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{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2014}} {{Use mdy dates|date=June 2014}}
{{Infobox NRHP {{Infobox NRHP
| name = Providence City Hall | name = Providence City Hall
| nrhp_type = | nrhp_type =
| image = Providence_(Rhode_Island)_City_Hall.jpg
| image = Providence City Hall and Soldiers and Sailors Monument.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = City Hall in 2016
| caption = (2021)
| coordinates = {{coord|41|49|27.02|N|71|24|45.81|W|display=inline,title}} | coordinates = {{coord|41|49|27.02|N|71|24|45.81|W|display=inline,title}}
| location = 25 Dorrance Street, ], ] | location = 25 Dorrance Street, ], U.S.
| nearest_city = | nearest_city =
| area = Downtown Providence | area = Downtown Providence
| built = 1878 | built = 1878
| architect = ] | architect = ]
| architecture = ] | architecture = ]
| designated = | designated =
| added = January 23, 1975 | added = January 23, 1975
| established = | established =
| visitation_num = | visitation_num =
| visitation_year = | visitation_year =
| refnum = 75000001 | refnum = 75000001
| mpsub =
| mpsub =
| nrhp_type2 = cp | nrhp_type2 = cp
| nocat = yes | nocat = yes
| designated_nrhp_type2 = February 10, 1984 | designated_nrhp_type2 = February 10, 1984
| partof = ] | partof = ]
| partof_refnum = 84001967 | partof_refnum = 84001967
}} }}


'''Providence City Hall''' is the center of the municipal government in ], and is located at the southwest end of ]. Built in 1878, Providence City Hall is now listed on the ]. '''Providence City Hall''' is the center of the municipal government in ]. It is located at the southwest end of ] at 25 Dorrance Street in Providence. The building was constructed between 1875 and 1878, and designed by ] in the ]. In 1975, the building was listed on the ]. It is also a ] to the broader ].


==The Need for a City Hall== ==The Need for a City Hall==
{{stack|]}}

===Market House=== ===Market House===

Upon the city's incorporation in 1832, most city business was conducted at the ].<ref name=Campbell>{{cite web|last1=Campbell|first1=Paul|title=A Brief History of Providence City Hall|url=https://www.providenceri.com/archives/history|website=City Archives|publisher=City of Providence|accessdate=10 April 2015}}</ref> The City Council, Mayor's Office, and Board of Aldermen were located on the second floor; as the city grew, the city spread to the third floor, and eventually took over the entire building, which became known as the "City Building."<ref name=Campbell /> Before long, even this wasn't enough space, and in 1845 the City Council resolved to create a permanent municipal building.<ref name=Campbell /> The community spent the next 30 years searching for a suitable location, because half the Council votes were on the east side of the Providence River, and half the votes were on the west.<ref name=Campbell /> This resulted in what some historians have referred to as "Providence's Thirty Years War," as the council bickered over where to site the new building.<ref name=Campbell /> Upon the city's incorporation in 1832, most city business was conducted at the ].<ref name=Campbell>{{cite web|last1=Campbell|first1=Paul|title=A Brief History of Providence City Hall|url=https://www.providenceri.com/archives/history|website=City Archives|publisher=City of Providence|accessdate=10 April 2015}}</ref> The City Council, Mayor's Office, and Board of Aldermen were located on the second floor; as the city grew, the city spread to the third floor, and eventually took over the entire building, which became known as the "City Building."<ref name=Campbell /> Before long, even this wasn't enough space, and in 1845 the City Council resolved to create a permanent municipal building.<ref name=Campbell /> The community spent the next 30 years searching for a suitable location, because half the Council votes were on the east side of the Providence River, and half the votes were on the west.<ref name=Campbell /> This resulted in what some historians have referred to as "Providence's Thirty Years War," as the council bickered over where to site the new building.<ref name=Campbell />


===The City Hall Theater=== ===City Hall Theater===
The city purchased several lots for the construction of a new City Hall. Construction was delayed, however, and the land was leased to C.N. Harrington, who built a wood frame theater on the site. The theater was notable for lectures, performances and readings that included writer ]. In 1869, the building was renamed "Harrington Opera House." In 1874, the structure was closed for demolition.<ref name=Campbell /> The city purchased several lots for the construction of a new City Hall. Construction was delayed, however, and the land was leased to C.N. Harrington, who built a wood frame theater on the site. The theater was notable for lectures, performances and readings that included writer ]. In 1869, the building was renamed "Harrington Opera House." In 1874, the structure was closed for demolition.<ref name=Campbell />


