment2005">{{cite book | last1 = Ashby | first1 = M. | last2 = Maidment | first2 = J. A. | title = Introducing Phonetic Science | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2005 | page = 98 | isbn = 978-0-521-00496-1 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JxjTLu9slDUC&pg=PA98 | access-date = 2012-06-30 }}</ref> In the ], creaky voice of a ] is represented by a ]al ] {{unichar|0330|COMBINING TILDE BELOW|ulink=Phonetic symbols in Unicode|cwith=◌|size=100%}}, for example {{IPA|}}. The ] ] feature '']'' is an example of a form of laryngealisation that has a ] function.<ref>{{cite book| last=Basbøll| first=Hans| date=2005| title=The Phonology of Danish|publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=978-0-19-824268-0 |quote=The Danish stød is a syllable prosody manifested by laryngealization. |quote-page=24}}</ref> A slight degree of laryngealisation, occurring in some ] consonants for example, is called "]".<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ahn|first1=Sang-cheol|last2=Iverson|first2=Gregory K.|date=October 2004|title=Dimensions in Korean Laryngeal Phonology*|journal=Journal of East Asian Linguistics|volume=13|issue=4|pages=345–379|doi=10.1007/s10831-004-4256-x|s2cid=123061263|issn=0925-8558}}</ref> | ||
| Another potential reason young women are the highest demographic to be speaking with creaky voice is rooted in “conversational entrainment.” Borrie & Delfino (2017) analyze “conversational entrainment,” or the natural inclination people have to modulate their voices to match their conversational mate. They hypothesize that participants in their study will use creaky voice more when engaging with a partner who frequently uses creaky voice, as opposed to someone using creaky voice minimally. They further posit that the more entrainment occurs, the more successful the conversation will be in both efficiency and enjoyment. To test these hypotheses, they gave two participants different pictures and asked them to work together to find the ten small differences between their images. One conversational partner spoke with vocal fry often, while the other conversational partner did not speak it much. They found that the more participants attempted to mirror their conversational partner in vocal fry, the better the participants were able to communicate successfully. Further, vocal fry entrainment led to greater likeability between the partners. | |||
| ==Social aspects== | |||
| ⚫ | In the ] of ], creaky voice has been described as a possible realisation of ]. For example, an alternative phonetic transcription of ''attempt'' {{IPA|}} could be {{IPA|}}.<ref>{{cite |
||
| {{main|Vocal fry register}} | |||
| Use of creaky voice across general speech and in singing is termed "vocal fry". | |||
| Some evidence exists of vocal fry becoming more common in the speech of young female speakers of American English in the early 21st century,<ref name=Yuasa/> with researcher Ikuko Patricia Yuasa finding that college-age Americans perceived female creaky voice as "hesitant, nonaggressive, and informal but also educated, urban-oriented, and upwardly mobile."<ref name=Yuasa>{{cite journal | author = Yuasa, I. P. | title = Creaky Voice: A New Feminine Voice Quality for Young Urban-Oriented Upwardly Mobile American Women? | journal = American Speech | year = 2010 | volume = 85 | issue = 3 | pages = 315–337 | doi = 10.1215/00031283-2010-018 }}</ref> | |||
| ⚫ | In some languages, such as ], creaky voice has a ]; that is, the presence or absence of creaky voice can change the meaning of a word.<ref name="AshbyMaidment2005">{{cite book | last1 = Ashby | first1 = M. | last2 = Maidment | first2 = J. A. | title = Introducing Phonetic Science | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2005 | page = 98 | isbn = 978-0-521-00496-1 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JxjTLu9slDUC&pg=PA98 | access-date = 2012-06-30 }}</ref> In the ], creaky voice of a ] is represented by a ]al ] {{unichar|0330|COMBINING TILDE BELOW|ulink=Phonetic symbols in Unicode|cwith= |
||
| It is subsequently theorized that vocal fry may be a way for women to sound more "authoritative" and credible by using it to emulate the deeper male register.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dilley |first1=L. |last2=Shattuck-Hufnagel |first2=S. |last3=Ostendorf |first3=M. |title=Glottalization of word-initial vowels as a function of prosodic structure |journal=Journal of Phonetics |date=1996 |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=423–444 |url=http://speechlab.cas.msu.edu/PDF/Old%20Publications/Dilley,%20Shattuck-Hufnagel%20&%20Ostendorf%201996.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522150205/http://speechlab.cas.msu.edu/PDF/Old%20Publications/Dilley,%20Shattuck-Hufnagel%20&%20Ostendorf%201996.pdf |archive-date=2017-05-22 |url-status=live |doi=10.1006/jpho.1996.0023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Coates |first1=Jennifer |title=Women, men and language: a sociolinguistic account of gender differences in language |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=9781138948785 |edition=3rd |doi=10.4324/9781315645612 |series=Routledge Linguistics Classics}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hollien |first1=Harry |last2=Moore |first2=Paul |last3=Wendahl |first3=Ronald W. |last4=Michel |first4=John F. |title=On the Nature of Vocal Fry |journal=Journal of Speech and Hearing Research |date=1966 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=245–247 |doi=10.1044/jshr.0902.245 |publisher=] |pmid=5925528}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Borkowska |first1=Barbara |last2=Pawłowski |first2=Bogusław |title=Female voice frequency in the context of dominance and attractiveness perception |journal=] |date=2011 |volume=82 |issue=1 |pages=55–59 |doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.03.024 |publisher=], Elsevier|s2cid=53275785 }}</ref> Yuasa<ref name=Yuasa/> further theorizes that because California is at the center of much of the entertainment industry, young Americans may unconsciously be using creaky voice more because of the media they consume. | |||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
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Latest revision as of 13:01, 30 October 2024
Type of phonation| Creaky voice | |
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| ◌̰ | |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | ̰ |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0330 |
In linguistics, creaky voice (sometimes called laryngealisation, pulse phonation, vocal fry, or glottal fry) refers to a low, scratchy sound that occupies the vocal range below the common vocal register. It is a special kind of phonation in which the arytenoid cartilages in the larynx are drawn together; as a result, the vocal folds are compressed rather tightly, becoming relatively slack and compact. They normally vibrate irregularly at 20–50 pulses per second, about two octaves below the frequency of modal voicing, and the airflow through the glottis is very slow. Although creaky voice may occur with very low pitch, as at the end of a long intonation unit, it can also occur with a higher pitch. All contribute to make a speaker's voice sound creaky or raspy.
