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{{Short description|Ethnic group}}
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{{Romani people}} {{Romani people}}
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'''Muslim Romani people''' are people who are ethnically ] and profess ]. There are many different Roma groups and subgroups that predominantly practice Islam, as well as individual Romani people from other subethnic groups who have accepted Islam. ''Xoraxane Roma'' in ] language, are non-] ], who adopted ] of the ] ] at the time of the ].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.romarchive.eu/en/terms/xoraxane-roma/ | title=Xoraxane Roma }}</ref> Some of them are ] of ] belief, and the biggest ] of ] is located at the largest ] and ] Muslim Roma settlement in Europe in ], locally called ''Shutka'' in ] have their own Romani ]<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=61416 | title=Society: Macedonia's Romani Imam | journal=Transitions Online | year=2010 | issue=6/08 }}</ref> and the Muslim Roma in Šuto Orizari use the ] in Balkan Romani language.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pinterest.de/pin/827888343969847915/ | title=Quran Collection: The Noble Quran in Romani Language – (Juzz Amma) -... &#124; Romani language, Noble quran, Romani }}</ref> Many ] are members of the Hindiler Tekkesi a ]-], founded in 1738 by the Indian Muslim Sheykh Seyfullah Efendi El Hindi in ].<ref name="acikbilim.yok.gov.tr"> {{Dead link|date=August 2022}}</ref> Roma Muslims in ] and the Balkans are mostly ] or nominal Muslims.<ref>{{cite book|title=Another Darkness, Another Dawn: A History of Gypsies, Roma and Travellers|first=Taylor|last=Becky|year=2014| isbn=9781780232973|page =31|publisher=Reaktion Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.academia.edu/15014473 | title="Ucundan Azıcık"la Atılan Sağlam Temel: Türkiye'de Sünnet Ritüeli ve Erkeklik İlişkisi | journal=Masculinities: A Journal of Identity and Culture | date=January 2015 | last1=Barutcu | first1=Atilla }}</ref>
{{copyedit|date=April 2021}}
'''Muslim Roma''' are ] who adopted ] of ] ], and ]. Some of them are ] of ] and founded their own Muslim Roma ]. They are ]. The Muslim Roma men are all ]. Roma have usually adopted the predominant religion of the host country. ] among Roma is historically associated with life of Roma within the ]. Correspondingly, a significant population of Muslim Roma that match or exceed the number of Christians that are found in ] (the majority live in ]), ] (80%), ], ] (50-60%), ], ] (55-70%), ] (by mid-1990s estimates, Muslim Roma in ] constituted about 60% of ].<ref>Gerd Nonneman, Tim Niblock, Bogdan Szajkowski (Eds.) (1996) "Muslim Communities in the New Europe", {{ISBN|0-86372-192-3}}</ref>), ] (45% of the country's ]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vulnerability.undp.sk/DOCUMENTS/croatia.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-02-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070727005759/http://vulnerability.undp.sk/DOCUMENTS/croatia.pdf |archive-date=2007-07-27 }}</ref>), Southern ], ] (a small part of Muslim Roma concentrated in ]), ] (35-50%) and ]. Some speak the ], but the majority speak strictly the language from the host countries. A small group of ] exists in the ] region of ], comprising 10% of the country's Romani population.<ref name="oprisangrigore">Ana Oprişan, ], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305132628/http://www.isim.nl/files/newsl_8.pdf|date=2009-03-05}}, in International Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World (ISIM) Newsletter 8, September 2001, p.32; retrieved June 2, 2007</ref>


