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{{ |
{{Short description|President of Armenia from 2008 to 2018}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}} | ||
{{Infobox officeholder | {{Infobox officeholder | ||
| name = Serzh Sargsyan | | name = Serzh Sargsyan | ||
| native_name = {{Nobold|{{lang|hy|Սերժ Սարգսյան}}}} | | native_name = {{Nobold|{{lang|hy|Սերժ Սարգսյան}}}} | ||
| image = Serzh Sargsyan official portrait.jpg | | image = Serzh Sargsyan official portrait (cropped).jpg | ||
| |
| caption = Official portrait, 2013 | ||
| caption = Official portrait, 2018 | |||
| office1 = 11th and 15th ] | | office1 = 11th and 15th ] | ||
| term_start1 = 17 April 2018 | | term_start1 = 17 April 2018 | ||
Line 12: | Line 11: | ||
| predecessor1 = ] {{small|(Acting)}} | | predecessor1 = ] {{small|(Acting)}} | ||
| successor1 = ] {{small|(Acting)}} | | successor1 = ] {{small|(Acting)}} | ||
| president1 = ] | | president1 = ] | ||
| president2 = ] | | president2 = ] | ||
| term_start2 = 4 April 2007 | | term_start2 = 4 April 2007 | ||
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| term_end = 9 April 2018 | | term_end = 9 April 2018 | ||
| predecessor = ] | | predecessor = ] | ||
| successor = ] | | successor = ] | ||
| office3 = ] | | office3 = ] | ||
| primeminister3 = ] | | primeminister3 = ] | ||
| term_start3 = 20 May 2000 | | term_start3 = 20 May 2000 | ||
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| successor4 = ] | | successor4 = ] | ||
| office5 = ] | | office5 = ] | ||
| primeminister5 = ]<br />]<br />] | | primeminister5 = ]<br />]<br />] | ||
| term_start5 = 4 November 1996 | | term_start5 = 4 November 1996 | ||
| term_end5 = 11 June 1999 | | term_end5 = 11 June 1999 | ||
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| death_date = | | death_date = | ||
| death_place = | | death_place = | ||
| party = ] (? |
| party = ] (?–1988)<br />] (1989–?)<br/>] (2006–present) | ||
| residence = ] | | residence = ] | ||
| spouse = {{marriage|]|1983|2020|reason=her death}} | | spouse = {{marriage|]|1983|2020|reason=her death}} | ||
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| alma_mater = ] | | alma_mater = ] | ||
| signature = Serzh Sargsyan signature.png | | signature = Serzh Sargsyan signature.png | ||
| website = {{ |
| website = {{URL|https://www.serzhsargsyan.com/en}} | ||
<!--Military service-->| allegiance = {{flag|USSR}}<br>{{flag|Nagorno-Karabakh Republic}} | <!--Military service-->| allegiance = {{flag|USSR}}<br />{{flag|Nagorno-Karabakh Republic}} | ||
| branch = ]<br>] | | branch = ]<br />] | ||
| serviceyears = |
| serviceyears = 1972–1974<br />1989–1992 | ||
| battles = ] | | battles = ] | ||
| office6 = Leader of ] | |||
| deputy6 = ] | |||
| term_start6 = 1990 | |||
| predecessor6 = party established | |||
}} | }} | ||
''' |
'''Serzh Azati Sargsyan''' ({{langx|hy|Սերժ Ազատի Սարգսյան}}, {{IPA-hy|sɛɾʒ sɑɾkʰəsˈjɑn|pron}}; born 30 June 1954)<ref name="official-bio"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503111353/http://www.president.am/en/serzhsargsyan |date=3 May 2018 }}. President.am. Retrieved on 21 June 2014.</ref> is an ]n politician who served as the third ] from 2008 to 2018, and twice as the ] from 2007 to 2008 and again from 17 to 23 April 2018, when he was forced to resign in the ]. | ||
He won the ] with the backing of the ruling ], a party in which he serves as chairman,<ref>{{cite news |title=RPA nominates Serge Sargsyan for President |work=PanArmenian.net|url=http://www.panarmenian.net/news/eng/?nid=24036 |date=10 November 2007 |access-date=11 November 2007 }}</ref> and took office in April 2008.<ref name="Sworn"> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422001814/http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2008/4/33DE4503-70DF-4437-9690-F5B1BD12B11F.html |date=22 April 2008 }}, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 9 April 2008.</ref> On 18 February 2013, he was ] as president and served the entire term. | He won the ] with the backing of the ruling ], a party in which he serves as chairman,<ref>{{cite news |title=RPA nominates Serge Sargsyan for President |work=PanArmenian.net |url=http://www.panarmenian.net/news/eng/?nid=24036 |date=10 November 2007 |access-date=11 November 2007 |archive-date=14 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614154011/http://www.panarmenian.net/news/eng/?nid=24036 |url-status=live }}</ref> and took office in April 2008.<ref name="Sworn"> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422001814/http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2008/4/33DE4503-70DF-4437-9690-F5B1BD12B11F.html |date=22 April 2008 }}, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 9 April 2008.</ref> On 18 February 2013, he was ] as president and served the entire term. | ||
Despite pledging in 2014 not to become |
Despite pledging in 2014 not to become prime minister again while supporting an ] that would allow it, Sargsyan was again elected prime minister in April 2018, in what opposition figures described as a "power grab".<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/armenia-opposition-protests-parliament-vote-sarkisian-prime-minister/29172095.html|title=Lawmakers Approve Sarkisian As Armenia's PM Despite Countrywide Protests|website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty|language=en|access-date=2018-04-17|archive-date=24 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224184738/https://www.rferl.org/a/armenia-opposition-protests-parliament-vote-sarkisian-prime-minister/29172095.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Six days after taking office, Sargsyan resigned after ].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://armenianweekly.com/2018/04/23/breaking-serge-sarkisian-resigns-as-prime-minister/|title=Breaking: Serge Sarkisian Resigns as Prime Minister|last=Hairenik|date=2018-04-23|work=The Armenian Weekly|access-date=2018-04-23|language=en-US|archive-date=24 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224184816/https://armenianweekly.com/2018/04/23/breaking-serge-sarkisian-resigns-as-prime-minister/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sargsyan is currently the leader of the Republican Party, which was the ruling party of Armenia from 1999 to 2018 and is currently represented in parliament as a part of the opposition ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.am/eng/news/447940.html|title=Acting PM Karapetyan will start talks over candidates for PM on April 25|website=news.am|language=en|access-date=2018-04-24|archive-date=23 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423222736/https://news.am/eng/news/447940.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
==Early life and career== | ==Early life and career== | ||
Serzh Sargsyan (born Serzhik Azati Sargysan)<ref> |
Serzh Sargsyan (born Serzhik Azati Sargysan)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hakobyan|first=Tatul|date=2017-06-30|title=Սերժ Սարգսյանի կենսագրությունից հանել են Բաքուն և Աղդամը|trans-title=Baku and Aghdam have been removed from Serzh Sargsyan's biography|url=https://www.civilnet.am/news/175633/%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AA-%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%BD%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB-%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AB%D6%81-%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%AC-%D5%A5%D5%B6-%D5%A2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6-%D6%87-%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A8/|access-date=2021-09-27|website=CIVILNET|language=hy-AM|quote=Before 1996... Serzh Sargsyan had the name Serzhik Sargsyan in official sources and the 'Republic of Armenia' daily.|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927062913/https://www.civilnet.am/news/175633/%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AA-%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%BD%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB-%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AB%D6%81-%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%AC-%D5%A5%D5%B6-%D5%A2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6-%D6%87-%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A8/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CIwN1qQZ5FA&feature=youtu.be&t=139 |title=2000թ հուլիսի 20֊ին "Գերագույն Խորհուրդ" հասարակական կազմակերպությունը ներկա-բացակայով նշում է այն մարդկանց ներկայությունը և բացակությունը, որոնք եղել են 10 տարի առաջ ձևավորված առաջին գերագույն խորհրդի անդամ։ Տեսանյութի 2։20 հատվածից |website=] |access-date=30 October 2020 |archive-date=26 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526102823/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CIwN1qQZ5FA&feature=youtu.be&t=139 |url-status=live }}</ref> was born on 30 June 1954 in ] in the ]. He is the son of Azat Avetisi Sargsyan (1929–2013) and Nora Sargsyan․<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://armenpress.am/eng/news/743852|title=Armenia's President Serzh Sargsyan's father Azat Sargsyan dies|access-date=17 May 2020|archive-date=23 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123231610/https://armenpress.am/eng/news/743852/|url-status=live}}</ref> His father's family hailed from the village of ] in the ], and moved to Stepanakert after the arrest of Serzh Sargsyan's grandfather during the 1937 ].<ref name=interview>{{Cite web|url=https://www.president.am/hy/interviews-and-press-conferences/item/2009/04/07/news-22/|title=Նախագահ Սերժ Սարգսյանի հարցազրույցը պրոֆեսոր Թիլման Ալերթի հետ - ՀՀ նախագահի հարցազրույցները և մամուլի ասուլիսները - Լրատվություն - Հայաստանի Հանրապետության Նախագահ |date=2018-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423215536/https://www.president.am/hy/interviews-and-press-conferences/item/2009/04/07/news-22/|access-date=2020-07-08|archive-date=23 April 2018}}</ref> He entered ] in 1971 and served in the ] in the ] from 1971 to 1972.<ref name=interview/> He began his career in 1975 at the Electrical Devices Factory in ].<ref name="repub-bio">{{cite web |url=http://hhk.am/eng/persons/serge_sargsyan.html |title=Republican party biography of Serzh Sargsyan |access-date=21 June 2014 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218193545/http://hhk.am/eng/persons/serge_sargsyan.html |archive-date=18 December 2010 |df=dmy-all }}. hhk.am</ref> He graduated from the Philological Department of Yerevan State University in 1979. In 1983, he married his wife, ] (née Dadayan).<ref name="official-bio" /> In addition to his native Armenian, he is fluent in Russian and also knows ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://president.am/en/serzhsargsyan |title=The third president of Armenia |access-date=28 August 2021 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828162607/https://president.am/en/serzhsargsyan |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="dewaal2">{{cite book |last=De Waal |first=Thomas |author-link=Thomas de Waal |year=2003 |title=Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War |url= |location=New York and London |publisher=New York University Press |page=54 |isbn=0-8147-1944-9|quote=Sarkisian told me that he himself spoke good Azeri and had a lot of Azerbaijani friends}}</ref> He is not related to the former ], ], who served under him, nor to his successor as President ]. | ||
==Political career== | ==Political career== | ||
===Early career=== | ===Early career=== | ||
Starting in 1979, held several positions in the Stepanakert ] Committee: first as division head, then second secretary and first secretary (his long-time political ally ] served as his deputy).<ref name="official-bio"/><ref name="dewaal1">{{cite book |last=De Waal |first=Thomas |author-link=Thomas de Waal |date=2003 |title=Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War |url= |location=New York and London |publisher=New York University Press |page=53 |isbn=0-8147-1944-9}}</ref> He then became the |
Starting in 1979, Sargsyan held several positions in the Stepanakert ] Committee: first as division head, then second secretary and first secretary (his long-time political ally ] served as his deputy).<ref name="official-bio"/><ref name="dewaal1">{{cite book |last=De Waal |first=Thomas |author-link=Thomas de Waal |date=2003 |title=Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War |url= |location=New York and London |publisher=New York University Press |page=53 |isbn=0-8147-1944-9}}</ref> He then became the Stepanakert City Committee Propaganda Division Head, the Nagorno-Karabakh Regional Committee Communist Organizations' Unit Instructor, and finally became assistant to ], the First Secretary of the Nagorno-Karabakh Regional Committee.<ref name="official-bio" /> | ||
In November 1989, Sargsyan was a delegate from Nagorno-Karabakh to the first congress of the ].<ref name="repub-bio" /> He was elected to the ] in 1990.<ref name="repub-bio" /> During the ], Sargsyan was involved in organizing the defense of Nagorno-Karabakh and the formation of the ] in various capacities.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Hakobyan|first=Tatul|author-link=Tatul Hakobyan|date=2016-03-21|title=Սերժ Սարգսյանի պաշտոնական կենսագրության մեջ անճշտություններ կան|trans-title=There are inaccuracies in Serzh Sargsyan's official biography|url=https://www.civilnet.am/news/165584/%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AA-%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%BD%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB-%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6-%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6-%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%BB-%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B3%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80-%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6/|access-date=2021-10-06|website=CIVILNET|language=hy-AM|archive-date=7 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007103548/https://www.civilnet.am/news/165584/%d5%bd%d5%a5%d6%80%d5%aa-%d5%bd%d5%a1%d6%80%d5%a3%d5%bd%d5%b5%d5%a1%d5%b6%d5%ab-%d5%ba%d5%a1%d5%b7%d5%bf%d5%b8%d5%b6%d5%a1%d5%af%d5%a1%d5%b6-%d5%af%d5%a5%d5%b6%d5%bd%d5%a1%d5%a3%d6%80%d5%b8%d6%82%d5%a9%d5%b5%d5%a1%d5%b6-%d5%b4%d5%a5%d5%bb-%d5%a1%d5%b6%d5%b3%d5%b7%d5%bf%d5%b8%d6%82%d5%a9%d5%b5%d5%b8%d6%82%d5%b6%d5%b6%d5%a5%d6%80-%d5%af%d5%a1%d5%b6/|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 1992, when the first government of the ] (NKR) was formed with ] as prime minister, Sargsyan was appointed head of the Defense Committee, a position he held until the dissolution of the government in August 1992.<ref name=":3" /> Sargsyan then became a member of the seven-man State Defense Committee of the NKR (effectively the government of the NKR) which was formed in August 1992.<ref name=":3" /> Sargsyan held the position of minister of the army within the State Defense Committee.<ref name=":3" /> | |||
