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{{Short description|German chemist}} {{Short description|German chemist (1857–1923)}}
{{Infobox scientist {{Infobox scientist
| name = Paul Friedländer | name = Paul Friedländer
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'''Paul Friedländer''' (29 August 1857 in ] – 4 September 1923 in ]) was a ] ] best known for his research on derivates of ] (for example ]) and isolation of ] from '']''. '''Paul Friedländer''' (29 August 1857 in ] – 4 September 1923 in ]) was a German ] best known for his research on derivates of ] (for example ]) and isolation of ] from '']''.


==Life and work== ==Life and work==
Paul Friedländer was born as son of ] in Königsberg in 1857. The chemist ] was a regular guest of his father; thus after finishing the gymnasium, Friedländer studied chemistry in ] in the laboratories of Gräbe. Later he studied at the ] and ] where he assisted ]. He received his PhD for the work with Baeyer and completed his habilitation in 1883. He left the well-equipped laboratories of Baeyer in Munich in 1884 to work in the small company K. Oehler in ]. In 1888, he became professor at the ]. Paul Friedländer was born the son of ] in Königsberg in 1857. The chemist ] was a regular guest of his father; thus after finishing the gymnasium, Friedländer studied chemistry in ] in the laboratories of Gräbe. Later he studied at ] and ] where he assisted ]. He received his PhD for the work with Baeyer and completed his habilitation in 1883. He left the well-equipped laboratories of Baeyer in Munich in 1884 to work in the small company K. Oehler in ]. In 1888, he became professor at the ].


⚫ During a visit at his parents' in Königsberg, he got engaged and married Martha Kobligk; they had three daughters. Although he liked staying in Germany, Friedländer accepted a position at the Technologische Gewerbemuseum in ] in 1895. During that time, he discovered ]. His research on the color variations in substituted indigoes yielded numerous patents and was applied in industrial production. Friedländer isolated and analyzed the ]stuff of ]. He was able to obtain 12,000 '']'' from biologists working at the Mediterranean sea. In a complicated process, he isolated 1.4&nbsp;g of pure Tyrian purple. Contrary to his expectations, the compound did not contain ], but was a ] substituted ], which had been already synthesized back in 1903.<ref>{{cite journal|doi = 10.1007/BF01519682|title = Zur Kenntnis des Farbstoffes des antiken Purpurs aus ''Murex brandaris''|year = 1909 |last1 = Friedlaender|first1 = P.|journal = Monatshefte für Chemie|volume = 30 |issue = 3|pages = 247–253|s2cid = 97865025|url = https://zenodo.org/record/1667889}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Sachs, F. |author2=Kempf, R.|year = 1903|title = Über p-Halogen-o-nitrobenzaldehyde|journal = Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft|volume = 36| pages = 3299–3303 | doi = 10.1002/cber.190303603113 |issue = 3 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1426076}}</ref> Friedlander was awarded the ] for this discovery.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.zbp.univie.ac.at/ilg/preistraegerbild23.htm|title = Ignaz Lieben-Preisträger 1908: Paul Friedlaender|accessdate = 2010-03-02}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
]'' from which ] is extracted]]

⚫ During a visit at his parents in Königsberg, he got engaged and married Martha Kobligk; they had three daughters. Although he liked staying in Germany, Friedländer accepted a position at the Technologische Gewerbemuseum in ] in 1895. During that time, he discovered the ]. His research on the color variations in substituted indigoes yielded numerous patents and was applied in industrial production. Friedländer isolated and analyzed the ]stuff of ]. He was able to obtain 12,000 '']'' from biologists working at the Mediterranean sea. In a complicated process, he isolated 1.4&nbsp;g of pure Tyrian purple. Contrary to his expectations, the compound did not contain ], but was a ] substituted ], which had been already synthesized back in 1903.<ref>{{cite journal|doi = 10.1007/BF01519682|title = Zur Kenntnis des Farbstoffes des antiken Purpurs aus ''Murex brandaris''|year = 1909 |last1 = Friedlaender|first1 = P.|journal = Monatshefte für Chemie|volume = 30 |pages = 247}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Sachs, F. |author2=Kempf, R.|year = 1903|title = Über p-Halogen-o-nitrobenzaldehyde|journal = Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft|volume = 36| pages = 3299–3303 | doi = 10.1002/cber.190303603113 |issue = 3 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1426076}}</ref> Friedlander was awarded the ] for this discovery.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.zbp.univie.ac.at/ilg/preistraegerbild23.htm|title = Ignaz Lieben-Preisträger 1908: Paul Friedlaender|accessdate = 2010-03-02}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>


