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{{short description|Americans of Turkish birth or descent}} | ||
{{pp-pc}} | |||
'''Turks in the United States''' are either ], or other ], who live in the ] even though having been born outside the US, or are United States-born, but have ] or other Turkic roots. By Turkish or other Turkic roots, this could mean roots linking back to ], ] (both ] and ]) or the communities of the ] or other Turkic diasporas. According to the ], there are 117,575 Americans of full or partial Turkish descent. The ] with the largest Turkish-American populations are ], ], ], ], ], and ]. The US cities with the largest Turkish communities are ], ], ], and ]. | |||
{{Use American English|date=January 2019}} | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}} | |||
{{Infobox ethnic group | |||
| group = Turkish Americans<br>''Türk Amerikalılar'' | |||
| image = TurkishAmericans4.jpg | |||
| caption = The 27th Annual Turkish Day Parade (2008) in New York | |||
| pop = '''252,256'''{{Cref|a}}<ref name="2023US">{{cite web|author=U.S. Census Bureau|title=People Reporting Ancestry - Table B04006 - 2023 ACS 1-Year Estimates|url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=B04006&t=Ancestry&y=2023&d=ACS%201-Year%20Estimates%20Detailed%20Tables}}</ref><br> <small>2023 American Community Survey</small><br>'''350,000-500,000'''<ref name="TAC">{{cite web |title=The Turkish American Community |url=https://www.tc-america.org/turkish-american-community/ |publisher=2023 Turkish Coalition of America |access-date=21 April 2023}}</ref><br> <small>Turkish Coalition of America</small> | |||
| popplace = {{hlist| ] |]|] | ] | ] | ] | ] | ] | ] | ] | ] | ] | ] | ] | ] | ] }} | |||
| langs = {{hlist| ] | ] }} | |||
| rels = Predominantly ] <br />Minority ], ], Other religions and ] | |||
| footnotes = {{Cnote|a|Government immigration figures on the number of Turkish Americans may not fully account for Turks born in the ], ], and other areas of the former ] areas, as well as ] from the former ].<ref name="Karpat 2004 loc=627">{{Harvnb|Karpat|2004|loc=627}}.</ref>}} | |||
| native_name = | |||
| native_name_lang = | |||
| related_groups = | |||
}} | |||
{{Turkish people}} | |||
'''Turkish Americans''' ({{langx|tr|Türk Amerikalılar}}) or '''American Turks''' are ] of ethnic ] origin. The term "Turkish Americans" can therefore refer to ethnic Turkish immigrants to the ], as well as their American-born descendants, who originate either from the ] or from post-Ottoman modern nation-states. The majority trace their roots to the ], however, there are also significant ethnic ] in the US which descend from the island of ], the ], ], the ] and other areas of the former Ottoman Empire. Furthermore, in recent years there has been a significant number of ethnic Turkish people coming to the US from the ] (i.e. outside the former Ottoman territories), especially from the ] diaspora in ] (e.g. from ] in ]) and "]" from Central and Western Europe (e.g. ] etc.). | |||
==History== | |||
===Ottoman Turkish migration=== | |||
== References == | |||
] (1902{{ndash}}1913)]] | |||
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The earliest known ] arrivals in what would become ] arrived in 1586 when ] brought at least 200 ], identified as Turks and ], to the newly established ] on the coast of present-day ].<ref name="Abd-Allah 2010 loc=1">{{Harvnb|Abd-Allah|2010|loc=1}}.</ref> Only a short time before reaching Roanoke, Drake's fleet of some thirty ships had liberated these Muslims from ] forces in the ] where they had been condemned to hard labor as ]s.<ref name="Abd-Allah 2010 loc=2">{{Harvnb|Abd-Allah|2010|loc=2}}.</ref> Historical records indicate that Drake had promised to return the liberated galley slaves, and the English government did ultimately ] about 100 of them to the ] realms.<ref name="Abd-Allah 2010 loc=2" /> | |||
<br/>{{European Americans}} | |||
] (1912)]] | |||
] | |||
Significant waves of Turkish immigration to the United States began during the period between 1820 and 1920.<ref name="Kaya 2004 loc=296">{{Harvnb|Kaya|2004|loc=296}}.</ref> About 300,000 people immigrated from the ] to the United States, although only 50,000 of these immigrants were Muslim Turks whilst the rest were mainly ], ], ], ] and other Muslim groups under the Ottoman rule.<ref name="Kaya 2004 loc=297">{{Harvnb|Kaya|2004|loc=297}}.</ref> Most ethnic Turks feared that they would not be accepted in a Christian country because of their religion and often adopted and registered under a Christian name at the port of entry in order to gain easy access to the United States;<ref name="Karpat 2004 loc=614">{{Harvnb|Karpat|2004|loc=614}}.</ref><ref name="Akcapar 2009 loc=167">{{Harvnb|Akcapar|2009|loc=167}}.</ref> moreover, many declared themselves as "Syrians" or "Greeks" or even "Armenians" in order to avoid discrimination.<ref name="Karpat 2004 loc=615">{{Harvnb|Karpat|2004|loc=615}}.</ref> The majority of Turks entered the United States via the ports of ]; ]; and ]. ] shipping agents, the missionary American college in ], French and ] schools, and word of mouth from former migrants were major sources of information about the "]" for those who wished to emigrate.<ref name="Akcapar 2009 loc=168">{{Harvnb|Akcapar|2009|loc=168}}.</ref> | |||
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] | |||
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The largest number of ethnic Turks appear to have entered the ] prior to ], roughly between 1900 and 1914, when American immigration policies were quite liberal. Many of these Turks came from ], ], ] and ] and embarked for the United States from ], ], ], ] and ].<ref name="Karpat 2004 loc=615" /> However, the flow of immigration to the United States was interrupted by the ], which limited entries into the United States based on literacy, and by ].<ref name="Akcapar 2009 loc=169" /> Nonetheless, a large number of Turks from the ] of ], ], ], and ] emigrated and settled in the United States;<ref name="Karpat 2004 loc=615" /> they were listed as "Albanians", "Bulgarians" and "Serbians" according to their country of origin, even though many of them were ethnically Turkish and identified themselves as such.<ref name="Karpat 2004 loc=615" /> Furthermore, many immigrant families who were ethnic Albanians, Bulgarians, Greeks, Macedonians or Serbians included children of Turkish origin who lost their parents during ethnic cleansings committed by Bulgaria, Serbia and Greece following the ].<ref name="Karpat 2004 loc=615" /> These Turkish children had been sheltered, ] and ], and then used as field laborers; when the adopting families emigrated to the United States they listed these children as family members, although most of these Turkish children still remembered their origin.<ref name="Karpat 2004 loc=615" /> | |||
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] (1923)]] | |||
Early Turkish migrants were mostly male-dominated economic migrants who were farmers and shepherds from the lower socioeconomic classes; their main concern was to save enough money and return home.<ref name="Akcapar 2009 loc=169">{{Harvnb|Akcapar|2009|loc=169}}.</ref> The majority of these migrants lived in urban areas and worked in the ], taking difficult and lower-paying jobs in leather factories, tanneries, the iron and steel sector, and the wire, railroad, and automobile industries, especially in ], ], ], and ].<ref name="Akcapar 2009 loc=169" /> The Turkish community generally relied on each other in finding jobs and a place to stay, many staying in boarding houses. There was also cooperation between ethnic Turks and other Ottomans such as the Greeks, Jews, and Armenians, although ethnic conflicts were also common and carried to some parts of the United States, such as in ], where there was tension between Greeks, Armenians, and Turks.<ref name="Akcapar 2009 loc=169" /> | |||
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] meeting Turkish American women (1923)]] | |||
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Unlike the other Ottoman ethnic groups living in the United States, many early Turkish migrants returned to their homeland. The rate of return migration was exceptionally high after the establishment of the ] in 1923.<ref name="Akcapar 2009 loc=169" /><ref name="Kaya 2004 loc=297" /> The founder of the Republic, ], sent ships from Turkey, such as "Gülcemal", to the United States to take these men back to Turkey without any charge. Educated Turks were offered jobs in the newly created Republic, while unskilled workers were encouraged to return, as the male population was depleted due to ] and the ].<ref name="Akcapar 2009 loc=170">{{Harvnb|Akcapar|2009|loc=170}}.</ref> Those who stayed in the United States lived in isolation as they knew little or no ] and preferred to live among themselves. However, some of their descendants became assimilated into ] and today vaguely have a notion of their Turkish ancestry.<ref name="Kaya 2004 loc=297" /> | |||
{{Turkey-stub}} | |||
===Mainland Turkish migration=== | |||
] | |||
] | |||
From ] to 1965 the number of Turkish immigrants arriving in the United States was quite low, as a result of restrictive immigration laws such as the ]. Approximately 100 Turkish immigrants per year entered the United States between 1930 and 1950.<ref name="Kaya 2005 loc=427">{{Harvnb|Kaya|2005|loc=427}}.</ref> However, the number of Turkish immigrants to the United States increased to 2,000 to 3,000 per year after 1965 due to the liberalization of US immigration laws.<ref name="Akcapar 2009 loc=170" /> As of the late 1940s, but especially in the 1960s and 1970s, Turkish immigration to the United States changed its nature from one of unskilled to skilled migration; a wave of professionals such as doctors, engineers, academicians, and graduate students came to the United States. In the 1960s, 10,000 people entered the United States from Turkey, followed by another 13,000 in the 1970s.<ref name="Akcapar 2009 loc=170" /> As opposed to the male-dominated first flows of Ottoman Turkish migrants, these immigrants were highly educated, return migration was minimal, migrants included many young women and accompanying families, and Turkish nationalism and secularism was much more common.<ref name="Kaya 2004 loc=297" /> The general profile of Turkish men and women immigrating to the United States depicted someone young, college-educated with a good knowledge of ], and with a career in medicine, engineering, or another profession in science or the arts.<ref name="Akcapar 2009 loc=171">{{Harvnb|Akcapar|2009|loc=171}}.</ref> | |||
Since the 1980s, the flow of Turkish immigrants to the United States has included an increasing number of students and professionals as well as migrants who provide unskilled and semi-skilled labor.<ref name="Akcapar 2009 loc=167" /> Thus, in recent years, the highly skilled and educated profile of the Turkish American community has changed with the arrival of unskilled or semi-skilled Turkish labor workers.<ref name="Akcapar 2009 loc=172">{{Harvnb|Akcapar|2009|loc=172}}.</ref> The unskilled or semi-skilled immigrants usually work in restaurants, gas stations, hair salons, construction sites, and grocery stores, although some of them have obtained American citizenship or green cards and have opened their own ethnic businesses.<ref name="Akcapar 2009 loc=172" /> Some recent immigrants have also arrived via cargo ships and then left them illegally, whilst others overstay their ]. Thus, it is difficult to estimate the number of undocumented Turkish immigrants in the United States who overstay their visas or arrive illegally.<ref name="Akcapar 2009 loc=172" /> Moreover, with the introduction of the ] more Turkish immigrants, from all socioeconomic and educational backgrounds, have arrived in the United States, with the quota for Turkey being 2,000 per year.<ref name="Kaya 2004 loc=297" /> | |||
] Americans in ] supporting recognition of the ]]] | |||
===Turkish Cypriot migration=== | |||
{{see also|Turkish Cypriots|Turkish Cypriot diaspora}} | |||
The ] first arrived in the ] between 1820 and 1860 due to religious or political persecution.<ref name="CypriotAmericans">{{cite web |author=Every Culture|title=Cypriot Americans|url=http://www.everyculture.com/multi/Bu-Dr/Cypriot-Americans.html|access-date=2012-10-16}}</ref> About 2,000 Turkish Cypriots had arrived in the United States between 1878 and 1923 when the ] handed over the administration of the island of ] to ].<ref name="Atasoy 2011 loc=38">{{Harvnb|Atasoy|2011|loc=38}}.</ref> Turkish Cypriot immigration to the United States continued between the 1960s till 1974 as a result of the ].<ref name="Keser 2006 loc=103">{{Harvnb|Keser|2006|loc=103}}.</ref> According to the ] 1,756 people stated Turkish Cypriot ancestry. However, a further 2,067 people of Cypriot ancestry did not specify whether they were of Turkish or ] origin.<ref>{{cite web |author=U.S. Census Bureau|title=Persons Who Reported at Least One Specific Ancestry Group for the United States: 1980|url=https://www.census.gov/population/censusdata/pc80-s1-10/tab02.pdf|access-date=2012-10-07}}</ref> On 2 October 2012, the first "Turkish Cypriot Day" was celebrated at the ].<ref name="AnadoluAgency">{{cite web|author=Anadolu Agency|title=US Congress hosts first Turkish Cypriot Day|url=http://aa.com.tr/en/world/us-congress-hosts-first-turkish-cypriot-day/330525|work=Anadolu Agency|year=2012|access-date=2012-10-03}}</ref> | |||