== Building history == == Building history ==
]
]


==="Our Municipal Palace"=== ==="Our Municipal Palace"===
An open call for design led to twenty one submissions, and four finalists. ]'s "Blue Wafer" design was chosen, and he was paid $1000.00USD.<ref>. Providenceri.com. Retrieved on June 1, 2014.</ref> The building, modified from its original design, would cost the city $1,000,000.USD. The ] was laid on June 24, 1875. Inaugurated on November 14, 1878, ] called the building "Our Municipal Palace." An open call for design led to twenty one submissions, and four finalists. ]'s "Blue Wafer" design was chosen, and he was paid $1000.00USD.<ref name=history>. Providenceri.com. Retrieved on June 1, 2014.</ref> The building, modified from its original design, would cost the city $1,000,000.USD. The ] was laid on June 24, 1875. Inaugurated on November 14, 1878, ] called the building "Our Municipal Palace."


President ] spoke on the City Hall steps on August 23, 1902, and ] spoke on November 7, 1960, just before he was elected president. In 2000, Friedrich St. Florian designed outdoor plaques for the building. ], a Rhode Island landmark, is mobile cafe situated east of City Hall every evening. President ] spoke on the City Hall steps on August 23, 1902, and ] spoke on November 7, 1960, just before he was elected president. In 2000, Friedrich St. Florian designed outdoor plaques for the building. ], a Rhode Island landmark, is mobile cafe situated east of City Hall every evening.


In 1975, after concerns began to grow about possible demolition, Mayor ] instigated a full restoration and rehabilitation of the deteriorating building under the guidance of historian and preservationist ], Frank Mauran III and ]. The project was completed in the 1990s.<ref name=aiaprov>{{cite aiaprov|pages=100-101}}</ref>
In 1975, Mayor ], historian and preservationist, ], and art history teacher Eleanore Monahon began efforts to rehabilitate the deteriorating structure, after concerns began to grow about possible demolition. The project was completed in the 1990s.<ref>. Providenceri.com. Retrieved on June 1, 2014.</ref>


==Architectural details== ==Architectural details==

]
"The building's construction is of iron and brick, faced with Westerly granite on the Dorrance and Washington Street sides and New Hampshire granite on the other two sides. The sidewalks are granite blocks, 5 to 6 feet wide and 18 to 20 feet long. The entire structure was built on an artificial foundation set atop 3,128 pilings driven deep into the underlying hardpan."<ref name=history />
]
"The building's construction is of iron and brick, faced with Westerly granite on the Dorrance and Washington Street sides and New Hampshire granite on the other two sides. The sidewalks are granite blocks, 5 to 6 feet wide and 18 to 20 feet long. The entire structure was built on an artificial foundation set atop 3,128 pilings driven deep into the underlying hardpan."<ref>. Providenceri.com. Retrieved on June 1, 2014.</ref>


"Four coal-fired boilers of 50 horsepower each provided heat for the building. The boilers also supplied energy to operate a water-powered elevator, capable of carrying up to 50 passengers at one time. The elevator was built with electric bells at each landing so that it could be summoned to the desired floor." "Four coal-fired boilers of 50 horsepower each provided heat for the building. The boilers also supplied energy to operate a water-powered elevator, capable of carrying up to 50 passengers at one time. The elevator was built with electric bells at each landing so that it could be summoned to the desired floor."
Line 54: Line 57:
In the pre-electricity age, "to keep clocks accurate and uniform, a central control mechanism was installed. It operated in a fashion similar to a grandfather clock, and each morning would be wound up by the janitor. It sent battery powered signals to other clocks in the building. Although the building was wired for electricity shortly after its construction, the clock mechanism remains in place and can be seen in the fifth floor Archives." In the pre-electricity age, "to keep clocks accurate and uniform, a central control mechanism was installed. It operated in a fashion similar to a grandfather clock, and each morning would be wound up by the janitor. It sent battery powered signals to other clocks in the building. Although the building was wired for electricity shortly after its construction, the clock mechanism remains in place and can be seen in the fifth floor Archives."


