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{{short description|Finnish politician}} {{Short description|Finnish politician (born 1945)}}
{{Infobox MEP {{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nils Torvalds | name = Nils Torvalds
| honorific-suffix = ] | honorific-suffix = ]
| image = Hallitusneuvottelut 9.5.2023 (52882538497) (cropped).jpg
| image = NickeWiki.jpg
⚫ | office = ]

⚫ | predecessor = ]
⚫ | office = ]
| term_start = 5 July 2012
⚫ | predecessor = ]
| term_start = 5 July 2012 | term_end = 16 July 2024
⚫ | constituency = ]
| term_end =
⚫ | birth_name = Nils Torvalds
⚫ | constituency = ]
⚫ | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1945|8|7|df=y}}
⚫ | birth_name = Nils Torvalds
⚫ | birth_place = ]
⚫ | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1945|8|7|df=y}}
⚫ | death_date =
⚫ | birth_place =], ]
⚫ | death_place =
⚫ | death_date =
⚫ | party = '''''{{flag|Finland|name=Finnish}}'''''<br />]<br />'''''{{flag|EU}}'''''<br />]
⚫ | death_place =
⚫ | spouse =
⚫ | party = '''''{{flag|Finland|name=Finnish}}'''''<br />]<br />'''''{{flag|EU}}'''''<br />]
| children = 5, including ]
⚫ | spouse =
| children = ] | alma_mater = ]
⚫ | website = {{URL|https://nilstorvalds.fi}}
| alma_mater = ]
| signature = Assinatura Nils Torvalds.png
⚫ | website = {{URL|www.nilstorvalds.fi}}
}} }}
'''Nils Ole Hilmer Torvalds<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.savonsanomat.fi/kotimaa/RKPn-Nils-Torvalds-tienasi-presidenttiehdokkaista-eniten/1063562 |title= RKP:n Nils Torvalds tienasi presidenttiehdokkaista eniten|publisher=Savon Sanomat|access-date=2018-07-13}}</ref>''' (born 7 August 1945) is a ] politician who has been a ] (MEP) since 2012. He is a member of the ], part of the ]. '''Nils Ole Hilmer Torvalds<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.savonsanomat.fi/kotimaa/RKPn-Nils-Torvalds-tienasi-presidenttiehdokkaista-eniten/1063562 |title= RKP:n Nils Torvalds tienasi presidenttiehdokkaista eniten|publisher=Savon Sanomat|access-date=2018-07-13}}</ref>''' (born 7 August 1945) is a ] politician who had been a ] (MEP) from 2012 to 2024. He is a member of the ], part of the ].


] Torvalds is the son of the ] ], and the father of the ] ] of ] fame.<ref>Torvalds, 2001</ref> ] Torvalds is the son of the ] ], and the father of the ] ] of ] fame.<ref>Torvalds, 2001</ref>
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Torvalds was a member of the ] from 1969 to 1982. He studied economics in ] and was the editor of the ] magazine ''Arbetartidningen Enhet''. Torvalds has later described his communism as "rebellion".<ref name="kauppalehti">{{cite web |url= https://www.kauppalehti.fi/uutiset/nils-torvalds-nuorena-olisi-voinut-seurata-jyrkkaa-ajatuksenkulkua/b2SGGszy|title=Nils Torvalds: "Nuorena olisi voinut seurata jyrkkää ajatuksenkulkua" |publisher=Kauppalehti |language=fi}}</ref> Between 1995 and 2004 Torvalds worked as a foreign correspondent for the ] in Moscow and Washington.<ref name="yle2018">{{Cite web |url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-9952354 |title=Henkilökuvassa Nils Torvalds:Ankkalammikon armahtama toisinajattelija on itsetietoinen intellektuelli |last=Seppänen |first=Timo |date=January 10, 2018 |website=Yle Uutiset |language=fi |access-date=2018-02-22}}</ref> Torvalds was a member of the ] from 1969 to 1982. He studied economics in ] and was the editor of the ] magazine ''Arbetartidningen Enhet''. Torvalds has later described his communism as "rebellion".<ref name="kauppalehti">{{cite web |url= https://www.kauppalehti.fi/uutiset/nils-torvalds-nuorena-olisi-voinut-seurata-jyrkkaa-ajatuksenkulkua/b2SGGszy|title=Nils Torvalds: "Nuorena olisi voinut seurata jyrkkää ajatuksenkulkua" |publisher=Kauppalehti |language=fi}}</ref> Between 1995 and 2004 Torvalds worked as a foreign correspondent for the ] in Moscow and Washington.<ref name="yle2018">{{Cite web |url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-9952354 |title=Henkilökuvassa Nils Torvalds:Ankkalammikon armahtama toisinajattelija on itsetietoinen intellektuelli |last=Seppänen |first=Timo |date=January 10, 2018 |website=Yle Uutiset |language=fi |access-date=2018-02-22}}</ref>