===Turkish Macedonian migration=== | |||
In 1960, the ] reported that a handful of ] in American "have expressed solidarity with the M.P.O.'s aims, and have made contributions to its financial needs."<ref>{{citation|year=1960|title=Macedonians in North America: An Outline|page=9|publisher=]}}</ref> | |||
] protesting outside the ] in ]]] | |||
===Turkish Meskhetian migration=== | |||
{{see also|Meskhetian Turks}} | |||
Exiled first from ] in 1944, and then ] in 1989, approximately 13,000 ] who arrived in ], ], as ] citizens were refused recognition by Krasnodar authorities.<ref name="Aydıngün et al 2006 loc=9">{{Harvnb|Aydıngün|Harding|Hoover|Kuznetsov|2006|loc=9}}</ref> The regional government denied Meskhetian Turks the right to register their residences in the territory, effectively making them stateless and resulting in the absence of basic ] and ], including the right to employment, social and medical benefits, property ownership, higher education, and legal marriage.<ref name="Aydıngün et al 2006 loc=9" /> In mid-2006, over 10,000 Meskhetian Turks had resettled from the Krasnodar region to the United States. Out of approximately 21,000 applications, nearly 15,000 individuals in total were eligible for refugee status and likely to immigrate during the life of the resettlement program.<ref name="Swerdlow 2006 loc=1871">{{Harvnb|Swerdlow|2006|loc=1871}}.</ref> | |||
==Demographics== | |||
===Characteristics=== | |||
Official statistics on the total number of Turkish Americans (of full or partial ancestry) do not provide a true reflection of the total population. In part, this is because ethnic Turkish people often choose not to report their ethnic ancestry, which is only voluntary in censuses. Moreover, the Turkish American community is unique in that many trace their roots to early Ottoman Turkish migrants who came to the United States from all areas of the ], whilst those who migrated since the 20th century have come from various post-Ottoman modern nation-states. Thus, Turkish Americans mostly descend from the ]; however, there are also significant ethnic ] in the US which descend from the island of Cyprus (i.e. ] from both the Republic of ] and the ]), the ] (e.g. ], ], ], etc.), ] (i.e. ], ], ], and ]), the ] (i.e. ], ], and ]) as well as from other areas of the former Ottoman Empire (e.g. ]). Furthermore, in recent years there has been a significant number of ethnic Turkish people coming to the US from the ], especially from the ] diaspora in ] in ] and other former Soviet states in ]. There is also a growing number of "]" from Central and Western Europe (e.g. ], ], and ] communities) which have settled in the United States. | |||
===Population=== | |||
] | |||
According to the ] 117,575 Americans voluntarily declared their ethnicity as Turkish.<ref>{{cite web|author=United States Census Bureau|title=Ancestry: 2000|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf|access-date=2012-05-16|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040920132346/http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf|archive-date=20 September 2004|df=dmy-all}}</ref> However, the actual number of Americans of Turkish descent is believed to be considerably larger because most Turkish Americans do not declare their ethnicity. In 1996 Professor John J. Grabowski had already estimated the number of Turks in the United States to be 500,000.<ref name=Grabowski1996>{{citation|first=John J.|last=Grabowski|year=1996|editor-last1=Van Tassel|editor-first1=David Dirck|editor-last2=Grabowski|editor-first2=John J.|chapter=Turks in Cleveland|title=Encyclopedia of Cleveland History|publisher=]|quote=Currently, the Turkish population of northeast Ohio is estimated at about 1,000 (an estimated 500,000 Turks live in the United States).|isbn=0253330564}}</ref> | |||
Other sources such as the Turkish American Community put the Turkish American population at between 350,000 and 500,000 with majority concentrations living in the New York/New Jersey region as well as California. | |||
The 2023 ] conducted by the ] recorded 252,256 Americans of Turkish descent.<ref name="2023US"/> | |||
In addition, the ], an Anglicized isolated community identifying as Turkish in ] for over 200 years, numbered around 500 in the mid-20th century.<ref>{{citation|last1=Ognibene|first1=Terri Ann|last2=Browder|first2=Glen|year=2018|title=South Carolina's Turkish People: A History and Ethnology|publisher=]|page=103|isbn=9781611178593}}</ref> | |||
===Settlement=== | |||
Turkish Americans live in all fifty states, although the largest concentrations are found in ] and ]; ]; and ]. The largest concentrations of Turkish Americans are found scattered throughout New York City, ], ], ], and other suburban areas. They generally reside in specific cities and neighborhoods including ] in ], ] in ], and in the cities of ] and ] in ].<ref name="Kaya 2005 loc=428">{{Harvnb|Kaya|2005|loc=428}}.</ref> | |||
According to the ], in 2000, Americans of Turkish origin mostly live in the ] followed by ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite web|author=United States Census Bureau|title=Ancestry: 2000 110th Congressional District Summary File (Sample)|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_00_110S_QTP13&prodType=table|access-date=2012-10-03|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212212423/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_00_110S_QTP13&prodType=table|archive-date=12 February 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
{| class="wikitable sortable" | |||
|- style="background:#ddd;" | |||
| colspan="8" style="text-align:left;"|The top US communities with the highest percentage of people claiming Turkish ancestry in 2000 are:<ref>{{cite web|author=Epodunk.|title=Turkish Ancestry by city|url=http://www.epodunk.com/ancestry/Turkish.html|access-date=2009-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107090706/http://www.epodunk.com/ancestry/Turkish.html|archive-date=7 November 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
|- style="background:#f0f0f0; text-align:left;" | |||
! Community | |||
! Place type | |||
! % Turkish | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-indent: 2em"|] | |||
|style="text-align: right"|village | |||
|style="text-align: right"|2.5 | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-indent: 2em"|] | |||
|style="text-align: right"|township | |||
|style="text-align: right"|1.9 | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-indent: 2em"|] | |||
|style="text-align: right"|borough | |||
|style="text-align: right"|1.7 | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-indent: 2em"|] | |||
|style="text-align: right"|populated place | |||
|style="text-align: right"|1.6 | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-indent: 2em"|] | |||
|style="text-align: right"|populated place | |||
|style="text-align: right"|1.4 | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-indent: 2em"|] | |||
|style="text-align: right"|town | |||
|style="text-align: right"|1.4 | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-indent: 2em"|] | |||
|style="text-align: right"|town | |||
|style="text-align: right"|1.3 | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-indent: 2em"|] | |||
|style="text-align: right"|populated place | |||
|style="text-align: right"|1.3 | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-indent: 2em"|] | |||
|style="text-align: right"|borough | |||
|style="text-align: right"|1.3 | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-indent: 2em"|] | |||
|style="text-align: right"|populated place | |||
|style="text-align: right"|1.3 | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-indent: 2em"|] | |||
|style="text-align: right"|borough | |||
|style="text-align: right"|1.3 | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-indent: 2em"|] | |||
|style="text-align: right"|township | |||
|style="text-align: right"|1.3 | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-indent: 2em"|] | |||
|style="text-align: right"|town | |||
|style="text-align: right"|1.2 | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-indent: 2em"|] | |||
|style="text-align: right"|populated place | |||
|style="text-align: right"|1.2 | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-indent: 2em"|] | |||
|style="text-align: right"|city | |||
|style="text-align: right"|1.2 | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-indent: 2em"|] | |||
|style="text-align: right"|town | |||
|style="text-align: right"|1.2 | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-indent: 2em"|] | |||
|style="text-align: right"|town | |||
|style="text-align: right"|1.2 | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-indent: 2em"|] | |||
|style="text-align: right"|populated place | |||
|style="text-align: right"|1.2 | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-indent: 2em"|] | |||
|style="text-align: right"|populated place | |||
|style="text-align: right"|1.1 | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-indent: 2em"|] | |||
|style="text-align: right"|township | |||
|style="text-align: right"|1.1 | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-indent: 2em"|] | |||
|style="text-align: right"|township | |||
|style="text-align: right"|1.1 | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-indent: 2em"|] | |||
|style="text-align: right"|village | |||
|style="text-align: right"|1.1 | |||
|- | |||
|style="text-indent: 2em"|] | |||
|style="text-align: right"|borough | |||
|style="text-align: right"|1.0 | |||
|} | |||
==Culture== | |||
===Language=== | |||
{{see also|Turkish language|Languages in the United States}} | |||
According to the 2000 Census,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/2003/SF4.html|title=Census 2000: Demographic Profiles|date=2 October 2003|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031002011816/http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/2003/SF4.html|archive-date=2 October 2003|df=dmy-all}}</ref> the Turkish language is spoken in 59,407 households within the entire U.S. population, and in 12,409 households in NYC alone by highly bilingual families with Turkish ancestry. These data show that many speakers with Turkish origins continue speaking the language at home despite the fact that they are highly bilingual. The number of English-proficient households using Turkish as a home-language outweighs that of families who have switched completely to English. In this sense, the Turkish American community efforts and the schools that serve the Turkish community in the U.S. are responsible for the retaining of the Turkish language and slowing of assimilation. A detailed study has documented the efforts of language and culture-disseminating schools of the Turkish American community and is available as a doctoral dissertation,<ref name=":2">Otcu, G.B. (2009) Language maintenance and cultural identity construction in a Turkish Saturday school in New York City. Ed.D. Thesis, Teachers College Columbia University.</ref> a book,<ref name=":0">Otcu, B. (2010). Language maintenance and cultural identity construction: A linguistic ethnography of Discourses in a complementary school in the US. VDM Verlag Dr. Muller.</ref> book chapters,<ref>Otcu, B. (2013) Turkishness in New York: Languages, ideologies and identities in a community-based school. In García, O., Zakharia, Z., and Otcu, B. (Eds.) Bilingual community education and multilingualism: Beyond heritage languages in a global city. Multilingual Matters.</ref> and journal articles.<ref name=":1">Otcu, B. (2010). Heritage language maintenance and cultural identity formation: The case of a Turkish Saturday school in NYC. Heritage Language Journal, 7(2), 112–137.</ref> | |||
===Religion=== | |||
{{see also|Islam in the United States}} | |||
] was originally conceived in 1944 when the Turkish ambassador ] died and there was no mosque to hold his funeral in.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://muslim-academy.com/the-islamic-center-of-washington-the-most-famous-mosque-and-cultural-center-in-usa/|title=The Islamic Center of Washington: The Most Famous Mosque and Cultural Center in USA|publisher=Muslim Academy|access-date=2013-12-21}}</ref>]] | |||
] in ] was built in the traditional Ottoman-Turkish style.]] | |||