As tensions rose between Armenians and Azerbaijanis over the issue of Nagorno-Karabakh, Sargsyan became the Chairman of the Nagorno-Karabakh Self-Defense Forces Committee in 1989. He was elected to the ] in 1990.<ref name="repub-bio" /> From 1992 he chaired the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic Self-Defense Forces Committee, which formed the basis for the ].<ref name="official-bio" /> | |||
From 1993 to 1995 he served his first term as Armenia's Minister of Defense under President ].<ref name="official-bio" /> In 1995 he became Minister of National Security of Armenia (initially called the State Security Department) and from 1996 to 1999 he concurrently served as Minister of Interior.<ref name="official-bio"/> In February 1998, Sargsyan, along with then-Prime Minister Robert Kocharyan and Defense Minister ], forced President Ter-Petrosyan to resign in order to prevent him from accepting a peace plan for the ] put forward by international mediators in September 1997.<ref name="Razmik">{{Cite book|last=Panossian|first=Razmik|url=https://www.press.umich.edu/pdf/0472098985-ch9.pdf|title=After Independence: Making and Protecting the Nation in Postcolonial and Postcommunist States|editor-last=Barrington|editor-first=Lowell W.|publisher=The University of Michigan Press|chapter=Post- |
From 1993 to 1995 he served his first term as Armenia's Minister of Defense under President ].<ref name="official-bio" /> In 1995 he became Minister of National Security of Armenia (initially called the State Security Department) and from 1996 to 1999 he concurrently served as Minister of Interior.<ref name="official-bio"/> In February 1998, Sargsyan, along with then-Prime Minister Robert Kocharyan and Defense Minister ], forced President Ter-Petrosyan to resign in order to prevent him from accepting a peace plan for the ] put forward by international mediators in September 1997.<ref name="Razmik">{{Cite book|last=Panossian|first=Razmik|url=https://www.press.umich.edu/pdf/0472098985-ch9.pdf|title=After Independence: Making and Protecting the Nation in Postcolonial and Postcommunist States|editor-last=Barrington|editor-first=Lowell W.|publisher=The University of Michigan Press|chapter=Post-Soviet Armenia|pages=225–247|access-date=2 February 2021|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905232942/https://www.press.umich.edu/pdf/0472098985-ch9.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The proposal envisioned the return of most of the ] to Azerbaijan in exchange for security guarantees, but left the final resolution of the status of Nagorno-Karabakh for future negotiations.<ref name="ohannes2">{{cite book|last=Geukjian|first=Ohannes|title=Negotiating Armenian-Azerbaijani Peace: Opportunities, Obstacles, Prospects|year=2014|publisher=Ashgate|location=Farnham|isbn=978-1-4724-3515-6|pages=94–96}}</ref> From 1999 to 2000 he served as the Chief of Staff for President ], and then served once again as the ] of Armenia from 2000 to 2007.<ref name="official-bio"/> He was also the Secretary of the ] led by President Kocharyan from 1999 to 2007.<ref name="official-bio"/> On 4 April 2007 Sargsyan was appointed as the ] of Armenia, following the sudden death of ].<ref name="official-bio"/> | ||
===Presidential election=== | ===Presidential election=== | ||
Sargsyan, with President Kocharyan's backing, was viewed as the strongest contender for the post of the President of Armenia in the ]. Full provisional results showed him winning about 53% of the vote, a first round majority, well ahead of second place candidate ].<ref>, Xinhua, 20 February 2008.</ref> The 2008 Presidential election was hailed as largely democratic by ], the ] (EU) and Western monitors.<ref>{{cite news|title=Armenian Vote 'Largely Democratic'|publisher=ArmeniaLiberty, ]|author=Danielyan, Emil|date=20 February 2008|url=http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/02/14B31960-C791-4274-B7F0-50B571D0EADD.asp|access-date=20 February 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080306045216/http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/02/14B31960-C791-4274-B7F0-50B571D0EADD.asp| archive-date= 6 March 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>. Panarmenian.net (22 February 2008). Retrieved on 21 June 2014.</ref> | Sargsyan, with President Kocharyan's backing, was viewed as the strongest contender for the post of the President of Armenia in the ]. Full provisional results showed him winning about 53% of the vote, a first round majority, well ahead of second place candidate ].<ref>, Xinhua, 20 February 2008.</ref> The 2008 Presidential election was hailed as largely democratic by ], the ] (EU) and Western monitors.<ref>{{cite news|title=Armenian Vote 'Largely Democratic'|publisher=ArmeniaLiberty, ]|author=Danielyan, Emil|date=20 February 2008|url=http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/02/14B31960-C791-4274-B7F0-50B571D0EADD.asp|access-date=20 February 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080306045216/http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/02/14B31960-C791-4274-B7F0-50B571D0EADD.asp| archive-date= 6 March 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306112925/http://www.panarmenian.net/news/eng/?nid=25001 |date=6 March 2008 }}. Panarmenian.net (22 February 2008). Retrieved on 21 June 2014.</ref> | ||
Ter- |
Ter-Petrosyan's supporters, disputing the official results, held ] in Yerevan for over a week following the election, until they were violently broken up on 1 March; ten people (eight protestors and two police officers) were killed, and a state of emergency was imposed for 20 days, ending on 20 March 2008.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} | ||
== Presidency (2008–2018) == | == Presidency (2008–2018) == | ||
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Serzh Sargsyan was sworn in as |
Serzh Sargsyan was sworn in as president at the ] on 9 April 2008. Referring to the "painful events" that followed the election, he "{{nowrap|urge}} everybody to look forward, together, to seek and find the way for reconciliation, development, and future of Armenia."<ref name=Sworn/> He appointed ], who had been the Chairman of the Central Bank and is not a member of a political party, as Prime Minister.<ref>{{cite news|title = The Other Sargsyan: PM Tigran in, political "independent" to lead government|url = http://armenianow.com/?action=viewArticle&AID=2962&lng=eng&IID=1182&CID=2892|publisher = ArmeniaNow|author = Marianna Grigoryan|date = 11 April 2008|access-date = 11 April 2008|archive-date = 19 July 2011|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110719221905/http://armenianow.com/?action=viewArticle&AID=2962&lng=eng&IID=1182&CID=2892|url-status = live}}</ref> According to the Freedom House report "In 2011, the government took concrete steps to fulfill longstanding and often repeated promises to confront corruption. E-government services reduced opportunities for bribery, while new regulations and stricter enforcement led to higher numbers of corruption lawsuits and fines against senior officials and large companies. Owing to a more consolidated government effort to eradicate corruption, Armenia's corruption rating {{nowrap|improve}} from 5.50 to 5.25."<ref name="freedomhouse"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426011634/https://freedomhouse.org/report/nations-transit/2012/armenia |date=26 April 2018 }}. Freedomhouse.org. Retrieved on 21 June 2014.</ref> | ||
During Sargsyan's presidency the record of the freedom of speech and the freedom of press in general also improved in Armenia. Internet penetration rose sharply | During Sargsyan's presidency the record of the freedom of speech and the freedom of press in general also improved in Armenia. Internet penetration rose sharply | ||
– from 6.2 percent in 2008 to 37 percent in 2011, providing greater access to online media, which rapidly grew in number, including ] – with over 10,000 bloggers in 2011.<ref name="freedomhouse"/> | – from 6.2 percent in 2008 to 37 percent in 2011, providing greater access to online media, which rapidly grew in number, including ] – with over 10,000 bloggers in 2011.<ref name="freedomhouse"/> | ||
After the elections Sargsyan also authorized opposition rallies to take place in Yerevan<ref>{{cite news|title = Thousands Rally In Yerevan With Rare Government Consent|url = http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/04/CEEF3F0C-795A-494E-9953-2B516D424745.asp|publisher = ArmeniaLiberty/Radio Free Europe|author = Astghik Bedevian|date = 21 April 2008|access-date = 21 April 2008 }}</ref> and pledged to comply with the ]'s demands for an end to the government's crackdown on the opposition.<ref>{{cite news|title = Sarkisian Pledges To Meet Council Of Europe Demands|url = http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/04/E18A643E-80D2-4249-85BE-2E2E90687257.ASP|publisher = ArmeniaLiberty/Radio Free Europe|author = Hovannes Shoghikian and Emil Danielyan|date = 25 April 2008|access-date = 25 April 2008 }}</ref> | After the elections Sargsyan also authorized opposition rallies to take place in Yerevan<ref>{{cite news|title = Thousands Rally In Yerevan With Rare Government Consent|url = http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/04/CEEF3F0C-795A-494E-9953-2B516D424745.asp|publisher = ArmeniaLiberty/Radio Free Europe|author = Astghik Bedevian|date = 21 April 2008|access-date = 21 April 2008|archive-date = 5 July 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080705115458/http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/04/CEEF3F0C-795A-494E-9953-2B516D424745.asp|url-status = live}}</ref> and pledged to comply with the ]'s demands for an end to the government's crackdown on the opposition.<ref>{{cite news|title = Sarkisian Pledges To Meet Council Of Europe Demands|url = http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/04/E18A643E-80D2-4249-85BE-2E2E90687257.ASP|publisher = ArmeniaLiberty/Radio Free Europe|author = Hovannes Shoghikian and Emil Danielyan|date = 25 April 2008|access-date = 25 April 2008|archive-date = 30 April 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080430203330/http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/04/E18A643E-80D2-4249-85BE-2E2E90687257.ASP|url-status = live}}</ref> | ||
Civil society also grew considerably during Sargsyan's presidency, with the number of non-governmental organizations growing at a higher rate and with civic activists succeeding in raising public awareness and holding important campaigns in the sphere of human rights, environmental protection and social justice. However, according to Freedom House, public advocacy still had limited impact on public policy.<ref name="freedomhouse"/> | Civil society also grew considerably during Sargsyan's presidency, with the number of non-governmental organizations growing at a higher rate and with civic activists succeeding in raising public awareness and holding important campaigns in the sphere of human rights, environmental protection and social justice. However, according to Freedom House, public advocacy still had limited impact on public policy.<ref name="freedomhouse"/> | ||
===Economy=== | ===Economy=== | ||
The start of Sargsyan's presidency coincided with the ]. In 2009, Armenia's GDP contracted over 14%,<ref>{{cite news|title=Armenia's GDP contracts by 14.4% in 2009: Statistics|url=http://arka.am/en/news/economy/18549/|work=arka.am|agency=ARKA Newa Agency|date=2 February 2010}}</ref> which according to the World Bank was the fifth worst in the world that year after the three ] and Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?order=wbapi_data_value_2009+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=asc&page=1|title=GDP growth (annual %) - Data|website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref> GDP growth subsequently stabilized at around 3% by 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/armenia/overview |title=Armenia Overview |publisher=Worldbank.org |access-date=15 November 2017}}</ref> As of 2014, Armenia's GDP is below the pre-crisis levels. During his first term of presidency, the official poverty rate doubled and reached 32.4% in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=Poverty Rate in Armenia Nearly Doubles|url=http://asbarez.com/116670/poverty-rate-in-armenia-nearly-doubles/|work=]|date=26 November 2013}}</ref> According to official data, some 213,000 people have left Armenia from 2008 to 2013.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hakobyan|first1=Tatul|title=Սպիտակ ջարդ' 100-րդ տարելիցի նախօրեին|url=http://civilnet.am/2014/02/06/%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF-%D5%BB%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4-100-%D6%80%D5%A4-%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB%D6%81%D5%AB-%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AD%D6%85%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%AB%D5%B6/#.VN0jtubF9gg|work=]|date=6 February 2014|language=hy}}</ref> In 2012, Armenia was ranked 39th out of 179 economies according to the ] and ranked 19th freest among the 43 countries in the Europe region.<ref>, The Heritage Foundation.</ref> | The start of Sargsyan's presidency coincided with the ]. In 2009, Armenia's GDP contracted over 14%,<ref>{{cite news|title=Armenia's GDP contracts by 14.4% in 2009: Statistics|url=http://arka.am/en/news/economy/18549/|work=arka.am|agency=ARKA Newa Agency|date=2 February 2010|access-date=12 February 2015|archive-date=13 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213004757/http://arka.am/en/news/economy/18549/|url-status=live}}</ref> which according to the World Bank was the fifth worst in the world that year after the three ] and Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?order=wbapi_data_value_2009+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=asc&page=1|title=GDP growth (annual %) - Data|website=data.worldbank.org|access-date=14 February 2015|archive-date=15 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215002541/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?order=wbapi_data_value_2009+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=asc&page=1|url-status=live}}</ref> GDP growth subsequently stabilized at around 3% by 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/armenia/overview |title=Armenia Overview |publisher=Worldbank.org |access-date=15 November 2017 |archive-date=25 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625185847/https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/armenia/overview |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 2014, Armenia's GDP is below the pre-crisis levels. During his first term of presidency, the official poverty rate doubled and reached 32.4% in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=Poverty Rate in Armenia Nearly Doubles|url=http://asbarez.com/116670/poverty-rate-in-armenia-nearly-doubles/|work=]|date=26 November 2013|access-date=12 February 2015|archive-date=13 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213011755/http://asbarez.com/116670/poverty-rate-in-armenia-nearly-doubles/|url-status=live}}</ref> According to official data, some 213,000 people have left Armenia from 2008 to 2013.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hakobyan|first1=Tatul|title=Սպիտակ ջարդ' 100-րդ տարելիցի նախօրեին|url=http://civilnet.am/2014/02/06/%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF-%D5%BB%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4-100-%D6%80%D5%A4-%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB%D6%81%D5%AB-%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AD%D6%85%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%AB%D5%B6/#.VN0jtubF9gg|work=]|date=6 February 2014|language=hy|access-date=12 February 2015|archive-date=13 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213015637/http://civilnet.am/2014/02/06/%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF-%D5%BB%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4-100-%D6%80%D5%A4-%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB%D6%81%D5%AB-%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AD%D6%85%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%AB%D5%B6/#.VN0jtubF9gg|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2012, Armenia was ranked 39th out of 179 economies according to the ] and ranked 19th freest among the 43 countries in the Europe region.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043810/http://www.heritage.org/index/pdf/2012/countries/armenia.pdf |date=24 September 2015 }}, The Heritage Foundation.</ref> | ||
