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| {{short description|Repopularisation of city living in England}} | |||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| {{ |
{{about|the United Kingdom|land redevelopment to address urban decay|Urban renewal|the Japanese housing agency|Urban Renaissance Agency}} | ||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| {{for|the generic phenomenon|Urban renewal}} | |||
| '''Urban renaissance''' was a policy aim for England introduced from 1999 to address ], and may also refer to the subsequent period of repopulation and ] of many British cities, following a period of widespread ] ] and ] during the mid-20th century. | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ==History== | |||
| ] was achieved through a number of initiatives including tax incentives and the lifting of some ] restrictions, as well as positive state intervention encouraging business and residents back into ] areas. Urban renaissance deals with the negative impact of major factors driving change in urban areas such as technical revolution, ecological threat and social transformation.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the City|last=Caves|first=R. W.|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=978-0415862875|pages=716}}</ref> It differs from the ] popular in North America, but could be considered the ] equivalent. Large developments such as the ] project have helped to encourage people back into the city, assisted by ]. | |||
| ⚫ | Cities considered to have gone through an urban renaissance include ],<ref></ref> ], ],<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/3243619.stm | work=BBC News | title=The Regeneration Game | date=2003-11-05 | access-date=2010-05-27}}</ref> ], ], ], ], as well as parts of ].{{cn|date=May 2024}} | ||
| ⚫ | |||
| Urban renaissance has some similarities with the ] movement in North America.{{which?|date=May 2024}} | |||
| ⚫ | In the United States, efforts to revitalise urban areas often involve ideas of ]/] as an ] and ] hub or ], somewhat akin to ]'s concept of making the urban core friendly to the ]. City leaders may promote events such as ] art walks and the construction of ]s and ]s in order to attract visitors who live in suburbs. | ||
| ==Strategies== | |||
| Many American cities have renaissance-themed agency and building. An example is the ] and Detroit Renaissance Board<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.detroitrenaissance.com/ |title=Detroit Renaissance<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2009-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060402194241/http://detroitrenaissance.com/ |archive-date=2006-04-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref> in the city of ]. Many American cities have seen at least a modest bounce in interest in core cities and older neighborhoods in recent years with a special emphasis on condominium projects, often in formerly non-residential structures. | |||
| Urban renaissance deals with the negative impact of major factors driving change in urban areas such as technical revolution, ecological threat and social transformation.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the City|last=Caves|first=R. W.|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=978-0415862875|pages=716}}</ref> A number of initiatives were put in place, including tax incentives, the lifting of some ] restrictions, as well as state incentives encouraging business and residents back into ] areas.{{cn|date=May 2024}} Redundant land, such as 17th and 18th-century canals and docks, ] and derelict industrial sites have often been the focus of regeneration ']' and ]. | |||
| ==Outcomes== | |||
| ⚫ | Large developments such as the ] project have helped to encourage people back into the city, assisted by ].{{cn|date=May 2024}} The most common re-development is mixed use, with flats, townhouse and offices, often with public art and high-quality streetscapes.{{cn|date=May 2024}} Derelict but attractive historical buildings have been converted into residential or commercial premises with generous grants or tax relief.{{cn|date=May 2024}} | ||
| ==Urban renaissance in the United States== | |||
| {{irrelevant section|date=May 2024}} | |||
| ⚫ | Many American cities have seen at least a modest bounce in interest in core cities and older neighborhoods in recent years with a special emphasis on condominium projects, often in formerly non-residential structures. In the United States, efforts to revitalise urban areas often involve ideas of ]/] as an ] and ] hub or ], somewhat akin to ]'s concept of making the urban core friendly to the ]. City leaders may promote events such as ] art walks and the construction of ]s and ]s in order to attract visitors who live in suburbs. The word 'renaissance' was used by some cities in the USA in a similar period. For example, the city of ] introduced ''Rochester 2010 - The Renaissance Plan'' in April 1999.<ref>{{cite web |title="The Renaissance Plan" History, Issues and Opportunities |url=https://www.cityofrochester.gov/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=21474837856 |publisher=City of Rochester Bureau of Planning and Zoning Planning Division |access-date=7 May 2024 |date=11 July 2014}}</ref> | ||
| ==Criticism== | ==Criticism== | ||