Although ] had little public importance among the ] Turkish Americans who arrived in the ] during the 1940s to the 1970s, more recent Turkish immigrants have tended to be more religious.<ref name="Akcapar 2009 loc=176">{{Harvnb|Akcapar|2009|loc=176}}.</ref> Since the 1980s, the wave of Turkish immigrants has been quite diverse and have included a broad mixture of secular and religious people.<ref name="Kaya 2009 loc=619">{{Harvnb|Kaya|2009|loc=619}}.</ref> Thus, due to the diversification of Turkish Americans since the 1980s, religion has become a more important identity marker within the community. Especially after the 1980s, religious organizations, Islamic cultural centers, and mosques were founded to serve the needs of Turkish people.<ref name="Akcapar 2009 loc=176" /> | |||
Various groups are active in the United States. ] of the Islamic preacher ] (known as "Hizmet" or "Gülenciler") formed a local cultural organization, the "American Turkish Friendship Association" (ATFA), in 2003, and an intercultural organization, called the "Rumi Forum", in 1999, which invites speakers to inform the public about Islam and Turkey. The Gülen community has also established mosques and interethnic private schools in ], ], and ], several colleges like the ] in ], and over a hundred charter schools throughout the United States.<ref name="Akcapar 2009 loc=176" /> Followers of ], otherwise known as "Süleymancılar", also formed many mosques and cultural centers along the ]. Apart from these two groups, the ] appoints official Turkish imams to the United States. The most prominent of these is the ] of the ] located in ]., on 15 acres of land, which was bought by the Turkish ].<ref name="Akcapar 2009 loc=176" /> Some international ] orders are also active. An example is the Jerrahi Order of America following the ] order of ] in ]. | |||
== Organizations and associations == | |||
Until the 1950s Turkish Americans had only a few organizations, the agendas of which were mainly cultural rather than political. They organized celebrations that would bring immigrant Turks together in a place during religious and national holidays.<ref name="Kaya 2005 loc=437">{{Harvnb|Kaya|2005|loc=437}}.</ref> Turkish early migrants founded the first Muslim housing cooperatives and associations between 1909 and 1914.<ref name="Akcapar 2009 loc=174">{{Harvnb|Akcapar|2009|loc=174}}.</ref> After ], the "Turkish Aid Society" ("Türk Teavün Cemiyeti") in ] and the "Red Crescent" ("Hilali Ahmer"), were collecting money not only for funeral services and other community affairs but also to help the ].<ref name="Akcapar 2009 loc=174" /> In 1933, Turkish Americans established the "Cultural Alliance of New York" and the "Turkish Orphans’ Association", gathering to collect money for orphans in ] who had lost their parents in the Turkish War of Independence.<ref name="Akcapar 2009 loc=174" /><ref name="Micallef 2004 loc=234">{{Harvnb|Micallef|2004|loc=234}}.</ref> As Turkish immigration increased after the 1950s Turkish Americans gained more economic status and formed new organizations. Thus, Turkish American organizations and associations are growing throughout the United States as their number increases. Most of these organizations put emphasis on preserving the Turkish identity.<ref name="Kaya 2004 loc=298">{{Harvnb|Kaya|2004|loc=298}}.</ref> | |||
Two umbrella organizations, the ] (FTAA) and the ] (ATAA), have been working to bring different Turkish American organizations together for which they receive financial and political support from the ] government.<ref name="Kaya 2004 loc=298" /> The ] based FTAA, which started in 1956 with two associations, namely the "Turkish Cypriot Aid Society" and the "Turkish Hars Society", hosts over 40 member associations, with the majority of these groups located in the northeast region of the United States.<ref name="Micallef 2004 loc=234" /> The FTAA is located in the Turkish House in the vicinity of the ]. The Turkish House, which was bought by the Turkish government in 1977 as the main office for the consulategeneral, also serves as a center for cultural activities: there is a Saturday school for Turkish American children,<ref name=":2" /> and it also houses the "]".<ref name="Akcapar 2009 loc=175">{{Harvnb|Akcapar|2009|loc=175}}.</ref> The ] based ATAA, which was established in 1979, shares many of the goals of the FTAA but has clearer political aims. It has over 60 component associations in the ], ], and ] and has some 8,000 members all over the United States.<ref name="Akcapar 2009 loc=175" /> The Association also publishes a biweekly newspaper, "The Turkish Times", and regularly informs its members on developments requiring community action.<ref name="Micallef 2004 loc=234" /> These organizations aim to unite and improve support for the Turkish community in the United States and to defend Turkish interests against groups with conflicting interests.<ref name="Kaya 2005 loc=437" /> Today, both the FTAA and the ATAA organize cultural events such as concerts, art-gallery exhibits, and parades, as well as ] for ].<ref name="Kaya 2005 loc=437" /> | |||
==Politics== | |||
{{see also|Turkish lobby in the United States}} | |||
]]] | |||
During the 1970s Turkish Americans began to mobilize politically in order to influence American policies in favor of their homeland as a result of the ], the American military ] targeting Turkey, the efforts to achieve recognition of the ] and ] from the members of the ] and ] diaspora, and the ]'s targeting of Turkish diplomats in the United States and elsewhere.<ref name="Akcapar 2009 loc=178">{{Harvnb|Akcapar|2009|loc=178}}.</ref> Thus, this became a turning point for the changing nature of Turkish American associations from those that organized cultural events to those with a more political agenda coincided with the hostile efforts of other ethnic groups, namely the Greek and ].<ref name="Akcapar 2009 loc=178" /> As well as promoting the ], Turkish American organizations promote Turkey's position in ] and generally support the positions taken by the Turkish government.<ref name="Koslowski 2004 loc=39">{{Harvnb|Koslowski|2004|loc=39}}.</ref> They have been lobbying for ] and have also defended the Turkish involvement in Cyprus.<ref name="Koslowski 2004 loc=39" /> Turkish Americans have also expressed concerns about the Greek lobby in the United States undermining the typically good ].<ref name="Koslowski 2004 loc=39" /><ref>{{Harvnb|Aydın|Erhan|2004|loc=205–206}}.</ref> In recent years, Turkish Americans have established more influence in the ]. In 2005, second-generation Turkish American ] was the first candidate (Democrat from | |||
Maryland's 3rd district) of Turkish origin to run for Congress in US history.<ref name="Akcapar 2009 loc=180">{{Harvnb|Akcapar|2009|loc=180}}.</ref> | |||
==Festivals== | |||
Turkish American festivals are major public events in which the community present themselves to the wider public. The Federation of Turkish American Associations (FTAA) organizes the "Turkish Cultural Month Festival" starting on 23 April each year, the date when the first ] parliament opened in 1920, and ending on 19 May, the date when the ] led by ] started in 1919.<ref name="Kaya 2005 loc=438">{{Harvnb|Kaya|2005|loc=438}}.</ref> Furthermore, the annual "Turkish Day Parade", which began as a demonstration in 1981 in reaction to ], has evolved into a weeklong celebration and has since continued to increase in scope and length.<ref name="Micallef 2004 loc=236">{{Harvnb|Micallef|2004|loc=236}}.</ref> | |||
== Media == | |||
===Radio and TV=== | |||
* ] – broadcasts educational programs about sciences, art, and culture as well as news and sports events in the vein of the ]. It can be watched online,<ref>.</ref> on ] basic cable in the mid-Atlantic area and ].<ref>.</ref> | |||
* ] – ICAT Channel 15 (cable) in Rochester, New York Wednesdays and Saturdays 8 pm −10 pm by Ahmet Turgut. | |||
===Newspapers and periodicals=== | |||
* '']'' – the first Turkish American bi-monthly business magazine; in English | |||
===Cable system=== | |||
* ] | |||
== Notable people == | |||
{{main list|List of Turkish Americans}} | |||
Numerous Turkish Americans have made notable contributions to ], particularly in the fields of education, medicine, music, the arts, science, and business. | |||
===Academia=== | |||
] won the ] in 2015]] | |||
Within academia, ] was a professor of physics at ] and won the prestigious ] and ].<ref name="Tatari 2010 loc=551">{{Harvnb|Tatari|2010|loc=551}}.</ref> | |||
Another influential Turkish American was ] who was one of the founders of ] which helped develop ] and ].<ref name="Tatari 2010 loc=551" /> | |||
In 2015 ] was awarded the ] for his mechanistic studies of ].<ref>{{cite news |last=Broad |first=William J. |title=Nobel Prize in Chemistry Awarded to Tomas Lindahl, Paul Modrich and Aziz Sancar for DNA Studies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/08/science/tomas-lindahl-paul-modrich-aziz-sancarn-nobel-chemistry.html |date=7 October 2015 |newspaper=] |access-date=7 October 2015 }}</ref> | |||
Two prominent Turkish-American economists include ] at ], who writes on democracy and national development, and ] at ], an expert on globalization. | |||
] is a Turkish-born political theorist, and professor at ], who writes on citizenship, identity, and ethics. | |||
===American Civil War=== | |||
] from ]]] | |||
], known as "French Mary," was a French-born ] who fought for the ] during the ].<ref name="auto">{{Cite book|last=Tsui|first=Bonnie|title=She Went to the Field: Women Soldiers of the Civil War|location=Guilford|publisher=TwoDot|date=2006|isbn=0762743840|page=83}}</ref> Tepe served with the 27th and 114th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiments.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite book|last=Tsui|first=Bonnie|title=She Went to the Field: Women Soldiers of the Civil War|location=Guilford|publisher=TwoDot|date=2006|isbn=0762743840|page=123}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite book|last=Hall|first=Richard H.|title=Women on the Civil War Battlefront|location=Lawrence|publisher=University Press of Kansas|date=2006|isbn=9780700614370|page=259}}</ref> Her father was Turkish and her mother was French.<ref name="Fearless French Mary">{{cite web|url=http://www.historynet.com/fearless-french-mary.htm |title=Fearless French Mary|website=History Net|date=12 January 2012 |language=en|access-date=2017-02-23}}</ref> | |||
], was a Union Army brigadier general in the American Civil War | |||
===Arts=== | |||
]]] | |||
]]] | |||
]]] | |||
]]] | |||
]]] | |||
One of the earliest Turkish American artists was ] who was a ] and ]. He began exhibiting his paintings formally in 1903.<ref name="The Kentucky Encyclopedia 1992 loc=397-398">{{cite book |last=Kleber | |||
|first=John E.|year=1992|title=The Kentucky Encyclopedia|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|page=397|isbn=0-8131-1772-0}}</ref><ref name="Dearinger">{{cite book |last=Dearinger | |||
|first=David B.|year=2004|title=Paintings and Sculpture in the Collection of the National Academy of Design: 1826-1925|publisher=Hudson Hills|page=245|isbn=1-55595-029-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=The New York Times|title=Legend Busy with a Thais Picture|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1908/03/12/104719488.pdf|date=March 12, 1908|access-date=8 January 2011}}</ref> The National Academy of Design awarded him the 1909 Third ] for his painting ''Elfrida''.<ref name=Dearinger/> A founding member of the {{Interlanguage link|National Association of Portrait Painters|WD=Q124982902}}, he was elected an Associate member of the ] from 1912. In the 1930s, Haggin turned his abilities to ] and created sets for the Metropolitan Opera Ballet and the ].<ref name=Dearinger/> | |||
Other notable Turkish American artists include ] who is best known for tracking walls in various cities across the world for half a century, integrating them in his artistic work; ] is a contemporary artist who explores the intersections between society and technology through video animations, wall paintings and sound installations; ] was an uncredited ghost artist behind ]'s ] '']'', finally receiving co-credit in 1976; ] is an artist whose works have been exhibited in one-man shows in London and Washington, D.C.; ] is a conceptual artist whose work deals with topics of appropriation and reproduction; ] is a contemporary artist who is a senior lecturer at the ], ], and a visiting lecturer at ], teaching art markets; ] is professor at ] whose art installations merge computer code and bio-sensors with comics, animation, interactive narrations, performance, and projection art; ] is an architect and artist whose work emphasizes the role of neuroscience in understanding artistic experience; ] is an associate professor of New Media and Art+Design at ], ]; and ] is a visual artist who was the first female ] art series collaborator,<ref>, retrieved 11 October 2018</ref><ref>, retrieved 11 October 2018</ref> and whose work the New York Times called "the most recognizable public art installations in the country."<ref>, retrieved 11 October 2018</ref> | |||
] is a world renowned artist. | |||
In the performing arts, ] was a dancer, ], writer and choreographer. | |||
===Business=== | |||
] was an American multi-millionaire by 1880]] | |||