Torvalds is fluent in ], ], ], ], ] and he also understands ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.verkkouutiset.fi/kotimaa/Presidenttiehdokkaat_kielitaito_IS-68549 |title=Yksi presidenttiehdokkaista kielitaidossa ylitse muiden - IS: tulee toimeen viidellä kielellä |publisher=Verkkouutiset }}</ref> Torvalds is fluent in ], ], ], ], and ]. And he also understands ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.verkkouutiset.fi/kotimaa/Presidenttiehdokkaat_kielitaito_IS-68549 |title=Yksi presidenttiehdokkaista kielitaidossa ylitse muiden - IS: tulee toimeen viidellä kielellä |date=8 June 2017 |publisher=Verkkouutiset }}</ref>


== Political career == == Political career ==
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Torvalds was a candidate for ] on the Swedish People's Party list. He received 14,044 votes which was insufficient for a seat.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://192.49.229.35/EP2009/s/tulos/ehdtulos_kokomaa.html |title=EUROPARLAMENTTIVAALIT 7.6.2009 - Tulos - Koko maa |publisher=vaalit.fi (the Official Results by the Ministry of Justice) |access-date=2009-06-13 |language=fi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612060746/http://192.49.229.35/EP2009/s/tulos/ehdtulos_kokomaa.html |archive-date=2009-06-12 }}</ref> However, on 5 July 2012, he was installed in the European Parliament, when ] left his seat to join the ] as ]. In the ] Torvalds received about 29,000 votes and was elected.<ref name="kauppalehti" /> Torvalds was a candidate for ] on the Swedish People's Party list. He received 14,044 votes which was insufficient for a seat.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://192.49.229.35/EP2009/s/tulos/ehdtulos_kokomaa.html |title=EUROPARLAMENTTIVAALIT 7.6.2009 - Tulos - Koko maa |publisher=vaalit.fi (the Official Results by the Ministry of Justice) |access-date=2009-06-13 |language=fi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612060746/http://192.49.229.35/EP2009/s/tulos/ehdtulos_kokomaa.html |archive-date=2009-06-12 }}</ref> However, on 5 July 2012, he was installed in the European Parliament, when ] left his seat to join the ] as ]. In the ] Torvalds received about 29,000 votes and was elected.<ref name="kauppalehti" />


