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{{Short description|Autocephalous Christian church}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2017}}
The '''Celtic Orthodox Church''' ('''COC'''; {{Langx|fr|Église orthodoxe celtique}}), also called the '''Holy Celtic Church''',<ref name="Pearson20074" /> is an ] ] church founded in the 20th century in ].
Church''' ('''COC''') is a small ] church which derives from the church formerly known as the Catholic Apostolic Church (Catholicate of the West)<ref>The name "Catholic Apostolic Church (Catholicate of the West)" was adopted circa 1944 when the church was under the leadership of ] (Mar Georgius). Mar Georgius's own family background and early life were in the "]" (often called "Irvingite"), a church founded in the 19th century. Mar Georgius was influenced by the "Irvingite" movement , but his "Catholic Apostolic Church (Catholicate of the West)" is not the same as the "Irvingite" Catholic Apostolic Church.</ref> and, before that, as the ] and the Orthodox Church of the British Isles (OCBI), which was constituted by the ] to develop an Orthodox church in the Western (Celtic) tradition without recourse to its Oriental roots.


⚫ Since 25 December 2007, the Celtic Orthodox Church has been in ] with the French Orthodox Church and the ], forming the Communion of Western Orthodox Churches (CWOC).
The Ancient British Church was canonically established with the consecration of Mar Julius (]) in 1866 by Mar Boutros (Boutros ibn Salmo Mesko) who later became Patriarch Mar ] of the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch. However, as an autocephalous church, the Celtic Orthodox Church is not, and never has been, subject to the Syriac Orthodox Church and is not part of the ]. The Celtic Orthodox Church is Western Orthodox (part of the ] - see below) with its own Liturgy based on ancient Celtic codices. It is not part of or associated with ].


The Celtic Orthodox Church claims to be part of the ].<ref>{{cite web|date=|title=Succession apostolique dans l'Église Orthodoxe Celtique|url=http://www.orthodox.ch/lignee2.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030005907/http://www.orthodox.ch/lignee2.htm|archive-date=2008-10-30|access-date=2021-10-27|website=Eglise Orthodoxe Celtique, éparchie de Suisse}}</ref>
The Celtic Orthodox Church is neither ] nor ] in theology. Its position with regard to the Ecumenical Councils might best be described as Pro-Chalcedonian, that is to say it accepts the teaching of all seven councils, but acknowledges that only the first three were truly ecumenical. The Celtic Orthodox Church, therefore, shares the Eastern Orthodox doctrine that Christ, the second Person of the Holy Trinity, is one Person with two Natures as defined at the ].

⚫ Since 25 December 2007, the Celtic Orthodox Church has been united with the ] and the ], forming the ] (CWOC).


== History == == History ==
===Origins===
In 1866, with the sanction of Patriarch Ignatius Ya'qub (Jacob) II of the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch, Mar Julius (Jules Ferrette) was consecrated by Mar Boutros ibn Salmo Mesko) who later became Patriarch Mor ] of Antioch, and dispatched to form an indigenous Orthodox church in Western Europe, which was not in any way subject to the Syriac Orthodox Church or the Patriarch of Antioch. The consecration was witnessed by the British Consul at Damascus. Mar Julius was given the title of Bishop of Iona and its Dependencies.

===The Early Years 1866 to 1897 "Ancient British Church"===
An early leader was ] ("Mar Pelagius I") (1815–1899). The church adopted the name ] and aimed at the restoration or re-creation of the form of Christianity that they believed existed in the ]) during the earliest centuries of the ]. Morgan was consecrated a bishop by Jules Ferrette (Mar Julius) on 6 March 1874. Morgan was designated as first patriarch of the newly formed church.

===Merger in 1897 "Free Protestant Episcopal Church"===
On 2 November 1897, three jurisdictions merged to form the ] (full name: Free Protestant Episcopal Church of England). The three were the Ancient British Church (then led by its second patriarch, ]), the Free Protestant Church (founded and led by Bishop ]) and the Nazarene Episcopal Church (founded and led by Bishop James Martin). Leon Chechemian was appointed first primus of the new church and he served in this capacity for three years until 30 December 1900, at which point he was succeeded by Patriarch Stevens.

The patriarch of the Ancient British Church and the primus of the Free Protestant Episcopal Church then coincided in Stevens and his successors until 18 May 1939 when Bishop Monzani-Heard appointed William Hall as primus of the Free Protestant Episcopal Church, but retained the role of patriarch.