]]] | |||
] was the former ] of the board and ] of ]]] | |||
One of the earliest notable entrepreneurs of Turkish origin in the United States is ], who was the grandson of the Ottoman Turkish migrant ]. Haggin was an attorney, rancher, ], ], and a major owner and breeder in the sport of ] ].<ref></ref> Haggin made a fortune in the aftermath of the ] and was a multi-millionaire by 1880.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kleber | |||
|first=John E.|year=1992|title=The Kentucky Encyclopedia|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|page=397|isbn=0-8131-1772-0}}</ref> Many of Haggin's descendants adopted the name "Ben Ali"<ref name=RLF/> (e.g. the painter ]), and many continued with the family business, including his grandson, ], who established the ].<ref name=RLF>{{cite web|year=2019|title=EARLY ANTECEDENTS|url=https://www.rlounsbery.org/history/default.htm|publisher=]|access-date=6 December 2020}}</ref> | |||
Billionaire ] (worth $2.9B in 2020<ref name=OsmanForbes>{{cite web|year=2020|title=Osman Kibar|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/osman-kibar/?sh=3f74aea49be6|work=]|access-date=5 December 2020}}</ref>) is the founder and CEO of San Diego-based biotech firm ]. The company "raised $438 million in August 2018 to further its work developing drugs to reverse aging, claiming a valuation of $12.4 billion".<ref name=OsmanForbes/> ] also listed Kibar as one of the "Global Game Changers 2016".<ref name=OsmanForbes/> | |||
Billionaire ] (worth $1.8B in 2019<ref name=MelihForbes>{{cite web|year=2019|title=Melih Abdulhayoglu|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/melih-abdulhayoglu/?sh=49199d0e3edf|work=]|access-date=5 December 2020}}</ref>) is the founder and CEO of ], an ] company he founded in the United Kingdom in 1998 and relocated to the US in 2004.<ref name=MelihForbes/> | |||
Billionaire ] (worth $1.2B in 2020<ref name=ErenForbes/>) was listed number 15 in ]'s "America's Self-Made Women 2020".<ref name=ErenForbes>{{cite web|year=2020|title=Eren Ozmen|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/eren-ozmen/?sh=4cddbac96fc0|work=]|access-date=5 December 2020}}</ref> Alongside her husband, ] (also worth $1.2B in 2020<ref name=FatihForbes>{{cite web|year=2020|title=Fatih Ozmen|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/fatih-ozmen/?sh=7788911a419a|work=]|access-date=5 December 2020}}</ref>), they are the co-owners of ] (SNC) which is a privately held aerospace and national security contractor specializing in aircraft modification and integration, space components and systems, and related technology products for cybersecurity and eHealth. SNC is best known for providing the US military with souped-up planes, loaded with cameras, sensors, navigation gear and comms systems.<ref name=ErenForbes/> In particular, SNC's ] spaceplane has been "tapped by ] to ferry food, water, supplies and scientific experiments to the ]."<ref name=FatihForbes/> | |||
] is founder of Hittite Microwave Corporation. His company was taken over by Analog Devices for 2.45 Billion Dollars.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Airline Intrigue With Mueller Tie Lands in US Court |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/airline-intrigue-with-mueller-tie-lands-in-us-court/ |access-date=2022-09-30 |website=www.courthousenews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> | |||
] is a Turkish billionaire businessman and activist. Ulukaya is the owner, founder, chairman, and chief executive officer of ], the #1-selling strained yogurt brand in the US. According to Forbes, his net worth as of June 2019 is $2 billion. On 26 April 2016, Ulukaya announced to his employees that he would be giving them 10% of the shares in Chobani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hamdi Ulukaya {{!}} Homeland Security |url=https://www.dhs.gov/medialibrary/assets/photo/29194 |access-date=2022-09-30 |website=www.dhs.gov}}</ref> | |||
] is a businessman and Global CEO of ] | |||
] is an ] and the current chairman and CEO of ],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.kalitelihayat.com/haber/alanyada-kursunlama-102557.htm |title=Ahmet Mücahid Ören: "2011'de İnşaat Ve Pazarlamada Yeni Arzlar Planlıyoruz" |date=5 November 2010 |work=Kaliteli Hayat |language=tr |access-date=4 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110620192352/http://www.kalitelihayat.com/haber/alanyada-kursunlama-102557.htm |archive-date=20 June 2011 }}</ref> | |||
] is the former ] of the board and ] of ].<ref name=RichardBlackden>{{cite web|title=How can chief executive Muhtar Kent keep Coke's profits sparkling?|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/8500308/How-can-chief-executive-Muhtar-Kent-keep-Cokes-profits-sparkling.html|first=Richard|last=Blackden|work=The Telegraph|year=2011|access-date=2012-10-03}}</ref> | |||
] is the former CEO of ].<ref name="AEW">{{citation|year=2018|title=Hikmet & Nayantara Ersek|url=https://www.austria.org/hikmet-nayantara-ersek|work=Austrian Embassy, Washington|access-date=12 December 2020|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509023335/https://www.austria.org/hikmet-nayantara-ersek|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
===Cinema and television=== | |||
Americans with Middle Eastern origins (including Turks, Arabs, Persians etc.) are underrepresented in American TV and cinema and often stereotyped.<ref>{{citation|year=2018|title=Study: Middle Eastern actors ignored, stereotyped by TV|url=https://www.dailyherald.com/article/20180910/entlife/309109956|publisher=Daily Herald|access-date=1 December 2020}}</ref> Consequently, several actors and actresses have ] or changed their names from Turkish to English names. Nonetheless, there is an increasing number of Turkish American contributions in cinema and television. | |||
====Film==== | |||
]]] | |||
One of the earliest actors with Turkish roots in American cinema was ] (Turkish father) who was active in Hollywood from 1941 to 1953. He was dubbed "The Turkish Delight" by his fans,<ref name="Feramisco & Koster 2008 loc=167">{{citation |last1=Feramisco|first1=Thomas M.|last2=Koster|first2=Peggy Moran|year=2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dCv2ybddW9EC&q=turhan|title=The Mummy Unwrapped: Scenes Left on Universal's Cutting Room Floor|page=167|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-3734-4}}.</ref> whilst ] called him a "Turkish Valentino."<ref>{{Cite news|author=Hedda Hoppers|title=LOOKING AT HOLLYWOOD|work=Los Angeles Times|date=May 8, 1943|page=7}}</ref> | |||
In animated cinema, ] was the co-writer of ]'s '']'' (1995) and '']'' (1997), and the story artist in '']'' (2002). In addition, Kalyon has worked with ] and ] as the story artist for '']'' (2007) and '']'' (2009) and was the head of story for '']'' (2012). He has also worked on several animated television series' including '']'' (1990), '']'' (1991–92) and '']''. | |||
] is a documentary filmmaker who received a Jury Special Mention Award at the ] 2017 for her documentary film '']''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.screendaily.com/locarno/locarno-winners-include-chinese-doc-mrs-fang-isabelle-huppert/5120794.article|title=Locarno winners include Chinese doc 'Mrs. Fang', Isabelle Huppert|work=Screen|access-date=2017-10-09|language=en}}</ref> among many other awards including the Best Picture Prize at the ] 2018 and the ] at the Viennale (Vienna International Film Festival) 2018. | |||
] is an Emmy Award-winning filmmaker | |||
Furthermore, the actor and filmmaker ] is a notable figure in the ] ] community. His films often deal with issues of gender and relationships. | |||
====Television shows==== | |||
]]] | |||
]]] | |||
Several Americans with Turkish roots have also starred in American television; for example, ] (Turkish father) is an actress and comedian best known for starring in '']'' (2016–2020) and '']'' (2018–present); ] (]) is best known for his roles in '']'', '']'', and '']''; ] is known for playing the part of ] in '']''; ] was one of the original performers during the first season of ]'s popular television series '']''; ] (] origin) is known for his roles in '']'' and recurring roles in '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', and '']''; and ] (maternally of Greek, Turkish and Welsh origin) is best known for her role as ] on '']'' (1989–93) and as ] on '']'' (1994–98). | |||
In television animation, ] (Turkish father) was best known for his role as the voice of Mikey Blumberg from the animated television series '']''.<ref name="lamag-dead">{{cite web|url=https://www.lamag.com/article/jason-davis-dead/ |title=Jason Davis, Grandson of Mogul Marvin Davis, Dead at 35 |publisher=Lamag.com |date=2020-02-17 |access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref> | |||
Meanwhile, the nutrition author, ], was a co-host on the ] (ABC) daytime ] '']'' (2011–17). Her father, Dr. ], is regarded as one of the most accomplished ]. He has made frequent appearances on '']''. In the fall of 2009, Winfrey's ] and Sony Pictures launched a daily talk show featuring Oz, called '']''.<ref name=FrankBruni>{{cite news|title=Dr. Does-It-All|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/18/magazine/18Oz-t.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|first=Frank|last=Bruni|work=The New York Times|year=2010|access-date=2012-10-03}}</ref> "The Dr. Oz Show" has been an enormous success with an average of about 3.5 million viewers.<ref name=FrankBruni/> | |||
Outside the United States, ] (Turkish father) has been a regular panellist on the television show '']'' in the United Kingdom. During 2018, she featured on the judging panel of the British version of '']'', alongside her husband, singer ]. | |||
Furthermore, some Turkish Americans have gained notability in ] where they have starring roles on Turkish TV, including ], ], ], ], and ]. | |||
===Music=== | |||
], ] (left) with his brother ] (right)]] | |||
] was the vice president and general manager of ]]] | |||
Many prominent Turkish Americans have made lasting contributions to the ] industry. ] founded ], one of the most successful American independent ]s, in 1947.<ref name=TimWeiner>{{cite news|title=Ahmet Ertegun, Music Executive, Dies at 83|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/15/arts/music/15ertegun.html|first=Tim|last=Weiner|work=The New York Times|year=2006|access-date=2012-10-03}}</ref> He was also a prime mover in starting the ]. In a music career marked by numerous lifetime achievement awards, he was inducted into the hall in 1987. | |||
In 1956, Ahmet Ertegun's older brother, ], joined Atlantic Records as vice-president of the company, attracting many of the most inventive ] ] of the era.<ref name=TimWeiner/><ref>{{cite news|author=BBC|title=Obituary: Ahmet Ertegun|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6176697.stm|work=BBC|year=2006|access-date=2012-10-03}}</ref> | |||
By 1963, arranger, composer and record producer ] joined the Ertegun brothers at Atlantic Records. Mardin was the winner of 12 ], including two for best producer, non-classical (in 1976 and 2003).<ref name=StephenHolden>{{cite news|title=Arif Mardin, Music Producer for Pop Notables, Dies at 74|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/27/arts/music/27mardin.html|first=Stephen|last=Holden|work=The New York Times|year=2006|access-date=2012-10-03}}</ref> He retired from Atlantic Records in May 2001 and began a new corporate relationship as senior vice president and co-general manager of the EMI label ]. Mardin was considered one of the most successful and significant behind-the-scenes figures in popular music in the last half-century. His son, ] is also a record producer and arranger.<ref name=StephenHolden/> | |||
Other notable musicians include the songwriter ] who was nominated for a 2015 ] for writing ]'s single "]",<ref name="grammy"> grammy.com. Accessed October 20, 2017.</ref><ref> '']'', February 8, 2015.</ref> he also produced two songs on the ] album '']'' which won the 2014 ];<ref name="gmitchell">Gail Mitchell, ''Billboard'', May 23, 2017.</ref> the violinist and conductor ] is an associate professor of Violin, Viola and Chamber Music at ]; the composer ] was awarded the ], a ] and the ] Memorial Prize; the composer ] was nominated for a Grammy in 2014; and the composer ] has won two ] for '']'' (2009) and '']'' (2013). | |||
Several notable Turkish American musicians have established their careers outside the United States; for example, the fusion jazz drummer ] was active in ]; the singer, guitarist and songwriter ] was a founding member of the ]n rock group ]; and the singer ] has released most of her songs in ]. | |||
===Politics=== | |||
]]] | |||
]]] | |||