| ⚫ | In a 2008 report, ] argued that regeneration policies in general were of little use, saying the inescapable issue was that ] towns which had "enjoyed the conditions for creating wealth in the coal-powered 19th-century are often poorly positioned today" which meant they would necessarily have to accept lower wages to attract economic opportunities. The report recommended that residents move to London and ] instead, and thus that the government should focus its home-building efforts there.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.policyexchange.org.uk/images/libimages/413.pdf |title=''Cities Unlimited: Making Urban Regeneration Work'' |last=Leunig |first=Tim |author2=Swaffield, James |date=2008-08-13 |publisher=Policy Exchange |access-date=2008-08-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908162036/http://www.policyexchange.org.uk/images/libimages/413.pdf |archive-date=September 8, 2008 }}</ref> The report was criticised by a number of British politicians from all three ].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7556937.stm|title=Northern cities 'beyond revival' |date=2008-08-13|publisher=BBC News|access-date=2008-08-13}}</ref> | ||
| In a 2008 report, the ] ] argued that policies to ] struggling cities over the previous ten, twenty, or even fifty years have failed - "we can’t buck economic geography... Places that enjoyed the conditions for creating wealth in the coal-powered 19th-century are often | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| *'']'' | *'']'' | ||
| * ] | |||
| ==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
| {{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
| ==External links== | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| ] | ] | ||
Latest revision as of 18:36, 20 August 2024
Repopularisation of city living in England This article is about the United Kingdom. For land redevelopment to address urban decay, see Urban renewal. For the Japanese housing agency, see Urban Renaissance Agency.
Urban renaissance was a policy aim for England introduced from 1999 to address urban decline, and may also refer to the subsequent period of repopulation and regeneration of many British cities, following a period of widespread inner city urban decay and suburbanisation during the mid-20th century.
Cities considered to have gone through an urban renaissance include Birmingham, Bristol, Cardiff, Glasgow, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, as well as parts of London.
Urban renaissance has some similarities with the New Urbanism movement in North America.
Strategies
Urban renaissance deals with the negative impact of major factors driving change in urban areas such as technical revolution, ecological threat and social transformation. A number of initiatives were put in place, including tax incentives, the lifting of some urban planning restrictions, as well as state incentives encouraging business and residents back into city centre areas. Redundant land, such as 17th and 18th-century canals and docks, railway yards and derelict industrial sites have often been the focus of regeneration 'urban renewal companies' and regional development agencies.
Outcomes
Large developments such as the London Docklands project have helped to encourage people back into the city, assisted by gentrification. The most common re-development is mixed use, with flats, townhouse and offices, often with public art and high-quality streetscapes. Derelict but attractive historical buildings have been converted into residential or commercial premises with generous grants or tax relief.
Urban renaissance in the United States
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Many American cities have seen at least a modest bounce in interest in core cities and older neighborhoods in recent years with a special emphasis on condominium projects, often in formerly non-residential structures. In the United States, efforts to revitalise urban areas often involve ideas of downtown/city centre as an art and cultural hub or arts district, somewhat akin to Richard Florida's concept of making the urban core friendly to the Creative Class. City leaders may promote events such as First Friday art walks and the construction of convention centers and theatres in order to attract visitors who live in suburbs. The word 'renaissance' was used by some cities in the USA in a similar period. For example, the city of Rochester, New York introduced Rochester 2010 - The Renaissance Plan in April 1999.
Criticism
In a 2008 report, Policy Exchange argued that regeneration policies in general were of little use, saying the inescapable issue was that northern English towns which had "enjoyed the conditions for creating wealth in the coal-powered 19th-century are often poorly positioned today" which meant they would necessarily have to accept lower wages to attract economic opportunities. The report recommended that residents move to London and south east England instead, and thus that the government should focus its home-building efforts there. The report was criticised by a number of British politicians from all three major parties.
See also
Notes
- The beginnings of an urban renaissance? Recent migration flows into and out of English cities, as revealed in a new study, just may be the glimmerings of a new pro-urban movem...
- "The Regeneration Game". BBC News. 2003-11-05. Retrieved 2010-05-27.
- Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge. p. 716. ISBN 978-0415862875.
- ""The Renaissance Plan" History, Issues and Opportunities". City of Rochester Bureau of Planning and Zoning Planning Division. 11 July 2014. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
- Leunig, Tim; Swaffield, James (2008-08-13). "Cities Unlimited: Making Urban Regeneration Work" (PDF). Policy Exchange. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 8, 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-13.
- "Northern cities 'beyond revival'". BBC News. 2008-08-13. Retrieved 2008-08-13.