"The original main floor included a reception room and the office for the City Messenger. His office contained an elaborate array of communication devices, 50 speaking tubes, 50 electric bells and 50 annunciators which connected to all departments. Next to the Messenger's Office was an ornate reception room, 23 feet by 33 feet, with large mirrors hung at each end of the room. The walls were finished in mahogany and stamped leather."<ref>. Providenceri.com. Retrieved on June 1, 2014.</ref> "The original main floor included a reception room and the office for the City Messenger. His office contained an elaborate array of communication devices, 50 speaking tubes, 50 electric bells and 50 annunciators which connected to all departments. Next to the Messenger's Office was an ornate reception room, 23 feet by 33 feet, with large mirrors hung at each end of the room. The walls were finished in mahogany and stamped leather."<ref name=history />


"The fifth floor living quarters for the janitor and his family included a kitchen, parlor, two bedrooms and a bath. The remainder of the fifth floor was used by the City Engineer and for storage. The upper levels of the building are within a high, convex, mansard slate roof that rises above the parallel-eaved parapet. Fashioned into the mansard dome are ornamental bulls-eye dormers." <blockquote>The fifth floor living quarters for the janitor and his family included a kitchen, parlor, two bedrooms and a bath. The remainder of the fifth floor was used by the City Engineer and for storage. The upper levels of the building are within a high, convex, mansard slate roof that rises above the parallel-eaved parapet. Fashioned into the mansard dome are ornamental bulls-eye dormers.{{pb}}The mansard roof area is reached by an iron stairway from the fifth floor where, originally, large batteries were stored to generate electricity for the city-wide fire alarm system and for the operation of the clocks and bells in the building. Another flight of stairs led to a higher area in the mansard dome which was also used for storage."<ref name=history /></blockquote>


] speaking on the steps of City Hall]]
"The mansard roof area is reached by an iron stairway from the fifth floor where, originally, large batteries were stored to generate electricity for the city-wide fire alarm system and for the operation of the clocks and bells in the building. Another flight of stairs led to a higher area in the mansard dome which was also used for storage."<ref>. Providenceri.com (June 3, 1916). Retrieved on June 1, 2014.</ref>
==Notable events==

==Famous speeches from the steps== ===Famous speeches from the steps===
Because of its central location with vast open space before it, City Hall has been the scene of a number of speeches by visiting dignitaries.
* One of the features of the tremendous industrial development of the last generation has been the very great increase in private, and especially in corporate, fortunes. ... ''It is not true that the poor have grown poorer; but some of the rich have grown so very much richer that, where multitudes of men are herded together in a limited space, the contrast strikes the onlooker as more violent than formerly.'' <br> On the whole, our people earn more and live better than ever before, and the progress of which we are so proud could not have taken place had it not been for the up building of industrial centers, such as this in which I am speaking. But together with the good there has come a measure of evil.… Under present-day conditions it is as necessary to have corporations in the business world as it is to have organizations, unions, among wage-workers. We have a right to ask in each case only this: that good, and not harm, shall follow.<ref>. Historycommons.org. Retrieved on June 1, 2014.</ref> * One of the features of the tremendous industrial development of the last generation has been the very great increase in private, and especially in corporate, fortunes. ... ''It is not true that the poor have grown poorer; but some of the rich have grown so very much richer that, where multitudes of men are herded together in a limited space, the contrast strikes the onlooker as more violent than formerly.'' <br> On the whole, our people earn more and live better than ever before, and the progress of which we are so proud could not have taken place had it not been for the up building of industrial centers, such as this in which I am speaking. But together with the good there has come a measure of evil.… Under present-day conditions it is as necessary to have corporations in the business world as it is to have organizations, unions, among wage-workers. We have a right to ask in each case only this: that good, and not harm, shall follow.<ref>. Historycommons.org. Retrieved on June 1, 2014.</ref>
** ] (] ]) "Trust" speech from steps of Providence City Hall toward crowd assembled on Kennedy Plaza<ref name="fineartamerica1902">. Fineartamerica.com. Retrieved on June 1, 2014.</ref><ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414053809/http://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/en/Research/Digital-Library/Record/ImageViewer.aspx?libID=o274279 |date=April 14, 2014 }}. Theodorerooseveltcenter.org (October 31, 1902). Retrieved on June 1, 2014.</ref> – August 23, 1902 ** ] (] ]) "Trust" speech from steps of Providence City Hall toward crowd assembled on Kennedy Plaza<ref name="fineartamerica1902">. Fineartamerica.com. Retrieved on June 1, 2014.</ref><ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414053809/http://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/en/Research/Digital-Library/Record/ImageViewer.aspx?libID=o274279 |date=April 14, 2014 }}. Theodorerooseveltcenter.org (October 31, 1902). Retrieved on June 1, 2014.</ref> – August 23, 1902
* On other occasions, in other years, this country has elected Republican Presidents and Democratic Presidents. They do it when they make a decision that that party and that candidate will serve a great national purpose. ''In my judgment and the responsibility ultimately is yours, in my judgment the United States will be best served by a candidate and a party who recognizes the basic issues of our time, and that is that this country has to go back to work again.'' <ref>. Jfklibrary.org. Retrieved on June 1, 2014.</ref> * On other occasions, in other years, this country has elected Republican Presidents and Democratic Presidents. They do it when they make a decision that that party and that candidate will serve a great national purpose. ''In my judgment and the responsibility ultimately is yours, in my judgment the United States will be best served by a candidate and a party who recognizes the basic issues of our time, and that is that this country has to go back to work again.'' <ref>. Jfklibrary.org. Retrieved on June 1, 2014.</ref>
** ] (] candidate for ]) speech from steps of Providence City Hall toward crowd assembled on Kennedy Plaza<ref name="fineartamerica1902"/> – November 7, 1960, Senate Speech file of the John F. Kennedy Pre-Presidential Papers, John F. Kennedy Library ** ] (] candidate for ]) speech from steps of Providence City Hall toward crowd assembled on Kennedy Plaza<ref name="fineartamerica1902"/> – November 7, 1960, Senate Speech file of the John F. Kennedy Pre-Presidential Papers, John F. Kennedy Library</ref>