In September 2013 and under Sargsyan's direction, Armenia announced its intentions of joining the ] with Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia.<ref name=ack>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/67852 |title=Giorgi Lomsadze: ''Will Karabakh "Join" Russia's Customs Union? |website=eurasianet.org |access-date=10 December 2013}}</ref> The Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU or EEU) is an ] of ], ] and ], and came into force on 1 January 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://docs.eaeunion.org/en-us/Pages/DisplayDocument.aspx?s=bef9c798-3978-42f3-9ef2-d0fb3d53b75f&w=632c7868-4ee2-4b21-bc64-1995328e6ef3&l=540294ae-c3c9-4511-9bf8-aaf5d6e0d169&EntityID=3610 |title= |
In September 2013 and under Sargsyan's direction, Armenia announced its intentions of joining the ] with Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia.<ref name=ack>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/67852 |title=Giorgi Lomsadze: ''Will Karabakh "Join" Russia's Customs Union? |website=eurasianet.org |access-date=10 December 2013 |archive-date=13 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213031306/http://www.eurasianet.org/node/67852 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU or EEU) is an ] of ], ] and ], and came into force on 1 January 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://docs.eaeunion.org/en-us/Pages/DisplayDocument.aspx?s=bef9c798-3978-42f3-9ef2-d0fb3d53b75f&w=632c7868-4ee2-4b21-bc64-1995328e6ef3&l=540294ae-c3c9-4511-9bf8-aaf5d6e0d169&EntityID=3610 |title=Страницы - DisplayDocument.aspx |access-date=9 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417110445/https://docs.eaeunion.org/en-us/Pages/DisplayDocument.aspx?s=bef9c798-3978-42f3-9ef2-d0fb3d53b75f&w=632c7868-4ee2-4b21-bc64-1995328e6ef3&l=540294ae-c3c9-4511-9bf8-aaf5d6e0d169&EntityID=3610 |archive-date=17 April 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Treaties aiming for ]'s accession to the Eurasian Economic Union was signed on 9 October 2014. Armenia's accession treaty came into force on 2 January 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.customs-code.ru/pravovbaza/18429-dogovor-arm|title=ДОГОВОР О ПРИСОЕДИНЕНИИ РЕСПУБЛИКИ АРМЕНИЯ К ДОГОВОРУ О ЕВРАЗИЙСКОМ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОМ СОЮЗЕ ОТ 29 МАЯ 2014 ГОДА (Минск, 10 октября 2014 года)|last=Дмитрий|website=www.customs-code.ru|access-date=13 February 2015|archive-date=25 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225011034/http://www.customs-code.ru/pravovbaza/18429-dogovor-arm|url-status=live}}</ref> The Eurasian Economic Union has an integrated ] of 176 million people and a ] of over 4 trillion U.S. dollars (PPP).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.CD/countries/order%3Dwbapi_data_value_2012%20wbapi_data_value%20wbapi_data_value-last?order=wbapi_data_value_2013%20wbapi_data_value%20wbapi_data_value-last&sort=desc&display=default%7ctitle=GDP|title=GDP, PPP (current international $)|access-date=13 February 2015|archive-date=1 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401235140/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.CD/countries/order%3Dwbapi_data_value_2012%20wbapi_data_value%20wbapi_data_value-last?order=wbapi_data_value_2013%20wbapi_data_value%20wbapi_data_value-last&sort=desc&display=default%7ctitle=GDP|url-status=live}}</ref> The EEU introduces the free movement of goods, capital, services and people and provides for common transport, agriculture and energy policies, with provisions for a single currency and greater integration in the future.<ref name=WaPost>{{cite news|title=Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus form Eurasian Economic Union|newspaper=Washington Post|date=29 May 2014|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/russia-kazakhstan-belarus-form-eurasian-economic-union/2014/05/29/de4a2c15-cb01-4c25-9bd6-7d5ac9e466fd_story.html|access-date=1 June 2014|archive-date=21 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321184155/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/russia-kazakhstan-belarus-form-eurasian-economic-union/2014/05/29/de4a2c15-cb01-4c25-9bd6-7d5ac9e466fd_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=currency>{{cite web|title=Eurasian Economic Union to have common currency in 5–10 years|url=http://en.itar-tass.com/economy/742323|access-date=26 July 2014|archive-date=5 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805015836/http://en.itar-tass.com/economy/742323|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
===Foreign policy=== | ===Foreign policy=== | ||
{{See also|List of international trips made by Serzh Sargsyan}} | {{See also|List of international trips made by Serzh Sargsyan}} | ||
] | ] | ||
] | ] | ||
====Nagorno-Karabakh==== | ====Nagorno-Karabakh==== | ||
{{Main|Nagorno-Karabakh conflict}} | |||
Sargsyan made his first address in front of the 63rd session of the ] in New York on 25 September 2008. In his speech he referenced the ] and emphasized the need for the ] to help bring peaceful resolution to armed conflicts around the world, including the one in ]. He also mentioned how ]'s military buildup along with increasing war rhetoric and threats risked causing renewed problems in the ].<ref>{{cite web|title=Statement by President Serzh Sargsyan at the General Debate of the 63rd session of the general assembly|url=http://www.president.am/events/statements/eng/?id=19|work=President.am|date=25 September 2008|access-date=11 April 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081017054418/http://www.president.am/events/statements/eng/?id=19|archive-date=17 October 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | Sargsyan made his first address in front of the 63rd session of the ] in New York on 25 September 2008. In his speech he referenced the ] and emphasized the need for the ] to help bring peaceful resolution to armed conflicts around the world, including the one in ]. He also mentioned how ]'s military buildup along with increasing war rhetoric and threats risked causing renewed problems in the ].<ref>{{cite web|title=Statement by President Serzh Sargsyan at the General Debate of the 63rd session of the general assembly|url=http://www.president.am/events/statements/eng/?id=19|work=President.am|date=25 September 2008|access-date=11 April 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081017054418/http://www.president.am/events/statements/eng/?id=19|archive-date=17 October 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | ||
Sargsyan continued the policy towards the peaceful resolution of the ] pursued by his predecessors, which constitutes one of the main goals of the ].<ref>. |
Sargsyan continued the policy towards the peaceful resolution of the ] pursued by his predecessors, which constitutes one of the main goals of the ].<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726010107/https://www.mfa.am/en/foreign-policy |date=26 July 2021 }}. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Armenia.</ref> Sargsyan repeatedly stated that the Armenian side is interested in finding a just and exclusively peaceful solution to the conflict and that the ] is the viable format within which the peace talks should continue.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002080011/http://www.president.am/en/karabakh-nkr |date=2 October 2013 }}. President of Armenia official site.</ref><ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921135741/https://armenpress.am/eng/news/633128 |date=21 September 2018 }}. Armenpress.am. 20 December 2010.</ref><ref name="Arminfo"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212003930/http://www.arminfo.am/index.cfm?objectid=F79CE290-3A43-11E2-B75CF6327207157C |date=12 December 2013 }}. Arminfo.am. Retrieved on 21 June 2014.</ref> He continued negotiations with Azerbaijan and had a number of meetings with the ] within the framework of OSCE Minsk Group. On 2 November 2008, ] and Serzh Sargsyan traveled to ] for talks with ]. The talks ended in the three Presidents signing a declaration confirming their commitment to continue talks.<ref> | ||
{{cite web | {{cite web | ||
|title = Document: Full text of the declaration adopted by presidents of Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Russia at Meiendorf Castle near Moscow on November 2, 2008 | |title = Document: Full text of the declaration adopted by presidents of Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Russia at Meiendorf Castle near Moscow on November 2, 2008 | ||
Line 161: | Line 157: | ||
|df = dmy-all | |df = dmy-all | ||
}} | }} | ||
</ref> The two presidents met again in 2009 in ]<ref>{{cite |
</ref> The two presidents met again in 2009 in ]<ref>{{cite news | ||
|title |
|title = Armenia, Azerbaijan Satisfied With Fresh Summit | ||
|newspaper = «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» Ռադիոկայան | |||
|url = http://www.azatutyun.am/content/article/1747096.html | |url = http://www.azatutyun.am/content/article/1747096.html | ||
|publisher = RFE/RL | |||
| |
|publisher = RFE/RL | ||
| |
|date = 4 June 2008 | ||
|access-date = 16 June 2009 | |||
}} | |||
|archive-date = 3 August 2009 | |||
⚫ | </ref> and on 22 November 2009, together with several world leaders, in ] where President Aliyev once more threatened to resort to military force to reestablish control over the region if the two sides did not reach an agreeable settlement.<ref>"." '']''. 22 November 2009. Retrieved 23 November 2009.</ref> | ||
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090803022315/http://www.azatutyun.am/content/article/1747096.html | |||
|url-status = live | |||
|last1 = Babayan | |||
|first1 = Aza | |||
⚫ | }}</ref> and on 22 November 2009, together with several world leaders, in ] where President Aliyev once more threatened to resort to military force to reestablish control over the region if the two sides did not reach an agreeable settlement.<ref>" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625062958/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/azerbaijan/6631572/Azerbaijan-military-threat-to-Armenia.html |date=25 June 2018 }}." '']''. 22 November 2009. Retrieved 23 November 2009.</ref> | ||
Sargsyan blames the Azerbaijani side for hampering the peace process and for pursuing an openly anti-Armenian stance. According to him, the ], such as "state-supported falsifications of history", "hostile propaganda against Armenia and Armenians" and "military build-up" prove that Azerbaijan does not want peace.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} | Sargsyan blames the Azerbaijani side for hampering the peace process and for pursuing an openly anti-Armenian stance. According to him, the ], such as "state-supported falsifications of history", "hostile propaganda against Armenia and Armenians" and "military build-up" prove that Azerbaijan does not want peace.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} | ||
The most vivid expression of anti-Armenian policies of Azerbaijan was the hero's welcome given to the convicted ax murderer ] who had brutally killed Armenian officer ] during the ]'s ] program in ] in 2004. The fact that after his extradition to Azerbaijan in 2012 Safarov was pardoned by president ], promoted to the rank of major, given an apartment with over eight years of back pay and was made a national hero,<ref>{{cite news|title=As Armenia Protests Killer's Pardon, Azerbaijan Promotes Him |
The most vivid expression of anti-Armenian policies of Azerbaijan was the hero's welcome given to the convicted ax murderer ] who had brutally killed Armenian officer ] during the ]'s ] program in ] in 2004. The fact that after his extradition to Azerbaijan in 2012 Safarov was pardoned by president ], promoted to the rank of major, given an apartment with over eight years of back pay and was made a national hero,<ref>{{cite news|title=As Armenia Protests Killer's Pardon, Azerbaijan Promotes Him|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/armenia-protest-azerbaijani-killer-pardon-to-osce-minsk-group/24694817.html|agency=Radio Free Europe|date=31 August 2012|access-date=2 September 2012|archive-date=30 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430073709/http://www.rferl.org/content/armenia-protest-azerbaijani-killer-pardon-to-osce-minsk-group/24694817.html|url-status=live}}</ref> hampers the negotiation process and proves, in Sargsyan's words, that "the Azeri propaganda brings up an entire generation in the atmosphere of ] and intolerance."<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225115759/http://www.president.am/en/foreign-visits/item/2012/12/18/Working-visit-of-President-Serzh-Sargsyan-to-the-Russian-Federation/ |date=25 February 2013 }}. President.am. Retrieved on 21 June 2014.</ref> | ||