===Merger in 1944 "Catholicate of the West"===
On 23 March 1944, a deed of declaration under Monzani-Heard united the Ancient British Church, the Old Catholic Orthodox Church, the British Orthodox Catholic Church and the Independent Catholic Church into a single organization, to be called the "Catholicate of the West". On 28 March 1944, ] was chosen as "Catholicos". He was consecrated and enthroned on 10 April 1944 as "Mar Georgius". Newman's family background had been within the ] (the "Irvingites") and he was influenced by that movement.

At Christmas 1944, the newly formed Catholicate resolved to bring its ministry, organization, usages and worship into general agreement with the pattern and model of the Catholic Apostolic Church, and the catholicate adopted the new name "Catholic Apostolic Church (Catholicate of the West)" with a sub-title "Western Orthodox Catholic Church". The liturgy of the Catholic Apostolic Church was adopted, with a supplement. However, the Catholicate was fairly short-lived and was dissolved in 1953.

On 29 January 1945, Monzani-Heard resigned the office of British patriarch to Newman. An attempt was made in 1959 to revive the Catholicate of the West but this did not survive beyond January 1969.


===List of Patriarchs=== === Foundation ===
The Celtic Orthodox Church was founded in the 20th century by {{Interlanguage link|Tugdual de Saint-Dolay|lt=Jean-Pierre Danyel|fr|Tugdual de Saint-Dolay}}. He was ordained priest by the ] ] of France in 1951, after failing to obtain an ordination from any Russian, Romanian or Greek ] bishop. However, he doubted the Eastern Orthodox and Catholic churches would recognize the validity of his ordination. Thus, he "received all the ] again on 1 March 1953" from ] Lutgen of ] of the ''Église catholique du rite dominicain''. Lutgen had received his ] from ]. After this, Danyel decided to work to restore the ] of ] and ] of one of the Christian founding saints of Brittany, ].<ref name="Pearson20074">{{cite book|last=Pearson|first=Joanne|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Au_paUclEZkC&pg=PA166|title=Wicca and the Christian Heritage: ritual, sex and magic|date=27 June 2007|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-25413-7|pages=51–2|accessdate=9 November 2012}}</ref>
The following are the patriarchs in succession:


Danyel founded the Abbaye de la Saint Présence at Bois-Juhel, ], "where he lived as an hermit in emulation of the ancient ]". He "soon attracted disciples" and was elected as the first bishop of the restored Celtic Church. He was consecrated bishop in 1957 by ] Irenaeus of Arles (Comte Charles-Borromée d'Eschevannes), primate of the ''Sainte Église catholique Gallicane autocéphale''. Danyel received the title of "Bishop of ]". On 19 December 1959, Danyel proclaimed himself metropolitan under the title Tugdual I, Archbishop of ]. Danyel "revived Druidic rites" and added to his title "Sa Blancheur l'Humble" ("His Whiteness the Humble") which he claimed was of Druidic origin. His full title was therefore: "His Whiteness the Humble Tugdual I, Archbishop of Dôl, ] of Saint-Dolay, Kayermo and Keroussek, primate of the Holy Celtic Church, President of all the non-Roman Christian and Apostolic Churches".<ref name="Pearson20074" />
*Mar Pelagius I (]), consecrated in 1874 by Julius Ferrete.
*Mar Theophilus I (]), consecrated in 1879 by Mar Pelagius. (Mar Theophilus was primus from 1889 to his death in 1917).
*Mar Jacobus I Antipas (James Martin), consecrated in November 1890 by Leon Chechemian who was himself consecrated in May 1890 by Mar Theophilus (and Bishop Alfred Spencer Richardson).<ref>Leon Chechemian may have been earlier (1879) consecrated by Leon Chorchorunian. According to Bain ("Bishops Irregular: an international directory of independent bishops", 1985), Brandreth ("Episcopi Vagantes and the Anglican Church", 1961) considers the claim that Chechemian was consecrated by Chorchorunian as doubtful.</ref> (Mar Jacobus I Antipas was primus from 1917 to his death in 1919).
*Mar Andries I (Andrew Charles Albert McLaglan), consecrated in 1897 by Leon Chechemian and Mar Jacobus I Antipas. (Mar Andries I was primus from 1919 to his death in 1928).
*Mar Jacobus II (Herbert James Monzani-Heard), consecrated in 1922 by Mar Andries I. (Mar Jacobus II was primus from circa 1928/1930 to 29 January 1945)(died 1947).
*Mar Georgius I (]), consecrated in 1944 by Mar Basilius (William Bernard Crow) on behalf of Mar John Emmanuel (Arthur Wolfort Brooks). Mar Basilius had himself been consecrated in 1943 by Mar Jacobus II. (Mar Georgius was primus from 29 January 1945 to his death in 1979).
*Mar Seraphim I (]), consecrated in 1977 by his cousin Mar Georgius, assisted by two other bishops, Bishop Smethurst and Bishop Raoult. Mar Seraphim I was primus from 1979.