===Public wakes===
== In popular culture ==
]

* In September 1881, the body of General, Governor, and Senator ] lay in state before services at ].<ref name="FRDH">{{cite news |title=The Lamented Burnside |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/46044679/burnside-funeral/ |access-date=12 August 2022 |publisher=Fall River Daily Herald |date=17 September 1881 |location=Fall River, Massachusetts}}</ref>
===Literature===
* In June 1886, the body of mayor ] lay in state before services at ].<ref name=memorial>{{cite book|title=Memorial of Thomas Arthur Doyle, Mayor of the City of Providence|date=1887|publisher=Providence City Council|location=Providence, Rhode Island|pages=5–13|url=https://archive.org/stream/memorialofthomas00prov#page/n7/mode/2up|access-date=3 June 2015}}</ref>
City Hall is mentioned three times in H. P. Lovecraft's, "]."
* In February 2016, the body of mayor ] lay in state for two days in half-open casket before services at ].<ref>{{cite news |title=Buddy Cianci to lie in repose in Providence City Hall |url=https://www.wpri.com/news/buddy-cianci-to-lie-in-repose-in-providence-city-hall/ |access-date=12 August 2022 |publisher=WPRI News |date=29 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812144722/https://www.wpri.com/news/buddy-cianci-to-lie-in-repose-in-providence-city-hall/ |archive-date=12 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=CBS Boston |title=City Hall Wake Held For Former Providence Mayor Buddy Cianci |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/buddy-cianci-death-wake-lying-in-state/ |access-date=12 August 2022 |publisher=CBS Boston |date=6 February 2016}}</ref>


==Images== ==Images==
<gallery class="center" widths="225px" heights="200px">
<gallery>
File:Front Elevation, City Hall – Providence.jpg|A front elevation of the building published in 1878
File:Providence Illustrated, City Hall.jpg|A photograph of the building published in 1891 File:Providence Illustrated, City Hall.jpg|A photograph of the building published in 1891
File:Providence RI City Hall and Soldiers' & Sailors' Monument (cropped).jpg|The building, c. 1906. File:Providence RI City Hall and Soldiers' & Sailors' Monument (cropped).jpg|The building, c. 1906
File:Providence City Hall.jpg|City Hall in 2017. File:Providence City Hall.jpg|City Hall in 2017
</gallery> </gallery>


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==External links== ==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Providence City Hall}} {{Commons category|Providence City Hall}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.providenceri.com/archives/history |title=A Brief History of Providence City Hall |last=Campbell |first=Paul |date=2011 |website=City of Providence}} *{{cite web |url=http://www.providenceri.com/archives/history |title=A Brief History of Providence City Hall |last=Campbell |first=Paul |date=2011 |website=City of Providence}}
*{{HABS |survey=RI-192 |id=ri0171 |title=City Hall, Exchange Place, Kennedy Plaza, Providence, Providence County, RI |photos=9 |data=11 |cap=1}} *{{HABS |survey=RI-192 |id=ri0171 |title=City Hall, Exchange Place, Kennedy Plaza, Providence, Providence County, RI |photos=9 |data=11 |cap=1}}