Muslim Roma hold ] ceremonies (Bijav Suneti) with great pomp and festivities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.romaninet.com/ROMANINET_Cultural_report.pdf|title=ROMANINET- A MULTIMEDIA ROMANI COURSE FOR PROMOTING LINGUISTIC DIVERSITY AND IMPROVING SOCIAL DIALOGUE : REPORT ON ROMA PEOPLE|website=Romaninet.com|access-date=11 January 2022}}</ref> The boys are mostly circumcised at the age of five, because the number 5 (panč) is a sacred symbol among the Romani people. It is a custom among ] that the foreskin must be buried.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Alexander Novik |title=The Rite of Male Circumcision among the Muslim Population in the Western Balkans |journal=Folklore |date=December 2020 |volume=80 |pages=151–168 |doi=10.7592/FEJF2020.80.novik|doi-access=free }}</ref> They believe the foreskin will come back to men on the ], based on a Hadith from Sahih al-Bukhari 6524: The Prophet (Sallallahu Alaihi wa Sallam) said: "You will be raised on the Day of Judgement barefooted, naked, and uncircumicized (with foreskin)", burying the foreskin is also a tradition of South Asian Muslims.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-circumcision-idUKTRE5AM0U320091123 | title=School holidays in Malaysia, time for circumcision | newspaper=Reuters | date=23 November 2009 }}</ref> During the ceremony, the child’s hand and feet are held by his ''Kirvo'' (godfather). A Kirvo pays the cost of the circumcision ceremony.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dailysabah.com/feature/2017/07/28/historic-tradition-of-circumcision | title=Historic tradition of circumcision | website=] | date=28 July 2017 }}</ref> The Tradition of a ''Kirve'' who is similar to a ], is also practised in Alevism and Yazidism in Turkey.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/44035986|title=KIRVELIK TRADITION IN DIFFERENT RELIGIOUS GROUPS: A RESEARCH ON THE TRANSFORMATION OF RITUAL KINSHIP}}</ref> ] among Roma is historically associated with life of Roma within the ], because Muslim Roma were preferred in the Ottoman Empire and were settled in the ] and ], taken from the ] and the ]. Although Muslim Roma paid a ] in the first centuries of the Ottoman Empire, an exception were the Muslim Roma in ], who were exempt from taxes by the order of ]. After the ] all Muslim Roma became exempt from paying the ] and became fully accepted Muslims.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.academia.edu/2844614 | title=Roma Muslims in the Balkans | last1=Marushiakova | first1=Elena }}</ref> In 1874, the Ottoman Empire gave equal rights to other Muslims.<ref>{{cite book | last=Kenrick | first=Donald | title=Historical Dictionary of the Gypsies (Romanies) | publisher=Scarecrow Press| year=2007 | isbn=978-0-8108-5468-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zl51AAAAMAAJ| page=281}}</ref> The Turkish historian ], explained that a Group of ] who lived in Istanbul convert closed to Islam in the 19th century.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://istanbultarihi.ist/472-the-gypsies-of-istanbul | title=THE GYPSIES OF ISTANBUL &#124; History of Istanbul }}</ref> Correspondingly, significant cultural minorities of Muslim Roma are found in ], ], ], ], ], ], ], (by mid-1990s estimates, Muslim Roma in constituted about 40% of ].<ref>Gerd Nonneman, Tim Niblock, Bogdan Szajkowski (Eds.) (1996) "Muslim Communities in the New Europe", {{ISBN|0-86372-192-3}}</ref>), (a very small group of ] exists in the ] and ] region of ], comprising 1% of the country's Muslim Romani population<ref name="oprisangrigore">Ana Oprişan, ], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305132628/http://www.isim.nl/files/newsl_8.pdf |date=5 March 2009 }}, in International Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World (ISIM) Newsletter 8, September 2001, p.32; retrieved 2 June 2007</ref>),<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/60458489|title=CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT THE 'TURKISH GYPSIES' AS CRYPTO-MUSLIMS IN WALLACHIA|first=Julieta|last=Rotaru|date=1 January 2021|journal=History and Culture of Roma. Festschrift in Honour of Prof. Dr. Vesselin Popov. ISBN/GTIN 978-3-96939-071-9|access-date=23 January 2022}}</ref> ] (45% of the country's ], who came from Bosnia<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vulnerability.undp.sk/DOCUMENTS/croatia.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=6 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070727005759/http://vulnerability.undp.sk/DOCUMENTS/croatia.pdf |archive-date=27 July 2007 }}</ref>), Southern Russia, ] (a small part of Muslim Roma ] in ]), ], ] and ] (]). The majority of Muslim Roma in the former Yugoslavia speak ] and ], while many speak only the language from the host country's like the ] Muslim Roma Groups from ], ], ] and ], speak only the ] and are called '''Khorakhan Shiptari''', they have fully adopted the ],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www2.umbc.edu/MA/index/number2/rom/rom1ide.htm | title=The identity of a Gypsy community }}</ref> other created an own identity like ], and some deny their Romani Background, especially in Kosovo and claimed to be ] or ].<ref>{{cite journal |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233452856 |via=]|doi=10.1080/00905990500053788 |title=Balkan Egyptians and Gypsy/Roma Discourse |year=2005 |last1=Trubeta |first1=Sevasti |journal=Nationalities Papers |volume=33 |pages=71–95 |s2cid=155028453 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJsYDAAAQBAJ&dq=albanophobe+gypsy&pg=PA218 | title=The Politics of Ethnic Consciousness | isbn=9781349646739 | last1=Govers | first1=C. | last2=Vermeulen | first2=H. | date=30 April 2016 | publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK }}</ref> ] is used by the ], only a view speak ], ] or ]. Some Muslim Roma also used the word Gypsy for themselves because they did not perceive it as a derogatory term. Muslim Roma culture is based on the ]. Under Ottoman Rule, the Christian and Muslim Roma were separated, by the order of ]. Muslim Roma were forbidden to marry Christian Roma and live together or to do business. Muslim Roma men served in the ], especially in the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rm.coe.int/ottoman-empire-factsheets-on-romani-history/16808b193d|title=Ottoman Empire : Historical Sources about the "Gypsies" in the Empire|website=Rm.coe.int|access-date=11 January 2022}}</ref> Significant differences between Muslim and Christian Roma emerged through the centuries. Orthodox Christian ] see themself as the ''čáče Roma'' (true Roma) and do not consider Muslim Roma to be part of Romani society and call them ] and explain they "slice the foreskins from their members". Muslim Roma, however, see Christian Roma as foreign and call them Dasikane (Servant, slaves). Also the phrase Amare Roma (Our Roma) and Cudza Roma (foreign Roma) is used vice versa. There is a huge cultural gap between the two religious groups.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://amalipe.bg/en/roma-groups/ |title=ROMA GROUPS {{!}} Център за междуетнически диалог и толерантност АМАЛИПЕ|website=Amalipe.bg|access-date=11 January 2022}}</ref>
Because of the relative ease of migration in modern times, Muslim Roma inhabit other parts of the world, as well. Although some Muslim Roma refer to themselves as "]", it is considered ] by many. The Muslim Roma' culture is based on the ].


