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{{short description|US military program}}
]
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2022}}
The '''Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps''' ('''JROTC''') is a program sponsored by the ] in ]s across the ]. The program was originally created as part of the ] ] and was later expanded under the ] .<ref name=AJROTCHistory>{{cite web
], ]]]
| url = https://gateway.usarmyjrotc.com/http://portal.usarmyjrotc.com/jrotc/dt/2_History/history.html
]'s AFJROTC marching in the ] 2016 ] parade]]
| title = Army Junior ROTC History
]'s MCJROTC and ]'s ] hold a joint honor guard colors posting ceremony at ] in ]]]
| accessdate = 2006-12-29
The '''Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps''' ('''JROTC''') is a ] program sponsored by the ] in ]s and also in some ]s across the United States and at US military bases across the world. The program was originally created as part of the ] and later expanded under the 1964 ROTC Vitalization Act.
| author = ]
}}</ref>


==Role and purpose== ==Role and purpose==
]
According to Title 10, Section 2031<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/2031 |title=10 U.S. Code § 2031 - Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps |website=]}}</ref> of the ], the purpose of the Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps is "to instill in students in secondary educational institutions the values of citizenship, service to the United States, and personal responsibility and a sense of accomplishment."<ref name="UnitedStatesCode|10|2031">{{UnitedStatesCode|10|2031}}</ref> Additional objectives are established by the ] of the ]. Under 542.4<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=4bdb7e9e2e103bb491610facd149d462&rgn=div8&view=text&node=32:3.1.1.3.17.0.13.4&idno=32 |title=Title 32; Section 542.4: Objectives |website=Electronic Code of Federal Regulations |access-date=2007-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613061727/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=4bdb7e9e2e103bb491610facd149d462&rgn=div8&view=text&node=32:3.1.1.3.17.0.13.4&idno=32 |archive-date=2011-06-13 |url-status=dead}}</ref> of Title 32 (National Defense) of the ], the ] has declared those objectives for each cadet to be:


*Developing citizenship and ]
According to Title 10, Section 2031 of the ], its purpose is "to instill in students in United States secondary educational institutions the values of citizenship, service to the United States, and personal responsibility and a sense of accomplishment." <ref>{{UnitedStatesCode|10|2031}}</ref> The Army has stated that although JROTC is "not a ]" it will inform "about the opportunities available in the military" and "may help motivate young Americans toward military service"<ref>{{cite web
*Developing self-reliance and responsiveness to all authority
| url = http://www.army.mil/APS/aps_ch5_2.htm
*Improving the ability to communicate well both orally and in writing
| title = US Army Posture Statement FY01 Chapter 5: Meeting the Recruiting Challenge
*Developing an appreciation of the importance of physical fitness
| accessdate = 2006-12-29
*Increasing a respect for the role of the ] in support of national objectives
| author = ]
*Developing a knowledge of team building skills and basic military skills
}}</ref>. An Army policy memorandum states that JROTC is not precluded from "facilitating the ] of young men and women into the U.S. Army", directing instructors to "actively assist cadets who want to enlist in the military emphasize service in the U.S. Army; facilitate recruiter access to cadets in JROTC program and to the entire student body... work closely with high school guidance counselors to sell the Army story." <ref>{{cite web
*Taking 1–3 years of the course grants cadets the ability to rank higher if they pursue a military career.
| url = http://www.projectyano.org/pdf/JROTC_military_recruiting_memo.pdf
| title = Cadet Command Policy memorandum 50
| accessdate = 2006-12-29
| author = ] Cadet Command
| date = ]
}}</ref>
Former US Defense Secretary ] has referred to JROTC as "one of the best ] we could have".<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.thehumanquest.org/sept-oct/school.pdf
| title = School: A place to teach or to recruit?
| accessdate = 2006-12-29
| last = Huet-Vaughn
| first = Emiliano
| year = 2001
| month = September/October
| publisher =
| pages = 10-11
}}</ref>


Section 524.5<ref name="Section 524.5">{{Cite web |url=http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr;sid=f1b0121929cc5ab074e1fea890753646;rgn=div8;view=text;node=32%3A3.1.1.3.18.0.13.5;idno=32;cc=ecfr |title=Title 32; Section 524.5: Policies |website=Electronic Code of Federal Regulations |access-date=2007-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930204407/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr;sid=f1b0121929cc5ab074e1fea890753646;rgn=div8;view=text;node=32:3.1.1.3.18.0.13.5;idno=32;cc=ecfr |archive-date=2007-09-30 |url-status=dead}}</ref> of the CFR National Defense title states in part that JROTC should "provide meaningful leadership instruction of benefit to the student and of value to the Armed Forces. ...Students will acquire: (1) An understanding of the fundamental concept of leadership, military art and science, (2) An introduction to related professional knowledge, and (3) An appreciation of requirements for national security. The dual roles of citizen/soldier and soldier/citizen are studied. ... These programs will enable cadets to better serve their country as leaders, as citizens, and in military service should they enter it. ... The JROTC and NDCC are not, of themselves, officer-producing programs but should create favorable attitudes and impressions toward the Services and toward careers in the Armed Forces." <!--- possible opposition insertion point --->
General ] admitted in his 1995 autobiography that "the armed forces might get a youngster more inclined to enlist as a result of Junior ROTC", but added that "Inner-city kids, many from broken homes, found stability and role models in Junior ROTC."

<ref>{{cite web
The military has stated that JROTC will inform young Americans about the opportunities available in the military and "may help motivate young Americans toward military service."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.army.mil/APS/aps_ch5_2.htm |title=US Army Posture Statement FY01 Chapter 5: Meeting the Recruiting Challenge |website=] |access-date=2006-12-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061227095250/http://www.army.mil/aps/aps_ch5_2.htm |archive-date=2006-12-27}}</ref> A 1999 Army policy memorandum stated that "While not designed to be a specific recruiting tool, there is nothing in existing law that precludes ... facilitating the recruitment of young men and women into the U.S. Army," directing instructors to "actively assist cadets who want to enlist in the military emphasize service in the U.S. Army; facilitate recruiter access to cadets in JROTC program and to the entire student body ... work closely with high school guidance counselors to sell the Army story."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.projectyano.org/pdf/JROTC_military_recruiting_memo.pdf |title=Cadet Command Policy memorandum 50 |date=1999-03-30 |website=] Cadet Command |access-date=2006-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060912205653/http://www.projectyano.org/pdf/JROTC_military_recruiting_memo.pdf |archive-date=September 12, 2006 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1001927,00.html

| title = Class Warfare
In a February 2000 testimony before the ], the armed service ] testified that 30%&ndash;50% of graduating JROTC cadets go on to join the military:
| accessdate = 2006-12-30
*] ], then ], testified that the value of the Marine JROTC program "is beyond contest. Fully one-third of our young men and women who join a Junior ROTC program wind up wearing the uniform of a ]."
| last = Stodghill
*General ], then ], testified that "Our indications are about 30 percent of those youngsters—we don't recruit them, as you know. We are not permitted to do that. But by virtue of the things that they like about that experience, about 30 percent of them end up joining the Army, either enlisting or going on to ROTC and then joining the officer population."
| first = Ron
*General ], then ], testified that "almost 50 percent of the folks that go <!--into Junior ROTC go on to one of our---> out of the Air Force Junior ROTC go into one of the Services by enlisting or going to ROTC or going to one of the ]."
| year = 2002
*] ], then ], testified that "Even if the number is only 30 percent, that is a good number. But think about what we get out of the other 70 percent. They have exposure to us. They have exposure to the military. And the challenge of the education mandate that we all share in ] and school counselors and school districts that won't let us in, that is a powerful tool I think to educate whether or not they end up in the service. So it is a long way around saying it is well worth the investment for lots of different reasons."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/security/has041000.000/has041000_0f.htm |title=H.R. 4205 - Hearings on National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2001 before the Committee on Armed Services |page=42 |date=February 10, 2000 |website=House of Representatives |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001229141956/http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/security/has041000.000/has041000_0f.htm |archive-date=December 29, 2000 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| month = March
General ] said in his 1995 autobiography that "the armed forces might get a youngster more inclined to enlist as a result of Junior ROTC," but added that "Inner-city kids, many from broken homes, found stability and role models in Junior ROTC."<ref name=TimeClassWarfare>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1001927,00.html |title=Class Warfare |last=Stodghill |first=Ron |date=March 4, 2002 |magazine=] |access-date=2006-12-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071118220204/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1001927,00.html |archive-date=November 18, 2007}}</ref><!--- Note that this is NOT Powell's autobiography but a secondary source of someone who might have read his bio. A better citation from the actual autobio is needed. ---> ] found in the ''Recruiting, Retention, and Reservist Promotion Act of 2000'' that JROTC and similar programs "provide significant benefits for the Armed Forces, including significant public relations benefits."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/106th-congress/house-bill/4208/text/ih |title=Text - H.R.4208 - 106th Congress (1999-2000): Recruiting, Retention, and Reservist Promotion Act of 2000 |first=Kay |last=Granger |date=July 19, 2000 |website=U.S. Congress}}</ref> Former ] ] referred to JROTC as "one of the best recruitment programs we could have."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehumanquest.org/sept-oct/school.pdf |title=School: A place to teach or to recruit? |last=Huet-Vaughn |first=Emiliano |date=September–December 2001 |pages=10–11 |website=The Human Quest |access-date=2006-12-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928092411/http://www.thehumanquest.org/sept-oct/school.pdf |archive-date=2007-09-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/498805c126.html |title=Child Soldiers Global Report 2001 - United States of America |website=Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers |year=2001 |access-date=2010-08-25}}</ref>
| day = 4
| publisher = ]
}}</ref>


==Organization== ==Organization==
]
All five branches of the ] sponsor JROTC programs. Unlike college and university ] programs, ] and ] JROTC programs are separate entities. The ] operates only one JROTC program at the ] in ], ]. As of June 2006, there are a total of 3,229 units:
]
]
]
]
Six of the eight branches of the ] maintain a Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps, organized into units. There are a total of 3,275 units:
*1,600 ] AJROTC units<ref name=AJROTCHistory>{{cite web |url=https://www.usarmyjrotc.com/jrotc/dt/2_History/history.html |title=Army Junior ROTC History |author=] |access-date=2006-12-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208100945/https://www.usarmyjrotc.com/jrotc/dt/2_History/history.html |archive-date=2013-02-08}}</ref>
*794 ] AFJROTC units<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afoats.af.mil/AFJROTC/history.asp |title=AFJROTC History |author=Air Force Officer Accession and Training Schools |access-date=2006-12-29 |archive-date=July 23, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060723024010/http://www.afoats.af.mil/AFJROTC/history.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*583 ] NJROTC units<ref>{{cite web |title=Navy Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps - Cadet Information |url=https://www.netc.navy.mil/Commands/Naval-Service-Training-Command/NJROTC/Cadet-Information/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=October 3, 2024 |website=Naval Education and Training Command}}</ref>
*260 ] MCJROTC units<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mcjrotc.org/about/history.aspx|title=History of Marine Corps JROTC Program|website=United States Marine Corps JROTC|access-date=2006-12-29|archive-date=July 23, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723173329/http://www.mcjrotc.org/about/history.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*10 ] SFJROTC units<ref>{{Cite web |last=Riggs |first=Joshua |title=Space Force JROTC |url=https://alabamajrotc.org/program/space-force/ |access-date=2023-02-28 |website=Alabama JROTC |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.airforcemag.com/space-force-jrotc-to-get-first-units-this-fall/ |title=Space Force JROTC to Get First Units Starting This Fall |date=2021-03-22 |website=Air Force Magazine |language=en-US |access-date=2021-03-25}}</ref>
*10 ] CGJROTC units<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.uscg.mil/Community/JROTC/JROTC-Units/ |title=JROTC Units |website=United States Coast Guard |access-date=2021-03-25}}</ref>