As an MEP<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/114268/NILS_TORVALDS_home.html|title=Nils Torvalds|publisher=European Parliament|access-date=2015-11-08}}</ref> his positions have included vice-chair of the ] (PECH) and member of the ] (LIBE). He has served as ] on the ]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/nils_torvalds_a_pro-nato_liberal_swimming_against_the_tide/9975034 |title=Nils Torvalds: A pro-NATO liberal swimming against the tide |date=December 14, 2017 |website=Yle Uutiset |access-date=2018-02-22}}</ref> and on the ]s directive<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-8-2015-0025_EN.html|title=Recommendation for second reading on the Council position at first reading with a view to the adoption of a directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 98/70/EC relating to the quality of petrol and diesel fuels and amending Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources}}</ref> (which became directive 2015/1513<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2015/1513/oj|title=Directive (EU) 2015/1513 amending Directive 98/70/EC relating to the quality of petrol and diesel fuels and amending Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources|date=2015-09-09}}</ref>) and as rapporteur of the annual report 2018 on the European ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-8-2018-0419_EN.html|title=Report on Banking Union – annual report 2018 (2018/2100(INI))|date=2018-12-03}}</ref> As an MEP<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/114268/NILS_TORVALDS_home.html|title=Nils Torvalds|publisher=European Parliament|access-date=2015-11-08}}</ref> his positions have included vice-chair of the ] (PECH) and member of the ] (LIBE). Since 2021, he has been part of the Parliament's delegation to the ].<ref> ].</ref>
Torvalds has served as ] on the ]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/nils_torvalds_a_pro-nato_liberal_swimming_against_the_tide/9975034 |title=Nils Torvalds: A pro-NATO liberal swimming against the tide |date=December 14, 2017 |website=Yle Uutiset |access-date=2018-02-22}}</ref> and on the ]s directive<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-8-2015-0025_EN.html|title=Recommendation for second reading on the Council position at first reading with a view to the adoption of a directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 98/70/EC relating to the quality of petrol and diesel fuels and amending Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources}}</ref> (which became directive 2015/1513<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2015/1513/oj|title=Directive (EU) 2015/1513 amending Directive 98/70/EC relating to the quality of petrol and diesel fuels and amending Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources|date=2015-09-09}}</ref>) and as rapporteur of the annual report 2018 on the European ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-8-2018-0419_EN.html|title=Report on Banking Union – annual report 2018 (2018/2100(INI))|date=2018-12-03}}</ref>


Torvalds opposed the ] since it was first proposed, considering it unbalanced especially because of its article 13 (i.e. 17).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nilstorvalds.fi/pressmeddelanden/torvalds-rostade-nej-till-upphovsdirektivet-forslaget-ar-daligt-och-obalanserat/|title=Torvalds röstade nej till upphovsdirektivet: förslaget är dåligt och obalanserat!|language=sv|date=2019-03-26}}</ref> Torvalds opposed the ] since it was first proposed, considering it unbalanced especially because of its article 13 (i.e. 17).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nilstorvalds.fi/pressmeddelanden/torvalds-rostade-nej-till-upphovsdirektivet-forslaget-ar-daligt-och-obalanserat/|title=Torvalds röstade nej till upphovsdirektivet: förslaget är dåligt och obalanserat!|language=sv|date=2019-03-26}}</ref>


In addition to his committee assignments, Torvalds is part of the ] group<ref> ].</ref> and the European Parliament Intergroup on Traditional Minorities, National Communities and Languages.<ref> ].</ref>
⚫ Following the ], Torvalds was part of a cross-party working group in charge of drafting the European Parliament's five-year work program on economic and fiscal policies as well as trade.<ref>Florian Eder (June 13, 2019), '']''.</ref>

⚫ Following the ], Torvalds was part of a cross-party working group in charge of drafting the European Parliament's five-year work program on economic and fiscal policies as well as trade.<ref>Florian Eder (June 13, 2019), — Happy birthday, GDPR] '']''.</ref>

In June 2023, Torvalds was the recipient of the Environment and Climate Action Award at '']'''s annual ]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mepawards.eu/winners-2023/|title=MEP Awards: Winners 2022|date=27 June 2023|work=]|accessdate=24 August 2023}}</ref>