==Migratory history ==
In former areas of the Ottoman Empire, where Islam is no longer a dominant religion, Muslim Roma face double-discrimination, namely ] and ].<ref>Peter G. Danchin, Elizabeth A. Cole (Eds.) (2002) "Protecting the Human Rights of Religious Minorities in Eastern Europe", {{ISBN|0-231-12475-9}}</ref> After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the Muslim Roma have found themselves under double discrimination in regions where Islam was a minority religion, experiencing both ] and ].<ref>Peter G. Danchin, Elizabeth A. Cole (Eds.) (2002) "Protecting the Human Rights of Religious Minorities in Eastern Europe", {{ISBN|0-231-12475-9}}</ref>


At the ], ] and ] (1912–1913), Muslim Roma flee together with other different Muslim Groups to Istanbul and East Thrace, as ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-on-the-road/forced-ethnic-migration/berna-pekesen-expulsion-and-emigration-of-the-muslims-from-the-balkans|title=Expulsion and Emigration of the Muslims from the Balkans|website=Ieg-ego.eu}}</ref>
Muslim Roma throughout Southern Europe are called '''Horahane Roma''' (also spelled '''Khorakhane''', '''Xoraxane''', '''Kharokane''', '''Xoraxai''', etc.) by Non Romani and Christian Romani People and are colloquially referred to as '''Turkish Roma''' or Turkish Gypsies in the host countries. Horahane Roma are believed to be descendants of ] (Merchants) from ] having come to ] through ]. They are said to be believers in the ] under the influence of the ]. Later, they gained Roman citizenship, from which their name is derived.