Sargsyan has also clearly stated:<blockquote>The Armenophobic and aggressive stance of Azerbaijan reinforces our conviction that Nagorno-Karabakh has no future within Azerbaijan. Moreover, Azerbaijan has neither legal nor political or moral grounds to claim over Nagorno-Karabakh.<ref>The official legal standpoint is that Nagorno-Karabakh was never a part of independent Azerbaijan and that "the Autonomous Province of Mountainous Karabakh seceded from the Soviet Union fully in line with the Soviet laws and all the applicable principles and rules of international law, exactly as the 15 Soviet Republics did". </ref></blockquote> | Sargsyan has also clearly stated:<blockquote>The Armenophobic and aggressive stance of Azerbaijan reinforces our conviction that Nagorno-Karabakh has no future within Azerbaijan. Moreover, Azerbaijan has neither legal nor political or moral grounds to claim over Nagorno-Karabakh.<ref>The official legal standpoint is that Nagorno-Karabakh was never a part of independent Azerbaijan and that "the Autonomous Province of Mountainous Karabakh seceded from the Soviet Union fully in line with the Soviet laws and all the applicable principles and rules of international law, exactly as the 15 Soviet Republics did". {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213135350/http://www.president.am/en/statements-and-messages/item/2010/02/10/news-57/ |date=13 December 2013 }}</ref></blockquote> | ||
], 23 January 2012]] | ], 23 January 2012]] | ||
In his speech made at the British ] Sargsyan said: | In his speech made at the British ] Sargsyan said: | ||
<blockquote>Our belief is that the settlement of the Karabakh conflict should be based on human rights and the will of the Karabakh people… It is the only way to achieve lasting, feasible, and peaceful settlement. The alternative to this settlement is the forcing of the Karabakh people back into Azerbaijan, which will inevitably lead to attempts of new ethnic cleansing of Armenians in Karabakh. There is no alternative here. |
<blockquote>Our belief is that the settlement of the Karabakh conflict should be based on human rights and the will of the Karabakh people… It is the only way to achieve lasting, feasible, and peaceful settlement. The alternative to this settlement is the forcing of the Karabakh people back into Azerbaijan, which will inevitably lead to attempts of new ethnic cleansing of Armenians in Karabakh. There is no alternative here."<ref name="Chatham"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213135350/http://www.president.am/en/statements-and-messages/item/2010/02/10/news-57/ |date=13 December 2013 }}. President.am. 10 February 2010.</ref></blockquote> | ||
], Ilham Aliyev and Serzh Sargsyan in Sochi, 9 August 2014]] | ], Ilham Aliyev and Serzh Sargsyan in Sochi, 9 August 2014]] | ||
], 16 May 2016]] | ], 16 May 2016]] | ||
], 24 July 2017]] | ], 24 July 2017]] | ||
Responding to the persistent war rhetoric of Azerbaijan, Sargsyan has condemned it as a violation of the norms of the international law, as the parties had signed a truce which Azerbaijan, the "defeated aggressor", had asked for.<ref>. News.am (13 June 2009). Retrieved on 21 June 2014.</ref><ref>. Panorama.am (19 December 2012). Retrieved on 21 June 2014.</ref> |
Responding to the persistent war rhetoric of Azerbaijan, Sargsyan has condemned it as a violation of the norms of the international law, as the parties had signed a truce which Azerbaijan, the "defeated aggressor", had asked for.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211220751/http://news.am/eng/news/34810.html |date=11 December 2013 }}. News.am (13 June 2009). Retrieved on 21 June 2014.</ref><ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924065254/http://www.panorama.am/en/politics/2012/12/19/sargsyan-about-azerbayjan/ |date=24 September 2015 }}. Panorama.am (19 December 2012). Retrieved on 21 June 2014.</ref> | ||
He repeatedly said that his country is categorically against the resumption of military hostilities, but at the same time is ready to counter any military aggression. In 2014, Sargsyan stated "We don't want war and never wanted, but at that time we had to defend our Motherland. If the time comes again, this time our blow will be final and deadly."<ref>. President.am (13 November 2010). Retrieved on 21 June 2014.</ref> | He repeatedly said that his country is categorically against the resumption of military hostilities, but at the same time is ready to counter any military aggression. In 2014, Sargsyan stated "We don't want war and never wanted, but at that time we had to defend our Motherland. If the time comes again, this time our blow will be final and deadly."<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213135612/http://www.president.am/en/statements-and-messages/item/2010/11/13/news-74/ |date=13 December 2013 }}. President.am (13 November 2010). Retrieved on 21 June 2014.</ref> | ||
In this regard, Sargsyan declared that in the case of military aggression from Azerbaijan "Armenia will have no other choice but to recognize the ] ''de jure'' and to employ all its capabilities to ensure the security of the people of ]."<ref>. Azg.am. 3 December 2010.</ref> | In this regard, Sargsyan declared that in the case of military aggression from Azerbaijan "Armenia will have no other choice but to recognize the ] ''de jure'' and to employ all its capabilities to ensure the security of the people of ]."<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211124730/http://www.azg.am/EN/2010120301 |date=11 December 2013 }}. Azg.am. 3 December 2010.</ref> | ||
Sargsyan met with Ilham Aliyev again in Russian-mediated talks in ] in June 2011, where the two sides reportedly came close to an agreement.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Barry|first=Ellen|date=2011-06-24|title=Azerbaijan and Armenia Fail to End Enclave Dispute|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/25/world/asia/25karabakh.html|access-date=2021-06-30|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The basic principles discussed at Kazan envisioned the return of five of the seven districts of Azerbaijan occupied by Armenia in exchange for "interim status" for Nagorno-Karabakh and the deployment of international peacekeepers, with the final status of the region to be decided by a legally-binding referendum.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2018-03-19|title=Analysis: |
Sargsyan met with Ilham Aliyev again in Russian-mediated talks in ] in June 2011, where the two sides reportedly came close to an agreement.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Barry|first=Ellen|date=2011-06-24|title=Azerbaijan and Armenia Fail to End Enclave Dispute|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/25/world/asia/25karabakh.html|access-date=2021-06-30|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181527/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/25/world/asia/25karabakh.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The basic principles discussed at Kazan envisioned the return of five of the seven districts of Azerbaijan occupied by Armenia in exchange for "interim status" for Nagorno-Karabakh and the deployment of international peacekeepers, with the final status of the region to be decided by a legally-binding referendum.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2018-03-19|title=Analysis: Armenia's Karabakh Strategy, from Status Quo to Preemption|url=https://armenian.usc.edu/analysis-armenias-karabakh-strategy-from-status-quo-to-preemption/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=USC Institute of Armenian Studies|language=en-US|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181335/https://armenian.usc.edu/analysis-armenias-karabakh-strategy-from-status-quo-to-preemption/|url-status=live}}</ref> The proposals made at Kazan were ultimately rejected by the Azerbaijani side.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
In his electoral program of 2013, Sargsyan promised to increase the security guarantees of Nagorno-Karabakh and its people given Azerbaijan's policy of ].<ref name="tert"/> He also highlighted the importance of strengthening the defensive system of Armenia "as a factor restraining the Azerbaijani aggression and ensuring stability in the South Caucasus".<ref name="Arminfo"/> He also promised to take all the necessary efforts to ensure that Karabakh becomes a negotiating side in the peace talks as well as to foster the ties between Karabakh and the international community.<ref name="tert">. Tert.am (21 January 2013). Retrieved on 21 June 2014.</ref> | In his electoral program of 2013, Sargsyan promised to increase the security guarantees of Nagorno-Karabakh and its people given Azerbaijan's policy of ].<ref name="tert"/> He also highlighted the importance of strengthening the defensive system of Armenia "as a factor restraining the Azerbaijani aggression and ensuring stability in the South Caucasus".<ref name="Arminfo"/> He also promised to take all the necessary efforts to ensure that Karabakh becomes a negotiating side in the peace talks as well as to foster the ties between Karabakh and the international community.<ref name="tert"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212150933/http://www.tert.am/en/news/2013/01/21/electoral-program-serj-sargsyan/ |date=12 December 2013 }}. Tert.am (21 January 2013). Retrieved on 21 June 2014.</ref> | ||
As for the position of Armenia concerning the independence of ], Sargsyan stated that "Armenia's possible recognition of ]'s independence will not strain the Armenian-Russian relations" but also noted that the "Kosovo recognition issue needs serious discussion... Armenia has always been an adherent to the right of nations to ] and in this aspect we welcome Kosovo's independence."<ref>, ''PanArmenian.net'', 12 March 2008. Link accessed 12 March 2008.</ref> | As for the position of Armenia concerning the independence of ], Sargsyan stated that "Armenia's possible recognition of ]'s independence will not strain the Armenian-Russian relations" but also noted that the "Kosovo recognition issue needs serious discussion... Armenia has always been an adherent to the right of nations to ] and in this aspect we welcome Kosovo's independence."<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914122526/http://www.panarmenian.net/news/eng/?nid=25331 |date=14 September 2008 }}, ''PanArmenian.net'', 12 March 2008. Link accessed 12 March 2008.</ref> | ||
In April 2016, Sargsyan led Armenia through the ] (also known as the Four-Day War or the April War), the most significant outbreak of violence on the ] after the 1994 ceasefire and before the ]. The four days of fighting resulted in at least dozens of deaths and the loss of approximately 800 hectares of land.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2020-08-21|title=Serzh Sargsyan speaks about April War after two years of silence|url=https://oc-media.org/serzh-sargsyan-speaks-about-april-war-after-two-years-of-silence/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=]|language=en-US}}</ref> Sargsyan described the outcome of the four-day clashes as a victory for Armenia, although he faced criticism for shortcomings during the clashes as well as accusations that he had agreed to cede territory to Azerbaijan in the wake of the fighting.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite |
In April 2016, Sargsyan led Armenia through the ] (also known as the Four-Day War or the April War), the most significant outbreak of violence on the ] after the 1994 ceasefire and before the ]. The four days of fighting resulted in at least dozens of deaths and the loss of approximately 800 hectares of land.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2020-08-21|title=Serzh Sargsyan speaks about April War after two years of silence|url=https://oc-media.org/serzh-sargsyan-speaks-about-april-war-after-two-years-of-silence/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=]|language=en-US|archive-date=14 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514050534/https://oc-media.org/serzh-sargsyan-speaks-about-april-war-after-two-years-of-silence/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sargsyan described the outcome of the four-day clashes as a victory for Armenia, although he faced criticism for shortcomings during the clashes as well as accusations that he had agreed to cede territory to Azerbaijan in the wake of the fighting.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Armenian Oppositionist Arrested Over 'Coup Plot'|newspaper=«Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» Ռադիոկայան |date=20 June 2016 |url=http://www.azatutyun.am/a/27809198.html|access-date=17 July 2016|publisher=|archive-date=27 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727034449/http://www.azatutyun.am/a/27809198.html|url-status=live |last1=Hambardzumian |first1=Artak }}</ref><ref name="bbc.com"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108101518/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-37025532 |date=8 November 2020 }}, ] (10 August 2016)</ref> In order to stop this purported cession of territory, a group of armed men calling themselves "Daredevils of Sasun" ] and took hostages, demanding Sargsyan's resignation.<ref name="bbc.com"/> The crisis, which coincided with mass protests in support of the attackers, ended with the surrender of the gunmen on 31 July 2016.<ref name="bbc.com"/> | ||
Reflecting on his presidency and the negotiation process after the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, during which the Armenian side lost much of the territory it controlled in and around Nagorno-Karabakh, Sargsyan stated that he intended to achieve a final negotiated solution to the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and that this was the reason for his decision to remain as prime minister in 2018, which led to protests that forced his resignation.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2021-06-24|title="Я готов был носить клеймо предателя, но решить вопрос": экс-президент Армении Серж Саргсян о Карабахе и Пашиняне|url=https://www.bbc.com/russian/features-57598041|access-date=2021-06-30|website=BBC News Русская служба|language=ru}}</ref> He denied that he had deliberately delayed the negotiation process in order to maintain the status quo or that he had ever held the view that "not one inch of land" could be handed over to Azerbaijan in order to resolve the conflict.<ref name=":2" /> He added that he was "ready to bear the label of traitor, but resolve the question."<ref name=":2" /> |
Reflecting on his presidency and the negotiation process after the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, during which the Armenian side lost much of the territory it controlled in and around Nagorno-Karabakh, Sargsyan stated that he intended to achieve a final negotiated solution to the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and that this was the reason for his decision to remain as prime minister in 2018, which led to protests that forced his resignation.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2021-06-24|title="Я готов был носить клеймо предателя, но решить вопрос": экс-президент Армении Серж Саргсян о Карабахе и Пашиняне|url=https://www.bbc.com/russian/features-57598041|access-date=2021-06-30|website=BBC News Русская служба|language=ru|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629020803/https://www.bbc.com/russian/features-57598041|url-status=live}}</ref> He denied that he had deliberately delayed the negotiation process in order to maintain the status quo or that he had ever held the view that "not one inch of land" could be handed over to Azerbaijan in order to resolve the conflict.<ref name=":2" /> He added that he was "ready to bear the label of traitor, but resolve the question."<ref name=":2" /> | ||