Prior to 1967 the number of units was limited to 1,200. The cap was increased to 1,600 units in 1967 and again to 3,500 units in 1992; the statutory limitation on the number of units was struck from the law in 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/10C102.txt |title=10 USC Chapter 102 - Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps, Sec. 2031 Amendments |date=January 15, 2013 |website=The US Code |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707205406/http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/10c102.txt |archive-date=2013-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode10/usc_sup_01_10_10_A_20_III_30_102.html |title=Title 10 § 102 |website=Legal Information Institute |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923132655/http://www4.law.cornell.edu/ |archive-date=2006-09-23}}</ref> Their goal was to reach 3,500 units by February 2011 by encouraging program expansion into educationally and economically deprived areas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/omb/expectmore/detail/10003233.2006.html |title=Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps Assessment |date=2006 |website=The White House |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916000117/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/omb/expectmore/detail/10003233.2006.html |archive-date=2012-09-16}}</ref>
*1555 Army JROTC units<ref name=AJROTCHistory />
*794 Air Force JROTC units<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.afoats.af.mil/AFJROTC/history.asp AFJROTC History
| title = AFJROTC History
| accessdate = 2006-12-29
| author = ] Officer Accession and Training Schools
}}</ref>
*619 Navy JROTC units<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.njrotc.navy.mil/basicfacts.cfm NJROTC Basic Facts
| title = NJROTC Basic Facts
| accessdate = 2006-12-29
| author = ] Naval Service Training Command
}}</ref>
*260 Marine Corps JROTC units<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.mcjrotc.org/about/history.aspx
| title = History of Marine Corps JROTC Program
| accessdate = 2006-12-29
| author = ]
}}</ref>
*1 Coast Guard JROTC unit


Units are set up according to the layout of their parent service, often referred to as the "Chain of Command."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hs.houstonisd.org/Furrhs/AJROTC/Chain_of_Command.html |title=Chain of Command & Battalion Staff |access-date=2009-06-11 |website=] NJROTC |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607023745/http://hs.houstonisd.org/Furrhs/AJROTC/Chain_of_Command.html |archive-date=2011-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://sites.google.com/a/navyjrotc.us/charlottehighnjrotc/knowledge/chain-of-command |title=Chain of Command |access-date=2009-06-11 |website=] NJROTC}}</ref> Army JROTC units follow a ] (usually the period the class is held in), ] (all periods), and at larger events ] (multiple battalions) structure. Marine Corps JROTC units follow the ], or in cases of larger size, ] structure. Air Force JROTC units are composed structurally based on size. Individual if one, detail if 2, element if more than 2 and no more than 8, flight if 26, ] if more than 51, group if more than 101, and ] if more than 251 cadets. Navy JROTC typically follows the ] (100-149 cadets), battalion (150-299 cadets), or regiment (300+ cadets) structure depending on the size of the unit.
]


===JROTC funding===
Units are set up according to the layout of their parent service. Army and Marine Corps JROTC units follow the ] structure. Air Force JROTC units are composed structurally based on size (] if more than 251 cadets, group if more than 101, ] if more than 51). Navy JROTC also typically follows the ] (100-149 cadets), battalion (150-299 cadets), or regiment (300+ cadets) structure depending on the size of the unit.
{{Update|date=February 2023}}
]
JROTC is partly funded by the ] with an allocation in the ] of about $340 million dollars for the ] 2007, of which about 68 million are personnel costs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dod.mil/comptroller/defbudget/fy2007/fy2007_overview.pdf |title=Operation and Maintenance Overview Fiscal Year (FY) 2007 Budget Estimates |date=February 2006 |website=Office of the Secretary of Defense |access-date=2006-12-29}}</ref> The ] ] instructor salaries, cadet uniforms, equipment and textbooks. The instructors, usually retired military personnel, continue to receive retirement pay from the Federal government, but in addition, the schools pay the difference from what the instructors would receive if they were on active duty. The service concerned then reimburses the school for approximately one-half of the amount paid by the school to the instructor.
{| class="wikitable"
! ] ]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dod.mil/comptroller/defbudget/fy2009/fy2009_o1.pdf |title=Department of Defense Budget Fiscal Year 2009 |date=February 2008 |website=Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller) |access-date=2011-05-03}}</ref>
! FY 2007
! FY 2008
! FY 2009
|-
!AJROTC
|128,281
|146,147
|149,329
|-
!NJROTC
|45,411
|47,844
|50,494
|-
!MCJROTC
|17,423
|16,996
|17,740
|-
!AFJROTC
|77,901
|94,760
|108,730
|-
!Total U.S. $1,000
!269,016
!305,747
!323,293
|}
Note: Space Force JROTC funding is included in Air Force JROTC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congressional Research Service Reports - General National Security |url=https://sgp.fas.org/crs/natsec/ |access-date=2023-02-28 |website=sgp.fas.org}}</ref>


===Military staff and instructors===
In 1967, Congress increased the total number of units authorized to be established from 1,200 to 1,600. In 1992, Congress expanded the total number of JROTC units to a maximum of 3,500; The statutory limitation on the number of units was struck from the law in 2001<ref> to 10 ] (]). Retrieved on ].</ref>.
Although active duty officers may be assigned to JROTC, this is exceedingly rare, and is primarily limited to staff at the major command or sub-command headquarters overseeing each service's respective JROTC program or regional administrators overseeing a set number of individual units. Unlike the college/university ] program, which is an actual military officer training and accession track, the vast majority of NJROTC instructors are retired from the sponsoring branch of the Armed Forces. In the Army JROTC program, the cadet unit at each school is directed by at least one retired ] in the grade of ] through ]) or a ] (WO1 through CW5) who is designated as the Senior Army Instructor, and who is assisted by at least one retired ] in the grade of ] through ] who is designated as an Army Instructor (AI). In certain situations, there may be additional instructors.<ref>U.S. Department of the Army. (2000). ''Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps Program Organization, Administration, Operation, and Support: Army Regulation 145-2.''</ref>


A new provision from the John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007 (Section 540) that was signed into law in October 2006 permits retired Reserve Component officers and noncommissioned officers to be hired as instructors.
JROTC is partly funded by the ] in the Operation and Maintenance account of the defense budget<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.dod.mil/comptroller/defbudget/fy2007/fy2007_overview.pdf
| title = Operation and Maintenance Overview Fiscal Year (FY) 2007 Budget Estimates
| accessdate = 2006-12-29
| author = Office of the Secretary of Defense
| year = 2006
| month = February
}}</ref>. Financial support from the Federal Government includes reimbursement for instructor salaries, cadet uniforms, equipment and textbooks for use in ] classes.


There are no national requirements that JROTC instructors have the ] required by other teachers in public high school, although there are a handful of counties that do require a teaching credential.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afsc.org/youthmil/militarism-in-schools/JROTC-instructors.htm |title=JROTC Officers |website=American Friends Service Committee |access-date=2007-04-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070419134900/http://www.afsc.org/youthmil/militarism-in-schools/JROTC-instructors.htm |archive-date=2007-04-19}}</ref> In at least one jurisdiction (California), the government requires JROTC instructors to have at least four years of military experience and possess a ] or equivalent.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ctc.ca.gov/credentials/leaflets/cl699.html |title=Designated Subjects Special Subjects Teaching Credentials (Leaflet CL-699) |date=January 2004 |author=California Commission on Teacher Credentialing |access-date=2006-12-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061207093050/http://www.ctc.ca.gov/credentials/leaflets/cl699.html |archive-date=2006-12-07}}</ref> AJROTC instructors need to be within one year of retirement or retired from active military service for five or fewer years. MCJROTC instructors need to have graduated from high school, have at least 20 years of active military service and be physically qualified according to Marine Corps standards.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mcjrotc.org/Documents/instinfo.doc |title=Instructor Application – Background Information |website=Marine Corps Junior ROTC Program |access-date=2012-08-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070728065938/http://www.mcjrotc.org/Documents/instinfo.doc |archive-date=2007-07-28}}</ref>
In public schools, JROTC is usually an elective course with membership limited to US citizens and legal foreign nationals, those who will graduate with their 9th grade corhort, and have not experienced an out of school suspension during the preceding 6 month period. ] or (pre-college) ] may offer JROTC programs, with some requiring participation as a condition for acceptance to the school. Often, students will participate for one year receive credit in lieu of a ] class. Students who excel in the first year of JROTC can apply for a second year. Most schools offer three to four years of JROTC training.


AFJROTC previously required a minimum of 20 years of active duty but has since been overridden by a provision in the John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007 (Section 540), signed into law in October 2006, permitting retired Reserve Component (e.g., ] and ] officers and noncommissioned officers) to be hired as instructors. Officer instructors need to have a minimum of a bachelor's degree, while a high school diploma or equivalent is sufficient for enlisted instructors.
Schools who doesn't receive JROTC designation has the option of hosting a (NDCC) program. NDCC units differ from JROTC in that they receive little or no financial support from the Armed Forces; uniforms, equipment, other materials and instructor salaries must normally be furnished by the school hosting an NDCC program. Except for the funding aspects, JROTC and NDCC programs are virtually identical.


For AJROTC the Non-commissioned Officer has to attain an associate degree (AA), with teaching credential, in order to be assigned an AI. To be assigned as a SAI the AJROTC Instructor has to hold a BA degree, with teaching credentials.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afoats.af.mil/AFJROTC/Instructors.asp |title=Prerequisites for AFJROTC Instructor Duty |date=3 January 2006 |website=Air Force Officer Accession and Training Schools |access-date=2007-04-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060310074639/http://www.afoats.af.mil/AFJROTC/Instructors.asp |archive-date=2006-03-10}}</ref>
Although active duty officers may be assigned, most instructors are retired from the sponsoring branch of the Armed Forces. In the ] JROTC program, the cadet unit at each school is directed by at least one retired ] (in the grade of ] through ]) or a ] (WO1 through CW5) and at least one retired ] (in the grade of ] through ]). In certain situations there may be additional instructors. Retired ] or ]s are generally not permitted to work as JROTC instructors.{{fact}} Neither are retired National Guard personnel permitted to work as JROTC instructors.{{fact}} A new provision from the John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007 (Section 540) was signed into law in October 2006, permitting retired Reserve officers and noncommissioned officers to be hired as instructors.