At the ], Muslim ] from Greece have also been resettled in Turkey. In Turkish, they are called Mübadil Romanlar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/mubadil-romanlarin-az-bilinen-hikayesi-41144775|title=Mübadil Romanların az bilinen hikâyesi|author=Zeynep BİLGEHAN|website=Hurriyet.com.tr|date=11 March 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kronos34.news/tr/98-yillik-acinin-belgeseli-mubadil-romanlar/|title=Unutulan Mübadil Romanlar: 'Toprağın kovduğu insanlar'|website=Kronos34.news|date=7 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sdergi.hacettepe.edu.tr/makaleler/suatk.pdf|title=GEÇMİŞİN AYNASINDA LOZAN ÇİNGENELERİ: GÖÇ, HATIRA VE DENEYİMLER|website=Sdergi.hacettepe.edu.tr|access-date=11 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://rombase.uni-graz.at/cd/data/ethn/groupsat/data/sepecides.en.pdf|title=Sepečides Romani-Project : History|website=Rombase.uni-graz.at|access-date=11 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286766087|title=Ethnicity, class and politicisation: Immigrant Roma tobacco workers in Turkey|date=December 2015|journal=Romani Studies|volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=167–196|doi=10.3828/rs.2015.7|last1=Yilgür |first1=Egemen |s2cid=146293564 }}</ref>
From 1531 until 1913, Turkish speaking Muslim Roma were granted their own ] in the Ottoman Empire, the so-called ] in Thrace, and ruled by a local Muslim Rom Baro the so called Çingene Bey. Under the Ottoman Rule, Christian and Muslim Roma were separated. Muslim Roma were forbidden to marry Christian Roma, which resulted in differences between the two groups developing, over time. Muslim Roma embraced the Oriental Lifestyle of Islamic culture. After the World War II, large numbers of Muslim Roma from the Balkans settled in ] to rebuild the city of ].

In 1950–1951 Muslim Turkish Roma from Bulgaria came to Turkey and settled in Çanakkale and surroundings.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.acarindex.com/pdfler/acarindex-4982-5629.pdf|title=Çingene Sorunu ve 1950–1951 Yıllarında Bulgaristan'dan Çanakkale'ye Göçler|author=Mithat ATABAY|website=Acarindex.com|access-date=26 July 2022}}</ref>