==Linux kernel statement== ==Linux kernel statement==
], the creator of the ], joked during a LinuxCon keynote in 18 September 2013 that the NSA, creators of ], wanted a backdoor in the kernel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.linuxfoundation.org/news-media/news/2013/09/techweekeurope-linus-torvalds-jokes-nsa-wanted-backdoor-linux|title=TechWeekEurope: Linus Torvalds Jokes The NSA Wanted A Backdoor In Linux|publisher=Linux Foundation|date=2013-09-19|access-date=2015-11-08|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916142701/http://www.linuxfoundation.org/news-media/news/2013/09/techweekeurope-linus-torvalds-jokes-nsa-wanted-backdoor-linux|archive-date=2015-09-16}}</ref> However, later, Linus' father revealed that the NSA had actually asked for the installation of backdoors in Linux.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://falkvinge.net/2013/11/17/nsa-asked-linus-torvalds-to-install-backdoors-into-gnulinux/|title=NSA Asked Linus Torvalds To Install Backdoors Into GNU / Linux|first=Christian|last=Engström|date=2013-11-17|access-date=2015-11-08}}</ref> Nils' son ], the creator of the ], joked during a LinuxCon keynote on 18 September 2013 that the ], the creators of ], wanted a backdoor in the kernel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kerner |first=Sean Michael |date=2013-09-19 |title=Linus Torvalds Talks Linux Development at LinuxCon |url=https://www.eweek.com/developer/linus-torvalds-talks-linux-development-at-linuxcon.html |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=www.eweek.com |publisher=Quinstreet Enterprise |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130919202814/http://www.eweek.com/developer/linus-torvalds-talks-linux-development-at-linuxcon.html |archive-date=2013-09-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref> However, later, Linus's father revealed that the NSA had actually asked for the installation of backdoors in Linux.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://falkvinge.net/2013/11/17/nsa-asked-linus-torvalds-to-install-backdoors-into-gnulinux/|title=NSA Asked Linus Torvalds To Install Backdoors Into GNU / Linux|first=Christian|last=Engström|date=2013-11-17|access-date=2015-11-08|website=falkvinge.net |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815202920/http://falkvinge.net/2013/11/17/nsa-asked-linus-torvalds-to-install-backdoors-into-gnulinux/ |archive-date=2024-08-15 |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{quote|When my oldest son was asked the same question: “Has he been approached by the NSA about backdoors?” he said “No”, but at the same time he nodded. Then he was sort of in the legal free. He had given the right answer, everybody understood that the NSA had approached him.|Nils Torvalds|] Committee Inquiry on Electronic Mass Surveillance of EU Citizens<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parlArchives/comArch/com7/hearingsSheet.do?language=EN&body=LIBE|title=Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs, Hearings|date=2014-07-01}}</ref> - 11th Hearing, 11 November 2013<ref>, .</ref>}} {{quote|When my oldest son was asked the same question: "Has he been approached by the NSA about backdoors?" he said "No", but at the same time he nodded. Then he was sort of in the legal free. He had given the right answer, everybody understood that the NSA had approached him.|Nils Torvalds|] Committee Inquiry on Electronic Mass Surveillance of EU Citizens<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parlArchives/comArch/com7/hearingsSheet.do?language=EN&body=LIBE|title=Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs, Hearings|date=2014-07-01}}</ref>{{dead link|date=August 2024}} - 11th Hearing, 11 November 2013<ref>, , .</ref>}}

==Other activities==
* Reimagine Europa, Member of the Advisory Board<ref> Reimagine Europa.</ref>

== Honors ==

* ] ] (Finland, 2021)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-01 |title=06.12.2021 Itsenäisyyspäivä – Självständighetsdagen 06.12.2021 |url=https://ritarikunnat.fi/ritarikunnat/annetut-kunniamerkit/vuonna-2021-annetut-kunniamerkit-forlanade-utmarkelsetecken-2021/06-12-2021-itsenaisyyspaiva-sjalvstandighetsdagen-06-12-2021/ |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=Ritarikunnat |language=fi}}</ref>


==Works== ==Works==
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{{Portal|European Union}} {{Portal|European Union}}


{{Navboxes
|title=Nils Torvalds navigational boxes
|list =
{{Current EP Finland}} {{Current EP Finland}}
{{EP Political Group Renew}} {{EP Political Group Renew}}
{{Members of the European Parliament for Finland (2009–2014)}}
}}

{{Authority control}} {{Authority control}}


Latest revision as of 20:53, 22 November 2024

Finnish politician (born 1945)
Nils TorvaldsMEP
Member of the European Parliament
In office
5 July 2012 – 16 July 2024
Preceded byCarl Haglund
ConstituencyFinland
Personal details
BornNils Torvalds
(1945-08-07) 7 August 1945 (age 79)
Ekenäs, Finland
Political party Finnish
Swedish People's Party of Finland
 EU
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
Children5, including Linus Torvalds
Alma materHelsinki University
Signature
Websitenilstorvalds.fi

Nils Ole Hilmer Torvalds (born 7 August 1945) is a Finnish politician who had been a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 2012 to 2024. He is a member of the Swedish People's Party of Finland, part of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe.

