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⚫ '''Post-colonial anarchism''' is a term used to describe ] in an ] framework. Whereas traditional anarchism arose from industrialized ]—and thus sees history from their perspective—post-colonial anarchism approaches the same principles of anarchism from the perspective of colonized peoples. It is highly critical of the contributions of the established anarchist movement, and seeks to add what it sees as a unique and important perspective. The tendency is strongly influenced by ], anti-state forms of ], and anarchism among ethnic minorities, among other sources.
'''Post-colonial anarchism''' is a term coined by Roger White in response to his experience as an ] in the ] movement in ].


⚫ The term was first coined by Roger White. Between 1994 and 2004, White wrote a series of essays reflecting on his experiences in the anarchist movement. He identifies racial isolation and ] as important features of the experience of people of color in the anarchist movement and attributes this to the prevalence European ] and an approach to ] as a binary relationship between workers and capitalists which does not take account of the cultural aspects of ].<ref name="PCA">{{cite book|last1=White|first1=Roger|title=Post Colonial Anarchism Essays on race, repression and culture in communities of color 1999–2004|publisher=Jailbreak Press|location=Oakland California|url=http://colours.mahost.org/articles/Post-Colonial%20Anarchism.pdf|access-date=9 February 2017|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060103114336/http://colours.mahost.org/articles/Post-Colonial%20Anarchism.pdf|archive-date=3 January 2006}}</ref>
⚫ Post-colonial anarchism is an attempt to bring together disparate aspects and tendencies within the existing anarchist movement and re-envision them in an explicitly ] framework. Where traditional anarchism is a movement arising from the struggles of ] in industrialized western European nations - and thus sees history from their perspective - post-colonial anarchism approaches the same principles of ], ], opposition to ], and community-level self-management, ], and ] from the perspective of colonized peoples throughout the world. In doing so it is highly critical of the contributions of the more established anarchist movement, and seeks to add what it sees as a unique and important perspective. The tendency is strongly influenced by ], anti-state forms of ] and Anarchist People of Color, among other sources.


⚫ At root, the basic difference between anarchism and anti-state nationalism is that in nationalism the primary political unit is the nation, or ], whereas in an anarchist system the primary political unit is the local community or the place where labor occurs. Post-colonial anarchism is therefore clearly distinct from any form of nationalism in that it does not seek to make the nation a political unit – let alone the primary political unit. Just as social anarchists seek to create a socialist economy but oppose the tyranny of Marxist ], post-colonial anarchists oppose the tyranny of nationalism, and argue that the achievement of meaningful ] for all of the world's nations requires an anarchist political system based on local control, free federation and mutual aid.<ref>Post Colonial Anarchism, by Roger White. Anarchism, nationalism, and national liberation from an APOC perspective.</ref>
⚫ Between 1994 and 2004 White wrote a series of essays reflecting on experiences in the anarchist movement. He identifies racial isolation and ] as important features of the experience of people of color in the anarchist movement and attributes this to the prevalence European ] and an approach to ] as a binary relationship between workers and capitalists which does not take account of the cultural aspects of ].<ref name="PCA">{{cite book|last1=White|first1=Roger|title=Post Colonial Anarchism Essays on race, repression and culture in communities of color 1999-2004|publisher=Jailbreak Press|location=Oakland California|url=http://colours.mahost.org/articles/Post-Colonial%20Anarchism.pdf|access-date=9 February 2017|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060103114336/http://colours.mahost.org/articles/Post-Colonial%20Anarchism.pdf|archive-date=3 January 2006}}</ref>


== Issues == == References ==
⚫ {{Reflist|2}}


==Further reading==
Post-colonial anarchism is syncretic and diverse, incorporating a wide range of sources, as is to be expected from a tendency which draws from such a wide range of perspectives.
* {{cite book|last=Galián|first=Laura|year=2020|chapter=Decolonizing Anarchism|title=Colonialism, Transnationalism, and Anarchism in the South of the Mediterranean|publisher=]|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-45449-4_2|isbn=978-3-030-45449-4|pages=27–54}}