{{Commons category|Providence City Hall}}

{{Registered Historic Places}}
{{National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}} {{Authority control}}


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Latest revision as of 00:08, 22 August 2024

United States historic place
Providence City Hall
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. Historic district
Contributing property
(2021)
Location25 Dorrance Street, Providence, Rhode Island, U.S.
Coordinates41°49′27.02″N 71°24′45.81″W / 41.8241722°N 71.4127250°W / 41.8241722; -71.4127250
AreaDowntown Providence
Built1878
ArchitectSamuel J. F. Thayer
Architectural styleSecond Empire Baroque
Part ofDowntown Providence Historic District (ID84001967)
NRHP reference No.75000001
Significant dates
Added to NRHPJanuary 23, 1975
Designated CPFebruary 10, 1984

Providence City Hall is the center of the municipal government in Providence, Rhode Island. It is located at the southwest end of Kennedy Plaza at 25 Dorrance Street in Providence. The building was constructed between 1875 and 1878, and designed by Samuel J. F. Thayer in the Second Empire style. In 1975, the building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is also a contributing structure to the broader Downtown Providence Historic District.

The Need for a City Hall

Market House long served as the seat of Providence's municipal government

Market House

Upon the city's incorporation in 1832, most city business was conducted at the Market House. The City Council, Mayor's Office, and Board of Aldermen were located on the second floor; as the city grew, the city spread to the third floor, and eventually took over the entire building, which became known as the "City Building." Before long, even this wasn't enough space, and in 1845 the City Council resolved to create a permanent municipal building. The community spent the next 30 years searching for a suitable location, because half the Council votes were on the east side of the Providence River, and half the votes were on the west. This resulted in what some historians have referred to as "Providence's Thirty Years War," as the council bickered over where to site the new building.

City Hall Theater

The city purchased several lots for the construction of a new City Hall. Construction was delayed, however, and the land was leased to C.N. Harrington, who built a wood frame theater on the site. The theater was notable for lectures, performances and readings that included writer Charles Dickens. In 1869, the building was renamed "Harrington Opera House." In 1874, the structure was closed for demolition.

Building history

Atrium of Providence City Hall
City Council chambers

"Our Municipal Palace"

An open call for design led to twenty one submissions, and four finalists. Samuel J. F. Thayer's "Blue Wafer" design was chosen, and he was paid $1000.00USD. The building, modified from its original design, would cost the city $1,000,000.USD. The cornerstone was laid on June 24, 1875. Inaugurated on November 14, 1878, The Providence Journal called the building "Our Municipal Palace."

President Teddy Roosevelt spoke on the City Hall steps on August 23, 1902, and John F. Kennedy spoke on November 7, 1960, just before he was elected president. In 2000, Friedrich St. Florian designed outdoor plaques for the building. Haven Brothers Diner, a Rhode Island landmark, is mobile cafe situated east of City Hall every evening.

In 1975, after concerns began to grow about possible demolition, Mayor Buddy Cianci instigated a full restoration and rehabilitation of the deteriorating building under the guidance of historian and preservationist Antoinette Downing, Frank Mauran III and Irving B. Haynes. The project was completed in the 1990s.

Architectural details

"The building's construction is of iron and brick, faced with Westerly granite on the Dorrance and Washington Street sides and New Hampshire granite on the other two sides. The sidewalks are granite blocks, 5 to 6 feet wide and 18 to 20 feet long. The entire structure was built on an artificial foundation set atop 3,128 pilings driven deep into the underlying hardpan."

"Four coal-fired boilers of 50 horsepower each provided heat for the building. The boilers also supplied energy to operate a water-powered elevator, capable of carrying up to 50 passengers at one time. The elevator was built with electric bells at each landing so that it could be summoned to the desired floor."

In the pre-electricity age, "to keep clocks accurate and uniform, a central control mechanism was installed. It operated in a fashion similar to a grandfather clock, and each morning would be wound up by the janitor. It sent battery powered signals to other clocks in the building. Although the building was wired for electricity shortly after its construction, the clock mechanism remains in place and can be seen in the fifth floor Archives."