In the United States, Turkish Americans remain relatively underrepresented politically. Typically, Turkish Americans have voted ] due to the party's support for ] regarding various foreign policy issues, such as the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/turkish-americans-divided-over-election-91517|title=Turkish Americans Divided Over Election|author=Newsweek Staff|work=]|date=October 31, 2008}}</ref> Turkish American lobbying groups have donated money to politicians of both parties over the years who they felt best represented Turkish American interests, such as helping ] Republican and former Turkey Caucus co-chair ] return to the ] in 2021 after suffering a defeat in 2018, or helping ] ] ] win an election to mayor of ], California, in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://armenianweekly.com/2021/09/22/turkish-american-groups-contributed-2-2m-to-politicians-since-2007-turkish-american-groups-contributed-2-2m-to-politicians-since-2007/|title=Turkish-American groups contributed $2.2m to politicians since 2007|first=Harut|last=Sassounian|work=]|date=September 22, 2021}}</ref> | |||
In 2019, Tayfun Selen became the first Turkish American mayor, having been elected mayor of ], ].<ref>{{cite news|year=2019|title=Tayfun Selen becomes first Turkish mayor to be elected in US after being voted Chatham Township mayor|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/turkey/2019/01/04/tayfun-selen-becomes-first-turkish-mayor-to-be-elected-in-us-after-being-voted-chatham-township-mayor|work=Daily Sabah|access-date=11 December 2020}}</ref> In 2021, three Turkish American women were selected for positions within the ], including Didem Nişancı (chief of staff at the ]); Özge Güzelsu (deputy general counsel at the ]); and ] (assistant secretary for the ] at the Department of Foreign Affairs).<ref name=Çınar2021>{{cite news|last=Çınar|first=Ali|year=2021|title=Successful Turkish-Americans in US politics|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/opinion/op-ed/successful-turkish-americans-in-us-politics|publisher=Daily Sabah|access-date=22 February 2021}}</ref> That same year, ] announced his bid for the ] in ] as a Republican, making references to his Turkish ancestry in his campaign announcement.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/celebrity-surgeon-dr-oz-seeks-to-be-first-muslim-elected-to-the-us-senate/2021/12/02/c2324dcc-53b4-11ec-83d2-d9dab0e23b7e_story.html|title=Celebrity surgeon Dr. Oz seeks to be first Muslim elected to the US Senate|first=Joseph|last=Hammond|newspaper=]|date=December 2, 2021}}</ref> | |||
There are also notable Turkish Americans in politics outside the United States. For example, American-born ] is a member of the ] (CHP) and has served as a ] for ] since 2015. ], who holds dual citizenship, was elected as a ] deputy for ] in 1999. She is now serving as the Turkish ambassador to ]. | |||
On September 6, 2024, Turkish-American human rights activist ] was shot in the head by an ] (IDF) sniper during a protest against illegal ] in ], ], in the ].<ref>{{cite news |last1=McNamee |first1=Michael |title=UN calls for full inquiry into West Bank shooting |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0l8rgz7rn4o |publisher=BBC News |date=7 September 2024 }}</ref> | |||
===Sports=== | |||
] changed his name to celebrate becoming a US citizen]] | |||
====Association football/Soccer==== | |||
In December 1970 ] and ] founded the ] American professional soccer club which was based in ] and its suburbs. The team competed in the ] (NASL) until 1984 and was the strongest franchise in that league, both competitively and financially. The team were champions of the North American Soccer League in ], ], ], ], and ]. In particular, the signing of ] by the Cosmos transformed soccer across the United States, lending credibility not only to the Cosmos, but also to the NASL and soccer in general. | |||
On January 16, 2013, Ersal Ozdemir founded ] which is an American professional soccer team based in ], ]. The team came second place in the ] and third place in the ]. | |||
] (born Tunç Ali İlkin; September 23, 1957 – September 4, 2021) was a Turkish-born player of American football and sports broadcaster. A two-time Pro Bowl selection as an offensive tackle with the Pittsburgh Steelers, he was the first Turk to play in the National Football League (NFL). He was voted to the Pittsburgh Steelers All-Time Team. After his playing career, he was a television and radio analyst for the Steelers from 1998 to 2020. | |||
==See also== | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
==References== | |||
{{Reflist|30em}} | |||
== Bibliography == | |||
{{Refbegin|colwidth=60em}} | |||
* Altschiller, Donald. "Turkish Americans." ''Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America,'' edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 4, Gale, 2014), pp. 437–447. | |||
* {{citation|last=Abd-Allah|first=Umar Faruq|year=2010|title=Turks, Moors, & Moriscos in Early America: Sir Francis Drake's Liberated Galley Slaves & the Lost Colony of Roanoke|url=http://yassarnalquran.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/roots_of_islam_p1.pdf|publisher=Nawawi Foundation|access-date=2016-02-04}} | |||
* {{citation |last=Akcapar|first=Sebnem Koser|year=2009|title=Turkish Associations in the United States: Towards Building a Transnational Identity|journal=Turkish Studies|publisher=Routledge|volume=10|issue=2|pages=165–193|doi=10.1080/14683840902863996|s2cid=145499920 }} | |||
* {{citation|last=Atasoy|first=Ahmet|year=2011|title=Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti'nin Nüfus Coğrafyası|url=http://www.pegem.net/dosyalar/dokuman/122210-2011062815059-02atasoy.pdf|journal=Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi|volume=8|issue=15|pages=29–62|access-date=7 October 2012|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026100955/http://www.pegem.net/dosyalar/dokuman/122210-2011062815059-02atasoy.pdf|url-status=dead}} | |||
* {{Cite book |last1=Aydın|first1=Mustafa|last2=Erhan|first2=Çağrı|year=2004|title=Turkish-American Relations: Past, Present and Future|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-7146-5273-3 }}. | |||
* {{citation|last1=Aydıngün|first1=Ayşegül|last2=Harding|first2=Çiğdem Balım|last3=Hoover|first3=Matthew|last4=Kuznetsov|first4=Igor|last5=Swerdlow|first5=Steve|year=2006|title=Meskhetian Turks: An Introduction to their History, Culture, and Resettelment Experiences|url=http://www.cal.org/CO/pdffiles/mturks.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714205907/http://www.cal.org/co/pdffiles/mturks.pdf|archive-date=2007-07-14|publisher=Center for Applied Linguistics}} | |||
* {{citation |last=Farkas|first=Evelyn N.|year=2003|title=Fractured States and U.S. Foreign Policy: Iraq, Ethiopia, and Bosnia in the 1990s|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=1403963738}} | |||
* {{Cite book |last=Koslowski|first=Rey|year=2004|title=Intnl Migration and Globalization Domestic Politics|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=0-203-48837-7 }}. | |||
* {{Cite book |last=Karpat|first=Kemal H.|year=2004|chapter=The Turks in America: Historical Background: From Ottoman to Turkish Immigration|title=Studies on Turkish Politics and Society: Selected Articles and Essays|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-13322-4 }}. | |||
* {{citation |last=Kaya|first=Ilhan|year=2004|title=Turkish-American immigration history and identity formations|journal=Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs|publisher=Routledge|volume=24|issue=2|pages=295–308|doi=10.1080/1360200042000296672|s2cid=144202307 }} | |||
* {{citation |last=Kaya|first=Ilhan|year=2005|title=Identity and Space: The Case of Turkish Americans|journal=Geographical Review|publisher=American Geographical Society|volume=95|issue=3|pages=425–440|doi=10.1111/j.1931-0846.2005.tb00374.x|s2cid=146744475 }} | |||
* {{citation |last=Kaya|first=Ilhan|year=2009|title=Identity across Generations: A Turkish American Case Study|journal=The Middle East Journal|publisher=Routledge|volume=63|issue=4|pages=617–632|doi=10.3751/63.4.15|s2cid=143519032 }} | |||
* {{Cite book |last=Kennedy|first=Robyn Vaughan|year=1997|title=The Melungeons: The Resurrection of a Proud People: An Untold Story of Ethnic Cleansing in America The Melungeons Series|publisher=Mercer University Press|isbn=0-86554-516-2 }}. | |||
* {{citation|last=Keser|first=Ulvi|year=2006|title=Kıbrıs'ta Göç Hareketleri ve 1974 Sonrasında Yaşananlar|url=http://web.deu.edu.tr/ataturkilkeleri/pdf/cilt1sayi1/Makale_7_UlviKeser.pdf|journal=Çağdaş Türkiye Araştırmaları Dergisi|volume=12|issue=Spring 2006|pages=103–129}} | |||
* {{Cite book |last=McCarthy|first=Justin|year=2010|title=The Turk in America: The Creation of an Enduring Prejudice|publisher=University of Utah Press|isbn=978-1607810131}}. | |||
* {{citation |last=Micallef|first=Roberta|year=2004|title=Turkish Americans: performing identities in a transnational setting|journal=Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs|publisher=Routledge|volume=24|issue=2|pages=233–241|doi=10.1080/1360200042000296636|s2cid=144573280 }} | |||
* {{citation|last=Powell|first=John|year=2005|chapter=Turkish Immigration|title=Encyclopedia of North American Immigration|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=0-8160-4658-1|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofno0000powe}} | |||
* {{citation |last=Quinn|first=David B.|year=2003|chapter=Turks, Moors, Blacks, and Others in Drake's West Indian Voyage|title=Explorers and Colonies: America, 1500–1625|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=1852850248}} | |||
* {{citation|last=Swerdlow|first=Steve|year=2006|title=Understanding Post-Soviet Ethnic Discrimination and the Effective Use of U.S. Refugee Resettlement: The Case of the Meskhetian Turks of Krasnodar Krai|url=http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1241&context=californialawreview&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.uk%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dunderstanding%2520post-soviet%2520ethnic%2520discrimination%2520and%2520the%2520effective%2520use%2520of%2520u.s.%2520refugee%2520resettlement%253A%2520the%2520case%2520of%2520the%2520meskhetian%2520turks%2520of%2520krasnodar%2520krai%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D4%26ved%3D0CDIQFjAD%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fscholarship.law.berkeley.edu%252Fcgi%252Fviewcontent.cgi%253Farticle%253D1241%2526context%253Dcalifornialawreview%26ei%3DWSpzUKGFEIWq0QWi2IDYBQ%26usg%3DAFQjCNF2Bn4ydQnnARnZE1_qj6ItHfeeKw#search=%22understanding%20post-soviet%20ethnic%20discrimination%20effective%20use%20u.s.%20refugee%20resettlement%3A%20case%20meskhetian%20turks%20krasnodar%20krai%22|journal=California Law Review|volume=94|issue=6|pages=1827–1878|doi=10.2307/20439082|jstor=20439082}} | |||
* {{citation |last=Tatari|first=Eren|year=2010|chapter=Turkish-American Muslims|title=Encyclopedia of Muslim-American History|editor-last=Curtis|editor-first=Edward E.|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-7575-1}} | |||
* {{Cite book |last=Winkler|first=Wayne|year=2005|title=Walking Toward The Sunset: The Melungeons Of Appalachia | |||
|publisher=Mercer University Press|isbn=0-86554-869-2 }}. | |||
{{Refend}} | |||
==External links== | |||
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{{Middle Eastern American}} | |||
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{{Demographics of the United States}} | |||
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Latest revision as of 19:46, 10 November 2024
Americans of Turkish birth or descentEthnic group
The 27th Annual Turkish Day Parade (2008) in New York | |
Total population | |
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252,256 2023 American Community Survey 350,000-500,000 Turkish Coalition of America | |
Regions with significant populations | |
Languages | |
Religion | |
Predominantly Sunni Islam Minority Alevism, Christianity, Other religions and Irreligion | |
a: Government immigration figures on the number of Turkish Americans may not fully account for Turks born in the Balkans, Cyprus, and other areas of the former Ottoman areas, as well as Meskhetian Turks from the former USSR. |
Part of a series of articles on |
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Turkish Americans (Turkish: Türk Amerikalılar) or American Turks are Americans of ethnic Turkish origin. The term "Turkish Americans" can therefore refer to ethnic Turkish immigrants to the United States, as well as their American-born descendants, who originate either from the Ottoman Empire or from post-Ottoman modern nation-states. The majority trace their roots to the Republic of Turkey, however, there are also significant ethnic Turkish communities in the US which descend from the island of Cyprus, the Balkans, North Africa, the Levant and other areas of the former Ottoman Empire. Furthermore, in recent years there has been a significant number of ethnic Turkish people coming to the US from the modern Turkish diaspora (i.e. outside the former Ottoman territories), especially from the Turkish Meskhetian diaspora in Eastern Europe (e.g. from Krasnodar Krai in Russia) and "Euro-Turks" from Central and Western Europe (e.g. Turkish Germans etc.).