In phonology
In the Received Pronunciation of English, creaky voice has been described as a possible realisation of glottal reinforcement. For example, an alternative phonetic transcription of attempt could be .
In some languages, such as Jalapa Mazatec, creaky voice has a phonemic status; that is, the presence or absence of creaky voice can change the meaning of a word. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, creaky voice of a phone is represented by a diacritical tilde U+0330 ◌̰ COMBINING TILDE BELOW, for example . The Danish prosodic feature stød is an example of a form of laryngealisation that has a phonemic function. A slight degree of laryngealisation, occurring in some Korean language consonants for example, is called "stiff voice".
Social aspects
Main article: Vocal fry registerUse of creaky voice across general speech and in singing is termed "vocal fry".
Some evidence exists of vocal fry becoming more common in the speech of young female speakers of American English in the early 21st century, with researcher Ikuko Patricia Yuasa finding that college-age Americans perceived female creaky voice as "hesitant, nonaggressive, and informal but also educated, urban-oriented, and upwardly mobile."
It is subsequently theorized that vocal fry may be a way for women to sound more "authoritative" and credible by using it to emulate the deeper male register. Yuasa further theorizes that because California is at the center of much of the entertainment industry, young Americans may unconsciously be using creaky voice more because of the media they consume.
See also
References
- Titze, I. R. (2008). "The Human Instrument". Scientific American. 298 (1): 94–101. Bibcode:2008SciAm.298a..94T. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0108-94. PMID 18225701.
- Titze, I. R. (1994). Principles of Voice Production. Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-717893-3.
- Kuang, Jianjing (2017-09-01). "Covariation between voice quality and pitch: Revisiting the case of Mandarin creaky voice". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 142 (3): 1693–1706. Bibcode:2017ASAJ..142.1693K. doi:10.1121/1.5003649. ISSN 0001-4966. PMID 28964062.
- Roach, Peter (2004). "British English: Received Pronunciation" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 34 (2): 241. doi:10.1017/S0025100304001768. S2CID 144338519. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-09-05.
- Ashby, M.; Maidment, J. A. (2005). Introducing Phonetic Science. Cambridge University Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-521-00496-1. Retrieved 2012-06-30.
- Basbøll, Hans (2005). The Phonology of Danish. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-824268-0. p. 24:
The Danish stød is a syllable prosody manifested by laryngealization.
- Ahn, Sang-cheol; Iverson, Gregory K. (October 2004). "Dimensions in Korean Laryngeal Phonology*". Journal of East Asian Linguistics. 13 (4): 345–379. doi:10.1007/s10831-004-4256-x. ISSN 0925-8558. S2CID 123061263.
- ^ Yuasa, I. P. (2010). "Creaky Voice: A New Feminine Voice Quality for Young Urban-Oriented Upwardly Mobile American Women?". American Speech. 85 (3): 315–337. doi:10.1215/00031283-2010-018.
- Dilley, L.; Shattuck-Hufnagel, S.; Ostendorf, M. (1996). "Glottalization of word-initial vowels as a function of prosodic structure" (PDF). Journal of Phonetics. 24 (4): 423–444. doi:10.1006/jpho.1996.0023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-05-22.
- Coates, Jennifer (2016). Women, men and language: a sociolinguistic account of gender differences in language. Routledge Linguistics Classics (3rd ed.). London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315645612. ISBN 9781138948785.
- Hollien, Harry; Moore, Paul; Wendahl, Ronald W.; Michel, John F. (1966). "On the Nature of Vocal Fry". Journal of Speech and Hearing Research. 9 (2). American Speech–Language–Hearing Association: 245–247. doi:10.1044/jshr.0902.245. PMID 5925528.
- Borkowska, Barbara; Pawłowski, Bogusław (2011). "Female voice frequency in the context of dominance and attractiveness perception". Animal Behaviour. 82 (1). Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour, Elsevier: 55–59. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.03.024. S2CID 53275785.
Further reading
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
- "Word of Mouth: Young Women as Linguistic Innovators", BBC Radio 4, 18 May 2015, from c. 17:40 mins.
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