NJROTC also required a minimum of 20 years of active duty until it was overridden by a provision in the John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007 (Section 540), signed into law in October 2006, permitting retired Reserve Component personnel (e.g., ] officers, chief petty officers and petty officers) to be hired as NJROTC instructors. The minimum education requirement for an enlisted Naval Science Instructor (NSI) is a high school diploma or equivalent, with a baccalaureate degree from an accredited college or university required for a commissioned officer to serves as a Senior Naval Science Instructor (SNSI).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.njrotc.navy.mil/appcertproc.cfm |title=NJROTC Training |date=2007 |website=Navy Junior Reserves Officers' Training Corps |access-date=February 4, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629002624/https://www.njrotc.navy.mil/appcertproc.cfm |archive-date=June 29, 2007}}</ref> The Navy requires that JROTC instructors be employees of the school or school district and that they are accorded the same status as other school faculty members.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.njrotc.navy.mil/hiringguid.cfm |title=School Administrator Guidelines for Hiring NJROTC Instructors |date=August 2001 |website=] Naval Service Training Command |access-date=2006-12-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090510173455/https://www.njrotc.navy.mil/hiringguid.cfm |archive-date=2009-05-10}}</ref>
There are no national requirements that JROTC instructors have the ] required by other teachers in public high school . In at least one jurisdiction (California), the government requires JROTC instructors to have at least four years of military experience and possess a ] or equivalent<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.ctc.ca.gov/credentials/leaflets/cl699.html
| title = Designated Subjects Special Subjects Teaching Credentials (Leaflet CL-699)
| accessdate = 2006-12-29
| author = California Commission on Teacher Credentialing
| year = 2004
| month = January
}}</ref>. AJROTC instructors need to be within one year of retirement or retired from active military service for three or fewer years . MCJROTC instructors need to have graduated from high school, have at least 20 years of active military service and be physically qualified according to Marine Corps standards . AFJROTC requires minimum 20 years of active duty; Officer instructors need to have a minimum of a bachelors degree, while a high school diploma or equivalent is sufficient for enlisted instructors . NJROTC also requires a minimum of 20 years of active military duty; the minimum education requirement for an instructor is a high school diploma or equivalent, with a baccalaureate degree from an accredited college or university required for a senior instructor .


National Defense Cadet Corps<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.afms1.belvoir.army.mil/dictionary/n_terms.htm |title=National Defense Cadet Corps |website=Army Dictionary (N) |access-date=2006-12-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060722111234/http://www.afms1.belvoir.army.mil/dictionary/n_terms.htm |archive-date=2006-07-22 }}</ref> (NDCC) offers similar programs as JROTC. NDCC units differ from JROTC in that they receive little or no financial support from the Armed Forces; uniforms, equipment, other materials and instructor salaries must normally be furnished by the school hosting an NDCC program.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr;sid=f1b0121929cc5ab074e1fea890753646;rgn=div5;view=text;node=32%3A3.1.1.3.18;idno=32;cc=ecfr#32:3.1.1.3.18.0.13.7 |title=Title 32: National Defense § 542.7 Program information |website=Electronic Code of Federal Regulations |access-date=2007-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930153900/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr;sid=f1b0121929cc5ab074e1fea890753646;rgn=div5;view=text;node=32:3.1.1.3.18;idno=32;cc=ecfr#32:3.1.1.3.18.0.13.7 |archive-date=2007-09-30 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Except for the funding aspects, JROTC and NDCC programs are virtually identical, although the cadet corps is not limited by the federal statute that restricts JROTC to offering courses only for students in ninth through 12th grades.<ref>{{cite news |first=Claire |last=Schaeffer-Duffy |newspaper=National Catholic Reporter |url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1141/is_21_39/ai_99849547 |title=Feeding the military machine: JROTC expansion and inner-city academies mark recruiting incursion into U.S. public school classrooms, critics say |date=2003-03-28 |access-date=2007-04-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228180616/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1141/is_21_39/ai_99849547 |archive-date=2007-02-28}}</ref> Per 2005, Chicago had 26 ] enlisting more than 850 students.<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Jennifer |last=Wedekind |title=The Childrens Crusade |date=2005-06-05 |url=http://www.inthesetimes.com/site/main/article/2136/ |magazine=] |access-date=2007-04-24 |archive-date=December 20, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061220044412/http://www.inthesetimes.com/site/main/article/2136/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The Armed Forces use a unique reimbursement procedure to assist schools in hiring JROTC instructors: schools contract with retired military personnel (who have been approved by the respective service) for JROTC instructor positions. The instructor continues to receive their normal retired pay, but in addition, the school normally agrees to pay the difference between the instructor's retired pay and what the instructor would receive if they were on active duty. The service concerned then reimburses the school for approximately one-half of the amount paid by the school to the instructor. The Navy requires that JROTC instructors be employees of the school and require the instructors to be accorded the same status as other school faculty members<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.njrotc.navy.mil/hiringguid.cfm
| title = School Administrator Guidelines for Hiring NJROTC Instructors
| accessdate = 2006-12-29
| author = ] Naval Service Training Command
| year = 2001
| month = August
}}</ref>.


==Instruction and activities==
==Activities==
]
The curriculum stresses military discipline and character education. Cadets typically wear their ] once or twice a week, usually standing for inspection, with the exception being those cadets who attend a JROTC-based military academy. Many cadets participate in extracurricular activities such as a ], ], ], ] or ]. During the school year, there are regional competitions between JROTC units, with testing in all areas of military, naval and aerospace science. Some units organize special visits to US military bases during school breaks. There are also many summertime "leadership academies" for cadets hosted by various military installations.
]]]
] Army JROTC cadets at ] in ].]]
The ] states that JROTC is "designed for physically fit citizens attending participating schools."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=69b6099c2478b670b0212f795e290272&rgn=div5&view=text&node=32:3.1.1.3.15&idno=32#32:3.1.1.3.15.0.11.5 |title=Title 32: National Defense Part 542 — Schools and Colleges |website=Electronic Code of Federal Regulations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531185205/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=5714de76896a25122bb44a86b8c06411&rgn=div5&view=text&node=32:3.1.1.3.15&idno=32#32:3.1.1.3.15.0.11.5 |archive-date=2010-05-31}}</ref>
Many units also host an annual military ] where cadets put on their best dress uniforms (see related article '']'') and gather together for a formal dinner. Usually awards are presented, speeches are given, and in many respects the occasion is like a second "]" for juniors and seniors; sophomores and freshman are also allowed to attend the Military Ball. Female cadets are generally not required to wear the dress uniform for military ball, but some do so voluntarily.


] or (pre-college) ] may offer JROTC programs, with some requiring participation as a condition for acceptance to the school. Some ] mandate JROTC as a class for all grade levels, and have a curriculum that includes military history, military protocol, civics, and physical fitness.<ref name=McDuffee/> ] has six public military academies, more than any other city and one-third of all in the country.<ref name=McDuffee>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.inthesetimes.com/article/3855/no_jrotc_left_behind/ |title=No JROTC Left Behind |first=Allen |last=McDuffee |date=2008-08-20 |magazine=In These Times |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081109114738/http://www.inthesetimes.com/article/3855/no_jrotc_left_behind/ |archive-date=2008-11-09}}</ref>
Sometimes units also have a separate awards ceremony, which is attended by the instructors, guests, and parents. Fraternal organizations, such as the ], often give out awards for military excellence, academics, and citizenship, in addition to the standard awards given by the JROTC program.


The JROTC program stresses ],<ref>For more about the regulations relating all personnel (including cadets) to military command authority, see: {{cite book |author=U.S.Army |url=https://www.onlinepersonaltrainer.in/five-components-of-fitness-step-by-step/ |title=Army Command Policy (unclassified) – Five Components of Fitness |publisher=Department of the Army |year=2006 |location=Headquarters |id=AR 600-20 |via=Online Personal Trainer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216033658/https://www.onlinepersonaltrainer.in/five-components-of-fitness-step-by-step/ |archive-date=2018-12-16}}</ref><ref>For historical context for many military customs, from ceremonies to activities forbidden by force of observed custom, as such customs are adopted by individual JROTC units under mentorship of instructors on their retirement from active duty, see {{cite book |last=Bonn |first=LTC Keith E. |title=Army Officer's Guide |edition=49th |publisher=Stackpole Books |year=2002 |isbn=0-8117-2649-5}}</ref> with a curriculum that emphasizes study of ] and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.onlinepersonaltrainer.in/jrotcRes/downloads/2_Curriculum/Syllabus/syllabus.pdf |title=JROTC Syllabus |website=Online Personal Trainer}}{{dead link|date=August 2012}}</ref> Cadets typically wear their ] once or twice a week, usually standing for inspection, with the exception being those cadets who attend a JROTC-based military academy. Their creed encourages conduct that brings credit to family, country, school and the corps of cadets, loyalty, citizenship and patriotism.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.onlinepersonaltrainer.in/jrotc/dt/3_Creed/history.html |title=JROTC Creed History |website=Online Personal Trainer |access-date=2007-10-17 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121217232426/https://www.usarmyjrotc.com/jrotc/dt/3_Creed/history.html |archive-date=2012-12-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Many cadets participate in extracurricular activities such as the following:
The year may be finished with a change of command ceremony, where the new unit commander, executive officer, and other unit officers are named and take command from the current officers. Mid-level officers are also named. Some units choose the next year's NCO and junior officer corps based on officer and NCO candidate schools, usually held immediately following the end of the school year.


*] (unarmed, armed and ])
Successful completion of the program (usually 2-4 years of classes) can lead to advanced rank upon enlistment in the Armed Forces. For example, upon completion of 4 years of ] JROTC, it is possible for cadets, at their senior aerospace science instructor's discretion, to enlist in the Air Force at the rank of ] (E-3). Many JROTC instructors, however, encourage their cadets to apply to one or more of the ] and/or college ] programs. The hope is to inspire cadets to go on to college, and if they desire military service, to do so by becoming a ]. However, JROTC participation incurs no obligation to join the military.
*]
*] team
*]ry (usually available in AFJROTC)
*]
*] or ] ]ship programs (offered by at least two-thirds of JROTC units)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.odcmp.org/0305/JMIC.asp |title=CMP Develops New JROTC Marksmanship Instructor Course |first=Dale |last=Miles |date=April 2005 |website=]}}</ref>
*]
*]
*] (although very rare)


The most notable JROTC marching band is the Virginia 91st Air Force Junior ROTC Band of the ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rma.edu/Band |title=Band |website=Randolph-Macon Academy}}</ref> Being a rare part of a JROTC unit, there are few in existence, with the state of ] only boasting two units with marching bands.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cchs-satx.org/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=1559484&type=d&pREC_ID=1685045 |title=JROTC |website=Central Catholic High School}}</ref>


There are other extracurricular activities that the JROTC's programs provide for their cadets, including trips to military installations, ROTC college programs, and other sites that give the cadets a look at the military community. During the school year, there are regional competitions between JROTC units, with testing in all areas of military, naval and aerospace science. Some units organize special visits to US military bases during school breaks. There are also many summertime "leadership academies" for cadets hosted by various military installations.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/combat-studies-institute/csi-books/military.pdf |date=1985 |title=Military History and Professional Development: Suggestions to Units and Formations |publisher=Combat Studies Institute |location=U. S. Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas |id=85-CSI-21 85 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619223423/https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/combat-studies-institute/csi-books/military.pdf |archive-date=June 19, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> These academies include the JROTC Leadership and Academic Bowl (JLAB), and JROTC Cadet Leadership Challenge (JCLC), a physical fitness competition.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.usarmyjrotc.com/JROTC_history.html |title=JROTC History |website=JROTC |access-date=2018-06-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624232746/https://www.usarmyjrotc.com/JROTC_history.html |archive-date=2018-06-24}}</ref>