In 1911, Friedländer abandoned his position in Vienna and joined the ]. The University was not far from the dye factories ], ] and ] that helped Friedländer in his research on dyes. In 1911, he was awarded the ''Adolf-von-Baeyer-Prize''. In 1911, Friedländer abandoned his position in Vienna and joined the ]. The University was not far from the dye factories ], ] and ] that helped Friedländer in his research on dyes. In 1911, he was awarded the ''Adolf-von-Baeyer-Prize''.


During ], Friedländer worked at the ] together with ]. The poor living standards after the war affected his health, and after a trip in the summer of 1923 from Darmstadt to ], Friedländer had to stay in a hospital. His health problems gradually deteriorated and on 4 September 1923 he died in Darmstadt.<ref>{{cite journal|doi = 10.1002/cber.19240570436|title =Obituaries Paul Friedländer |year = 1924|last1 = Schlenk|first1 = W. | journal = Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft (A and B Series)|volume = 57|pages = A13–A28}}</ref><ref name="ÖBL">{{cite book| title = Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950|chapter-url = http://hw.oeaw.ac.at/oebl/oebl_F/Friedlaender_Paul_1857_1923.xml |publisher = Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften|place = Vienna|year = 1957|isbn = 3-7001-1327-7|volume = 1|chapter = Friedlaender Paul|title-link = Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950 }}</ref> During ], Friedländer worked at the ] together with ]. The poor living standards after the war affected his health, and after a trip in the summer of 1923 from Darmstadt to ], Friedländer had to stay in a hospital. His health problems gradually deteriorated and on 4 September 1923 he died in Darmstadt.<ref>{{cite journal|doi = 10.1002/cber.19240570436|title =Obituaries Paul Friedländer |year = 1924|last1 = Schlenk|first1 = W. | journal = Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft (A and B Series)|volume = 57|pages = A13–A28|doi-access = free}}</ref><ref name="ÖBL">{{cite book| title = Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950|chapter-url = http://hw.oeaw.ac.at/oebl/oebl_F/Friedlaender_Paul_1857_1923.xml |publisher = Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften|place = Vienna|year = 1957|isbn = 3-7001-1327-7|volume = 1|chapter = Friedlaender Paul|title-link = Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950 }}</ref>


The chemical reaction of ]s with ]s to form ] derivatives, which Friedländer discovered in 1882, is today known as the ].<ref>{{cite journal|doi = 10.1002/cber.188201502219|title = Ueber o-Amidobenzaldehyd|year = 1882|last1 = Friedlaender|first1 = Paul|journal = Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft|volume = 15|pages = 2572–2575|issue = 2|url = https://zenodo.org/record/1425274}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi = 10.1002/cber.18830160265|title = Ueber eine Darstellungsmethode im Pyridinkern substituirter Chinolinderivate|year = 1883|last1 = Friedländer|first1 = Paul|last2 = Gohring|first2 = C. F.|journal = Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft|volume = 16|pages = 1833–1839|issue = 2|url = https://zenodo.org/record/1425313}}</ref> The chemical reaction of ]s with ]s to form ] derivatives, which Friedländer discovered in 1882, is today known as the ].<ref>{{cite journal|doi = 10.1002/cber.188201502219|title = Ueber o-Amidobenzaldehyd|year = 1882|last1 = Friedlaender|first1 = Paul|journal = Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft|volume = 15|pages = 2572–2575|issue = 2|url = https://zenodo.org/record/1425274}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi = 10.1002/cber.18830160265|title = Ueber eine Darstellungsmethode im Pyridinkern substituirter Chinolinderivate|year = 1883|last1 = Friedländer|first1 = Paul|last2 = Gohring|first2 = C. F.|journal = Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft|volume = 16|pages = 1833–1839|issue = 2|url = https://zenodo.org/record/1425313}}</ref>
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Latest revision as of 19:09, 1 May 2024