From 1953 -1968, Muslim Turkish Roma and Turks from Yugoslavia emigrated to Turkey,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etd.ceu.edu/2012/rajkovic_nikolina.pdf |title=The Post-Second World War Immigration of the Yugoslav Muslims to Turkey (1953–1968)|author=Nikolina Rajkovic|website=Etd.ceu.edu|access-date=26 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324421699 |doi=10.1177/0265691418757391 |title=Emigration and Policy in Yugoslavia: Dynamics and Constraints within the Process of Muslim Emigration to Turkey during the 1950s |year=2018 |last1=Pezo |first1=Edvin |journal=European History Quarterly |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=283–313 |s2cid=149846476 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Because of the relative ease of migration in modern times, Muslim Roma may be found in other parts of the world as well. Turkish Roma from ] and also other Muslim Roma from ex-Yugoslavia, came to West Europe as ], but seen by the Host population as Turks or Yugoslavs.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://rombase.uni-graz.at/cgi-bin/art.cgi?src=data/ethn/groupsat/at-arlije.en.xml | title=Arlije &#91;Rombase&#93; }}</ref> Muslim Roma from Bosnia and Kosovo went at the time of the ] to Italy, and live especially in Florence.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://journals.openedition.org/balkanologie/589 | doi=10.4000/balkanologie.589 | title=Adapting Mystic Identity to Italian Mainstream Islam: The Case of a Muslim Rom Community in Florence | journal=Balkanologie. Revue d'Études Pluridisciplinaires | date=December 2005 | volume=9 | issue=1–2 | last1=Speziale | first1=Fabrizio | doi-access=free }}</ref> ] (Muslim Roma) from former ] went to USA, settled mostly in ],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b4HXBjPPAoEC&dq=muslim+gypsies+in+usa&pg=PT366|title=Gypsy Law: Romani Legal Traditions and Culture|isbn=9780520924277 |last1=Weyrauch |first1=Walter O. |date=12 September 2001 |publisher=University of California Press }}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.romarchive.eu/rom/terms/xoraxane-roma/|title=Xoraxane Roma|website=www.romarchive.eu}}</ref> and South America.<ref name="auto3"/> Since 2007, Turkish Roma from Bulgaria went as workers to West Europe<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kyuchukov |first1=Hristo |title=Turkish, Bulgarian and German Language Mixing Among Bulgarian Muslim Roma in Germany |journal=East European Journal of Psycholinguistics |date=27 December 2019 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=50–57 |doi=10.29038/eejpl.2019.6.2.kyu|s2cid=241338430 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348580652|via=]|doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Faith and status ==
Most Muslim Roma are Sunni, but they are not exclusively Sunni. For example, there are some Shia Roma communities in Serbia.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wachsmuth |first=Melody |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ewmWEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA44 |title=Roma Pentecostals Narrating Identity, Trauma, and Renewal in Croatia and Serbia |date=2022-10-17 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-51897-1 |language=en}}</ref> Turkish Roma are mostly Sunni.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abbas |first=Tahir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cDZYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT92 |title=Contemporary Turkey in Conflict: Ethnicity, Islam and Politics |date=2016-12-05 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-1-4744-1801-0 |language=en}}</ref> Under Ottoman rule, Roma Muslim had a lower social status than non-Roma Muslims, but above that of non-Muslims.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Evstatiev |first1=Simeon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6LptEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA103 |title=Islam, Christianity, and Secularism in Bulgaria and Eastern Europe: The Last Half Century |last2=Eickelman |first2=Dale F. |date=2022-04-25 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-51156-9 |language=en}}</ref> However, other Muslim Roma are well-integrated with and accepted by their Muslim non-Roma brothers.

== Muslim Roma subgroups ==
] translation of the ]]]
=== Xoraxane ===
] (also spelled as '''Khorakhane''', '''Xoraxane''', '''Kharokane''', '''Xoraxai''', etc. - meaning '''Lovers of the Koran''') is an antiquated ], and umbrella term for Muslim Roma in the ]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Xoraxane Roma |url=https://www.romarchive.eu/en/terms/xoraxane-roma/ |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=www.romarchive.eu}}</ref> or alternatively all Muslim Roma in Southern Europe and West Asia similar to how the term ] was used for non-Turkish Muslims. They are many groups of Xoraxane Roma, named after their old traditional professional activities, also divived in sedentary and nomadic groups.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roma – Sub Ethnic Groups |url=http://rombase.uni-graz.at/cgi-bin/art.cgi?src=data/ethn/topics/names.en.xml |website=Rombase.uni-graz.at}}</ref> Not all Roma adherents of Islam are considered Xoraxane.

== Dress ==
Muslim Roma women wear beautiful silk Dimije also known as ], at weddings, circumcision ceremonies, and other festivals. Even on weekdays, quite a few older women, but also some younger women, wear the şalvar.<ref>{{cite book | last=Adamou | first=E. | title=The Adaptive Bilingual Mind: Insights from Endangered Languages | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2021| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RvQgEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA119| page=119}}</ref>

== Dance and music ==
] and Romano ], Roman Havaları 8/9 tact, ], ], ] are performed. In the Ottoman Empire, especially young handsome Romani Guys were taken as ]-Dancers while young Romani female-dancers were named Çengi.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.academia.edu/9113643 | title=Music, Identity, Gender: Çengi̇s, Köçeks, Çöçeks | last1=Besiroglu | first1=Sehvar }}</ref>


==See also== ==See also==
*]
*]
*]
*]
*] *]
*] *]
*]