Cadets may be awarded ribbons, ribbon devices, medals and aiguillettes for participation in JROTC and team activities, as well as for personal academic and athletic achievement and leadership. Awards may be presented by organizations other than the cadet's JROTC program, such as other JROTC programs, ], American Veterans, Order of the Daedalians, ], and the ].<ref>{{cite book |title=Cadet Field Manual: NAVEDTRA 37116-H |work=A Field Manual for the Navy Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps: 0509-LP-110-2131 |author=Naval Education and Training Command |publisher=United States Department of the Navy |edition=8th |date=June 2010 |url=http://www.riverheadnjrotc.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/cfm2010.pdf |chapter=Precedence of Order of Seniority |access-date=July 15, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715190256/http://www.riverheadnjrotc.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/cfm2010.pdf |archive-date=July 15, 2011}}</ref> Ribbons and medals are positioned in order of precedence, as prescribed by the Cadet Field Manual and the senior JROTC instructor.<ref>{{cite book |title=Cadet Field Manual: NAVEDTRA 37116-Hl |work=A Field Manual for the Navy Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps: 0509-LP-110-2131 |author=Naval Education and Training Command |publisher=United States Department of the Navy |edition=8 |date=June 2010 |url=http://www.riverheadnjrotc.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/cfm2010.pdf |chapter=Awards and Decorations |access-date=July 15, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715190256/http://www.riverheadnjrotc.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/cfm2010.pdf |archive-date=July 15, 2011}}</ref>
==Opposition to JROTC==
Many organizations across the nation oppose the JROTC programs, including the ], the ], and the ]. These organizations criticize the JROTC for a number of reasons, including:
*'''Military Recruiting''' -- Many organizations campaigning against the JROTC have alleged that it is essentially a dressed-up Military Recruitment program. They cite the fact that large numbers of program graduates enlist in the military; the Navy JROTC, for example, has a 50% enlistment rate.
*'''Discrimination''' -- While the armed services officially have a "don't ask, don't tell" policy about gays, lesbians, and bisexuals, the JROTC does not. Potential instructors are screened for homosexuality, which is a breach of federal anti-discrimination laws. JROTC policy also prohibits those with disabilities and those without legal immigration papers from being instructors or participants in the program, both of which are violations of federal law.
*'''Cost''' -- The ] has found that local school districts end up paying substantially more than the cost estimate the military provides, and that a JROTC program costs more on a per-pupil basis than academic, non-military instruction.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://webarchive.afsc.org/youthmil/jrotc/jrotcost.htm
| title = Trading Books for Soldiers: The True Cost of JROTC Report Summary
| accessdate = 2006-12-29
| author =
| year = 1999
}}</ref> Some cities have to pay as much as $136,000 annually per unit to finance their JROTC programs.
*'''Local Control''' -- Many groups also cite lack of local control as an issue. The curriculum is dictated by military, and the military controls all of the screening processes for instructors. If a school feels that there is a problem with the curriculum or an instructor, there is nothing they can do to remedy the problem other than stop the program.
*'''Low-Quality curriculum''' -- Another concern is that the content of the JROTC textbooks is substandard learning material, with factual distortions and outdated methods of teaching. An American Friends Service Committee report cites several examples of statements in the curriculum that are discriminatory towards minority groups, such as Arabs, Native Americans, and homosexuals. A majority of groups campaigning against the JROTC also state that the curriculum narrows the viewpoint of the students, encourage blind following rather than critical thinking, and indoctrinate students in militaristic authoritarian loyalty and passivity.
*'''Violence and Abuse''' -- Promotion of violence is one of the biggest objections many groups have to the JROTC. These groups cite examples where gangs formed by JROTC members have engaged in crime sprees, robbery, vandalism, and even murder. There have also been several cases of isolated students or pairs committing violent acts, such as an Arizona JROTC member and his friend who dressed in fatigues and killed 9 Buddhist monks after looting their temple. Anti-JROTC groups have reported significant amounts of hazing and abuse within the program as well, including one incident in which 26 students were hospitalized after being ordered to stand in the sun for extended periods of time. Many groups are also concerned about hazing activities that are common in JROTC groups.


Successful completion of a JROTC Program (1–3 years of classes) can lead to advanced rank upon enlistment in the Armed Forces.<ref name="Section 524.5"/><ref>{{cite book |author=U.S. Army |title=Active and Reserve Components Enlistment Program |publisher=Department of the Army |location=Washington, D.C. |year=2011 |id=AR 601-210 |url=http://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/pdf/R601_210.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617004410/http://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/pdf/r601_210.pdf |archive-date=2012-06-17}} See paragraph 2-18, "Enlistment pay grades for personnel without prior Service". Students who complete 1 or more years of JROTC may enlist at pay grades E-2 (PV2) or E-3 (PFC).</ref> For example, upon completion of three years of ] JROTC, cadets may at their instructor's discretion enlist in the Air Force at the rank of ] (E-3). However, JROTC participation incurs no obligation to join the military.<ref name="Section 524.5"/>
The , formed by more than 50 teachers in the ]<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.edutopia.org/magazine/ed1article.php?id=Art_1269&issue=apr_05
| title = Mr. Miller Goes to War
| accessdate = 2006-12-29
| last = Pogash
| first = Carol
| year = 2005
| month = April
| publisher =
}}</ref>, aims to "eliminate the Junior Reserves Officer Training Corp in our High Schools."<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.militaryfreeschools.org/jrotc.htm
| title = Military Infiltration of Our Public Schools
| accessdate = 2006-12-29
| author =
}}</ref> The group claims 2006 showed a reduction in JROTC enrollment in Los Angeles, with a drop of one third or approximately 1,500 students, suggesting part of the explanation is efforts to stop the involuntary enrollment of students into JROTC .


===Competitions===
In a controversial decision, the San Francisco School Board voted in November 2006 to eliminate JROTC altogether in the entire city within two years<ref>{{cite web
====Leadership and Academic Bowl====
| url = http://san-francisco-school-board-notes.greatschools.net/2006/11/school_board_no.html
The JROTC Leadership and Academic Bowl (JLAB) is a national academic competition which is the largest of its kind for high schools in the country. There are three levels of the competition, which units who complete levels 1 and 2 successfully attending the last level at ] in ]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.usarmyjrotc.com/instructor/curriculum/academic_competitions.php |title=Academic Competitions |website=JROTC}}</ref> Subjects that are covered in all three levels include history, literature, current events and JROTC curriculum.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mcjrotc.marines.mil/Students/News/News-Article-Display/Article/1913536/2019-2020-jrotc-leadership-academic-bowl/ |title=2019-2020 JROTC Leadership & Academic Bowl |website=Marine Corps JROTC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.army.mil/article/207873/jlab_expands_minds_leadership_skills_of_jrotc_cadets |title=JLAB expands minds, leadership skills of JROTC Cadets |website=U.S. Army}}</ref> Depending on the represented branch, there may be 4-8 cadets representing a school.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cofcontests.com/ |title=Quiz Bowl |first=Project |last=Caruso |website=Cofcontests.com}}</ref>
| title = School Board Notes 11.14.06
| accessdate = 2006-12-29
| last = Achs Freeling
| first = Nicole
| date = ]
| publisher =
}}</ref>, stating that "armed forces should have no place in public schools, and the military's discriminatory stance on gays makes the presence of JROTC unacceptable."<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/11/15/BAG2HMD46B1.DTL
| title = School board votes to dump JROTC program
| accessdate = 2006-12-29
| last = Tucker
| first = Jill
| date = ]
| publisher = ]
}}</ref> In response, many supporters have spoken up, including Mayor ] who expressed great disappointment at the school boards decision<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/11/20/BAG3BMGTF15.DTL&hw=gavin+newsom+jrotc&sn=003&sc=954
| title = Newsom tries to find solution to rescue JROTC
| accessdate = 2006-12-29
| last = Hall
| first = Carol T.
| date = ]
| publisher = ]
}}</ref>. Editorials supporting JROTC were published in both of San Francisco's major newspapers<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/11/13/EDGSJMADUC1.DTL&hw=jrotc+editorial&sn=001&sc=1000
| title = A school board war on JROTC
| accessdate = 2006-12-29
| date = ]
| publisher = ]
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.examiner.com/a-421723~Let_s_pink_slip_the_school_board.html
| title = Let’s pink-slip the school board
| accessdate = 2006-12-29
| last = Mattimore
| first = Patrick
| date = ]
| publisher = ]
}}</ref>. An online ] conducted by the ''San Francisco Chronicle'' through their website on ], ] showed support of retaining JROTC by about 79% of the ] participants<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/11/12/MNGO8MAEDM1.DTL&hw=jrotc+poll+results&sn=001&sc=1000
| title = This week's question
| accessdate = 2006-12-29
| date = ]
| publisher = ]
}}</ref>.


====National High School Drill Team Championship====
==Selected JROTC units==
Established in 1982, the ] is a joint-service ] competition for JROTC ]s, held in ]. Although it has been held since 1982, it only became an officially service-based sanctioned event when the U.S. Army Cadet Command became the sponsor in 1988.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.usarmyjrotc.com/events/national_hs_drill.php |title=National High School Drill Team Championship |website=JROTC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thenationals.net/nhsdtc.htm |title=National High School Drill Team Championships |website=thenationals.net}}</ref>
<!-- Please only add units that have Misplaced Pages articles; this prevents this from becoming just a list of information (see ]). If this section grows too large, then we'll need to look at making a separate list or category and moving this information there. -->

*]
==Cadet Creeds==
*]
In every branch of the Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps, there is a branch creed that every cadet in their designated branches must remember.
*]

*]
===Army Junior Reserves Officers' Training Corps Cadet Creed===
*]
I am an Army Junior ROTC Cadet.
*]

*]
I will always conduct myself to bring credit to my family, country, school, and the Corps of Cadets.
*]

*]
I am loyal and patriotic.
*]

I am the future of the United States of America.

I do not lie, cheat, or steal, and will always be accountable for my actions, and deeds.

I will always practice good citizenship and patriotism.

I will work hard to improve my mind and strengthen my body.

I will seek the mantle of leadership and stand prepared to uphold the Constitution and the American way of life.

May God grant me the strength to always live by this creed!


Hooah!

===Marine Corps Junior Reserves Officers' Training Corps Cadet Creed===
I am a Marine Cadet.

I will be true to myself and to others.

I will not lie, cheat, or steal.

I will serve my school, community, and nation.

I will wear my uniform with pride.

I will do my personal best at all times.

I will honor those who have gone before me: the Few, the Proud, the Finest.

Oorah!

===Navy Junior Reserves Officers' Training Corps Cadet Creed===
I am a Navy Junior ROTC cadet.

I strive to promote patriotism and become an informed and responsible citizen.

I respect those in positions of authority.

I support those who have defended freedom and democracy around the world.

I proudly embrace the Navy's core values of Honor, Courage and Commitment.

I am committed to excellence and the fair treatment of all!

===Air Force Junior Reserves Officers' Training Corps Cadet Creed===
I am an Air Force Junior ROTC Cadet.

I am connected and faithful to every Corps of Cadets who served their community and nation with patriotism.

I earn respect when I uphold the Core Values of Integrity First, Service Before Self, and Excellence In All We Do.

I will always conduct myself to bring credit to my family, school, Corps of Cadets, community, and to myself.

My character defines me. I will not lie, cheat, or steal. I am accountable for my actions and deeds.

I will hold others accountable for their actions as well. I will honor those I serve with, those who have gone before me, and those who will come after me.

I am a Patriot, a Leader, and a Wingman devoted to those I follow, serve, and lead.

I am an Air Force Junior ROTC Cadet!

===Coast Guard Junior Reserves Officers' Training Corps Cadet Creed===
I am proud to be a United States Coast Guard JROTC Cadet.

I revere that long line of Splendid Coasties who, by their devotion to duty and sacrifice, have made it possible for me to be associated with a service honored and respected throughout the world.

I never, by word or deed, will bring disgrace upon the name of the U.S Coast Guard.