History
Ottoman Turkish migration
The earliest known Turkish arrivals in what would become United States arrived in 1586 when Sir Francis Drake brought at least 200 Muslims, identified as Turks and Moors, to the newly established English colony of Roanoke on the coast of present-day North Carolina. Only a short time before reaching Roanoke, Drake's fleet of some thirty ships had liberated these Muslims from Spanish colonial forces in the Caribbean where they had been condemned to hard labor as galley slaves. Historical records indicate that Drake had promised to return the liberated galley slaves, and the English government did ultimately repatriate about 100 of them to the Ottoman realms.
Significant waves of Turkish immigration to the United States began during the period between 1820 and 1920. About 300,000 people immigrated from the Ottoman Empire to the United States, although only 50,000 of these immigrants were Muslim Turks whilst the rest were mainly Arabs, Armenians, Greeks, Jews and other Muslim groups under the Ottoman rule. Most ethnic Turks feared that they would not be accepted in a Christian country because of their religion and often adopted and registered under a Christian name at the port of entry in order to gain easy access to the United States; moreover, many declared themselves as "Syrians" or "Greeks" or even "Armenians" in order to avoid discrimination. The majority of Turks entered the United States via the ports of Providence, Rhode Island; Portland, Maine; and Ellis Island. French shipping agents, the missionary American college in Harput, French and German schools, and word of mouth from former migrants were major sources of information about the "New World" for those who wished to emigrate.
The largest number of ethnic Turks appear to have entered the United States prior to World War I, roughly between 1900 and 1914, when American immigration policies were quite liberal. Many of these Turks came from Harput, Akçadağ, Antep and Macedonia and embarked for the United States from Beirut, Mersin, İzmir, Trabzon and Salonica. However, the flow of immigration to the United States was interrupted by the Immigration Act of 1917, which limited entries into the United States based on literacy, and by World War I. Nonetheless, a large number of Turks from the Balkan provinces of Albania, Kosovo, Western Thrace, and Bulgaria emigrated and settled in the United States; they were listed as "Albanians", "Bulgarians" and "Serbians" according to their country of origin, even though many of them were ethnically Turkish and identified themselves as such. Furthermore, many immigrant families who were ethnic Albanians, Bulgarians, Greeks, Macedonians or Serbians included children of Turkish origin who lost their parents during ethnic cleansings committed by Bulgaria, Serbia and Greece following the Balkan War of 1912–13. These Turkish children had been sheltered, baptized and adopted, and then used as field laborers; when the adopting families emigrated to the United States they listed these children as family members, although most of these Turkish children still remembered their origin.
Early Turkish migrants were mostly male-dominated economic migrants who were farmers and shepherds from the lower socioeconomic classes; their main concern was to save enough money and return home. The majority of these migrants lived in urban areas and worked in the industrial sector, taking difficult and lower-paying jobs in leather factories, tanneries, the iron and steel sector, and the wire, railroad, and automobile industries, especially in New England, New York, Detroit, and Chicago. The Turkish community generally relied on each other in finding jobs and a place to stay, many staying in boarding houses. There was also cooperation between ethnic Turks and other Ottomans such as the Greeks, Jews, and Armenians, although ethnic conflicts were also common and carried to some parts of the United States, such as in Peabody, Massachusetts, where there was tension between Greeks, Armenians, and Turks.
Unlike the other Ottoman ethnic groups living in the United States, many early Turkish migrants returned to their homeland. The rate of return migration was exceptionally high after the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923. The founder of the Republic, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, sent ships from Turkey, such as "Gülcemal", to the United States to take these men back to Turkey without any charge. Educated Turks were offered jobs in the newly created Republic, while unskilled workers were encouraged to return, as the male population was depleted due to World War I and the Turkish War of Independence. Those who stayed in the United States lived in isolation as they knew little or no English and preferred to live among themselves. However, some of their descendants became assimilated into American culture and today vaguely have a notion of their Turkish ancestry.
Mainland Turkish migration
From World War I to 1965 the number of Turkish immigrants arriving in the United States was quite low, as a result of restrictive immigration laws such as the Immigration Act of 1924. Approximately 100 Turkish immigrants per year entered the United States between 1930 and 1950. However, the number of Turkish immigrants to the United States increased to 2,000 to 3,000 per year after 1965 due to the liberalization of US immigration laws. As of the late 1940s, but especially in the 1960s and 1970s, Turkish immigration to the United States changed its nature from one of unskilled to skilled migration; a wave of professionals such as doctors, engineers, academicians, and graduate students came to the United States. In the 1960s, 10,000 people entered the United States from Turkey, followed by another 13,000 in the 1970s. As opposed to the male-dominated first flows of Ottoman Turkish migrants, these immigrants were highly educated, return migration was minimal, migrants included many young women and accompanying families, and Turkish nationalism and secularism was much more common. The general profile of Turkish men and women immigrating to the United States depicted someone young, college-educated with a good knowledge of English, and with a career in medicine, engineering, or another profession in science or the arts.
Since the 1980s, the flow of Turkish immigrants to the United States has included an increasing number of students and professionals as well as migrants who provide unskilled and semi-skilled labor. Thus, in recent years, the highly skilled and educated profile of the Turkish American community has changed with the arrival of unskilled or semi-skilled Turkish labor workers. The unskilled or semi-skilled immigrants usually work in restaurants, gas stations, hair salons, construction sites, and grocery stores, although some of them have obtained American citizenship or green cards and have opened their own ethnic businesses. Some recent immigrants have also arrived via cargo ships and then left them illegally, whilst others overstay their visas. Thus, it is difficult to estimate the number of undocumented Turkish immigrants in the United States who overstay their visas or arrive illegally. Moreover, with the introduction of the Diversity Immigrant Visa more Turkish immigrants, from all socioeconomic and educational backgrounds, have arrived in the United States, with the quota for Turkey being 2,000 per year.
Turkish Cypriot migration
See also: Turkish Cypriots and Turkish Cypriot diasporaThe Turkish Cypriots first arrived in the United States between 1820 and 1860 due to religious or political persecution. About 2,000 Turkish Cypriots had arrived in the United States between 1878 and 1923 when the Ottoman Empire handed over the administration of the island of Cyprus to Britain. Turkish Cypriot immigration to the United States continued between the 1960s till 1974 as a result of the Cyprus conflict. According to the 1980 United States Census 1,756 people stated Turkish Cypriot ancestry. However, a further 2,067 people of Cypriot ancestry did not specify whether they were of Turkish or Greek Cypriot origin. On 2 October 2012, the first "Turkish Cypriot Day" was celebrated at the US Congress.
Turkish Macedonian migration
In 1960, the Macedonian Patriotic Organization reported that a handful of Turkish Macedonians in American "have expressed solidarity with the M.P.O.'s aims, and have made contributions to its financial needs."
Turkish Meskhetian migration
See also: Meskhetian TurksExiled first from Georgia in 1944, and then Uzbekistan in 1989, approximately 13,000 Meskhetian Turks who arrived in Krasnodar, Russia, as Soviet citizens were refused recognition by Krasnodar authorities. The regional government denied Meskhetian Turks the right to register their residences in the territory, effectively making them stateless and resulting in the absence of basic civil and human rights, including the right to employment, social and medical benefits, property ownership, higher education, and legal marriage. In mid-2006, over 10,000 Meskhetian Turks had resettled from the Krasnodar region to the United States. Out of approximately 21,000 applications, nearly 15,000 individuals in total were eligible for refugee status and likely to immigrate during the life of the resettlement program.
Demographics
Characteristics
Official statistics on the total number of Turkish Americans (of full or partial ancestry) do not provide a true reflection of the total population. In part, this is because ethnic Turkish people often choose not to report their ethnic ancestry, which is only voluntary in censuses. Moreover, the Turkish American community is unique in that many trace their roots to early Ottoman Turkish migrants who came to the United States from all areas of the Ottoman Empire, whilst those who migrated since the 20th century have come from various post-Ottoman modern nation-states. Thus, Turkish Americans mostly descend from the Republic of Turkey; however, there are also significant ethnic Turkish communities in the US which descend from the island of Cyprus (i.e. Turkish Cypriots from both the Republic of Cyprus and the TRNC), the Balkans (e.g. Turkish Bulgarians, Turkish Macedonians, Turkish Romanians, etc.), North Africa (i.e. Turkish Algerians, Turkish Egyptians, Turkish Libyans, and Turkish Tunisians), the Levant (i.e. Turkish Iraqis, Turkish Lebanese, and Turkish Syrians) as well as from other areas of the former Ottoman Empire (e.g. Turkish Saudis). Furthermore, in recent years there has been a significant number of ethnic Turkish people coming to the US from the modern Turkish diaspora, especially from the Turkish Meskhetian diaspora in Krasnodar Krai in Russia and other former Soviet states in Eastern Europe. There is also a growing number of "Euro-Turks" from Central and Western Europe (e.g. Turkish Austrian, Turkish British, and Turkish German communities) which have settled in the United States.