In 1963 or 1964, the organisation consisted of 10 bishops and two to three ].<ref name="Pearson20074" /> The church was called at the time the Sainte Église celtique en ] (Holy Celtic Church in Brittany).<ref name=":05322">{{Cite book|last=Anson|first=Peter F.|title=Bishops at Large|publisher=Apocryphile press|year=2006|isbn=0-9771461-8-9|series=Independent Catholic Heritage|pages=315|chapter=Churches of the Vilatte succession|orig-year=1964}}</ref>
===Proposed Alliance with Coptic Orthodox Church circa 1994===
In 1994, Abba (Mar) Seraphim, following negotiations with Pope Shenouda III, took the UK branch of the Catholic Apostolic Church into union with the Coptic (Oriental) Orthodox Church, taking the name ].


=== Death of the founder to today ===
The Breton members of the Catholic Apostolic Church, who, under Bishop-Abbot Mael, had been made party to the negotiations with the Coptic Church, decided against joining in the 1994 alliance with the Copts, considering that their mission to promote and develop Western Orthodoxy was better served in its independence.
On 11 August 1968, Danyel died. After his death, his hermitage was abandoned.<ref name="Pearson20074" />


In 1977, three monks who were from an abbaye in ] founded by a Celtic Orthodox priest, Paul-Edouard de Fournier de Brescia in 1973, came to the hermitage and built a church on the site.<ref name="Pearson20074" />
Interestingly, BOC's alliance with the Coptic Church continued for 21 years until October 2015, at which time the BOC withdrew from the alliance, considering that in the light of changed circumstances its objective would now be better served by its independence.


By 1979, the Celtic Orthodox Church was part of the ] of ].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Mayer|first=Jean-François|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wevtvpdkul0C&dq=The+divine+liturgy+for+the+celebration+of+the+Holy+Eucharist+according+to+the+Glastonbury+rite%2C+commonly+called+the+liturgy+of+Saint+Joseph+of+Arimathea&pg=PA211|title=Regards sur l'orthodoxie : mélanges offerts à Jacques Goudet|date=1997|publisher=L'AGE D'HOMME|isbn=978-2-8251-1079-9|editor-last=Ivanoff-Trinadtzaty|editor-first=Germain|pages=211|language=fr|chapter=L'Orthodoxie doit-elle être byzantine ? Les tentatives de création d'une Orthodoxie de rite occidental}}</ref>
===The French Eparchy becomes autocephalous as "L' Eglise Orthodoxe Celtique" ("Celtic Orthodox Church")===
Accordingly, the remaining bishops of the Holy Synod elected Mgr Mael (Paul-Eduard de Fournier de Brescia), consecrated in 1980 by Mar Seraphim, to be primate of the former French eparchy, assuming the name ''L'Église Orthodoxe Celtique'' (the Celtic Orthodox Church &ndash; officially the Celtic Apostolic Church) to indicate that its jurisdiction covered the area of the former Celtic missions.


In 2014, following the death of HB Metropolitan Mael, Mgr Marc (Jean-Claude Scheerens), consecrated in 1998 by Mgr Mael, was enthroned as primate of the Celtic Orthodox Church, having been elected by the Holy Synod. Paul-Edouard Fournier de Brescia was consecrated bishop under the name Mael in 1980 by the ] of the Celtic Orthodox Church, bishop ].<ref name=":0" />


The Orthodox Church of the British Isles and the Celtic Orthodox Church split in 1994, when under Mar Seraphim (William Henry Hugo Newman-Norton) the Orthodox Church of the British Isles joined the ] and changed its name to ].<ref name="Pearson200743">{{cite book|last=Pearson|first=Joanne|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Au_paUclEZkC&pg=PA166|title=Wicca and the Christian Heritage: ritual, sex and magic|date=27 June 2007|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-25413-7|pages=53|accessdate=9 November 2012}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The Celtic Orthodox Church and some other groups previously under the Orthodox Church of the British Isles remained independent.<ref name=":1" />
===The Celtic Orthodox Church in Britain===
When, in 1998, some of the UK clergy who had followed Abba Seraphim into the Coptic Patriarchate subsequently asked to join the Celtic Orthodox Church, Metropolitan Mael received them and the Celtic Orthodox Church in Britain was given the status of an eparchy or province.