I will cheerfully fulfill my commitments and obligations and shall endeavor to do more, rather than less, than my share.

I will always act with integrity and be respectful.

I shall endeavor to be a model citizen in the community in which I live in.

I shall endeavor to be a noble work, living by the Coast Guard's core values: Honor, Respect, and Devotion to Duty!

==Awards and decorations==
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2018}}

===Army Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|]<br />]
|]<br />]
|]<br />Army JROTC Distinguished Cadet Ribbon
|-
|]<br />Army JROTC Academic Excellence Ribbon
|]<br />Army JROTC Academic Achievement Ribbon
|]<br />Army JROTC Perfect Attendance Ribbon
|-
|]<br />Army JROTC Student Government Ribbon
|]<br />Army JROTC Leadership Education Training Service Ribbon
|]<br />Army JROTC N 1 7 Ribbon
|-
|]<br />Army JROTC N 1 8 Ribbon
|]<br />Army JROTC N 1 9 Ribbon
|]<br />Army JROTC N 1 10 Ribbon
|-
|]<br />Army JROTC Dai Sai Instructor Leadership Ribbon
|]<br />Army JROTC Personal Appearance Ribbon
|]<br />Army JROTC Proficiency Ribbon
|-
|]<br />Army JROTC Drill Team Ribbon
|]<br />Army JROTC Orienteering Ribbon
|]<br />Army JROTC Color Guard Ribbon
|-
|]<br />Army JROTC Rifle Team Ribbon
|]<br />Army JROTC Adventure Training Ribbon
|]<br />Army JROTC Commendation Ribbon
|-
|]<br />Army JROTC Good Conduct Ribbon
|]<br />Army JROTC JCLC Participation Ribbon
|]<br />Army JROTC N 3 12 Ribbon
|-
|]<br />Army JROTC N 3 13 Ribbon
|]<br />Army JROTC N 3 14 Ribbon
|]<br />Army JROTC N 3 15 Ribbon
|-
|]<br />Army JROTC Varsity Athletics Ribbon
|]<br />Army JROTC Physical Fitness Ribbon
|]<br />Army JROTC Athletics Ribbon
|-
|]<br />Army JROTC N 2 4 Ribbon
|]<br />Army JROTC N 2 5 Ribbon
|]<br />Army JROTC Parade Ribbon
|-
|]<br />Army JROTC Recruiting Ribbon
|]<br />Army JROTC N 4 3 Ribbon
|]<br />Army JROTC N 4 4 Ribbon
|-
|]<br />Army JROTC N 4 5 Ribbon
|]<br />Army JROTC Service Learning Ribbon
|]
Army JROTC Excellent Staff Performance Ribbon
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|+ Ribbon appurtenances<ref name="AJROTC Cadet Reference">{{cite book |url=https://www.usarmyjrotc.com/doc/public/cadetPages/Cadet_Reference_V6.pdf |title=Cadet Reference |location=Ft. Knox, KY |publisher=U.S. Army Cadet Command |page=4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042308/https://www.usarmyjrotc.com/doc/public/cadetPages/Cadet_Reference_V6.pdf |archive-date=2017-12-01}}</ref>
!]
|Bronze Oil Lamp
|Signifies second award of a ribbon.
|-
!]
|Silver Oil Lamp
|Signifies third award of a ribbon.
|-
!]
|Gold Oil Lamp
|Signifies fourth award of a ribbon.
|}

===Navy Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| colspan="3" | Drone Wings<ref>{{Cite web |website=NETC, Navy.mil |title=NJROTC Cadet Field Manual, 4th Edition |url=https://www.netc.navy.mil/Portals/46/NSTC/NJROTC/docs/Manuals/2024%20CRM%204th%20Edition%20(0509-LP-002-6029)%2018%20APR%202024.pdf}}</ref>
|-
|colspan="3"|]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;]<br />Service designation stars (three maximum)
|-
|
|]<br />Meritorious Achievement Ribbon<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dhsnjrotc.net/Achievements.htm |title=NJROTC Ribbons and Criteria |website=Duluth High School NJROTC}}</ref>
|]<br />Distinguished Unit Ribbon
|-
|]<br />Distinguished Cadet Ribbon
|]<br />Honor Cadet Ribbon
|]<br />Cadet Achievement Ribbon
|-
|]<br />Unit Achievement Ribbon
|]<br />Aptitude Ribbon
|]<br />NS IV Outstanding Cadet Ribbon
|-
|]<br />NS III Outstanding Cadet Ribbon
|]<br />NS II Outstanding Cadet Ribbon
|]<br />NS I Outstanding Cadet Ribbon
|-
|]<br />Exemplary Conduct Ribbon
|]<br />Exemplary Personal Appearance Ribbon
|]<br />Physical Fitness Ribbon
|-
|]<br />Participation Ribbon
|]<br />Unit Service Ribbon
|]<br />Community Service Ribbon
|-
|]<br />Academic Award Ribbon
|]<br />Drill Team Ribbon
|]<br />Color Guard Ribbon
|-
|]<br />Marksmanship Team Ribbon
|]<br />Orienteering Team Ribbon
|]<br />Inter-Service Competition Ribbon
|-
|]<br />Recruiting Ribbon
|]<br />Leadership Training Ribbon
|]<br />Sea Cruise Ribbon<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://quicksearch.dla.mil/qsDocDetails.aspx?ident_number=9160 |title=MIL-DTL-11589: Ribbon, at Sea Cruise, NJROTC |website=ASSIST}}</ref>
|}

=== Air Force Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps ===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-style="vertical-align: top;"
|]<br />'''Air Force JROTC Gold Valor Award'''
|]<br />'''Air Force JROTC Silver Valor Award'''
|]<br />'''Cadet Humanitarian Award'''
|- style="vertical-align: top;"

|]<br />'''Silver Star Community Service with Excellence Award'''
|]<br />'''Community Service with Excellence Award'''
|]<br />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"

|]<br />
|]<br />
|]<br />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"

|]<br />
|]<br />
|&nbsp;
|- style="vertical-align: top;"

|]<br /> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622004839/http://www.moaa.org/Content/Chapters-and-Councils/MOAA-Awards/MOAA-ROTC/JROTC-Awards-Program.aspx |date=June 22, 2018 }}
|]<br />'''Veterans of Foreign Wars Award'''
|]<br /> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105160421/http://www.purpleheart.org/ROTC/ |date=November 5, 2018 }}
|- style="vertical-align: top;"

|]<br />'''Air Force Sergeants Association'''
|]<br /> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621171105/http://www.tuskegeeairmenstl.com/2504/tuskegee-airmen-incorporated-tai-air-force-jrotc-cadet-award/ |date=June 21, 2018 }}
|]<br />'''The Retired Enlisted Association Award'''
|- style="vertical-align: top;"

|]<br />
|]<br />
|]<br />'''Distinguished Unit Award with Merit'''
|- style="vertical-align: top;"

|]<br />'''Distinguished Unit Award'''
|]<br />'''Outstanding Organization Award'''
|]<br />'''Outstanding Flight Award'''
|- style="vertical-align: top;"

|]<br />'''Top Performer Award'''
|]<br />'''Outstanding Cadet Award'''
|]<br />'''Leadership Ribbon'''
|- style="vertical-align: top;"

|]<br />'''Achievement Ribbon'''
|]<br />'''Superior Performance Ribbon'''
|]<br />'''Academic Ribbon'''
|- style="vertical-align: top;"

|]<br />'''Leadership School Ribbon'''
|]<br />'''Special Teams Competition'''
|&nbsp;
|- style="vertical-align: top;"

|]<br />'''Orienteering Ribbon'''
|]<br />'''Co-Curricular Activities Leadership Ribbon'''
|&nbsp;
|- style="vertical-align: top;"

|]<br />'''Drill Team Ribbon'''
|]<br />'''Color Guard Ribbon'''
|]<br />'''Sabre Team Ribbon'''
|- style="vertical-align: top;"

|]<br />'''Marksmanship Ribbon'''
|]<br />'''Good Conduct Ribbon'''
|]<br />'''Service Ribbon'''
|- style="vertical-align: top;"

|]<br />'''Health and Wellness Ribbon'''
|]<br />'''Recruiting Ribbon'''
|]<br />'''Activities Ribbon'''
|- style="vertical-align: top;"

|]<br />'''Attendance Ribbon'''
|]<br />'''Dress and Appearance Ribbon'''
|]<br />'''Longevity Ribbon'''
|- style="vertical-align: top;"

|]<br />'''Bataan Death March Memorial Hike Ribbon'''
|]<br />'''Patriotic Flag Ribbon'''
|&nbsp;
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|colspan="3" |'''Sources:'''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://4.files.edl.io/11e0/08/19/18/213331-9dae3d9d-ee7c-46e6-9066-a00474d20583.pdf |title=Air Force Junior ROTC Ribbon Chart |date=1 August 2018 |website=Edl.io}}</ref>
|}

==Career military who were members of JROTC==
{{more citations needed section|date=August 2010}}
<!-- For credibility, need school and years in JROTC here, bootnoted. --->
<!-- CONFINE listings in this section to career military. See discussion.-->
Many members of JROTC go on to have careers in the ] as they are twice as likely to enlist than other high school students.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2019/11/07/how-increased-footprint-in-high-schools-may-help-army-fix-recruiting-shortfall/ |title=Army leaders weigh expanding JROTC in high schools |first=Kyle |last=Rempfer |date=7 November 2019 |website=Army Times}}</ref> Some notable former members of JROTC include:
*], ] 1938, ], U.S. Marine Corps, awarded the ]<ref>{{cite web |last=Parker |first=J. Michael |title=Central Catholic Trio Who Died on Tarawa Remembered |url=http://www.satodayscatholic.com/112108_ccmemorial.aspx |work=Today's Catholic |access-date=October 20, 2013 |date=November 21, 2008 |quote= Bordelon, the ROTC battalion major during his senior year in 1937-38, was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor six years later for his extraordinary heroism and determination in leading men despite several serious wounds. }}</ref>
*], ], U.S. Navy; first Asian-American to achieve the rank of admiral in the Navy; served as commander of ]
*], ], U.S. Marine Corps, awarded the Medal of Honor<ref name="whoswho">{{cite web |title=First Lieutenant Baldomero Lopez, USMC (Deceased) |work=Who's Who in Marine Corps History |publisher=] |url=http://www.tecom.usmc.mil/HD/Whos_Who/Lopez_B.htm |access-date=September 23, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615094924/http://www.tecom.usmc.mil/HD/Whos_Who/Lopez_B.htm |archive-date=2011-06-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Steele">{{cite news |last=Steele |first=Kathy |title=Memorial, display to honor war hero |newspaper=South Tampa News & Tribune |location=Tampa, Florida |date=September 9, 2009 |url=http://southtampa2.tbo.com/content/2009/sep/09/st-memorial-display-to-honor-war-hero/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714081802/http://southtampa2.tbo.com/content/2009/sep/09/st-memorial-display-to-honor-war-hero/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 14, 2012 |access-date=September 23, 2009}}</ref>
*], ], U.S. Marine Corps, ]
*], ], U.S. Army, first female ] ] in the history of the United States military (medically retired)
*], ] 2001, ], U.S. Army; first ] ] graduate to die in the Iraq War<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/26/AR2006092601765.html |title=West Point Mourns a Font Of Energy, Laid to Rest by War |last1=Partlow |first1=Joshua |last2=Parker |first2=Lonnae O'Neal |date=September 27, 2006 |newspaper=] |access-date=October 20, 2013 |quote= From early on, she wanted to be a soldier, her friends recalled, and she became wing commander of Junior ROTC at Oxon Hill. }}</ref>
*], ], U.S. Army
*], ], U.S. Army and ] from Florida, Henry Grady High School JROTC<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://allenwesttx.com/asnf/ |title=ASNF |date=27 May 2019 |website=AllenWestTX |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116061943/https://allenwesttx.com/asnf/ |archive-date=2021-01-16}}</ref>
*], ], U.S. Army, ], 2001–2003
*Charles D. "Ranger Dave" Sellers, ], ] & ], ], 1986-1990
*], ], U.S. Army, ]er, 1998-1999