====Turkey==== | ====Turkey==== | ||
] in Yerevan, 6 September 2008]] | |||
{{See also|Armenia–Turkey relations}} | {{See also|Armenia–Turkey relations}} | ||
Having been elected as a president for his first term in 2008, Sargsyan pledged to continue Armenia's policy towards Turkey, to normalize relations without any preconditions while continuing to strive for international recognition of the 1915 ].<ref>{{cite news|title = Sarkisian Reaffirms Armenian Policy On Turkey|url = http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/04/FEDEF892-623F-46EF-95C2-0704D96867DC.asp|publisher = ArmeniaLiberty/Radio Free Europe|author = Emil Danielyan|date = 24 April 2008}}</ref> | Having been elected as a president for his first term in 2008, Sargsyan pledged to continue Armenia's policy towards Turkey, to normalize relations without any preconditions while continuing to strive for international recognition of the 1915 ].<ref>{{cite news|title = Sarkisian Reaffirms Armenian Policy On Turkey|url = http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/04/FEDEF892-623F-46EF-95C2-0704D96867DC.asp|publisher = ArmeniaLiberty/Radio Free Europe|author = Emil Danielyan|date = 24 April 2008|access-date = 25 April 2008|archive-date = 28 April 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080428231518/http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/04/FEDEF892-623F-46EF-95C2-0704D96867DC.ASP|url-status = live}}</ref> | ||
Coming to power, Sargsyan took steps towards the normalization of ties with Turkey, a policy termed as "football diplomacy". In 2008, Sargsyan took a historical initiative to invite Turkish President ] to Armenia to watch a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifier match between Armenia and Turkey.<ref>. Arminfo.am. 4 March 2008.</ref> ] attended the game in Armenia while Serzh Sargsyan made a reciprocal visit to Turkey to watch the second match.<ref>"". English.pravda.ru (14 October 2009). Retrieved on 21 June 2014.</ref> | Coming to power, Sargsyan took steps towards the normalization of ties with Turkey, a policy termed as "football diplomacy". In 2008, Sargsyan took a historical initiative to invite Turkish President ] to Armenia to watch a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifier match between Armenia and Turkey.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312022613/http://arminfo.am/index.cfm?objectid=513a8ae0-84be-11e2-b4b7f6327207157c |date=12 March 2016 }}. Arminfo.am. 4 March 2008.</ref> ] attended the game in Armenia while Serzh Sargsyan made a reciprocal visit to Turkey to watch the second match.<ref>" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213103338/http://english.pravda.ru/news/world/14-10-2009/109883-football_diplomacy-0/ |date=13 December 2013 }}". English.pravda.ru (14 October 2009). Retrieved on 21 June 2014.</ref> | ||
On 10 October 2009 the foreign ministers of Armenia and Turkey signed ] between the two countries without any preconditions. The accord also presupposed the opening of the border between Armenia and Turkey which had been closed by Turkey in 1993.<ref>. BBC News (10 October 2009). Retrieved on 21 June 2014.</ref><ref>. Armenianow.com (1 March 2008). Retrieved on 21 June 2014.</ref> The protocols were signed in Geneva, Switzerland under the international mediation, chiefly that of the United States. | On 10 October 2009 the foreign ministers of Armenia and Turkey signed ] between the two countries without any preconditions. The accord also presupposed the opening of the border between Armenia and Turkey which had been closed by Turkey in 1993.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214090615/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8299712.stm |date=14 December 2013 }}. BBC News (10 October 2009). Retrieved on 21 June 2014.</ref><ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212111717/https://www.armenianow.com/news/10628/historic_step_armeniaturkey_proto |date=12 December 2019 }}. Armenianow.com (1 March 2008). Retrieved on 21 June 2014.</ref> The protocols were signed in Geneva, Switzerland under the international mediation, chiefly that of the United States. | ||
Sargsyan's policy of rapprochement with Turkey received controversial reaction among the Armenian people. While one part was for the opening of the border and fostering trade with Turkey the other part was concerned that by this move Armenia would be forced to make concessions to Turkey in the most vital and strategic matters. Armenian influential opposition parties, most notably the ] were categorically against the signing of the protocols, given the recognition of the existing Turkish-Armenian border and the setting up of a joint commission of historians researching the Armenian Genocide, as envisioned by the protocols. They considered these steps as a sellout and staged mass protests against the signing of the protocols.<ref>. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (14 December 2009). Retrieved on 21 June 2014.</ref> | Sargsyan's policy of rapprochement with Turkey received controversial reaction among the Armenian people. While one part was for the opening of the border and fostering trade with Turkey the other part was concerned that by this move Armenia would be forced to make concessions to Turkey in the most vital and strategic matters. Armenian influential opposition parties, most notably the ] were categorically against the signing of the protocols, given the recognition of the existing Turkish-Armenian border and the setting up of a joint commission of historians researching the Armenian Genocide, as envisioned by the protocols. They considered these steps as a sellout and staged mass protests against the signing of the protocols.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214104623/http://www.rferl.org/content/Dashnaks_Plan_More_Protests_Against_Turkish_Armenian_Protocols/1903938.html |date=14 December 2013 }}. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (14 December 2009). Retrieved on 21 June 2014.</ref> | ||
The ] was also largely opposed to this type of reconciliation with Turkey, arguing (despite Sargsyan's assurances to the contrary) that this would jeopardize the international recognition of the ] as well as the prospects of legitimate territorial claims of Armenians from Turkey.<ref>. Asbarez.com (25 September 2009). Retrieved on 21 June 2014.</ref> | The ] was also largely opposed to this type of reconciliation with Turkey, arguing (despite Sargsyan's assurances to the contrary) that this would jeopardize the international recognition of the ] as well as the prospects of legitimate territorial claims of Armenians from Turkey.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213103305/http://asbarez.com/70572/armenian-turkish-protocols-to-confirm-kars-treaty/ |date=13 December 2013 }}. Asbarez.com (25 September 2009). Retrieved on 21 June 2014.</ref> | ||
The process of reconciliation, however, was suspended after a year. In Armenia, before sending the protocols to the parliament, it was |
The process of reconciliation, however, was suspended after a year. In Armenia, before sending the protocols to the parliament, it was sent to the Constitutional Court to have their approval. The Constitutional Court made references to the preamble of the protocols underlying three main issues.<ref name="iaireport" /> One of them stated that the implementation of the protocols did not imply Armenia's official recognition of the existing Turkish-Armenian border established by the ]. By doing so, the Constitutional Court rejected one of the main premises of the protocols, i.e. "the mutual recognition of the existing border between the two countries as defined by relevant treaties of international law".<ref name="iaireport">{{cite web |author1=Nona Mikhelidze |title=The Turkish-Armenian Rapprochement at the Deadlock |url=https://www.iai.it/sites/default/files/iai1005.pdf |website=IAI Istituto Affari Internazionali |access-date=2 June 2020 |page=3 |date=5 March 2010 |archive-date=16 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516101433/http://www.iai.it/sites/default/files/iai1005.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Protocol on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the Republic of. Turkey and the Republic of Armenia |url=http://www.mfa.gov.tr/site_media/html/zurih-protokolleri-en.pdf |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey |access-date=2 June 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726083609/http://www.mfa.gov.tr/site_media/html/zurih-protokolleri-en.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> This was regarded by the Turkish Government as effectively revising the protocols and thus the reason to back down from the process.<ref>{{cite web |title=Relations between Turkey and Armenia |url=http://www.mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkey-and-armenia.en.mfa |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey |access-date=2 June 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726091256/http://www.mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkey-and-armenia.en.mfa |url-status=live }}</ref> As a consequence, the Turkish Parliament did not ratify the protocols.<ref name="suspension"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428082723/http://www.armenianweekly.com/2010/04/22/president-sarkisian-announces-suspension-of-protocols/ |date=28 April 2010 }}. Armenian Weekly. 22 April 2010.</ref> The Armenian side accused Turkey to tie the reconciliation process with the resolution of the ], expecting concessions on the Armenian side, which was unacceptable for the latter. Sargsyan explained the suspension of the reconciliation process by the Armenian side in the following way: <blockquote>For a whole year, Turkey's senior officials have not spared public statements in the language of preconditions. For a whole year, Turkey has done everything to protract time and fail the process... We consider unacceptable the pointless efforts of making the dialogue between Armenia and Turkey an end in itself; from this moment on, we consider the current phase of normalization exhausted."<ref name="suspension"/></blockquote> | ||
Sargsyan however has also stated that unlike ], ] remains committed to its initiative to normalizing relations with Turkey.<ref name="Arminfo"/> | Sargsyan however has also stated that unlike ], ] remains committed to its initiative to normalizing relations with Turkey.<ref name="Arminfo"/> | ||
====European Union==== | ====European Union==== | ||
{{See also|Armenia–European Union relations}} | |||
⚫ | ] of the ] ] and the President of the ] ] at the European People's Party ] Leaders' Summit in Yerevan, 30 November 2012]] | ||
⚫ | President Sargsyan supported Armenia's efforts to ink an ] with the EU, which contains a ], for several years. Under his presidency, the negotiations for the agreement were completed and Armenia was set to sign the agreement at an upcoming EU Summit. However, President Sargsyan made a drastic policy reversal when in September 2013, after a meeting with President ] in Moscow, he opted to join the Russian-led ]. It was widely believed that Russian pressure and threats killed Armenia's deal with the EU. Even though such a reversal was made, President Sargsyan's administration was determined to further EU inspired reforms in law and governance, and this led to Armenia signing the ] with the European Union on 24 November 2017. Behind the scenes, Russia granted approval to Armenia to sign the deal after any economic provisions were removed from the deal.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kucera|first1=Joshua|title=Armenia Signs Landmark Agreement with EU|url=https://eurasianet.org/s/armenia-signs-landmark-agreement-with-eu|website=Eurasianet.org|publisher=Justin Burke|access-date=23 April 2018|archive-date=24 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424071616/https://eurasianet.org/s/armenia-signs-landmark-agreement-with-eu|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Ghazanchyan|first1=Siranush|title=Serzh Sargsyan: Armenia-EU partnership is a success story|url=http://www.armradio.am/en/2017/03/29/serzh-sargsyan-armenia-eu-partnership-is-a-success-story/|website=Public Radio of Armenia|access-date=23 April 2018|archive-date=23 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423232802/http://www.armradio.am/en/2017/03/29/serzh-sargsyan-armenia-eu-partnership-is-a-success-story/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Kucera|first1=Joshua|title=Armenia: This Time, EU Deal Meets Russian Approval|url=https://eurasianet.org/node/84146|website=Eurasianet.org|publisher=Justin Burke|access-date=23 April 2018|archive-date=24 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424071618/https://eurasianet.org/node/84146|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=EU, Armenia Ink Partnership Pact As Eastern Partnership Summit Concludes|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/eu-eastern-partnership-armenia-azerbaijan-belarus-ukraine-georgia-moldova/28872395.html|newspaper=Radiofreeeurope/Radioliberty|access-date=23 April 2018|archive-date=23 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423232618/https://www.rferl.org/a/eu-eastern-partnership-armenia-azerbaijan-belarus-ukraine-georgia-moldova/28872395.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
⚫ | ] of the ] ] and the President of the ] ] at the European People's Party Eastern Partnership Leaders' Summit in Yerevan, 30 November 2012]] | ||
⚫ | President Sargsyan supported Armenia's efforts to ink an ] with the EU, which contains a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area, for several years. Under his |
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=== Protests against Sargsyan's presidency === | === Protests against Sargsyan's presidency === | ||
{{main|2008 Armenian presidential election protests|2011 Armenian protests|Mashtots Park Movement|2013 Armenian protests|2016 Yerevan hostage crisis|Electric Yerevan|2018 Armenian revolution}} | {{main|2008 Armenian presidential election protests|2011 Armenian protests|Mashtots Park Movement|2013 Armenian protests|2016 Yerevan hostage crisis|Electric Yerevan|2018 Armenian revolution}} | ||