With the departure of Mar Seraphim, the Celtic Orthodox Church had no primate. Mael was elected primate of the Celtic Orthodox Church by its ] in 1994 and remained as such until his death in 2014.<ref name="Pearson20074" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=johnkersey|date=2014-07-28|title=Death of Mgr. Mael|url=https://san-luigi.org/2014/07/28/death-of-mgr-mael/|access-date=2021-10-24|website=The Abbey-Principality of San Luigi|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Naissance au Ciel de notre père, Mgr Mael|url=http://www.eoc-coc.org/fileadmin/template/eoc/upload/documents/Vie_pere_Mael.pdf|url-status=live|website=eoc-coc.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422161301/http://www.eoc-coc.org/fileadmin/template/eoc/upload/documents/Vie_pere_Mael.pdf |archive-date=2021-04-22 }}</ref> The current primate is since 2014 Metropolitan Marc (Jean Claude Scheerens).<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Qui sommes-nous ?|url=http://www.eoc-coc.org/accueil/qui-sommes-nous/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422165954/http://www.eoc-coc.org/accueil/qui-sommes-nous/|archive-date=22 April 2021|access-date=2021-12-07|website=www.eoc-coc.org}}</ref>
In 1999, a new bishop/eparch, Stephen Robson, was elected and consecrated for Britain; he had been one of the British priests who had chosen to leave the Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate.


In 1996, the Celtic Orthodox Church ] Danyel, its founder.<ref name="Pearson20074" />
In early 2007, the administration of the British eparchy came under the direct care of the primate when Bishop Stephen resigned.


== Dioceses ==
==Nations in which the Celtic Orthodox Church is present==
The Celtic Orthodox Church has two ], France and the United States.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> The group currently has two bishops and nine ]es and is present in France, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the United States and Australia.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=France|url=http://www.eoc-coc.org/ou-nous-trouver/france/|access-date=2021-12-06|website=www.eoc-coc.org}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Angleterre|url=http://www.eoc-coc.org/ou-nous-trouver/angleterre/|access-date=2021-12-06|website=www.eoc-coc.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Suisse|url=http://www.eoc-coc.org/ou-nous-trouver/suisse/|access-date=2021-12-06|website=www.eoc-coc.org}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=U.S.A.|url=http://www.eoc-coc.org/ou-nous-trouver/usa/|access-date=2021-12-06|website=www.eoc-coc.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Australie|url=http://www.eoc-coc.org/ou-nous-trouver/australie/|access-date=2021-12-06|website=www.eoc-coc.org}}</ref>
The Celtic Orthodox Church has parishes in France, Switzerland and the United States, including a monastery (Our Lady of the Holy Presence) at ]. Since the end of 2017 the Celtic Orthodox Church is now represented once more in Australia. In the United Kingdom, following deaths, retirements and secessions, the Celtic Orthodox Church now has one parish (St Gwenn's, Wessex).


==See also== ==See also==
*] *]
*] *]
*] (now renamed "Anglican Free Communion")


==References== ==References==
{{reflist}} {{Reflist}}


==External links== ==External links==
* *
*
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{{Authority control}}
{{Oriental Orthodoxy footer}}


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Latest revision as of 06:35, 23 October 2024

Autocephalous Christian church

The Celtic Orthodox Church (COC; French: Église orthodoxe celtique), also called the Holy Celtic Church, is an autocephalous Christian church founded in the 20th century in France.

Since 25 December 2007, the Celtic Orthodox Church has been in communion with the French Orthodox Church and the Orthodox Church of the Gauls, forming the Communion of Western Orthodox Churches (CWOC).

The Celtic Orthodox Church claims to be part of the Jules Ferrette episcopal succession line.

History

Foundation

The Celtic Orthodox Church was founded in the 20th century by Jean-Pierre Danyel [fr]. He was ordained priest by the Mariavite bishop of France in 1951, after failing to obtain an ordination from any Russian, Romanian or Greek Eastern Orthodox bishop. However, he doubted the Eastern Orthodox and Catholic churches would recognize the validity of his ordination. Thus, he "received all the orders again on 1 March 1953" from Metropolitan Lutgen of Antwerp of the Église catholique du rite dominicain. Lutgen had received his episcopal consecration from Hugh George de Willmott Newman. After this, Danyel decided to work to restore the ancient Celtic Church of Brittany and took the name of one of the Christian founding saints of Brittany, Tugdual.