==Controversy==
There has been controversy about JROTC and ] in schools.<ref name=TimeClassWarfare/> The ], the ] (CCCO), ],<ref name=VFPResolutions>{{cite web |url=http://www.veteransforpeace.org/files/2813/5939/0916/master_index_bookmarked_0113.pdf |title=Veterans For Peace National Resolutions (Updated January 2013) |website=Veterans For Peace |quote="That VFP opposes Junior Reserve Officer Training (JROTC) in the public schools of the U.S. and calls for their discontinuance." and "Veterans For Peace National encourages its members to work with like minded organizations and people to develop resources and classes in public schools that offer alternative views of citizenship to that of JROTC."}}</ref> ],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.warresisters.org/nva0303-3.htm |title=Countering Junior Recruitment |first=Asif |last=Ullah |date=April 2003 |website=] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080114120045/http://www.warresisters.org/nva0303-3.htm |archive-date=2008-01-14}}</ref> and the Project on Youth and Nonmilitary Opportunities, actively oppose the JROTC for a number of reasons, including:
* High cost—A 1999 report by the ] found that local school districts ended up paying substantially more than the cost estimate the military provided, and that a JROTC program cost more on a per-pupil basis than academic, non-military instruction.<ref>{{citation |url=http://webarchive.afsc.org/youthmil/jrotc/jrotcost.htm |title=Trading Books for Soldiers: The True Cost of JROTC Report Summary |access-date=2006-12-29 |website=] |year=1999 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040626222502/http://webarchive.afsc.org/youthmil/jrotc/jrotcost.htm |archive-date=2004-06-26}}</ref>
* Lack of local control—The CCCO is concerned that the federal military dictates the JROTC curriculum and selects the instructors, resulting in local school districts losing control of curriculum and staff.{{Citation needed|date=December 2011}}
* Low-quality curriculum—The CCCO considers the JROTC textbooks to contain substandard learning material with factual distortions and outdated methods of teaching, basing their conclusions on a 1995 academic study of the Army JROTC curriculum commissioned by the American Friends Service Committee,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afsc.org/youthmil/militarism-in-schools/msitps.pdf |title=Making Soldiers in the Public Schools: An Analysis of the Army JROTC Curriculum |last1=Lutz |first1=Catherine |author-link1=Catherine Lutz |last2=Bartlett |first2=Lesley |name-list-style=amp |date=April 1995 |website=American Friends Service Committee |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050507003139/http://www.afsc.org/youthmil/militarism-in-schools/msitps.pdf |archive-date=2005-05-07}} Reprinted in ''Education Digest'', November 1995: 9-14.</ref> which argues that the curriculum narrows the viewpoint of the students, encourages blind following rather than ], and indoctrinates students in militaristic authoritarian loyalty and passivity.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.afsc.org/youthmil/militarism-in-schools/JROTC-review.htm#3 |title=Review of the JROTC Curriculum |date=April 1995 |website=American Friends Service Committee |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070119124151/http://www.afsc.org/youthmil/militarism-in-schools/JROTC-review.htm#3 |archive-date=January 19, 2007}}</ref> ] resolved that JROTC teaching that the government gives the citizens its rights<ref>See e.g. Army JROTC {{cite book |url=http://www.rotc.monroe.army.mil/jrotc/documents/Publications/CadetCoreTextbook4.pdf |title=Citizenship and American History |location=Ft. Monroe, Virginia |publisher=Department of the Army Cadet Command |page=43 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202051845/http://www.rotc.monroe.army.mil/jrotc/documents/Publications/CadetCoreTextbook4.pdf |archive-date=February 2, 2007}}</ref> "is a complete perversion of the ] and the ]."<ref name=VFPResolutions/>

The ], formed by more than 50 teachers in the ],<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.edutopia.org/magazine/ed1article.php?id=Art_1269&issue=apr_05 |title=Mr. Miller Goes to War |last=Pogash |first=Carol |date=April 2005 |magazine=Edutopia |access-date=2006-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060630112925/http://edutopia.org/magazine/ed1article.php?id=art_1269&issue=apr_05 |archive-date=2006-06-30 |url-status=dead}}</ref> aims to "eliminate the Junior Reserves Officer Training Corps in our High Schools."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.militaryfreeschools.org/whoweare.htm |title=Mission statement of the Coalition Against Militarism in the Schools |website=] |access-date=2007-03-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610201912/http://www.militaryfreeschools.org/whoweare.htm |archive-date=2007-06-10}}</ref> Many cases of abuse by JROTC instructors, as well as credentialing issues, and of having students forced into JROTC due to lack of space in ] classes have been noted in Los Angeles Public Schools.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.militaryfreeschools.org/jrotc.htm |title=Review of Policy Bulletin 2067: Military Access to Schools |first=Arlene |last=Inouye |date=November 2005 |website=] |access-date=2006-12-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609180157/http://www.militaryfreeschools.org/jrotc.htm |archive-date=2007-06-09}}</ref> The group claims 2006 showed a reduction in JROTC enrollment in Los Angeles, with a drop of one-third or approximately 1,500 students, suggesting part of the explanation is efforts to stop the involuntary enrollment of students into JROTC.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.militaryfreeschools.org/news.html |title=Breaking News: JROTC, Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps |first=Arlene |last=Inouye |date=December 5, 2006 |website=Coalition Against Militarism In Our Schools |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070419203444/http://www.militaryfreeschools.org/news.html |archive-date=April 19, 2007}}</ref> At ] in the ] section of Los Angeles, a local campaign against JROTC cut the number of cadets 43 percent in four years, with a JROTC instructor reporting a 24 percent drop in enrollment from 2003–04 to 2006-07 for the rest of the Los Angeles unified School District.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/02/25/activists_in_calif_school_district_crusading_against_junior_rotc/ |title=Activists in Calif. school district crusading against junior ROTC |last=Nazario |first=Sonia |date=2007-02-25 |newspaper=] |via=Boston.com}}</ref>

In October 2005, the ] pressured ] in ] to release students from a mandatory JROTC program, arguing that the practice violates the State's Education Law, which provides that no child may be enrolled in JROTC without prior written parental consent.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyclu.org/news/nyclu-pushes-buffalo-high-school-release-students-mandatory-jrotc-program |title=NYCLU Pushes Buffalo High School To Release Students From Mandatory JROTC Program |date=October 12, 2005 |website=] |access-date=August 28, 2013}}</ref>

In May 2008, the ] stated that JROTC violates the ] sponsored ] by targeting students as young as 14 for recruitment to the military.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aclu.org/pdfs/humanrights/crc_report_20080513.pdf |title=Soldiers of Misfortune |website=] |year=2008}}</ref> The United States has not ratified the convention, although it has ratified an optional protocol to the Convention on "the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-b&chapter=4&lang=en |title=11.b Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict |date=May 25, 2000 |website=United Nations Treaty Collection |access-date=August 28, 2013 |archive-date=April 25, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425032942/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-b&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, recruiting is not an official goal of JROTC, as stated in ] pertaining to the program.<ref name="UnitedStatesCode|10|2031"/> Nor is it a stated goal in each of the individual service's JROTC program mission statements.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.marines.mil/Portals/59/Publications/MCO%201533.6E.pdf |title=Marine Corps Order 1533.6E |website=Commandant of the United States Marine Corps |access-date=2014-08-14}}</ref>

Sexual harassment and assault of JROTC cadets by instructors is reported to have occurred in the program, and some instructors have been criminally charged in relation to these crimes. Lack of oversight and the minimal training required for instructors have been cited as factors contributing to this problem.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Baker |first1=Mike |last2=Bogel-Burroughs |first2=Nicholas |last3=Marcus |first3=Ilana |last4=Calvert |first4=Mary F. |date=2022-07-09 |title='I Felt Trapped': Sexual Abuse of Teens in the Military's J.R.O.T.C. Program |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/09/us/sexual-abuse-jrotc.html |access-date=2022-07-22 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In 2023, Congress approved new rules that require the JROTC program to have increased oversight in the management and reporting of misconduct and sexual abuse allegations.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Baker |first=Mike |date=2023-12-15 |title=Congress Approves Sweeping New Protections for J.R.O.T.C. Cadets |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/15/us/jrotc-sexual-abuse-legislation.html |access-date=2024-02-18 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Some school districts in the U.S. have essentially mandated the JROTC program for high school programs, despite DoD guidelines requiring the program to be elective. These mandates affect students of racial minorities disproportionately.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 11, 2022 |title=Thousands of Teens Are Being Pushed Into Military's Junior R.O.T.C. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/11/us/jrotc-schools-mandatory-automatic-enrollment.html |access-date=December 4, 2023 |website=The New York Times}}</ref>


==See also== ==See also==
*]
*]
*]
*]
**]
**] (includes Marines)
**] (includes Guardians)
*]
*]
*]
*] - Used to teach weapons handling and military drill procedures to the cadets within JROTC units.
*]
* ]

===Other similar U.S.-based organizations===
Youth-based, non-ROTC organizations include:
*] (formerly the American Cadet Alliance)
*] *]
*] *]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*] *]
*] *]
*]
*] (NYMA)


==References== ==References==
{{reflist}}
<references />

{{Infobox WorldScouting
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}}

==Videos==
*
*
*
*
*
*
*


==External links== ==External links==
{{Commons category|Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps}}
*
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps}}
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Latest revision as of 06:42, 13 December 2024

US military program

A Navy JROTC cadet salutes during the parading of the colors ceremony held at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
Cadets from Bellevue East High School's AFJROTC marching in the Bellevue, Nebraska 2016 Veterans Day parade
Cadets from Elizabeth High School's MCJROTC and Linden High School's NJROTC hold a joint honor guard colors posting ceremony at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey

The Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps (JROTC) is a federal program sponsored by the United States Armed Forces in high schools and also in some middle schools across the United States and at US military bases across the world. The program was originally created as part of the National Defense Act of 1916 and later expanded under the 1964 ROTC Vitalization Act.

Role and purpose

NJROTC cadets visiting USS Theodore Roosevelt in November 2005

According to Title 10, Section 2031 of the United States Code, the purpose of the Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps is "to instill in students in secondary educational institutions the values of citizenship, service to the United States, and personal responsibility and a sense of accomplishment." Additional objectives are established by the service departments of the Department of Defense. Under 542.4 of Title 32 (National Defense) of the Code of Federal Regulations, the Department of the Army has declared those objectives for each cadet to be:

  • Developing citizenship and patriotism
  • Developing self-reliance and responsiveness to all authority
  • Improving the ability to communicate well both orally and in writing
  • Developing an appreciation of the importance of physical fitness
  • Increasing a respect for the role of the U.S. Armed Forces in support of national objectives
  • Developing a knowledge of team building skills and basic military skills
  • Taking 1–3 years of the course grants cadets the ability to rank higher if they pursue a military career.