Major protests against Sargsyan's regime began in 2011, with the president's 2008 rival ] at their helm.<ref>{{cite news|date=2 March 2011|title=Armenian protests call for early elections|agency=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12617145|access-date=26 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=17 March 2011|title=Armenia: 10,000 Protesters Demand New Elections|agency=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/18/world/europe/18briefs-ART-Armenia.html|access-date=18 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Danielyan|first=Emil|date=8 April 2011|title=Ter-Petrosian Sets New Deadline For Armenian Leadership|agency=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/armenian_opposition_rally_demands_elections/3551595.html|access-date=25 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Grigoryan|first=Karin|date=15 April 2011|title=Inflation Sparks Virtual Protests in Armenia|agency=Institute for War & Peace Reporting|url=http://iwpr.net/report-news/inflation-sparks-virtual-protests-armenia|access-date=25 April 2011}}</ref> In a concession to protesters, Sargsyan said on 20 April 2011 that the government would recommit to a thorough investigation of the ] of three years prior.<ref name="1MarchCase">{{cite news|date=20 April 2011|title=Armenian president orders new impetus to March 1 case|agency=NEWS.am|url=http://news.am/eng/news/56263.html|access-date=25 April 2011}}</ref> | Major protests against Sargsyan's regime began in 2011, with the president's 2008 rival ] at their helm.<ref>{{cite news|date=2 March 2011|title=Armenian protests call for early elections|agency=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12617145|access-date=26 April 2011|archive-date=12 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512070317/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12617145|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=17 March 2011|title=Armenia: 10,000 Protesters Demand New Elections|work=The New York Times |agency=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/18/world/europe/18briefs-ART-Armenia.html|access-date=18 March 2011|archive-date=15 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815120834/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/18/world/europe/18briefs-ART-Armenia.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Danielyan|first=Emil|date=8 April 2011|title=Ter-Petrosian Sets New Deadline For Armenian Leadership|agency=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/armenian_opposition_rally_demands_elections/3551595.html|access-date=25 April 2011|archive-date=11 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411191317/http://www.rferl.org/content/armenian_opposition_rally_demands_elections/3551595.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Grigoryan|first=Karin|date=15 April 2011|title=Inflation Sparks Virtual Protests in Armenia|agency=Institute for War & Peace Reporting|url=http://iwpr.net/report-news/inflation-sparks-virtual-protests-armenia|access-date=25 April 2011|archive-date=4 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204061302/http://iwpr.net/report-news/inflation-sparks-virtual-protests-armenia|url-status=dead}}</ref> In a concession to protesters, Sargsyan said on 20 April 2011 that the government would recommit to a thorough investigation of the ] of three years prior.<ref name="1MarchCase">{{cite news|date=20 April 2011|title=Armenian president orders new impetus to March 1 case|agency=NEWS.am|url=http://news.am/eng/news/56263.html|access-date=25 April 2011|archive-date=24 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424011946/http://news.am/eng/news/56263.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
⚫ | In July 2016, thousands of Armenians protested in the capital Yerevan in support of the "Daredevils of Sasun," an armed group that stormed police headquarters in Yerevan and took hostages while calling for the release of all political prisoners and the resignation of president Serzh Sargsyan.<ref name="theguardian.com">{{cite web|author=Grigor Atanesian for the Moscow Times|title=Armenians step up their demands in a fourth summer of protest | World news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/30/armenia-hostage-police-station-fourth-summer-of-protest|access-date=15 November 2017|work=The Guardian|date=30 July 2016|archive-date=16 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116035413/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/30/armenia-hostage-police-station-fourth-summer-of-protest|url-status=live}}</ref> The National Security Service of Armenia called the takeover (which resulted in the deaths of three policemen) a terrorist attack, but a growing number of Armenians disagreed with that assessment.<ref name="theguardian.com" /> | ||
⚫ | In July 2016, thousands of Armenians protested in the capital Yerevan in support of the "Daredevils of Sasun," an armed group that stormed police headquarters in Yerevan and took hostages while calling for the release of all political prisoners and the resignation of president Serzh Sargsyan.<ref name="theguardian.com">{{cite web|author=Grigor Atanesian for the Moscow Times|title=Armenians step up their demands in a fourth summer of protest | World news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/30/armenia-hostage-police-station-fourth-summer-of-protest|access-date=15 November 2017|work=The Guardian}}</ref> The |
||
== Prime Minister (2018) == | == Prime Minister (2018) == | ||
{{Main|Second Serzh Sargsyan government|l1 = Serzh Sargsyan II cabinet}} | |||
⚫ | {{ |
||
⚫ | {{see also|2018 Armenian revolution}} | ||
Shortly after the end of his presidency on 9 April 2018,<ref name="BBC_resign" /> Sargsyan was elected ] on 17 April. Opposition figures described this as a "power grab" and there were ] against him.<ref name="auto"/> On 22 April, Sargsyan held a three-minute televised meeting with opposition MP and leader of the protests ]. Sargsyan accused the opposition of delivering an ultimatum for his resignation instead of engaging in dialogue, and left the meeting early; Pashinyan was detained by police hours after the meeting.<ref>{{cite news|title=Armenian opposition leader detained amid political unrest|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/22/armenia-unrest-opposition-leader-nikol-pashinyan-detained|access-date=4 January 2020|work=The Guardian|date=22 April 2018}}</ref> The continuing protests were eventually successful in pressuring Sargsyan. On 23 April, Pashinyan was released from detention and Sargsyan announced his resignation.<ref name="BBC_resign">{{cite news|title=Armenian PM resigns after protests|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-43868433|access-date=23 April 2018|work=BBC News|date=23 April 2018}}</ref> Former Prime Minister ] succeeded Sargsyan as acting Prime Minister.<ref name="BBC_resign" /> Armenia's ], still controlled by Sargsyan's Republican Party, elected ] Prime Minister on 8 May 2018.<ref>{{cite |
Shortly after the end of his presidency on 9 April 2018,<ref name="BBC_resign" /> Sargsyan was elected ] on 17 April. Opposition figures described this as a "power grab" and there were ] against him.<ref name="auto"/> On 22 April, Sargsyan held a three-minute televised meeting with opposition MP and leader of the protests ]. Sargsyan accused the opposition of delivering an ultimatum for his resignation instead of engaging in dialogue, and left the meeting early; Pashinyan was detained by police hours after the meeting.<ref>{{cite news|title=Armenian opposition leader detained amid political unrest|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/22/armenia-unrest-opposition-leader-nikol-pashinyan-detained|access-date=4 January 2020|work=The Guardian|date=22 April 2018|archive-date=23 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423225047/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/22/armenia-unrest-opposition-leader-nikol-pashinyan-detained|url-status=live}}</ref> The continuing protests were eventually successful in pressuring Sargsyan. On 23 April, Pashinyan was released from detention and Sargsyan announced his resignation.<ref name="BBC_resign">{{cite news|title=Armenian PM resigns after protests|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-43868433|access-date=23 April 2018|work=BBC News|date=23 April 2018|archive-date=23 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423230246/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-43868433|url-status=live}}</ref> Former Prime Minister ] succeeded Sargsyan as acting Prime Minister.<ref name="BBC_resign" /> Armenia's ], still controlled by Sargsyan's Republican Party, elected ] Prime Minister on 8 May 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.azatutyun.am/a/29214870.html|title=Pashinian Elected Armenian PM (UPDATED)|newspaper=«Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» Ռադիոկայան|date=8 May 2018 |access-date=10 December 2018|archive-date=4 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704213548/https://www.azatutyun.am/a/29214870.html|url-status=live |last1=ռ/կ |first1=Ազատություն }}</ref> | ||
== Criminal prosecution == | == Criminal prosecution == | ||
{{update section|date=January 2023}} | |||
Sargsyan has been under criminal prosecution within the scope of a criminal case on ]. The Special Investigative Service of Armenia on 4 December 2019, has brought embezzlement charges against Sargsyan, particularly for the organization of the embezzlement of half a billion ] within the scope of the state program on assisting farmers to obtain diesel fuel on affordable price in 2013.<ref>{{Cite |
Sargsyan has been under criminal prosecution within the scope of a criminal case on ]. The Special Investigative Service of Armenia on 4 December 2019, has brought embezzlement charges against Sargsyan, particularly for the organization of the embezzlement of half a billion ] within the scope of the state program on assisting farmers to obtain diesel fuel on affordable price in 2013.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.azatutyun.am/a/30369820.html|title=ՀՔԾ-ն Սերժ Սարգսյանին առնչվող գործով ապացույցները բավարար է համարում՝ այն դատարան ուղարկելու համար|website=«Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան|date=10 January 2020 |language=hy|access-date=2020-01-19|archive-date=11 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111135929/https://www.azatutyun.am/a/30369820.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2020, based on sufficient evidence collected, the Special Investigative Service has indicted Sargsyan for embezzlement on especially large scale (AMD ֏489,160,310) and the criminal case with the indictment has been handed to the prosecutor supervising the case for approval and sending it to court.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://epress.am/2020/01/20/1626.html|title=Սերժ Սարգսյանին մեղադրանք է առաջադրվել․ ՀՔԾ {{!}} Epress.am|date=2020-01-20|language=hy-AM|access-date=2020-01-20|archive-date=21 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121163622/https://epress.am/2020/01/20/1626.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.civilnet.am/news/2020/01/20/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AA-%D5%8D%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%BD%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB-%D6%87-%D5%B4%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB-%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%B8%D5%BE-%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6-%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%AC-%D5%A7-%D5%80%D5%94%D4%BE/374433|title=Սերժ Սարգսյանի և մյուսների գործով նախաքննությունն ավարտվել է. ՀՔԾ|website=www.civilnet.am|language=hy|access-date=2020-01-20|archive-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920072239/https://www.civilnet.am/news/2020/01/20/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AA-%D5%8D%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%BD%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB-%D6%87-%D5%B4%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB-%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%B8%D5%BE-%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6-%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%AC-%D5%A7-%D5%80%D5%94%D4%BE/374433|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
==Honours and awards== | ==Honours and awards== | ||
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* ] (named after ]) (], 2006)<ref name="official page"/> | * ] (named after ]) (], 2006)<ref name="official page"/> | ||
*] (], 2010)<ref>{{cite journal|title=Armenia, Georgia to Boost Economic Ties After South Ossetia War|journal=Eurasia Daily Monitor|date=2010|volume=5|issue=196|publisher=Jamestown Foundation}}</ref> | *] (], 2010)<ref>{{cite journal|title=Armenia, Georgia to Boost Economic Ties After South Ossetia War|journal=Eurasia Daily Monitor|date=2010|volume=5|issue=196|publisher=Jamestown Foundation}}</ref> | ||
*Grand Cross of the ] (], 2011)<ref>{{cite news|title=Armenian FM awarded Grand Officer Medal of French Legion of Honour|url=http://www.tert.am/en/news/2011/10/10/nalbandyan-medal/364862|agency=Tert.am|date=10 October 2011}}</ref> | *Grand Cross of the ] (], 2011)<ref>{{cite news|title=Armenian FM awarded Grand Officer Medal of French Legion of Honour|url=http://www.tert.am/en/news/2011/10/10/nalbandyan-medal/364862|agency=Tert.am|date=10 October 2011|access-date=3 April 2016|archive-date=12 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412090547/http://www.tert.am/en/news/2011/10/10/nalbandyan-medal/364862|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
* The First Class of the ] (], 2011) | * The First Class of the ] (], 2011) | ||
* Order of the Republic of Serbia (2013) | * Order of the Republic of Serbia (2013) | ||
* ] (], 2013)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://idfi.ge/en/state-prices-awarded-by-the-president-of-georgia-in-2003-2015|title=State Awards Issued by Georgian Presidents in 2003-2015|date=2018-05-10|website=Institute for Development of Freedom of Information|access-date=2019-05-09}}</ref> | * ] (], 2013)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://idfi.ge/en/state-prices-awarded-by-the-president-of-georgia-in-2003-2015|title=State Awards Issued by Georgian Presidents in 2003-2015|date=2018-05-10|website=Institute for Development of Freedom of Information|access-date=2019-05-09|archive-date=9 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509224357/https://idfi.ge/en/state-prices-awarded-by-the-president-of-georgia-in-2003-2015|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
*] (France, 2014)<ref>{{cite web|title=Négociations entre le Président de l'Arménie Serzh Sargsyan et le Président de la France François Hollande|url=http://france.mfa.am/fr/news/item/2014/05/13/13.04.2014fr.me/|publisher=Ambassade de la République d'Arménie en France}}</ref> | *] (France, 2014)<ref>{{cite web|title=Négociations entre le Président de l'Arménie Serzh Sargsyan et le Président de la France François Hollande|url=http://france.mfa.am/fr/news/item/2014/05/13/13.04.2014fr.me/|publisher=Ambassade de la République d'Arménie en France|access-date=2 April 2016|archive-date=16 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416183906/http://france.mfa.am/fr/news/item/2014/05/13/13.04.2014fr.me/|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
* ] | * ] | ||