"The original main floor included a reception room and the office for the City Messenger. His office contained an elaborate array of communication devices, 50 speaking tubes, 50 electric bells and 50 annunciators which connected to all departments. Next to the Messenger's Office was an ornate reception room, 23 feet by 33 feet, with large mirrors hung at each end of the room. The walls were finished in mahogany and stamped leather."

The fifth floor living quarters for the janitor and his family included a kitchen, parlor, two bedrooms and a bath. The remainder of the fifth floor was used by the City Engineer and for storage. The upper levels of the building are within a high, convex, mansard slate roof that rises above the parallel-eaved parapet. Fashioned into the mansard dome are ornamental bulls-eye dormers.

The mansard roof area is reached by an iron stairway from the fifth floor where, originally, large batteries were stored to generate electricity for the city-wide fire alarm system and for the operation of the clocks and bells in the building. Another flight of stairs led to a higher area in the mansard dome which was also used for storage."

President Theodore Roosevelt speaking on the steps of City Hall

Notable events

Famous speeches from the steps

Because of its central location with vast open space before it, City Hall has been the scene of a number of speeches by visiting dignitaries.

  • One of the features of the tremendous industrial development of the last generation has been the very great increase in private, and especially in corporate, fortunes. ... It is not true that the poor have grown poorer; but some of the rich have grown so very much richer that, where multitudes of men are herded together in a limited space, the contrast strikes the onlooker as more violent than formerly.
    On the whole, our people earn more and live better than ever before, and the progress of which we are so proud could not have taken place had it not been for the up building of industrial centers, such as this in which I am speaking. But together with the good there has come a measure of evil.… Under present-day conditions it is as necessary to have corporations in the business world as it is to have organizations, unions, among wage-workers. We have a right to ask in each case only this: that good, and not harm, shall follow.
  • On other occasions, in other years, this country has elected Republican Presidents and Democratic Presidents. They do it when they make a decision that that party and that candidate will serve a great national purpose. In my judgment and the responsibility ultimately is yours, in my judgment the United States will be best served by a candidate and a party who recognizes the basic issues of our time, and that is that this country has to go back to work again.
    • John F. Kennedy (Democratic candidate for President) speech from steps of Providence City Hall toward crowd assembled on Kennedy Plaza – November 7, 1960, Senate Speech file of the John F. Kennedy Pre-Presidential Papers, John F. Kennedy Library</ref>

Public wakes

City Hall decorated for Doyle's public wake

Images

  • A front elevation of the building published in 1878 A front elevation of the building published in 1878
  • A photograph of the building published in 1891 A photograph of the building published in 1891
  • The building, c. 1906 The building, c. 1906
  • City Hall in 2017 City Hall in 2017

See also

References

  1. ^ Campbell, Paul. "A Brief History of Providence City Hall". City Archives. City of Providence. Retrieved April 10, 2015.
  2. ^ History of City Hall. Providenceri.com. Retrieved on June 1, 2014.
  3. Woodward, Wm. McKenzie (2003). PPS/AIAri Guide to Providence Architecture. Photography by William Jagger Photography (1st ed.). Providence, Rhode Island: Providence Preservation Society and American Institute of Architects Rhode Island Chapter. pp. 100–101. ISBN 0-9742847-0-X.
  4. Context of 'August 23, 1902: Roosevelt Advocates Federal Regulation, Oversight of Corporations'. Historycommons.org. Retrieved on June 1, 2014.
  5. ^ Roosevelt Speech, 1902 Photograph by Granger – Roosevelt Speech, 1902 Fine Art Prints and Posters for Sale. Fineartamerica.com. Retrieved on June 1, 2014.
  6. TR Center – ImageViewer Archived April 14, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. Theodorerooseveltcenter.org (October 31, 1902). Retrieved on June 1, 2014.
  7. John F. Kennedy Speeches – John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum. Jfklibrary.org. Retrieved on June 1, 2014.
  8. "The Lamented Burnside". Fall River, Massachusetts: Fall River Daily Herald. September 17, 1881. Retrieved August 12, 2022.
  9. Memorial of Thomas Arthur Doyle, Mayor of the City of Providence. Providence, Rhode Island: Providence City Council. 1887. pp. 5–13. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
  10. "Buddy Cianci to lie in repose in Providence City Hall". WPRI News. January 29, 2016. Archived from the original on August 12, 2022. Retrieved August 12, 2022.
  11. CBS Boston (February 6, 2016). "City Hall Wake Held For Former Providence Mayor Buddy Cianci". CBS Boston. Retrieved August 12, 2022.

External links


U.S. National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island
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