* {{cite book|last=Gordon|first=Uri|year=2016|chapter=Anarchism and multiculturalism|editor-first1=Luis|editor-last1=Cordeiro-Rodrigues|editor-first2=Marko|editor-last2=Simendic|title=Philosophies of Multiculturalism|publisher=]|pages=71–87|isbn=9781315516370|doi=10.4324/9781315516370-11|doi-broken-date=5 November 2024 }}
===Nationalism===
* {{Cite book |last1=Hirsch |first1=Steven |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004188495.i-432 |title=Anarchism and Syndicalism in the Colonial and Postcolonial World, 1870-1940 |last2=van der Walt |first2=Lucien |date=2010 |publisher=BRILL |doi=10.1163/ej.9789004188495.i-432 |isbn=978-90-04-18848-8}}
{{main|Civic nationalism}}
* {{cite book|last=Larson|first=Ole Birk|chapter=Anti-Imperialism|editor-last1=Adams|editor-first1=Matthew S.|editor-last2=Levy|editor-first2=Carl|year=2018|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-3319756196|pages=149–167|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_8|s2cid=150357033 }}
] variant used by Negres Tempestes]]
* {{cite book|last=Ramnath|first=Maia|chapter=Non-Western Anarchisms and Postcolonialism|editor-last1=Adams|editor-first1=Matthew S.|editor-last2=Levy|editor-first2=Carl|year=2018|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-3319756196|pages=677–695|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_38|s2cid=150357033 }}
Anarchism and nationalism have a long history, going back to prominent anarchist theorist ]'s early involvement in the ] movement. Anarchists have participated in left-nationalist movements in ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and many other nations. Modern anarchist organizations working on ]s in Europe, include the {{ill|CBIL|br||es}} in ] and ] in ]. The latter self-identifies with an ideology of "Anarcoindependentisme", participating in struggles to defend the ] and culture, while being critical of state based solutions to national questions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://negrestempestes.cat/2006/03/20/negres-tempestes-presentation-english/|title=Negres Tempestes Presentation|author=]|date= 20 March 2006|access-date=27 March 2021}}</ref>
* {{cite book|last1=Wilson|first1=Matthew|last2=Kinna|first2=Ruth|author-link2=Ruth Kinna|year=2012|chapter=Key terms|editor-last=Kinna|editor-first=Ruth|title=The Continuum Companion to Anarchism|publisher=]|isbn=978-1-4411-4270-2|pages=329-352<!--345-346-->}}

Post-colonial anarchism argues that a key element of imperialism is the waging of ] by the conquerors against subject nations in an attempt to destroy the identity of the conquered and make them easier to govern. Post-colonial anarchism therefore seeks not only the abolition of ] and the ], but is an effort by colonized peoples to promote, preserve, and defend their cultures, dignity, and identity. As ] puts it in "Beyond Nationalism but Not Without It":

<blockquote>For me, even the nationalism of a Louis Farrakhan is about saving my people, though it is also thoroughly sexist, capitalist, homophobic and potentially fascist. Yet, it has played an important part in keeping a certain black pride and resistance going. Their "on the ground" work is very important in keeping an anti-racist mentality going. As a black anarchist, that’s MY issue to deal with cuz they’se MY FOLKS. But it points to where anarchism and nationalism have differences, and that is in anarchists having NO understanding of what it means to be BLACK in this fucked up society.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907174808/http://www.anarchistpanther.net/node/12 |date=2008-09-07 }}</ref></blockquote>

Ashanti thus sees value in the ] where it acts as a force for good by helping ] in America stand up for themselves and demand equality, but also recognizes the negative impacts of the N.O.I.'s approach and urges the black community to stand up and speak out against the N.O.I. and other ] groups where they cross the line from pride in self to promoting the domination of other individuals, groups and identities. He is also strongly critical of the larger anarchist movements tendency to ] and dismiss black nationalism and other national liberation struggles out of hand.