==Personal life== | ==Personal life== | ||
In 1983, he married his wife, ] née Dadayan, with whom he has two daughters, Anush and Satenik. They have two granddaughters, Mariam and Rita, and two grandsons, Ara and Serzh.<ref name="official-bio" /> Sargsyan is also the chairman of the ]. |
In 1983, he married his wife, ] née Dadayan, with whom he has two daughters, Anush and Satenik. They have two granddaughters, Mariam and Rita, and two grandsons, Ara and Serzh.<ref name="official-bio" /> Sargsyan is also the chairman of the ]. His wife Rita died on 20 November 2020, from ] at the age of 58.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Wife Of Former Armenian President Serzh Sarkisian Dies Of COVID-19|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/wife-of-former-armenian-president-serzh-sarkisian-dies-of-covid-19/30960834.html|access-date=2020-11-21|newspaper=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|date=20 November 2020 |language=en|archive-date=21 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121023001/https://www.rferl.org/a/wife-of-former-armenian-president-serzh-sarkisian-dies-of-covid-19/30960834.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
Sargsyan has two younger brothers: Alexander (Sashik), a businessman and former member of Armenia's parliament, and Levon, a diplomat and professor at ].<ref name=interview/> | Sargsyan has two younger brothers: Alexander (Sashik), a businessman and former member of Armenia's parliament, and Levon, a diplomat and professor at ].<ref name=interview/> | ||
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==External links== | ==External links== | ||
{{ |
{{sister project links|s=Author:Serzh_Sargsyan|c=category:Serzh_Sargsyan|q=Serzh Sargsyan|d=Q612803|wikt=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no}} | ||
*{{Official website}} | *{{Official website}} | ||
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Latest revision as of 22:03, 21 November 2024
President of Armenia from 2008 to 2018
Serzh Sargsyan | |
---|---|
Սերժ Սարգսյան | |
Official portrait, 2013 | |
3rd President of Armenia | |
In office 9 April 2008 – 9 April 2018 | |
Prime Minister | Tigran Sargsyan Hovik Abrahamyan Karen Karapetyan |
Preceded by | Robert Kocharyan |
Succeeded by | Armen Sarkissian |
11th and 15th Prime Minister of Armenia | |
In office 17 April 2018 – 23 April 2018 | |
President | Armen Sarkissian |
Preceded by | Karen Karapetyan (Acting) |
Succeeded by | Karen Karapetyan (Acting) |
In office 4 April 2007 – 9 April 2008 Acting: 25 March 2007 – 4 April 2007 | |
President | Robert Kocharyan |
Preceded by | Andranik Margaryan |
Succeeded by | Tigran Sargsyan |
Minister of Defence | |
In office 20 May 2000 – 26 March 2007 | |
Prime Minister | Andranik Margaryan |
Preceded by | Vagharshak Harutiunyan |
Succeeded by | Mikael Harutyunyan |
In office 21 August 1993 – 17 May 1995 | |
Prime Minister | Hrant Bagratyan |
Preceded by | Vazgen Manukyan |
Succeeded by | Vazgen Sargsyan |
Minister of Interior and National Security | |
In office 4 November 1996 – 11 June 1999 | |
Prime Minister | Armen Sarkissian Robert Kocharyan Armen Darbinyan |
Preceded by | Vano Siradeghyan |
Succeeded by | Suren Abrahamyan |
Personal details | |
Born | Serzhik Azati Sargsyan (1954-06-30) 30 June 1954 (age 70) Stepanakert, Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, Soviet Union |
Political party | Communist Party (?–1988) Pan-Armenian National Movement (1989–?) Republican Party (2006–present) |
Spouse |
Rita Sargsyan
(m. 1983; died 2020) |
Children | 2 |
Residence | Dzoraghbyur |
Alma mater | Yerevan State University |
Signature | |
Website | www |
Military service | |
Allegiance | Soviet Union Nagorno-Karabakh Republic |
Branch/service | Soviet Army Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army |
Years of service | 1972–1974 1989–1992 |
Battles/wars | First Nagorno-Karabakh War |
Serzh Azati Sargsyan (Armenian: Սերժ Ազատի Սարգսյան, pronounced [sɛɾʒ sɑɾkʰəsˈjɑn]; born 30 June 1954) is an Armenian politician who served as the third President of Armenia from 2008 to 2018, and twice as the Prime Minister of Armenia from 2007 to 2008 and again from 17 to 23 April 2018, when he was forced to resign in the 2018 Armenian revolution.
He won the February 2008 presidential election with the backing of the ruling Republican Party of Armenia, a party in which he serves as chairman, and took office in April 2008. On 18 February 2013, he was re-elected as president and served the entire term.
Despite pledging in 2014 not to become prime minister again while supporting an amendment of the constitution in 2015 that would allow it, Sargsyan was again elected prime minister in April 2018, in what opposition figures described as a "power grab". Six days after taking office, Sargsyan resigned after large-scale protests. Sargsyan is currently the leader of the Republican Party, which was the ruling party of Armenia from 1999 to 2018 and is currently represented in parliament as a part of the opposition I Have Honor Alliance.
Early life and career
Serzh Sargsyan (born Serzhik Azati Sargysan) was born on 30 June 1954 in Stepanakert in the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast. He is the son of Azat Avetisi Sargsyan (1929–2013) and Nora Sargsyan․ His father's family hailed from the village of Tegh in the Armenian SSR, and moved to Stepanakert after the arrest of Serzh Sargsyan's grandfather during the 1937 Great Purge. He entered Yerevan State University in 1971 and served in the Soviet Armed Forces in the Ural region from 1971 to 1972. He began his career in 1975 at the Electrical Devices Factory in Yerevan. He graduated from the Philological Department of Yerevan State University in 1979. In 1983, he married his wife, Rita (née Dadayan). In addition to his native Armenian, he is fluent in Russian and also knows Azerbaijani. He is not related to the former Prime Minister of Armenia, Tigran Sargsyan, who served under him, nor to his successor as President Armen Sarkissian.
Political career
Early career
Starting in 1979, Sargsyan held several positions in the Stepanakert Komsomol Committee: first as division head, then second secretary and first secretary (his long-time political ally Robert Kocharyan served as his deputy). He then became the Stepanakert City Committee Propaganda Division Head, the Nagorno-Karabakh Regional Committee Communist Organizations' Unit Instructor, and finally became assistant to Genrikh Poghosyan, the First Secretary of the Nagorno-Karabakh Regional Committee.
In November 1989, Sargsyan was a delegate from Nagorno-Karabakh to the first congress of the Pan-Armenian National Movement. He was elected to the Supreme Council of Armenia in 1990. During the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, Sargsyan was involved in organizing the defense of Nagorno-Karabakh and the formation of the NKR Defense Army in various capacities. In January 1992, when the first government of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (NKR) was formed with Oleg Yesayan as prime minister, Sargsyan was appointed head of the Defense Committee, a position he held until the dissolution of the government in August 1992. Sargsyan then became a member of the seven-man State Defense Committee of the NKR (effectively the government of the NKR) which was formed in August 1992. Sargsyan held the position of minister of the army within the State Defense Committee.
From 1993 to 1995 he served his first term as Armenia's Minister of Defense under President Levon Ter-Petrosyan. In 1995 he became Minister of National Security of Armenia (initially called the State Security Department) and from 1996 to 1999 he concurrently served as Minister of Interior. In February 1998, Sargsyan, along with then-Prime Minister Robert Kocharyan and Defense Minister Vazgen Sargsyan, forced President Ter-Petrosyan to resign in order to prevent him from accepting a peace plan for the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict put forward by international mediators in September 1997. The proposal envisioned the return of most of the Armenian-occupied territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh to Azerbaijan in exchange for security guarantees, but left the final resolution of the status of Nagorno-Karabakh for future negotiations. From 1999 to 2000 he served as the Chief of Staff for President Robert Kocharyan, and then served once again as the Defense Minister of Armenia from 2000 to 2007. He was also the Secretary of the National Security Council led by President Kocharyan from 1999 to 2007. On 4 April 2007 Sargsyan was appointed as the Prime Minister of Armenia, following the sudden death of Andranik Margaryan.
Presidential election
Sargsyan, with President Kocharyan's backing, was viewed as the strongest contender for the post of the President of Armenia in the February 2008 presidential election. Full provisional results showed him winning about 53% of the vote, a first round majority, well ahead of second place candidate Levon Ter-Petrosyan. The 2008 Presidential election was hailed as largely democratic by OSCE, the European Union (EU) and Western monitors.
Ter-Petrosyan's supporters, disputing the official results, held large protests in Yerevan for over a week following the election, until they were violently broken up on 1 March; ten people (eight protestors and two police officers) were killed, and a state of emergency was imposed for 20 days, ending on 20 March 2008.
Presidency (2008–2018)
Main article: Presidency of Serzh SargsyanSargsyan's approval rating in CRRC polls | ||
Date | Trust | Distrust |
---|---|---|
Dec 2008 | 53% | 30% |
Oct 2009 | 27% | 46% |
Dec 2010 | 29% | 35% |
Nov 2011 | 39% | 34% |
Nov 2012 | 27% | 41% |
Nov 2013 | 19% | 57% |
Nov 2015 | 16% | 63% |
Oct 2017 | 17% | 65% |
Serzh Sargsyan was sworn in as president at the Yerevan Opera House on 9 April 2008. Referring to the "painful events" that followed the election, he "urge everybody to look forward, together, to seek and find the way for reconciliation, development, and future of Armenia." He appointed Tigran Sargsyan, who had been the Chairman of the Central Bank and is not a member of a political party, as Prime Minister. According to the Freedom House report "In 2011, the government took concrete steps to fulfill longstanding and often repeated promises to confront corruption. E-government services reduced opportunities for bribery, while new regulations and stricter enforcement led to higher numbers of corruption lawsuits and fines against senior officials and large companies. Owing to a more consolidated government effort to eradicate corruption, Armenia's corruption rating improve from 5.50 to 5.25."
During Sargsyan's presidency the record of the freedom of speech and the freedom of press in general also improved in Armenia. Internet penetration rose sharply – from 6.2 percent in 2008 to 37 percent in 2011, providing greater access to online media, which rapidly grew in number, including blogosphere – with over 10,000 bloggers in 2011.
After the elections Sargsyan also authorized opposition rallies to take place in Yerevan and pledged to comply with the Council of Europe's demands for an end to the government's crackdown on the opposition.
Civil society also grew considerably during Sargsyan's presidency, with the number of non-governmental organizations growing at a higher rate and with civic activists succeeding in raising public awareness and holding important campaigns in the sphere of human rights, environmental protection and social justice. However, according to Freedom House, public advocacy still had limited impact on public policy.
Economy
The start of Sargsyan's presidency coincided with the Great Recession. In 2009, Armenia's GDP contracted over 14%, which according to the World Bank was the fifth worst in the world that year after the three Baltic states and Ukraine. GDP growth subsequently stabilized at around 3% by 2013. As of 2014, Armenia's GDP is below the pre-crisis levels. During his first term of presidency, the official poverty rate doubled and reached 32.4% in 2012. According to official data, some 213,000 people have left Armenia from 2008 to 2013. In 2012, Armenia was ranked 39th out of 179 economies according to the Index of Economic Freedom and ranked 19th freest among the 43 countries in the Europe region.
In September 2013 and under Sargsyan's direction, Armenia announced its intentions of joining the Eurasian Economic Union with Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia. The Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU or EEU) is an economic union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia, and came into force on 1 January 2015. Treaties aiming for Armenia's accession to the Eurasian Economic Union was signed on 9 October 2014. Armenia's accession treaty came into force on 2 January 2015. The Eurasian Economic Union has an integrated single market of 176 million people and a gross domestic product of over 4 trillion U.S. dollars (PPP). The EEU introduces the free movement of goods, capital, services and people and provides for common transport, agriculture and energy policies, with provisions for a single currency and greater integration in the future.
Foreign policy
See also: List of international trips made by Serzh SargsyanNagorno-Karabakh
Main article: Nagorno-Karabakh conflictSargsyan made his first address in front of the 63rd session of the United Nations General Assembly in New York on 25 September 2008. In his speech he referenced the 2008 South Ossetia conflict and emphasized the need for the United Nations to help bring peaceful resolution to armed conflicts around the world, including the one in Nagorno-Karabakh. He also mentioned how Azerbaijan's military buildup along with increasing war rhetoric and threats risked causing renewed problems in the South Caucasus.
Sargsyan continued the policy towards the peaceful resolution of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict pursued by his predecessors, which constitutes one of the main goals of the Armenian foreign policy. Sargsyan repeatedly stated that the Armenian side is interested in finding a just and exclusively peaceful solution to the conflict and that the OSCE Minsk Group is the viable format within which the peace talks should continue. He continued negotiations with Azerbaijan and had a number of meetings with the president of Azerbaijan within the framework of OSCE Minsk Group. On 2 November 2008, Ilham Aliyev and Serzh Sargsyan traveled to Moscow for talks with Dmitry Medvedev. The talks ended in the three Presidents signing a declaration confirming their commitment to continue talks. The two presidents met again in 2009 in Saint Petersburg and on 22 November 2009, together with several world leaders, in Munich where President Aliyev once more threatened to resort to military force to reestablish control over the region if the two sides did not reach an agreeable settlement.