Section 524.5 of the CFR National Defense title states in part that JROTC should "provide meaningful leadership instruction of benefit to the student and of value to the Armed Forces. ...Students will acquire: (1) An understanding of the fundamental concept of leadership, military art and science, (2) An introduction to related professional knowledge, and (3) An appreciation of requirements for national security. The dual roles of citizen/soldier and soldier/citizen are studied. ... These programs will enable cadets to better serve their country as leaders, as citizens, and in military service should they enter it. ... The JROTC and NDCC are not, of themselves, officer-producing programs but should create favorable attitudes and impressions toward the Services and toward careers in the Armed Forces."

The military has stated that JROTC will inform young Americans about the opportunities available in the military and "may help motivate young Americans toward military service." A 1999 Army policy memorandum stated that "While not designed to be a specific recruiting tool, there is nothing in existing law that precludes ... facilitating the recruitment of young men and women into the U.S. Army," directing instructors to "actively assist cadets who want to enlist in the military emphasize service in the U.S. Army; facilitate recruiter access to cadets in JROTC program and to the entire student body ... work closely with high school guidance counselors to sell the Army story."

In a February 2000 testimony before the House Armed Services Committee, the armed service chiefs of staff testified that 30%–50% of graduating JROTC cadets go on to join the military:

  • General James L. Jones, then Commandant of the Marine Corps, testified that the value of the Marine JROTC program "is beyond contest. Fully one-third of our young men and women who join a Junior ROTC program wind up wearing the uniform of a Marine."
  • General Eric K. Shinseki, then Chief of Staff of the United States Army, testified that "Our indications are about 30 percent of those youngsters—we don't recruit them, as you know. We are not permitted to do that. But by virtue of the things that they like about that experience, about 30 percent of them end up joining the Army, either enlisting or going on to ROTC and then joining the officer population."
  • General Michael E. Ryan, then Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force, testified that "almost 50 percent of the folks that go out of the Air Force Junior ROTC go into one of the Services by enlisting or going to ROTC or going to one of the academies."
  • Admiral Jay L. Johnson, then Chief of Naval Operations, testified that "Even if the number is only 30 percent, that is a good number. But think about what we get out of the other 70 percent. They have exposure to us. They have exposure to the military. And the challenge of the education mandate that we all share in principals and school counselors and school districts that won't let us in, that is a powerful tool I think to educate whether or not they end up in the service. So it is a long way around saying it is well worth the investment for lots of different reasons."

General Colin Powell said in his 1995 autobiography that "the armed forces might get a youngster more inclined to enlist as a result of Junior ROTC," but added that "Inner-city kids, many from broken homes, found stability and role models in Junior ROTC." U.S. Congress found in the Recruiting, Retention, and Reservist Promotion Act of 2000 that JROTC and similar programs "provide significant benefits for the Armed Forces, including significant public relations benefits." Former United States Secretary of Defense William Cohen referred to JROTC as "one of the best recruitment programs we could have."

Organization

Army JROTC shoulder sleeve insignia
Marine Corps JROTC insignia
Navy JROTC insignia
Air Force JROTC insignia
Coast Guard JROTC insignia

Six of the eight branches of the Uniformed services of the United States maintain a Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps, organized into units. There are a total of 3,275 units:

Prior to 1967 the number of units was limited to 1,200. The cap was increased to 1,600 units in 1967 and again to 3,500 units in 1992; the statutory limitation on the number of units was struck from the law in 2001. Their goal was to reach 3,500 units by February 2011 by encouraging program expansion into educationally and economically deprived areas.

Units are set up according to the layout of their parent service, often referred to as the "Chain of Command." Army JROTC units follow a company (usually the period the class is held in), battalion (all periods), and at larger events brigade (multiple battalions) structure. Marine Corps JROTC units follow the battalion, or in cases of larger size, brigade structure. Air Force JROTC units are composed structurally based on size. Individual if one, detail if 2, element if more than 2 and no more than 8, flight if 26, squadron if more than 51, group if more than 101, and wing if more than 251 cadets. Navy JROTC typically follows the company (100-149 cadets), battalion (150-299 cadets), or regiment (300+ cadets) structure depending on the size of the unit.

JROTC funding

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JROTC is partly funded by the United States Department of Defense with an allocation in the military budget of about $340 million dollars for the fiscal year 2007, of which about 68 million are personnel costs. The federal government subsidizes instructor salaries, cadet uniforms, equipment and textbooks. The instructors, usually retired military personnel, continue to receive retirement pay from the Federal government, but in addition, the schools pay the difference from what the instructors would receive if they were on active duty. The service concerned then reimburses the school for approximately one-half of the amount paid by the school to the instructor.

DoD Budget FY 2007 FY 2008 FY 2009
AJROTC 128,281 146,147 149,329
NJROTC 45,411 47,844 50,494
MCJROTC 17,423 16,996 17,740
AFJROTC 77,901 94,760 108,730
Total U.S. $1,000 269,016 305,747 323,293

Note: Space Force JROTC funding is included in Air Force JROTC.

Military staff and instructors

Although active duty officers may be assigned to JROTC, this is exceedingly rare, and is primarily limited to staff at the major command or sub-command headquarters overseeing each service's respective JROTC program or regional administrators overseeing a set number of individual units. Unlike the college/university ROTC program, which is an actual military officer training and accession track, the vast majority of NJROTC instructors are retired from the sponsoring branch of the Armed Forces. In the Army JROTC program, the cadet unit at each school is directed by at least one retired commissioned officer in the grade of Captain through Colonel) or a Warrant Officer (WO1 through CW5) who is designated as the Senior Army Instructor, and who is assisted by at least one retired Non-Commissioned Officer in the grade of Staff Sergeant through Command Sergeant Major who is designated as an Army Instructor (AI). In certain situations, there may be additional instructors.

A new provision from the John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007 (Section 540) that was signed into law in October 2006 permits retired Reserve Component officers and noncommissioned officers to be hired as instructors.

There are no national requirements that JROTC instructors have the teaching credential required by other teachers in public high school, although there are a handful of counties that do require a teaching credential. In at least one jurisdiction (California), the government requires JROTC instructors to have at least four years of military experience and possess a high school diploma or equivalent. AJROTC instructors need to be within one year of retirement or retired from active military service for five or fewer years. MCJROTC instructors need to have graduated from high school, have at least 20 years of active military service and be physically qualified according to Marine Corps standards.

AFJROTC previously required a minimum of 20 years of active duty but has since been overridden by a provision in the John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007 (Section 540), signed into law in October 2006, permitting retired Reserve Component (e.g., Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard officers and noncommissioned officers) to be hired as instructors. Officer instructors need to have a minimum of a bachelor's degree, while a high school diploma or equivalent is sufficient for enlisted instructors.

For AJROTC the Non-commissioned Officer has to attain an associate degree (AA), with teaching credential, in order to be assigned an AI. To be assigned as a SAI the AJROTC Instructor has to hold a BA degree, with teaching credentials.

NJROTC also required a minimum of 20 years of active duty until it was overridden by a provision in the John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007 (Section 540), signed into law in October 2006, permitting retired Reserve Component personnel (e.g., U.S. Navy Reserve officers, chief petty officers and petty officers) to be hired as NJROTC instructors. The minimum education requirement for an enlisted Naval Science Instructor (NSI) is a high school diploma or equivalent, with a baccalaureate degree from an accredited college or university required for a commissioned officer to serves as a Senior Naval Science Instructor (SNSI). The Navy requires that JROTC instructors be employees of the school or school district and that they are accorded the same status as other school faculty members.

National Defense Cadet Corps (NDCC) offers similar programs as JROTC. NDCC units differ from JROTC in that they receive little or no financial support from the Armed Forces; uniforms, equipment, other materials and instructor salaries must normally be furnished by the school hosting an NDCC program. Except for the funding aspects, JROTC and NDCC programs are virtually identical, although the cadet corps is not limited by the federal statute that restricts JROTC to offering courses only for students in ninth through 12th grades. Per 2005, Chicago had 26 Middle School Cadet Corps enlisting more than 850 students.

Instruction and activities

A Navy Junior ROTC recruiting video from the mid-2000s
A Marine Corps JROTC unit in Hendersonville, Tennessee

The Code of Federal Regulations states that JROTC is "designed for physically fit citizens attending participating schools."

Boarding schools or (pre-college) military schools may offer JROTC programs, with some requiring participation as a condition for acceptance to the school. Some public military schools mandate JROTC as a class for all grade levels, and have a curriculum that includes military history, military protocol, civics, and physical fitness. Chicago has six public military academies, more than any other city and one-third of all in the country.

The JROTC program stresses military discipline, with a curriculum that emphasizes study of military science and military history. Cadets typically wear their uniforms once or twice a week, usually standing for inspection, with the exception being those cadets who attend a JROTC-based military academy. Their creed encourages conduct that brings credit to family, country, school and the corps of cadets, loyalty, citizenship and patriotism. Many cadets participate in extracurricular activities such as the following:

The most notable JROTC marching band is the Virginia 91st Air Force Junior ROTC Band of the Randolph-Macon Academy. Being a rare part of a JROTC unit, there are few in existence, with the state of Texas only boasting two units with marching bands.

There are other extracurricular activities that the JROTC's programs provide for their cadets, including trips to military installations, ROTC college programs, and other sites that give the cadets a look at the military community. During the school year, there are regional competitions between JROTC units, with testing in all areas of military, naval and aerospace science. Some units organize special visits to US military bases during school breaks. There are also many summertime "leadership academies" for cadets hosted by various military installations. These academies include the JROTC Leadership and Academic Bowl (JLAB), and JROTC Cadet Leadership Challenge (JCLC), a physical fitness competition.

Cadets may be awarded ribbons, ribbon devices, medals and aiguillettes for participation in JROTC and team activities, as well as for personal academic and athletic achievement and leadership. Awards may be presented by organizations other than the cadet's JROTC program, such as other JROTC programs, Military Officers Association of America, American Veterans, Order of the Daedalians, American Legion, and the National Rifle Association of America. Ribbons and medals are positioned in order of precedence, as prescribed by the Cadet Field Manual and the senior JROTC instructor.

Successful completion of a JROTC Program (1–3 years of classes) can lead to advanced rank upon enlistment in the Armed Forces. For example, upon completion of three years of Air Force JROTC, cadets may at their instructor's discretion enlist in the Air Force at the rank of Airman First Class (E-3). However, JROTC participation incurs no obligation to join the military.

Competitions

Leadership and Academic Bowl

The JROTC Leadership and Academic Bowl (JLAB) is a national academic competition which is the largest of its kind for high schools in the country. There are three levels of the competition, which units who complete levels 1 and 2 successfully attending the last level at Catholic University of America in Washington D.C. Subjects that are covered in all three levels include history, literature, current events and JROTC curriculum. Depending on the represented branch, there may be 4-8 cadets representing a school.

National High School Drill Team Championship

Established in 1982, the National High School Drill Team Championship is a joint-service exhibition drill competition for JROTC drill teams, held in Daytona Beach, Florida. Although it has been held since 1982, it only became an officially service-based sanctioned event when the U.S. Army Cadet Command became the sponsor in 1988.

Cadet Creeds

In every branch of the Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps, there is a branch creed that every cadet in their designated branches must remember.

Army Junior Reserves Officers' Training Corps Cadet Creed

I am an Army Junior ROTC Cadet.

I will always conduct myself to bring credit to my family, country, school, and the Corps of Cadets.

I am loyal and patriotic.