Danyel founded the Abbaye de la Saint Présence at Bois-Juhel, Saint-Dolay, "where he lived as an hermit in emulation of the ancient Celtic monks". He "soon attracted disciples" and was elected as the first bishop of the restored Celtic Church. He was consecrated bishop in 1957 by Archbishop Irenaeus of Arles (Comte Charles-Borromée d'Eschevannes), primate of the Sainte Église catholique Gallicane autocéphale. Danyel received the title of "Bishop of Redon". On 19 December 1959, Danyel proclaimed himself metropolitan under the title Tugdual I, Archbishop of Dôl. Danyel "revived Druidic rites" and added to his title "Sa Blancheur l'Humble" ("His Whiteness the Humble") which he claimed was of Druidic origin. His full title was therefore: "His Whiteness the Humble Tugdual I, Archbishop of Dôl, Abbot of Saint-Dolay, Kayermo and Keroussek, primate of the Holy Celtic Church, President of all the non-Roman Christian and Apostolic Churches".

In 1963 or 1964, the organisation consisted of 10 bishops and two to three lay people. The church was called at the time the Sainte Église celtique en Bretagne (Holy Celtic Church in Brittany).

Death of the founder to today

On 11 August 1968, Danyel died. After his death, his hermitage was abandoned.

In 1977, three monks who were from an abbaye in Montpellier founded by a Celtic Orthodox priest, Paul-Edouard de Fournier de Brescia in 1973, came to the hermitage and built a church on the site.

By 1979, the Celtic Orthodox Church was part of the Orthodox Church of the British Isles of William Henry Hugo Newman-Norton.

Paul-Edouard Fournier de Brescia was consecrated bishop under the name Mael in 1980 by the primate of the Celtic Orthodox Church, bishop Seraphim (Norton-Newman).

The Orthodox Church of the British Isles and the Celtic Orthodox Church split in 1994, when under Mar Seraphim (William Henry Hugo Newman-Norton) the Orthodox Church of the British Isles joined the Coptic Orthodox Church and changed its name to British Orthodox Church. The Celtic Orthodox Church and some other groups previously under the Orthodox Church of the British Isles remained independent.

With the departure of Mar Seraphim, the Celtic Orthodox Church had no primate. Mael was elected primate of the Celtic Orthodox Church by its Holy Synod in 1994 and remained as such until his death in 2014. The current primate is since 2014 Metropolitan Marc (Jean Claude Scheerens).

In 1996, the Celtic Orthodox Church canonised Danyel, its founder.

Dioceses

The Celtic Orthodox Church has two eparchies, France and the United States. The group currently has two bishops and nine parishes and is present in France, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the United States and Australia.

See also

References

  1. ^ Pearson, Joanne (27 June 2007). Wicca and the Christian Heritage: ritual, sex and magic. Taylor & Francis. pp. 51–2. ISBN 978-0-415-25413-7. Retrieved 9 November 2012.
  2. "Succession apostolique dans l'Église Orthodoxe Celtique". Eglise Orthodoxe Celtique, éparchie de Suisse. Archived from the original on 2008-10-30. Retrieved 2021-10-27.
  3. Anson, Peter F. (2006) . "Churches of the Vilatte succession". Bishops at Large. Independent Catholic Heritage. Apocryphile press. p. 315. ISBN 0-9771461-8-9.
  4. ^ Mayer, Jean-François (1997). "L'Orthodoxie doit-elle être byzantine ? Les tentatives de création d'une Orthodoxie de rite occidental". In Ivanoff-Trinadtzaty, Germain (ed.). Regards sur l'orthodoxie : mélanges offerts à Jacques Goudet (in French). L'AGE D'HOMME. p. 211. ISBN 978-2-8251-1079-9.
  5. ^ "Naissance au Ciel de notre père, Mgr Mael" (PDF). eoc-coc.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-04-22.
  6. Pearson, Joanne (27 June 2007). Wicca and the Christian Heritage: ritual, sex and magic. Taylor & Francis. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-415-25413-7. Retrieved 9 November 2012.
  7. johnkersey (2014-07-28). "Death of Mgr. Mael". The Abbey-Principality of San Luigi. Retrieved 2021-10-24.
  8. ^ "France". www.eoc-coc.org. Retrieved 2021-12-06.
  9. "Qui sommes-nous ?". www.eoc-coc.org. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 2021-12-07.
  10. ^ "U.S.A." www.eoc-coc.org. Retrieved 2021-12-06.
  11. "Angleterre". www.eoc-coc.org. Retrieved 2021-12-06.
  12. "Suisse". www.eoc-coc.org. Retrieved 2021-12-06.
  13. "Australie". www.eoc-coc.org. Retrieved 2021-12-06.

External links

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