Swedo-Finnish Torvalds is the son of the poet Ole Torvalds, and the father of the software engineer Linus Torvalds of Linux kernel fame.

Education and experience

Torvalds was a member of the Communist Party of Finland from 1969 to 1982. He studied economics in Moscow and was the editor of the taistoist magazine Arbetartidningen Enhet. Torvalds has later described his communism as "rebellion". Between 1995 and 2004 Torvalds worked as a foreign correspondent for the Finnish Broadcasting Company in Moscow and Washington.

Torvalds is fluent in Swedish, Finnish, English, German, and Russian. And he also understands Flemish, Danish and Norwegian.

Political career

Career in national politics

In 2006, Torvalds joined the Swedish People's Party, and the following year he was elected to the post of the third vice chairperson. This upset some party voters due to Torvalds' past. In 2008, he was elected to Helsinki City Council for term 2009–2012.

On 11 June 2017 the Swedish People's Party chose Torvalds as the party candidate for the 2018 presidential election. Some of his campaign themes were education, technology and the environment. Torvalds was the only candidate who openly supported Finland's NATO membership during his campaign. In the election, Torvalds placed last with 1.5 percent of the votes, while the incumbent president Sauli Niinistö went on to secure his second term.

Member of the European Parliament

Torvalds was a candidate for European Parliament election in 2009 on the Swedish People's Party list. He received 14,044 votes which was insufficient for a seat. However, on 5 July 2012, he was installed in the European Parliament, when Carl Haglund left his seat to join the Katainen Cabinet as Minister of Defence. In the 2014 European Parliament election Torvalds received about 29,000 votes and was elected.

As an MEP his positions have included vice-chair of the Fisheries committee (PECH) and member of the committee for Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs (LIBE). Since 2021, he has been part of the Parliament's delegation to the Conference on the Future of Europe.

Torvalds has served as shadow rapporteur on the circular economy and on the biofuels directive (which became directive 2015/1513) and as rapporteur of the annual report 2018 on the European banking union.

Torvalds opposed the Copyright Directive (2019) since it was first proposed, considering it unbalanced especially because of its article 13 (i.e. 17).

In addition to his committee assignments, Torvalds is part of the MEPs Against Cancer group and the European Parliament Intergroup on Traditional Minorities, National Communities and Languages.

Following the 2019 elections, Torvalds was part of a cross-party working group in charge of drafting the European Parliament's five-year work program on economic and fiscal policies as well as trade.

In June 2023, Torvalds was the recipient of the Environment and Climate Action Award at The Parliament Magazine's annual MEP Awards

Linux kernel statement

Nils' son Linus Torvalds, the creator of the Linux kernel, joked during a LinuxCon keynote on 18 September 2013 that the National Security Agency, the creators of SELinux, wanted a backdoor in the kernel. However, later, Linus's father revealed that the NSA had actually asked for the installation of backdoors in Linux.

When my oldest son was asked the same question: "Has he been approached by the NSA about backdoors?" he said "No", but at the same time he nodded. Then he was sort of in the legal free. He had given the right answer, everybody understood that the NSA had approached him.

— Nils Torvalds, LIBE Committee Inquiry on Electronic Mass Surveillance of EU Citizens - 11th Hearing, 11 November 2013

Other activities

  • Reimagine Europa, Member of the Advisory Board

Honors

Works

  • Ollus, Simon-Erik; Torvalds, Nils (2005). Kaupasta kumppanuuteen : Suomen Venäjä-talousstrategia. Helsinki: Sitra. ISBN 951-37-4519-8.
  • Torvalds, Nils (2008). Muodonmuutoksia : Venäjän pitkä vuosisata 1900-2008. Helsinki: Sitra. ISBN 978-951-563-635-5.