Sargsyan blames the Azerbaijani side for hampering the peace process and for pursuing an openly anti-Armenian stance. According to him, the anti-Armenian policies of Azerbaijan, such as "state-supported falsifications of history", "hostile propaganda against Armenia and Armenians" and "military build-up" prove that Azerbaijan does not want peace.
The most vivid expression of anti-Armenian policies of Azerbaijan was the hero's welcome given to the convicted ax murderer Ramil Safarov who had brutally killed Armenian officer Gurgen Margaryan during the NATO's Partnership for Peace program in Budapest in 2004. The fact that after his extradition to Azerbaijan in 2012 Safarov was pardoned by president Aliyev, promoted to the rank of major, given an apartment with over eight years of back pay and was made a national hero, hampers the negotiation process and proves, in Sargsyan's words, that "the Azeri propaganda brings up an entire generation in the atmosphere of xenophobia and intolerance."
Sargsyan has also clearly stated:
The Armenophobic and aggressive stance of Azerbaijan reinforces our conviction that Nagorno-Karabakh has no future within Azerbaijan. Moreover, Azerbaijan has neither legal nor political or moral grounds to claim over Nagorno-Karabakh.
In his speech made at the British Chatham House Sargsyan said:
Our belief is that the settlement of the Karabakh conflict should be based on human rights and the will of the Karabakh people… It is the only way to achieve lasting, feasible, and peaceful settlement. The alternative to this settlement is the forcing of the Karabakh people back into Azerbaijan, which will inevitably lead to attempts of new ethnic cleansing of Armenians in Karabakh. There is no alternative here."
Responding to the persistent war rhetoric of Azerbaijan, Sargsyan has condemned it as a violation of the norms of the international law, as the parties had signed a truce which Azerbaijan, the "defeated aggressor", had asked for.
He repeatedly said that his country is categorically against the resumption of military hostilities, but at the same time is ready to counter any military aggression. In 2014, Sargsyan stated "We don't want war and never wanted, but at that time we had to defend our Motherland. If the time comes again, this time our blow will be final and deadly."
In this regard, Sargsyan declared that in the case of military aggression from Azerbaijan "Armenia will have no other choice but to recognize the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic de jure and to employ all its capabilities to ensure the security of the people of Artsakh."
Sargsyan met with Ilham Aliyev again in Russian-mediated talks in Kazan in June 2011, where the two sides reportedly came close to an agreement. The basic principles discussed at Kazan envisioned the return of five of the seven districts of Azerbaijan occupied by Armenia in exchange for "interim status" for Nagorno-Karabakh and the deployment of international peacekeepers, with the final status of the region to be decided by a legally-binding referendum. The proposals made at Kazan were ultimately rejected by the Azerbaijani side.
In his electoral program of 2013, Sargsyan promised to increase the security guarantees of Nagorno-Karabakh and its people given Azerbaijan's policy of Armenophobia. He also highlighted the importance of strengthening the defensive system of Armenia "as a factor restraining the Azerbaijani aggression and ensuring stability in the South Caucasus". He also promised to take all the necessary efforts to ensure that Karabakh becomes a negotiating side in the peace talks as well as to foster the ties between Karabakh and the international community.
As for the position of Armenia concerning the independence of Kosovo, Sargsyan stated that "Armenia's possible recognition of Kosovo's independence will not strain the Armenian-Russian relations" but also noted that the "Kosovo recognition issue needs serious discussion... Armenia has always been an adherent to the right of nations to self-determination and in this aspect we welcome Kosovo's independence."
In April 2016, Sargsyan led Armenia through the 2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (also known as the Four-Day War or the April War), the most significant outbreak of violence on the Nagorno-Karabakh line of contact after the 1994 ceasefire and before the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war. The four days of fighting resulted in at least dozens of deaths and the loss of approximately 800 hectares of land. Sargsyan described the outcome of the four-day clashes as a victory for Armenia, although he faced criticism for shortcomings during the clashes as well as accusations that he had agreed to cede territory to Azerbaijan in the wake of the fighting. In order to stop this purported cession of territory, a group of armed men calling themselves "Daredevils of Sasun" seized a police headquarters in Yerevan in July 2016 and took hostages, demanding Sargsyan's resignation. The crisis, which coincided with mass protests in support of the attackers, ended with the surrender of the gunmen on 31 July 2016.
Reflecting on his presidency and the negotiation process after the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, during which the Armenian side lost much of the territory it controlled in and around Nagorno-Karabakh, Sargsyan stated that he intended to achieve a final negotiated solution to the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and that this was the reason for his decision to remain as prime minister in 2018, which led to protests that forced his resignation. He denied that he had deliberately delayed the negotiation process in order to maintain the status quo or that he had ever held the view that "not one inch of land" could be handed over to Azerbaijan in order to resolve the conflict. He added that he was "ready to bear the label of traitor, but resolve the question."
Turkey
See also: Armenia–Turkey relationsHaving been elected as a president for his first term in 2008, Sargsyan pledged to continue Armenia's policy towards Turkey, to normalize relations without any preconditions while continuing to strive for international recognition of the 1915 Armenian genocide.
Coming to power, Sargsyan took steps towards the normalization of ties with Turkey, a policy termed as "football diplomacy". In 2008, Sargsyan took a historical initiative to invite Turkish President Abdullah Gül to Armenia to watch a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifier match between Armenia and Turkey. Abdullah Gül attended the game in Armenia while Serzh Sargsyan made a reciprocal visit to Turkey to watch the second match.
On 10 October 2009 the foreign ministers of Armenia and Turkey signed protocols on establishing diplomatic relations between the two countries without any preconditions. The accord also presupposed the opening of the border between Armenia and Turkey which had been closed by Turkey in 1993. The protocols were signed in Geneva, Switzerland under the international mediation, chiefly that of the United States.
Sargsyan's policy of rapprochement with Turkey received controversial reaction among the Armenian people. While one part was for the opening of the border and fostering trade with Turkey the other part was concerned that by this move Armenia would be forced to make concessions to Turkey in the most vital and strategic matters. Armenian influential opposition parties, most notably the Armenian Revolutionary Federation were categorically against the signing of the protocols, given the recognition of the existing Turkish-Armenian border and the setting up of a joint commission of historians researching the Armenian Genocide, as envisioned by the protocols. They considered these steps as a sellout and staged mass protests against the signing of the protocols. The Armenian Diaspora was also largely opposed to this type of reconciliation with Turkey, arguing (despite Sargsyan's assurances to the contrary) that this would jeopardize the international recognition of the Armenian genocide as well as the prospects of legitimate territorial claims of Armenians from Turkey.
The process of reconciliation, however, was suspended after a year. In Armenia, before sending the protocols to the parliament, it was sent to the Constitutional Court to have their approval. The Constitutional Court made references to the preamble of the protocols underlying three main issues. One of them stated that the implementation of the protocols did not imply Armenia's official recognition of the existing Turkish-Armenian border established by the Treaty of Kars. By doing so, the Constitutional Court rejected one of the main premises of the protocols, i.e. "the mutual recognition of the existing border between the two countries as defined by relevant treaties of international law". This was regarded by the Turkish Government as effectively revising the protocols and thus the reason to back down from the process. As a consequence, the Turkish Parliament did not ratify the protocols. The Armenian side accused Turkey to tie the reconciliation process with the resolution of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, expecting concessions on the Armenian side, which was unacceptable for the latter. Sargsyan explained the suspension of the reconciliation process by the Armenian side in the following way:
For a whole year, Turkey's senior officials have not spared public statements in the language of preconditions. For a whole year, Turkey has done everything to protract time and fail the process... We consider unacceptable the pointless efforts of making the dialogue between Armenia and Turkey an end in itself; from this moment on, we consider the current phase of normalization exhausted."
Sargsyan however has also stated that unlike Ankara, Yerevan remains committed to its initiative to normalizing relations with Turkey.
European Union
See also: Armenia–European Union relationsPresident Sargsyan supported Armenia's efforts to ink an Association Agreement with the EU, which contains a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area, for several years. Under his presidency, the negotiations for the agreement were completed and Armenia was set to sign the agreement at an upcoming EU Summit. However, President Sargsyan made a drastic policy reversal when in September 2013, after a meeting with President Vladimir Putin in Moscow, he opted to join the Russian-led Eurasian Economic Union. It was widely believed that Russian pressure and threats killed Armenia's deal with the EU. Even though such a reversal was made, President Sargsyan's administration was determined to further EU inspired reforms in law and governance, and this led to Armenia signing the Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement with the European Union on 24 November 2017. Behind the scenes, Russia granted approval to Armenia to sign the deal after any economic provisions were removed from the deal.
Protests against Sargsyan's presidency
Main articles: 2008 Armenian presidential election protests, 2011 Armenian protests, Mashtots Park Movement, 2013 Armenian protests, 2016 Yerevan hostage crisis, Electric Yerevan, and 2018 Armenian revolutionMajor protests against Sargsyan's regime began in 2011, with the president's 2008 rival Levon Ter-Petrosyan at their helm. In a concession to protesters, Sargsyan said on 20 April 2011 that the government would recommit to a thorough investigation of the post-election violence of three years prior.
In July 2016, thousands of Armenians protested in the capital Yerevan in support of the "Daredevils of Sasun," an armed group that stormed police headquarters in Yerevan and took hostages while calling for the release of all political prisoners and the resignation of president Serzh Sargsyan. The National Security Service of Armenia called the takeover (which resulted in the deaths of three policemen) a terrorist attack, but a growing number of Armenians disagreed with that assessment.
Prime Minister (2018)
Main article: Serzh Sargsyan II cabinet See also: 2018 Armenian revolutionShortly after the end of his presidency on 9 April 2018, Sargsyan was elected Prime Minister of Armenia on 17 April. Opposition figures described this as a "power grab" and there were large-scale protests against him. On 22 April, Sargsyan held a three-minute televised meeting with opposition MP and leader of the protests Nikol Pashinyan. Sargsyan accused the opposition of delivering an ultimatum for his resignation instead of engaging in dialogue, and left the meeting early; Pashinyan was detained by police hours after the meeting. The continuing protests were eventually successful in pressuring Sargsyan. On 23 April, Pashinyan was released from detention and Sargsyan announced his resignation. Former Prime Minister Karen Karapetyan succeeded Sargsyan as acting Prime Minister. Armenia's National Assembly, still controlled by Sargsyan's Republican Party, elected Nikol Pashinyan Prime Minister on 8 May 2018.
Criminal prosecution
This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2023) |
Sargsyan has been under criminal prosecution within the scope of a criminal case on embezzlement. The Special Investigative Service of Armenia on 4 December 2019, has brought embezzlement charges against Sargsyan, particularly for the organization of the embezzlement of half a billion AMD within the scope of the state program on assisting farmers to obtain diesel fuel on affordable price in 2013. In January 2020, based on sufficient evidence collected, the Special Investigative Service has indicted Sargsyan for embezzlement on especially large scale (AMD ֏489,160,310) and the criminal case with the indictment has been handed to the prosecutor supervising the case for approval and sending it to court.
Honours and awards
Serzh Sargsyan has thus far been conferred the following honors:
- Order of first Degree "Martakan Khach" ("Combat Cross") (Armenia, 1994)
- Hero of Artsakh (Republic of Artsakh, 2000)
- Order of "Voske Artsiv" (Golden Eagle) (Republic of Artsakh, 2000)
- Order of "Tigran Mets" (named after Tigranes the Great) (Armenia, 2006)
- Order of Honor (Georgia, 2010)
- Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour (France, 2011)
- The First Class of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise (Ukraine, 2011)
- Order of the Republic of Serbia (2013)
- Presidential Order of Excellence (Georgia, 2013)
- National Order of Merit (France, 2014)
- Order of the Golden Fleece (Georgia)
Personal life
In 1983, he married his wife, Rita Sargsyan née Dadayan, with whom he has two daughters, Anush and Satenik. They have two granddaughters, Mariam and Rita, and two grandsons, Ara and Serzh. Sargsyan is also the chairman of the Armenian Chess Federation. His wife Rita died on 20 November 2020, from COVID-19 at the age of 58.
Sargsyan has two younger brothers: Alexander (Sashik), a businessman and former member of Armenia's parliament, and Levon, a diplomat and professor at Yerevan State University.
Other details
Other transcriptions of his given name are Serge and Serj, of the surname Sarkissian, Sarkisyan, Sargsyan, Sarkissyan, the transliteration is Serž Azati Sargsyan (see Romanization of Armenian). His name during the Soviet era was Russified as Serzh Azatovich Sargsyan (Серж Аза́тович Саргся́н).
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External links
Political offices | ||
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Preceded byAndranik Margaryan | Prime Minister of Armenia 2007–2008 |
Succeeded byTigran Sargsyan |
Preceded byRobert Kocharyan | President of Armenia 2008–2018 |
Succeeded byArmen Sarkissian |
Preceded byKaren Karapetyan Acting |
Prime Minister of Armenia 2018 |
Succeeded byKaren Karapetyan Acting |
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