German chemist (1857–1923)
Paul Friedländer
Born(1857-08-29)29 August 1857
Königsberg, Prussia
Died4 September 1923(1923-09-04) (aged 66)
Darmstadt, Germany
NationalityGerman
Alma materUniversity of Munich
Known forFriedländer synthesis
AwardsLieben Prize 1908
Scientific career
Fieldsorganic chemistry
InstitutionsTechnische Universität Darmstadt
Doctoral advisorAdolf von Baeyer

Paul Friedländer (29 August 1857 in Königsberg – 4 September 1923 in Darmstadt) was a German chemist best known for his research on derivates of indigo (for example thioindigo) and isolation of Tyrian purple from Murex brandaris.

Life and work

Paul Friedländer was born the son of Ludwig Friedländer in Königsberg in 1857. The chemist Carl Gräbe was a regular guest of his father; thus after finishing the gymnasium, Friedländer studied chemistry in Königsberg in the laboratories of Gräbe. Later he studied at Strasbourg and Munich where he assisted Adolf von Baeyer. He received his PhD for the work with Baeyer and completed his habilitation in 1883. He left the well-equipped laboratories of Baeyer in Munich in 1884 to work in the small company K. Oehler in Offenbach. In 1888, he became professor at the University of Karlsruhe.

During a visit at his parents' in Königsberg, he got engaged and married Martha Kobligk; they had three daughters. Although he liked staying in Germany, Friedländer accepted a position at the Technologische Gewerbemuseum in Vienna in 1895. During that time, he discovered thioindigo. His research on the color variations in substituted indigoes yielded numerous patents and was applied in industrial production. Friedländer isolated and analyzed the natural dyestuff of Tyrian purple. He was able to obtain 12,000 Murex brandaris from biologists working at the Mediterranean sea. In a complicated process, he isolated 1.4 g of pure Tyrian purple. Contrary to his expectations, the compound did not contain sulfur, but was a bromine substituted indigo, which had been already synthesized back in 1903. Friedlander was awarded the Lieben Prize for this discovery.

In 1911, Friedländer abandoned his position in Vienna and joined the Technische Universität Darmstadt. The University was not far from the dye factories Chemische Fabrik Kalle, Höchst and Cassella that helped Friedländer in his research on dyes. In 1911, he was awarded the Adolf-von-Baeyer-Prize.

During World War I, Friedländer worked at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry and Elektrochemistry together with Fritz Haber. The poor living standards after the war affected his health, and after a trip in the summer of 1923 from Darmstadt to Biebrich, Friedländer had to stay in a hospital. His health problems gradually deteriorated and on 4 September 1923 he died in Darmstadt.

The chemical reaction of 2-aminobenzaldehydes with ketones to form quinoline derivatives, which Friedländer discovered in 1882, is today known as the Friedländer synthesis.

References

  1. Friedlaender, P. (1909). "Zur Kenntnis des Farbstoffes des antiken Purpurs aus Murex brandaris". Monatshefte für Chemie. 30 (3): 247–253. doi:10.1007/BF01519682. S2CID 97865025.
  2. Sachs, F.; Kempf, R. (1903). "Über p-Halogen-o-nitrobenzaldehyde". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 36 (3): 3299–3303. doi:10.1002/cber.190303603113.
  3. "Ignaz Lieben-Preisträger 1908: Paul Friedlaender". Retrieved 2010-03-02.
  4. Schlenk, W. (1924). "Obituaries Paul Friedländer". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft (A and B Series). 57: A13–A28. doi:10.1002/cber.19240570436.
  5. "Friedlaender Paul". Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950. Vol. 1. Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. 1957. ISBN 3-7001-1327-7.
  6. Friedlaender, Paul (1882). "Ueber o-Amidobenzaldehyd". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 15 (2): 2572–2575. doi:10.1002/cber.188201502219.
  7. Friedländer, Paul; Gohring, C. F. (1883). "Ueber eine Darstellungsmethode im Pyridinkern substituirter Chinolinderivate". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 16 (2): 1833–1839. doi:10.1002/cber.18830160265.
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