==References== ==References==
{{reflist}} {{Reflist}}


==Further reading== ==Further reading==
* by Elena Marushiakova and Vesselin Popov * by Elena Marushiakova and Vesselin Popov
* {{in lang|it}}
* by Leonardo Piasere


{{Romani diaspora}} {{Romani diaspora}}
{{European Muslims}} {{European Muslims}}
{{Authority control}}


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Latest revision as of 04:06, 11 December 2024

Ethnic group

Part of a series on
Romani people
Flag of the Romani people
Romani people by sub-group
Romani diaspora by country
Costume of a Romani woman (most likely Muslim Roma)
Muslim Roma in Bosnia (around 1900)

Muslim Romani people are people who are ethnically Roma and profess Islam. There are many different Roma groups and subgroups that predominantly practice Islam, as well as individual Romani people from other subethnic groups who have accepted Islam. Xoraxane Roma in Balkan Romani language, are non-Vlax Romani people, who adopted Sunni Islam of the Hanafi madhhab at the time of the Ottoman Empire. Some of them are Derviş of Sufism belief, and the biggest Tariqa of Jerrahi is located at the largest Arlije and Gurbeti Muslim Roma settlement in Europe in Šuto Orizari, locally called Shutka in North Macedonia have their own Romani Imam and the Muslim Roma in Šuto Orizari use the Quran in Balkan Romani language. Many Romani people in Turkey are members of the Hindiler Tekkesi a Qadiriyya-Tariqa, founded in 1738 by the Indian Muslim Sheykh Seyfullah Efendi El Hindi in Selamsız. Roma Muslims in Turkey and the Balkans are mostly cultural Muslims or nominal Muslims.

Muslim Roma hold religious male circumcision ceremonies (Bijav Suneti) with great pomp and festivities. The boys are mostly circumcised at the age of five, because the number 5 (panč) is a sacred symbol among the Romani people. It is a custom among Muslim Roma that the foreskin must be buried. They believe the foreskin will come back to men on the Day of Resurrection, based on a Hadith from Sahih al-Bukhari 6524: The Prophet (Sallallahu Alaihi wa Sallam) said: "You will be raised on the Day of Judgement barefooted, naked, and uncircumicized (with foreskin)", burying the foreskin is also a tradition of South Asian Muslims. During the ceremony, the child’s hand and feet are held by his Kirvo (godfather). A Kirvo pays the cost of the circumcision ceremony. The Tradition of a Kirve who is similar to a Sandek, is also practised in Alevism and Yazidism in Turkey. Islam among Roma is historically associated with life of Roma within the Ottoman Empire, because Muslim Roma were preferred in the Ottoman Empire and were settled in the Balkans and Rumelia, taken from the Anatolia Eyalet and the Egypt Eyalet. Although Muslim Roma paid a Jizya in the first centuries of the Ottoman Empire, an exception were the Muslim Roma in Ottoman Bosnia and Herzegovina, who were exempt from taxes by the order of Selim II. After the Edict of Gülhane all Muslim Roma became exempt from paying the Taxation in the Ottoman Empire and became fully accepted Muslims. In 1874, the Ottoman Empire gave equal rights to other Muslims. The Turkish historian Reşat Ekrem Koçu, explained that a Group of Lom people who lived in Istanbul convert closed to Islam in the 19th century. Correspondingly, significant cultural minorities of Muslim Roma are found in Turkey, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania, Montenegro, Kosovo, Republic of North Macedonia, Bulgaria, (by mid-1990s estimates, Muslim Roma in constituted about 40% of Roma in Bulgaria.), (a very small group of Muslim Roma exists in the Dobruja and Wallachia region of Romania, comprising 1% of the country's Muslim Romani population), Croatia (45% of the country's Romani population, who came from Bosnia), Southern Russia, Greece (a small part of Muslim Roma concentrated in Western Thrace), Northern Cyprus, Southern Serbia (geographical region) and Crimea (Crimean Roma). The majority of Muslim Roma in the former Yugoslavia speak Balkan Romani and South Slavic languages, while many speak only the language from the host country's like the Albanized Muslim Roma Groups from Albania, Kosovo, Montenegro and North Macedonia, speak only the Albanian language and are called Khorakhan Shiptari, they have fully adopted the Albanian culture, other created an own identity like Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians, and some deny their Romani Background, especially in Kosovo and claimed to be Albanians or Turks. Turkish language is used by the Turkish Roma, only a view speak Kurbetcha, Rumelian Romani or Sepečides Romani. Some Muslim Roma also used the word Gypsy for themselves because they did not perceive it as a derogatory term. Muslim Roma culture is based on the Islamic culture. Under Ottoman Rule, the Christian and Muslim Roma were separated, by the order of Suleiman the Magnificent. Muslim Roma were forbidden to marry Christian Roma and live together or to do business. Muslim Roma men served in the Military of the Ottoman Empire, especially in the Ottoman military band. Significant differences between Muslim and Christian Roma emerged through the centuries. Orthodox Christian Vlax Romani see themself as the čáče Roma (true Roma) and do not consider Muslim Roma to be part of Romani society and call them Turks and explain they "slice the foreskins from their members". Muslim Roma, however, see Christian Roma as foreign and call them Dasikane (Servant, slaves). Also the phrase Amare Roma (Our Roma) and Cudza Roma (foreign Roma) is used vice versa. There is a huge cultural gap between the two religious groups.