References

  1. "RKP:n Nils Torvalds tienasi presidenttiehdokkaista eniten". Savon Sanomat. Retrieved 2018-07-13.
  2. Torvalds, 2001
  3. ^ "Nils Torvalds: "Nuorena olisi voinut seurata jyrkkää ajatuksenkulkua"" (in Finnish). Kauppalehti.
  4. ^ Seppänen, Timo (January 10, 2018). "Henkilökuvassa Nils Torvalds:Ankkalammikon armahtama toisinajattelija on itsetietoinen intellektuelli". Yle Uutiset (in Finnish). Retrieved 2018-02-22.
  5. "Yksi presidenttiehdokkaista kielitaidossa ylitse muiden - IS: tulee toimeen viidellä kielellä". Verkkouutiset. 8 June 2017.
  6. Sfp valde orförande och viceordförande, energipolitiska ställningstagandet remitterades Archived 2007-06-13 at the Wayback Machine (SFP 10.06.2007)
  7. "Kaupunginvaltuuston puoluejakauma kaudella 2009–2012". hel.fi. Archived from the original on 2009-09-16. Retrieved 2017-09-16.
  8. "RKP:n presidenttiehdokkaaksi valittiin europarlamentaarikko Nils Torvalds" (in Finnish). Yle. 13 June 2017. Retrieved 2017-06-17.
  9. Jäntti, Mari (December 19, 2017). "Nils Torvalds liputtaa Natoa – "Siinä vaiheessa kun se kriisi iskee, on liian myöhäistä"". Yle Uutiset (in Finnish). Retrieved 2018-02-22.
  10. "Presidentinvaali 2018, 1. vaali: Ehdokkaiden äänet" (in Finnish). Ministry of Justice. 28 January 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
  11. "EUROPARLAMENTTIVAALIT 7.6.2009 - Tulos - Koko maa" (in Finnish). vaalit.fi (the Official Results by the Ministry of Justice). Archived from the original on 2009-06-12. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
  12. "Nils Torvalds". European Parliament. Retrieved 2015-11-08.
  13. Members of the delegation to the Conference on the Future of Europe European Parliament.
  14. "Nils Torvalds: A pro-NATO liberal swimming against the tide". Yle Uutiset. December 14, 2017. Retrieved 2018-02-22.
  15. "Recommendation for second reading on the Council position at first reading with a view to the adoption of a directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 98/70/EC relating to the quality of petrol and diesel fuels and amending Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources".
  16. "Directive (EU) 2015/1513 amending Directive 98/70/EC relating to the quality of petrol and diesel fuels and amending Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources". 2015-09-09.
  17. "Report on Banking Union – annual report 2018 (2018/2100(INI))". 2018-12-03.
  18. "Torvalds röstade nej till upphovsdirektivet: förslaget är dåligt och obalanserat!" (in Swedish). 2019-03-26.
  19. MAC MEPs in the 2019-24 legislature MEPs Against Cancer.
  20. Intergroup on Traditional Minorities, National Communities and Languages European Parliament.
  21. Florian Eder (June 13, 2019), POLITICO Brussels Playbook, presented by Google: Madrid’s moment — Parliament working groups sneak peak Politico Europe.
  22. "MEP Awards: Winners 2022". The Parliament Magazine. 27 June 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  23. Kerner, Sean Michael (2013-09-19). "Linus Torvalds Talks Linux Development at LinuxCon". www.eweek.com. Quinstreet Enterprise. Archived from the original on 2013-09-19. Retrieved 2022-03-24.
  24. Engström, Christian (2013-11-17). "NSA Asked Linus Torvalds To Install Backdoors Into GNU / Linux". falkvinge.net. Archived from the original on 2024-08-15. Retrieved 2015-11-08.
  25. "Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs, Hearings". 2014-07-01.
  26. Video, programme, archived programme.
  27. Advisory Board Reimagine Europa.
  28. "06.12.2021 Itsenäisyyspäivä – Självständighetsdagen 06.12.2021". Ritarikunnat (in Finnish). 2021-12-01. Retrieved 2024-03-26.

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  1. Substituted by Petri Sarvamaa (NCP) on 1 March 2012
  2. Substituted by Nils Torvalds (SPP) on 5 July 2012
  3. Substituted by Tarja Cronberg (Greens) on 22 June 2011
  4. Substituted by Sampo Terho (Finns) on 26 April 2011
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