I am the future of the United States of America.

I do not lie, cheat, or steal, and will always be accountable for my actions, and deeds.

I will always practice good citizenship and patriotism.

I will work hard to improve my mind and strengthen my body.

I will seek the mantle of leadership and stand prepared to uphold the Constitution and the American way of life.

May God grant me the strength to always live by this creed!


Hooah!

Marine Corps Junior Reserves Officers' Training Corps Cadet Creed

I am a Marine Cadet.

I will be true to myself and to others.

I will not lie, cheat, or steal.

I will serve my school, community, and nation.

I will wear my uniform with pride.

I will do my personal best at all times.

I will honor those who have gone before me: the Few, the Proud, the Finest.

Oorah!

Navy Junior Reserves Officers' Training Corps Cadet Creed

I am a Navy Junior ROTC cadet.

I strive to promote patriotism and become an informed and responsible citizen.

I respect those in positions of authority.

I support those who have defended freedom and democracy around the world.

I proudly embrace the Navy's core values of Honor, Courage and Commitment.

I am committed to excellence and the fair treatment of all!

Air Force Junior Reserves Officers' Training Corps Cadet Creed

I am an Air Force Junior ROTC Cadet.

I am connected and faithful to every Corps of Cadets who served their community and nation with patriotism.

I earn respect when I uphold the Core Values of Integrity First, Service Before Self, and Excellence In All We Do.

I will always conduct myself to bring credit to my family, school, Corps of Cadets, community, and to myself.

My character defines me. I will not lie, cheat, or steal. I am accountable for my actions and deeds.

I will hold others accountable for their actions as well. I will honor those I serve with, those who have gone before me, and those who will come after me.

I am a Patriot, a Leader, and a Wingman devoted to those I follow, serve, and lead.

I am an Air Force Junior ROTC Cadet!

Coast Guard Junior Reserves Officers' Training Corps Cadet Creed

I am proud to be a United States Coast Guard JROTC Cadet.

I revere that long line of Splendid Coasties who, by their devotion to duty and sacrifice, have made it possible for me to be associated with a service honored and respected throughout the world.

I never, by word or deed, will bring disgrace upon the name of the U.S Coast Guard.

I will cheerfully fulfill my commitments and obligations and shall endeavor to do more, rather than less, than my share.

I will always act with integrity and be respectful.

I shall endeavor to be a model citizen in the community in which I live in.

I shall endeavor to be a noble work, living by the Coast Guard's core values: Honor, Respect, and Devotion to Duty!

Awards and decorations

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Army Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps

1.375in
Army JROTC Medal For Heroism Ribbon
1.375in
Army JROTC Superior Cadet Ribbon
1.375in
Army JROTC Distinguished Cadet Ribbon
1.375in
Army JROTC Academic Excellence Ribbon
1.375in
Army JROTC Academic Achievement Ribbon
1.375in
Army JROTC Perfect Attendance Ribbon
1.375in
Army JROTC Student Government Ribbon
1.375in
Army JROTC Leadership Education Training Service Ribbon
1.375in
Army JROTC N 1 7 Ribbon
1.375in
Army JROTC N 1 8 Ribbon
1.375in
Army JROTC N 1 9 Ribbon
1.375in
Army JROTC N 1 10 Ribbon
1.375in
Army JROTC Dai Sai Instructor Leadership Ribbon
1.375in
Army JROTC Personal Appearance Ribbon
1.375in
Army JROTC Proficiency Ribbon
1.375in
Army JROTC Drill Team Ribbon
1.375in
Army JROTC Orienteering Ribbon
1.375in
Army JROTC Color Guard Ribbon
1.375in
Army JROTC Rifle Team Ribbon
1.375in
Army JROTC Adventure Training Ribbon
1.375in
Army JROTC Commendation Ribbon
1.375in
Army JROTC Good Conduct Ribbon
1.375in
Army JROTC JCLC Participation Ribbon
1.375in
Army JROTC N 3 12 Ribbon
1.375in
Army JROTC N 3 13 Ribbon
1.375in
Army JROTC N 3 14 Ribbon
1.375in
Army JROTC N 3 15 Ribbon
1.375in
Army JROTC Varsity Athletics Ribbon
1.375in
Army JROTC Physical Fitness Ribbon
1.375in
Army JROTC Athletics Ribbon
1.375in
Army JROTC N 2 4 Ribbon
1.375in
Army JROTC N 2 5 Ribbon
1.375in
Army JROTC Parade Ribbon
1.375in
Army JROTC Recruiting Ribbon
1.375in
Army JROTC N 4 3 Ribbon
1.375in
Army JROTC N 4 4 Ribbon
1.375in
Army JROTC N 4 5 Ribbon
1.375in
Army JROTC Service Learning Ribbon
1.375in

Army JROTC Excellent Staff Performance Ribbon

Ribbon appurtenances
Bronze Oil Lamp Signifies second award of a ribbon.
Silver Oil Lamp Signifies third award of a ribbon.
Gold Oil Lamp Signifies fourth award of a ribbon.

Navy Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps

Drone Wings
                                  
Service designation stars (three maximum)

Meritorious Achievement Ribbon

Distinguished Unit Ribbon

Distinguished Cadet Ribbon

Honor Cadet Ribbon

Cadet Achievement Ribbon

Unit Achievement Ribbon

Aptitude Ribbon

NS IV Outstanding Cadet Ribbon

NS III Outstanding Cadet Ribbon

NS II Outstanding Cadet Ribbon

NS I Outstanding Cadet Ribbon

Exemplary Conduct Ribbon

Exemplary Personal Appearance Ribbon

Physical Fitness Ribbon

Participation Ribbon

Unit Service Ribbon

Community Service Ribbon

Academic Award Ribbon

Drill Team Ribbon

Color Guard Ribbon

Marksmanship Team Ribbon

Orienteering Team Ribbon

Inter-Service Competition Ribbon

Recruiting Ribbon

Leadership Training Ribbon

Sea Cruise Ribbon

Air Force Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps


Air Force JROTC Gold Valor Award

Air Force JROTC Silver Valor Award

Cadet Humanitarian Award

Silver Star Community Service with Excellence Award

Community Service with Excellence Award

Air Force Association Award

Daedalian Award

American Legion Scholastic Award

American Legion General Military Excellence Award

American Veterans Award

Military Order of World Wars Medal
 

Military Officers Association Award Archived June 22, 2018, at the Wayback Machine

Veterans of Foreign Wars Award

Military Order of the Purple Heart Archived November 5, 2018, at the Wayback Machine

Air Force Sergeants Association

Tuskegee Airmen Inc. AFJROTC Cadet Award Archived June 21, 2018, at the Wayback Machine

The Retired Enlisted Association Award

Celebrate Freedom Foundation Award

Air Commando Association Award

Distinguished Unit Award with Merit

Distinguished Unit Award

Outstanding Organization Award

Outstanding Flight Award

Top Performer Award

Outstanding Cadet Award

Leadership Ribbon

Achievement Ribbon

Superior Performance Ribbon

Academic Ribbon

Leadership School Ribbon

Special Teams Competition
 

Orienteering Ribbon

Co-Curricular Activities Leadership Ribbon
 

Drill Team Ribbon

Color Guard Ribbon

Sabre Team Ribbon

Marksmanship Ribbon

Good Conduct Ribbon

Service Ribbon

Health and Wellness Ribbon

Recruiting Ribbon

Activities Ribbon

Attendance Ribbon

Dress and Appearance Ribbon

Longevity Ribbon

Bataan Death March Memorial Hike Ribbon

Patriotic Flag Ribbon
 
Sources:

Career military who were members of JROTC

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Many members of JROTC go on to have careers in the United States Armed Forces as they are twice as likely to enlist than other high school students. Some notable former members of JROTC include:

Controversy

There has been controversy about JROTC and militarism in schools. The American Friends Service Committee, the Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors (CCCO), Veterans for Peace, War Resisters League, and the Project on Youth and Nonmilitary Opportunities, actively oppose the JROTC for a number of reasons, including:

  • High cost—A 1999 report by the American Friends Service Committee found that local school districts ended up paying substantially more than the cost estimate the military provided, and that a JROTC program cost more on a per-pupil basis than academic, non-military instruction.
  • Lack of local control—The CCCO is concerned that the federal military dictates the JROTC curriculum and selects the instructors, resulting in local school districts losing control of curriculum and staff.
  • Low-quality curriculum—The CCCO considers the JROTC textbooks to contain substandard learning material with factual distortions and outdated methods of teaching, basing their conclusions on a 1995 academic study of the Army JROTC curriculum commissioned by the American Friends Service Committee, which argues that the curriculum narrows the viewpoint of the students, encourages blind following rather than critical thinking, and indoctrinates students in militaristic authoritarian loyalty and passivity. Veterans for Peace resolved that JROTC teaching that the government gives the citizens its rights "is a complete perversion of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence."

The Coalition For Alternatives to Militarism in Our Schools, formed by more than 50 teachers in the Los Angeles Unified School District, aims to "eliminate the Junior Reserves Officer Training Corps in our High Schools." Many cases of abuse by JROTC instructors, as well as credentialing issues, and of having students forced into JROTC due to lack of space in physical education classes have been noted in Los Angeles Public Schools. The group claims 2006 showed a reduction in JROTC enrollment in Los Angeles, with a drop of one-third or approximately 1,500 students, suggesting part of the explanation is efforts to stop the involuntary enrollment of students into JROTC. At Roosevelt High School in the Boyle Heights section of Los Angeles, a local campaign against JROTC cut the number of cadets 43 percent in four years, with a JROTC instructor reporting a 24 percent drop in enrollment from 2003–04 to 2006-07 for the rest of the Los Angeles unified School District.

In October 2005, the New York Civil Liberties Union pressured Hutchinson Central Technical High School in Buffalo, New York to release students from a mandatory JROTC program, arguing that the practice violates the State's Education Law, which provides that no child may be enrolled in JROTC without prior written parental consent.

In May 2008, the American Civil Liberties Union stated that JROTC violates the United Nations sponsored Convention on the Rights of the Child by targeting students as young as 14 for recruitment to the military. The United States has not ratified the convention, although it has ratified an optional protocol to the Convention on "the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict." However, recruiting is not an official goal of JROTC, as stated in United States Code pertaining to the program. Nor is it a stated goal in each of the individual service's JROTC program mission statements.

Sexual harassment and assault of JROTC cadets by instructors is reported to have occurred in the program, and some instructors have been criminally charged in relation to these crimes. Lack of oversight and the minimal training required for instructors have been cited as factors contributing to this problem. In 2023, Congress approved new rules that require the JROTC program to have increased oversight in the management and reporting of misconduct and sexual abuse allegations.

Some school districts in the U.S. have essentially mandated the JROTC program for high school programs, despite DoD guidelines requiring the program to be elective. These mandates affect students of racial minorities disproportionately.

See also

Other similar U.S.-based organizations

Youth-based, non-ROTC organizations include:

References

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  41. For historical context for many military customs, from ceremonies to activities forbidden by force of observed custom, as such customs are adopted by individual JROTC units under mentorship of instructors on their retirement from active duty, see Bonn, LTC Keith E. (2002). Army Officer's Guide (49th ed.). Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-2649-5.
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  84. Baker, Mike; Bogel-Burroughs, Nicholas; Marcus, Ilana; Calvert, Mary F. (July 9, 2022). "'I Felt Trapped': Sexual Abuse of Teens in the Military's J.R.O.T.C. Program". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
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