Population
According to the 2000 United States Census 117,575 Americans voluntarily declared their ethnicity as Turkish. However, the actual number of Americans of Turkish descent is believed to be considerably larger because most Turkish Americans do not declare their ethnicity. In 1996 Professor John J. Grabowski had already estimated the number of Turks in the United States to be 500,000.
Other sources such as the Turkish American Community put the Turkish American population at between 350,000 and 500,000 with majority concentrations living in the New York/New Jersey region as well as California. The 2023 American Community Survey conducted by the United States Census Bureau recorded 252,256 Americans of Turkish descent.
In addition, the Turks of South Carolina, an Anglicized isolated community identifying as Turkish in Sumter County for over 200 years, numbered around 500 in the mid-20th century.
Settlement
Turkish Americans live in all fifty states, although the largest concentrations are found in New York City and Rochester, New York; Washington, D.C.; and Detroit, Michigan. The largest concentrations of Turkish Americans are found scattered throughout New York City, Long Island, New Jersey, Connecticut, and other suburban areas. They generally reside in specific cities and neighborhoods including Brighton Beach in Brooklyn, Sunnyside in Queens, and in the cities of Paterson and Clifton in New Jersey.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, in 2000, Americans of Turkish origin mostly live in the State of New York followed by California, New Jersey, Florida, Texas, Virginia, Illinois, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Maryland.
The top US communities with the highest percentage of people claiming Turkish ancestry in 2000 are: | |||||||
Community | Place type | % Turkish | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Islandia, NY | village | 2.5 | |||||
Edgewater Park, NJ | township | 1.9 | |||||
Fairview, NJ | borough | 1.7 | |||||
Goldens Bridge, NY | populated place | 1.6 | |||||
Point Lookout, NY | populated place | 1.4 | |||||
Marshville, NC | town | 1.4 | |||||
Boonton, NJ | town | 1.3 | |||||
Bellerose Terrace, NY | populated place | 1.3 | |||||
Cliffside Park, NJ | borough | 1.3 | |||||
Franksville, WI | populated place | 1.3 | |||||
Ridgefield, NJ | borough | 1.3 | |||||
Chester, OH | township | 1.3 | |||||
Bay Harbor Islands, FL | town | 1.2 | |||||
Herricks, NY | populated place | 1.2 | |||||
Barry, IL | city | 1.2 | |||||
Cloverdale, IN | town | 1.2 | |||||
Highland Beach, FL | town | 1.2 | |||||
Friendship Village, MD | populated place | 1.2 | |||||
New Egypt, NJ | populated place | 1.1 | |||||
Delran, NJ | township | 1.1 | |||||
Trumbull County, OH | township | 1.1 | |||||
Summit, IL | village | 1.1 | |||||
Haledon, NJ | borough | 1.0 |
Culture
Language
See also: Turkish language and Languages in the United StatesAccording to the 2000 Census, the Turkish language is spoken in 59,407 households within the entire U.S. population, and in 12,409 households in NYC alone by highly bilingual families with Turkish ancestry. These data show that many speakers with Turkish origins continue speaking the language at home despite the fact that they are highly bilingual. The number of English-proficient households using Turkish as a home-language outweighs that of families who have switched completely to English. In this sense, the Turkish American community efforts and the schools that serve the Turkish community in the U.S. are responsible for the retaining of the Turkish language and slowing of assimilation. A detailed study has documented the efforts of language and culture-disseminating schools of the Turkish American community and is available as a doctoral dissertation, a book, book chapters, and journal articles.
Religion
See also: Islam in the United StatesAlthough Islam had little public importance among the secular Turkish Americans who arrived in the United States during the 1940s to the 1970s, more recent Turkish immigrants have tended to be more religious. Since the 1980s, the wave of Turkish immigrants has been quite diverse and have included a broad mixture of secular and religious people. Thus, due to the diversification of Turkish Americans since the 1980s, religion has become a more important identity marker within the community. Especially after the 1980s, religious organizations, Islamic cultural centers, and mosques were founded to serve the needs of Turkish people.
Various groups are active in the United States. Followers of the Islamic preacher Fethullah Gülen (known as "Hizmet" or "Gülenciler") formed a local cultural organization, the "American Turkish Friendship Association" (ATFA), in 2003, and an intercultural organization, called the "Rumi Forum", in 1999, which invites speakers to inform the public about Islam and Turkey. The Gülen community has also established mosques and interethnic private schools in New York, Connecticut, and Virginia, several colleges like the Virginia International University in Fairfax County, Virginia, and over a hundred charter schools throughout the United States. Followers of Süleyman Hilmi Tunahan, otherwise known as "Süleymancılar", also formed many mosques and cultural centers along the East Coast. Apart from these two groups, the Diyanet appoints official Turkish imams to the United States. The most prominent of these is the Turkish American Community Center of the Washington metropolitan area located in Lanham, MD., on 15 acres of land, which was bought by the Turkish Foundation of Religious Affairs. Some international sufi orders are also active. An example is the Jerrahi Order of America following the Jerrahi-Halveti order of dervishes in Spring Valley, New York.
Organizations and associations
Until the 1950s Turkish Americans had only a few organizations, the agendas of which were mainly cultural rather than political. They organized celebrations that would bring immigrant Turks together in a place during religious and national holidays. Turkish early migrants founded the first Muslim housing cooperatives and associations between 1909 and 1914. After World War I, the "Turkish Aid Society" ("Türk Teavün Cemiyeti") in New York City and the "Red Crescent" ("Hilali Ahmer"), were collecting money not only for funeral services and other community affairs but also to help the Turkish War of Independence. In 1933, Turkish Americans established the "Cultural Alliance of New York" and the "Turkish Orphans’ Association", gathering to collect money for orphans in Turkey who had lost their parents in the Turkish War of Independence. As Turkish immigration increased after the 1950s Turkish Americans gained more economic status and formed new organizations. Thus, Turkish American organizations and associations are growing throughout the United States as their number increases. Most of these organizations put emphasis on preserving the Turkish identity.
Two umbrella organizations, the Federation of Turkish American Associations (FTAA) and the Assembly of Turkish American Associations (ATAA), have been working to bring different Turkish American organizations together for which they receive financial and political support from the Turkish government. The New York based FTAA, which started in 1956 with two associations, namely the "Turkish Cypriot Aid Society" and the "Turkish Hars Society", hosts over 40 member associations, with the majority of these groups located in the northeast region of the United States. The FTAA is located in the Turkish House in the vicinity of the United Nations. The Turkish House, which was bought by the Turkish government in 1977 as the main office for the consulategeneral, also serves as a center for cultural activities: there is a Saturday school for Turkish American children, and it also houses the "Turkish Women's League of America". The Washington, D.C. based ATAA, which was established in 1979, shares many of the goals of the FTAA but has clearer political aims. It has over 60 component associations in the United States, Canada, and Turkey and has some 8,000 members all over the United States. The Association also publishes a biweekly newspaper, "The Turkish Times", and regularly informs its members on developments requiring community action. These organizations aim to unite and improve support for the Turkish community in the United States and to defend Turkish interests against groups with conflicting interests. Today, both the FTAA and the ATAA organize cultural events such as concerts, art-gallery exhibits, and parades, as well as lobby for Turkey.
Politics
See also: Turkish lobby in the United StatesDuring the 1970s Turkish Americans began to mobilize politically in order to influence American policies in favor of their homeland as a result of the Cyprus conflict, the American military embargo targeting Turkey, the efforts to achieve recognition of the Armenian genocide and Greek genocide from the members of the Armenian American and Greek American diaspora, and the Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia's targeting of Turkish diplomats in the United States and elsewhere. Thus, this became a turning point for the changing nature of Turkish American associations from those that organized cultural events to those with a more political agenda coincided with the hostile efforts of other ethnic groups, namely the Greek and Armenian lobby. As well as promoting the Turkish culture, Turkish American organizations promote Turkey's position in international affairs and generally support the positions taken by the Turkish government. They have been lobbying for Turkey's entry into the European Union and have also defended the Turkish involvement in Cyprus. Turkish Americans have also expressed concerns about the Greek lobby in the United States undermining the typically good Turkish-American relations. In recent years, Turkish Americans have established more influence in the US Congress. In 2005, second-generation Turkish American Oz Bengur was the first candidate (Democrat from Maryland's 3rd district) of Turkish origin to run for Congress in US history.
Festivals
Turkish American festivals are major public events in which the community present themselves to the wider public. The Federation of Turkish American Associations (FTAA) organizes the "Turkish Cultural Month Festival" starting on 23 April each year, the date when the first Turkish parliament opened in 1920, and ending on 19 May, the date when the Turkish liberation movement led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk started in 1919. Furthermore, the annual "Turkish Day Parade", which began as a demonstration in 1981 in reaction to Armenian militant attacks on Turkish diplomats, has evolved into a weeklong celebration and has since continued to increase in scope and length.
Media
Radio and TV
- Ebru TV – broadcasts educational programs about sciences, art, and culture as well as news and sports events in the vein of the Gülen Movement. It can be watched online, on RCN basic cable in the mid-Atlantic area and Chicago.
- Voice of Turkey – ICAT Channel 15 (cable) in Rochester, New York Wednesdays and Saturdays 8 pm −10 pm by Ahmet Turgut.
Newspapers and periodicals
- Turk of America – the first Turkish American bi-monthly business magazine; in English
Cable system
Notable people
For a more comprehensive list, see List of Turkish Americans.Numerous Turkish Americans have made notable contributions to American society, particularly in the fields of education, medicine, music, the arts, science, and business.
Academia
Within academia, Feza Gürsey was a professor of physics at Yale University and won the prestigious Oppenheimer Prize and Wigner Medal.
Another influential Turkish American was Muzafer Sherif who was one of the founders of social psychology which helped develop social judgment theory and realistic conflict theory.
In 2015 Aziz Sancar was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his mechanistic studies of DNA repair.
Two prominent Turkish-American economists include Daron Acemoğlu at MIT, who writes on democracy and national development, and Dani Rodrik at Harvard Kennedy School, an expert on globalization.
Seyla Benhabib is a Turkish-born political theorist, and professor at Yale, who writes on citizenship, identity, and ethics.
American Civil War
Marie Tepe, known as "French Mary," was a French-born vivandière who fought for the Union army during the American Civil War. Tepe served with the 27th and 114th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiments. Her father was Turkish and her mother was French.
Ivan Turchin, was a Union Army brigadier general in the American Civil War
Arts
One of the earliest Turkish American artists was Ben Ali Haggin who was a portrait painter and stage designer. He began exhibiting his paintings formally in 1903. The National Academy of Design awarded him the 1909 Third Hallgarten Prize for his painting Elfrida. A founding member of the National Association of Portrait Painters [Wikidata], he was elected an Associate member of the National Academy of Design from 1912. In the 1930s, Haggin turned his abilities to stage design and created sets for the Metropolitan Opera Ballet and the Ziegfeld Follies.
Other notable Turkish American artists include Burhan Doğançay who is best known for tracking walls in various cities across the world for half a century, integrating them in his artistic work; Haluk Akakçe is a contemporary artist who explores the intersections between society and technology through video animations, wall paintings and sound installations; Sururi Gümen was an uncredited ghost artist behind Alfred Andriola's comic strip Kerry Drake, finally receiving co-credit in 1976; Bülent Atalay is an artist whose works have been exhibited in one-man shows in London and Washington, D.C.; Serkan Özkaya is a conceptual artist whose work deals with topics of appropriation and reproduction; Gizem Saka is a contemporary artist who is a senior lecturer at the Wharton School of Business, University of Pennsylvania, and a visiting lecturer at Harvard University, teaching art markets; Özge Samancı is professor at Northwestern University whose art installations merge computer code and bio-sensors with comics, animation, interactive narrations, performance, and projection art; Pınar Yoldaş is an architect and artist whose work emphasizes the role of neuroscience in understanding artistic experience; Hakan Topal is an associate professor of New Media and Art+Design at Purchase College, SUNY; and Jihan Zencirli is a visual artist who was the first female New York City Ballet art series collaborator, and whose work the New York Times called "the most recognizable public art installations in the country."