⚫ At root, the basic difference between anarchism and anti-state nationalism is that in nationalism the primary political unit is the ], or ], whereas in an anarchist system the primary political unit is the local community or the place where labor occurs. Post-colonial anarchism is therefore clearly distinct from any form of nationalism in that it does not seek to make the nation a political unit - let alone the primary political unit. Just as social anarchists seek to create a socialist economy but oppose the tyranny of Marxist ], post-colonial anarchists oppose the tyranny of nationalism, and argue that the achievement of meaningful self-determination for all of the world's nations requires an anarchist political system based on local control, free federation and mutual aid.<ref>Post Colonial Anarchism, by Roger White. Anarchism, nationalism, and national liberation from an APOC perspective.</ref>

===Race and racism===
Post-colonial anarchism is self-consciously ], though different groups have differing ideas of what that means. Anarchist People of Color-identified groups seek to bring together the perspectives of ] within the anarchist movement and have a strong commitment to combating ], but are often reluctant to recognize the validity and importance of these struggles in Europe. Indigenist thinkers like ], by contrast, make a point of showing support for such movements and actively encourages white anti-racists to explore and learn from historical and ongoing anti-imperialist struggles in Europe. All the various strains of post-colonial anarchism, however, are explicitly opposed to and denounce claims of ] by any group, and see the abolition of white supremacy and other strains of racial/ethnic supremacy as a fundamental goal of anarchism.

== African anarchism ==
⚫ {{main|Anarchism in Africa}}

] and ] in ''African Anarchism: The History of a Movement'' make the claim that:
{{quote|To a greater or lesser extent, all of traditional African societies manifested “anarchic elements” which, upon close examination, lend credence to the historical truism that governments have not always existed. They are but a recent phenomenon and are, therefore, not inevitable in human society. While some “anarchic” features of traditional African societies existed largely in past stages of development, some of them persist and remain pronounced to this day.}}

The reason why traditional African societies are characterized as "anarchies" is because of their horizontal political structure and absence of classes. The traditional legal system of Somalia, known as ], is one example of this.

'''Xeer''', pronounced {{IPA-so|ħeːr|}}, is the ] ] of ]. Under this system, ] serve as judges and help mediate cases using precedents.<ref name="LALL">
{{cite web|title=Elder Counsel|url=http://www.legalaffairs.org/printerfriendly.msp?id=891|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218215836/http://www.legalaffairs.org/printerfriendly.msp?id=891|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-02-18|date=October 2005|author=Louisa Lombard|publisher=Legal Affairs|access-date=2009-06-26}}
</ref> It is a good example of how ] works within a ] and is a fair approximation of what is thought of as ]. Several scholars have noted that even though Xeer may be centuries old, it has the potential to serve as the legal system of a modern, well-functioning economy.<ref name="PLBS">
{{cite web|author=Peter Leeson|author-link=Peter Leeson|title=Better Off Stateless|url=http://www.peterleeson.com/Better_Off_Stateless.pdf
}}</ref>

While many traditional African societies were based on leadership by example, often by respected Elders, that leadership of elders normally did not transcend into the authoritative structure which characterizes the modern state (see also ]' thesis expounded in '']'').

Starting in the 15th century the ] began to form in the last empires of Africa, although it had already existed in some African civilizations (such as ], ], ] and ]) for millennia. However, many societies have until this day remained as what is called “tribes without rulers”, a form of “ordered anarchy”.

From a post-colonial perspective, African anarchism is therefore an attempt to re-imagine anarchist politics based on a conception of anarchism not as some utopian future society, but as a real functional model for society which was actually the norm for pre-conquest Africa, was disturbed by European aggression and imperialism, and which provides the single best blueprint for how African societies can move forward and create a just and equitable future.

== Chicano anarchism ==

] anarchism is an effort to understand how anarchism relates to the Chicano experience in the United States, or better said how the two relate to one another. A Chicano/a being a person of ] descent who was born and raised in the ], more specifically a politicized person of Mexican descent born in the United States. Chicano anarchism, although the term itself is quite new, has it antecedents in the Mexican anarchist ]’s propagandizing in the Spanish-speaking communities of ] and the southwest during his years of exile, and in the Mexican anarchist movement. Since the 1960s when the modern Chicano radical movement begin, and especially the late 60s and early 70s when it reached its zenith, to identify as a Chicano (rather than ]) has been to identify with a self-consciously subversive political stance. Chicano anarchism thus seeks to take this form of radical self-identification and push it beyond the current emphasis on cultural-nationalism and towards class struggle and solidarity with the international working class, while keeping their analysis rooted in their unique history and culture.