Migratory history

After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the Muslim Roma have found themselves under double discrimination in regions where Islam was a minority religion, experiencing both Antiziganism and anti-Muslim sentiment.

At the Greek War of Independence, Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) and Balkan Wars (1912–1913), Muslim Roma flee together with other different Muslim Groups to Istanbul and East Thrace, as Muhacir.

At the Population exchange between Greece and Turkey, Muslim Turkish Roma from Greece have also been resettled in Turkey. In Turkish, they are called Mübadil Romanlar.

In 1950–1951 Muslim Turkish Roma from Bulgaria came to Turkey and settled in Çanakkale and surroundings.

From 1953 -1968, Muslim Turkish Roma and Turks from Yugoslavia emigrated to Turkey,

Because of the relative ease of migration in modern times, Muslim Roma may be found in other parts of the world as well. Turkish Roma from Turkey and also other Muslim Roma from ex-Yugoslavia, came to West Europe as Gastarbeiter, but seen by the Host population as Turks or Yugoslavs. Muslim Roma from Bosnia and Kosovo went at the time of the Yugoslav Wars to Italy, and live especially in Florence. Xoraxane (Muslim Roma) from former Yugoslavia went to USA, settled mostly in New York, and South America. Since 2007, Turkish Roma from Bulgaria went as workers to West Europe

Faith and status

Most Muslim Roma are Sunni, but they are not exclusively Sunni. For example, there are some Shia Roma communities in Serbia. Turkish Roma are mostly Sunni. Under Ottoman rule, Roma Muslim had a lower social status than non-Roma Muslims, but above that of non-Muslims. However, other Muslim Roma are well-integrated with and accepted by their Muslim non-Roma brothers.

Muslim Roma subgroups

A Romani translation of the Qur'an

Xoraxane

Xoraxane (also spelled as Khorakhane, Xoraxane, Kharokane, Xoraxai, etc. - meaning Lovers of the Koran) is an antiquated religionym, confessionym, and umbrella term for Muslim Roma in the Balkans or alternatively all Muslim Roma in Southern Europe and West Asia similar to how the term Turks was used for non-Turkish Muslims. They are many groups of Xoraxane Roma, named after their old traditional professional activities, also divived in sedentary and nomadic groups. Not all Roma adherents of Islam are considered Xoraxane.

Dress

Muslim Roma women wear beautiful silk Dimije also known as Turkish salvar, at weddings, circumcision ceremonies, and other festivals. Even on weekdays, quite a few older women, but also some younger women, wear the şalvar.

Dance and music

Belly dance and Romano Hora (dance), Roman Havaları 8/9 tact, Zurna, Davul, Clarinet are performed. In the Ottoman Empire, especially young handsome Romani Guys were taken as Köçek-Dancers while young Romani female-dancers were named Çengi.

See also

References

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