Hulis Mavruk is a world renowned artist.
In the performing arts, Adam Darius was a dancer, mime artist, writer and choreographer.
Business
One of the earliest notable entrepreneurs of Turkish origin in the United States is James Ben Ali Haggin, who was the grandson of the Ottoman Turkish migrant Ibrahim Ben Ali. Haggin was an attorney, rancher, investor, art collector, and a major owner and breeder in the sport of Thoroughbred horse racing. Haggin made a fortune in the aftermath of the California Gold Rush and was a multi-millionaire by 1880. Many of Haggin's descendants adopted the name "Ben Ali" (e.g. the painter Ben Ali Haggin), and many continued with the family business, including his grandson, Richard Lounsbery, who established the Richard Lounsbery Foundation.
Billionaire Osman Kibar (worth $2.9B in 2020) is the founder and CEO of San Diego-based biotech firm Samumed. The company "raised $438 million in August 2018 to further its work developing drugs to reverse aging, claiming a valuation of $12.4 billion". Forbes also listed Kibar as one of the "Global Game Changers 2016".
Billionaire Melih Abdulhayoglu (worth $1.8B in 2019) is the founder and CEO of Comodo Group, an Internet security company he founded in the United Kingdom in 1998 and relocated to the US in 2004.
Billionaire Eren Ozmen (worth $1.2B in 2020) was listed number 15 in Forbes's "America's Self-Made Women 2020". Alongside her husband, Fatih Ozmen (also worth $1.2B in 2020), they are the co-owners of Sierra Nevada Corporation (SNC) which is a privately held aerospace and national security contractor specializing in aircraft modification and integration, space components and systems, and related technology products for cybersecurity and eHealth. SNC is best known for providing the US military with souped-up planes, loaded with cameras, sensors, navigation gear and comms systems. In particular, SNC's Dream Chaser spaceplane has been "tapped by NASA to ferry food, water, supplies and scientific experiments to the International Space Station."
Yalçın Ayaslı is founder of Hittite Microwave Corporation. His company was taken over by Analog Devices for 2.45 Billion Dollars.
Hamdi Ulukaya is a Turkish billionaire businessman and activist. Ulukaya is the owner, founder, chairman, and chief executive officer of Chobani, the #1-selling strained yogurt brand in the US. According to Forbes, his net worth as of June 2019 is $2 billion. On 26 April 2016, Ulukaya announced to his employees that he would be giving them 10% of the shares in Chobani.
Joe Ucuzoglu is a businessman and Global CEO of Deloitte
Ahmet Mücahid Ören is an entrepreneur and the current chairman and CEO of İhlas Holding,
Muhtar Kent is the former chairman of the board and chief executive officer of The Coca-Cola Company.
Hikmet Ersek is the former CEO of Western Union.
Cinema and television
Americans with Middle Eastern origins (including Turks, Arabs, Persians etc.) are underrepresented in American TV and cinema and often stereotyped. Consequently, several actors and actresses have Anglicized or changed their names from Turkish to English names. Nonetheless, there is an increasing number of Turkish American contributions in cinema and television.
Film
One of the earliest actors with Turkish roots in American cinema was Turhan Bey (Turkish father) who was active in Hollywood from 1941 to 1953. He was dubbed "The Turkish Delight" by his fans, whilst Hedda Hopper called him a "Turkish Valentino."
In animated cinema, Kaan Kalyon was the co-writer of Disney's Pocahontas (1995) and Hercules (1997), and the story artist in Treasure Planet (2002). In addition, Kalyon has worked with Sony and Columbia Pictures as the story artist for Surf's Up (2007) and Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (2009) and was the head of story for Hotel Transylvania (2012). He has also worked on several animated television series' including Widget (1990), Tiny Toon Adventures (1991–92) and Bebe's Kids.
Shevaun Mizrahi is a documentary filmmaker who received a Jury Special Mention Award at the Locarno Film Festival 2017 for her documentary film Distant Constellation among many other awards including the Best Picture Prize at the Jeonju International Film Festival 2018 and the FIPRESCI Critics Prize at the Viennale (Vienna International Film Festival) 2018.
Ceylan Carhoglu is an Emmy Award-winning filmmaker
Furthermore, the actor and filmmaker Onur Tukel is a notable figure in the New York City independent film community. His films often deal with issues of gender and relationships.
Television shows
Several Americans with Turkish roots have also starred in American television; for example, D'Arcy Carden (Turkish father) is an actress and comedian best known for starring in The Good Place (2016–2020) and Barry (2018–present); David Chokachi (Turkish Iraqi father) is best known for his roles in Witchblade, Baywatch, and Beyond The Break; Tarik Ergin is known for playing the part of Lieutenant Junior Grade Ayala in Star Trek: Voyager; Eren Ozker was one of the original performers during the first season of Jim Henson's popular television series The Muppet Show; Hal Ozsan (Turkish Cypriot origin) is known for his roles in Dawson's Creek and recurring roles in Jessica Jones, The Blacklist, Graceland, Impastor, 90210, and Kyle XY; and Tiffani Thiessen (maternally of Greek, Turkish and Welsh origin) is best known for her role as Kelly Kapowski on Saved by the Bell (1989–93) and as Valerie Malone on Beverly Hills, 90210 (1994–98).
In television animation, Jason Davis (Turkish father) was best known for his role as the voice of Mikey Blumberg from the animated television series Recess.
Meanwhile, the nutrition author, Daphne Oz, was a co-host on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) daytime talk show The Chew (2011–17). Her father, Dr. Mehmet Oz, is regarded as one of the most accomplished cardiothoracic surgeons. He has made frequent appearances on The Oprah Winfrey Show. In the fall of 2009, Winfrey's Harpo Productions and Sony Pictures launched a daily talk show featuring Oz, called The Dr. Oz Show. "The Dr. Oz Show" has been an enormous success with an average of about 3.5 million viewers.
Outside the United States, Ayda Field (Turkish father) has been a regular panellist on the television show Loose Women in the United Kingdom. During 2018, she featured on the judging panel of the British version of The X Factor, alongside her husband, singer Robbie Williams.
Furthermore, some Turkish Americans have gained notability in Turkey where they have starring roles on Turkish TV, including Derya Arbaş, Didem Erol, Defne Joy Foster, Murat Han, and Ozman Sirgood.
Music
Many prominent Turkish Americans have made lasting contributions to the American music industry. Ahmet Ertegun founded Atlantic Records, one of the most successful American independent music labels, in 1947. He was also a prime mover in starting the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum. In a music career marked by numerous lifetime achievement awards, he was inducted into the hall in 1987.
In 1956, Ahmet Ertegun's older brother, Nesuhi Ertegun, joined Atlantic Records as vice-president of the company, attracting many of the most inventive jazz musicians of the era.
By 1963, arranger, composer and record producer Arif Mardin joined the Ertegun brothers at Atlantic Records. Mardin was the winner of 12 Grammys, including two for best producer, non-classical (in 1976 and 2003). He retired from Atlantic Records in May 2001 and began a new corporate relationship as senior vice president and co-general manager of the EMI label Manhattan Records. Mardin was considered one of the most successful and significant behind-the-scenes figures in popular music in the last half-century. His son, Joe Mardin is also a record producer and arranger.
Other notable musicians include the songwriter Oak Felder who was nominated for a 2015 Grammy Award for Best R&B Song for writing Usher's single "Good Kisser", he also produced two songs on the Alicia Keys album Girl on Fire which won the 2014 Grammy Award for Best R&B Album; the violinist and conductor Selim Giray is an associate professor of Violin, Viola and Chamber Music at Pittsburg State University; the composer Kamran Ince was awarded the Rome Prize, a Guggenheim Fellowship and the Lili Boulanger Memorial Prize; the composer Mehmet Ali Sanlıkol was nominated for a Grammy in 2014; and the composer Pinar Toprak has won two International Film Music Critics Association Awards for The Lightkeepers (2009) and The Wind Gods (2013).
Several notable Turkish American musicians have established their careers outside the United States; for example, the fusion jazz drummer Atilla Engin was active in Denmark; the singer, guitarist and songwriter Deniz Tek was a founding member of the Australian rock group Radio Birdman; and the singer Özlem Tekin has released most of her songs in Turkey.
Politics
In the United States, Turkish Americans remain relatively underrepresented politically. Typically, Turkish Americans have voted Republican due to the party's support for Turkey regarding various foreign policy issues, such as the Cyprus conflict. Turkish American lobbying groups have donated money to politicians of both parties over the years who they felt best represented Turkish American interests, such as helping Texas Republican and former Turkey Caucus co-chair Pete Sessions return to the U.S. House in 2021 after suffering a defeat in 2018, or helping California Democrat Farrah Khan win an election to mayor of Irvine, California, in 2020.
In 2019, Tayfun Selen became the first Turkish American mayor, having been elected mayor of Chatham Township, New Jersey. In 2021, three Turkish American women were selected for positions within the Biden administration, including Didem Nişancı (chief of staff at the Department of the Treasury); Özge Güzelsu (deputy general counsel at the Department of Defense); and Naz Durakoğlu (assistant secretary for the Bureau of Legislative Affairs at the Department of Foreign Affairs). That same year, Mehmet Oz announced his bid for the 2022 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania as a Republican, making references to his Turkish ancestry in his campaign announcement.
There are also notable Turkish Americans in politics outside the United States. For example, American-born Selin Sayek Böke is a member of the Republican People's Party (CHP) and has served as a Member of Parliament for İzmir's second electoral district since 2015. Merve Kavakçı, who holds dual citizenship, was elected as a Virtue Party deputy for Istanbul in 1999. She is now serving as the Turkish ambassador to Malaysia.
On September 6, 2024, Turkish-American human rights activist Ayşenur Ezgi Eygi was shot in the head by an Israel Defense Forces (IDF) sniper during a protest against illegal Israeli settlements in Beita, Nablus, in the West Bank.
Sports
Association football/Soccer
In December 1970 Ahmet Ertegun and Nesuhi Ertegun founded the New York Cosmos American professional soccer club which was based in New York City and its suburbs. The team competed in the North American Soccer League (NASL) until 1984 and was the strongest franchise in that league, both competitively and financially. The team were champions of the North American Soccer League in 1972, 1977, 1978, 1980, and 1982. In particular, the signing of Pelé by the Cosmos transformed soccer across the United States, lending credibility not only to the Cosmos, but also to the NASL and soccer in general.
On January 16, 2013, Ersal Ozdemir founded Indy Eleven which is an American professional soccer team based in Indianapolis, Indiana. The team came second place in the 2016 North American Soccer League season and third place in the 2019 USL Championship season.
Tunch Ilkin (born Tunç Ali İlkin; September 23, 1957 – September 4, 2021) was a Turkish-born player of American football and sports broadcaster. A two-time Pro Bowl selection as an offensive tackle with the Pittsburgh Steelers, he was the first Turk to play in the National Football League (NFL). He was voted to the Pittsburgh Steelers All-Time Team. After his playing career, he was a television and radio analyst for the Steelers from 1998 to 2020.
See also
- List of Turkish Americans
- Turks of South Carolina
- Quivira
- Melungeon
- Turkey–United States relations
- Turkish Women's League of America
- Turkish diaspora
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External links
Media related to Turkish diaspora in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
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