One of the primary goals of Chicano anarchism is to inject a class struggle anarchist critique, made primarily by class conscious Chicano anarchists, into the modern nationalist Chicano movement and transform the movement away from the reactionary ideas of cultural-nationalism and into a movement that works in collaboration as comrades with the international working class, of which the mass of Chicanos are a part.<ref>Revolutionary Autonomous Communities. , Anarkismo.net</ref>

== Black anarchism or "Panther" anarchism ==
{{Main|Black anarchism}}

'''Black anarchism''' opposes the existence of a ] and subjugation and domination of people of color, and favors a non-hierarchical organization of society. Black ] seek to abolish white supremacy, ], capitalism, and the state. Theorists include ], ], ], and ].

Black anarchists have criticized both the hierarchical organization of the ], and the anarchist movement, on the grounds that it has traditionally been ] and/or white supremacist. They oppose the anti-racist conception, based on the ] of the ], which is proposed by the anarchist workers' tradition, arguing that it is not adequate enough to struggle against ] and that it disguises real inequalities by proclaiming a ].

Black anarchists are thus influenced by the ] and the Black Panther Party, and seek to forge their own movement that represents their own identity and tailored to their own unique situation. However, in contrast to black activism that was, in the past, based in leadership from hierarchical organizations, black anarchism rejects such methodology in favor of developing organically through communication and cooperation to bring about a social, cultural and economic revolution that does away with all forms of domination. From Alston's ''@narchist Panther Zine'':

<blockquote>"''Panther anarchism is ready, willing and able to challenge old nationalist and revolutionary notions that have been accepted as ‘common-sense.’ It also challenges the bullshit in our lives and in the so-called movement that holds us back from building a genuine movement based on the enjoyment of life, diversity, practical self-determination and multi-faceted resistance to the Babylonian Pigocracy. This Pigocracy is in our ‘heads,’ our relationships as well as in the institutions that have a vested interest in our eternal domination.''"<ref>''@narchist Panther Zine'' October 1999, '''1'''(1).</ref></blockquote>

== Notes and references ==
⚫ {{Reflist|2}}


== External links == == External links ==
* *
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    Post-colonial anarchism is a term used to describe anarchism in an anti-imperialist framework. Whereas traditional anarchism arose from industrialized Western nations—and thus sees history from their perspective—post-colonial anarchism approaches the same principles of anarchism from the perspective of colonized peoples. It is highly critical of the contributions of the established anarchist movement, and seeks to add what it sees as a unique and important perspective. The tendency is strongly influenced by indigenism, anti-state forms of nationalism, and anarchism among ethnic minorities, among other sources.

    The term was first coined by Roger White. Between 1994 and 2004, White wrote a series of essays reflecting on his experiences in the anarchist movement. He identifies racial isolation and tokenism as important features of the experience of people of color in the anarchist movement and attributes this to the prevalence European universalism and an approach to class struggle as a binary relationship between workers and capitalists which does not take account of the cultural aspects of imperialism.

    At root, the basic difference between anarchism and anti-state nationalism is that in nationalism the primary political unit is the nation, or ethnic group, whereas in an anarchist system the primary political unit is the local community or the place where labor occurs. Post-colonial anarchism is therefore clearly distinct from any form of nationalism in that it does not seek to make the nation a political unit – let alone the primary political unit. Just as social anarchists seek to create a socialist economy but oppose the tyranny of Marxist state socialism, post-colonial anarchists oppose the tyranny of nationalism, and argue that the achievement of meaningful self-determination for all of the world's nations requires an anarchist political system based on local control, free federation and mutual aid.

    References

    1. White, Roger. Post Colonial Anarchism Essays on race, repression and culture in communities of color 1999–2004 (PDF). Oakland California: Jailbreak Press. Archived from the original on 3 January 2006. Retrieved 9 February 2017.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
    2. Post Colonial Anarchism, by Roger White. Anarchism, nationalism, and national liberation from an APOC perspective.

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