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{{Short description|Politician from Ottoman Macedonia (1878–1953)}}
{{Infobox person {{Infobox officeholder
| name= Dimitar Vlahov | name = Dimitar Vlahov
| image= Vlahov Kazanlak.jpg | image = Vlahov Kazanlak.jpg
| caption= Revolutionary and politician from ] | caption = Revolutionary and politician from ]
| birth_date= 1878 | birth_date = 8 November 1878
| birth_place= ], ], ] (now ]) | birth_place = ], ], ] (now ])
| death_date= 1953
| death_date = 7 April 1953 (aged 74)
| death_place= ], ] (now ])| | death_place = ], ] (now ])|
}}
⚫ | honorific-suffix = ]
{{Infobox Politician
⚫ | term_start =
| name= Dimitar Vlahov
⚫ | term_end =
⚫ | honorific-suffix = ]
⚫ | office1 = ]
⚫ | term_start=
⚫ | term_start1 = Fall 1908
⚫ | term_end=
⚫ | term_end1 = January 1910 (when he resigns from the Federative Party)
⚫ | office1=]
⚫ | party = ]
⚫ | term_start1= Fall 1908
⚫ | profession =
⚫ | term_end1= January 1910 (when he resigns from the Federative Party)
⚫ | party=]
⚫ | profession =
}} }}


'''Dimitar Yanakiev Vlahov''' ({{lang-bg|Димитър Янакиев Влахов}}; {{lang-mk|Димитар Јанакиев Влахов}}) (1878 in ], ] &ndash; 1953 in ], ]) was a ] politician from the region of ] and member of the left wing of the Macedonian-Adrianople revolutionary movement (also known as ] (IMRO)). As with many other IMRO members of the time, historians from the ] consider him an ethnic ] and in ] he is considered a ]. Vlahov declared himself until the early 1930s as a Bulgarian and afterwards as an ethnic Macedonian.<ref>Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia, Dimitar Bechev, Scarecrow Press, 2009, {{ISBN|0810862956}}, </ref><ref>During the 20th century, Slav Macedonian national feeling has shifted. At the beginning of the 20th century, Slavic patriots in Macedonia felt a strong attachment to Macedonia as a multi-ethnic homeland... Most of these Macedonian Slavs also saw themselves as Bulgarians. By the middle of the 20th. century, however Macedonian patriots began to see Macedonian and Bulgarian loyalties as mutually exclusive. Regional Macedonian nationalism had become ethnic Macedonian nationalism... This transformation shows that the content of collective loyalties can shift. , Ethnologia Balkanica Series, Klaus Roth, Ulf Brunnbauer, LIT Verlag Münster, 2010, {{ISBN|3825813878}}, p. 127.</ref> However such left-wing Macedonian activists, former members of the ] and the ] never managed to get rid of their strong ] sentiments, and thus practically continued to feel themselves as Bulgarians even in Communist Yugoslavia.<ref>Palmer, S. and R. King Yugoslav Communism and the Macedonian Question, Archon Books (June 1971), p. 137.</ref><ref>''According to the Macedonian historian Academician Ivan Katardzhiev all left-wing Macedonian revolutionaries from the period until the early 1930s declared themselves as "Bulgarians" and he asserts that the political separatism of some Macedonian revolutionaties toward official Bulgarian policy was yet only political phenomenon without ethnic character. This will bring even Dimitar Vlahov on the session of the Politburo of the Macedonian communist party in 1948, when speaking of the existence of the Macedonian nation, to say that in 1932 (when left wing of IMRO issued for the first time the idea of separate Macedonian nation) a mistake was made. Katardzhiev claims all this veterans from IMRO (United) and Bulgarian communist party remained only at the level of political, not of national separatism. Thus, they practically continued to feel themselves as Bulgarians, i.e. they didn't develop clear national separatist position even in Communist Yugoslavia.'' Академик Катарџиев, Иван. Верувам во националниот имунитет на македонецот, интервју за списание "Форум", 22 jули 2000, број 329.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribune.eu.com/articles/79.html |title=Tribune. Издание: 2007/118, освежено: 05.11.2007. Уште робуваме на старите поделби. Разговор со приредувачот на Зборникот документи за Тодор Александров, д-р Зоран Тодоровски. 27.06.2005 |access-date=2007-10-11 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011144602/http://www.tribune.eu.com/articles/79.html |archive-date=11 October 2007 }}</ref> '''Dimitar Vlahov''' ({{langx|bg|Димитър Влахов}}; {{langx|mk|Димитар Влахов}}; 8 November 1878 &ndash; 7 April 1953) was a politician from the ] and member of the left wing of the Macedonian-Adrianople revolutionary movement (also known as ] (IMRO)). As with many other IMRO members of the time, historians from ] consider him an ethnic ] and in ] he is considered a ]. Vlahov declared himself until the early 1930s as a Bulgarian and afterwards as an ethnic Macedonian.<ref>''Though, in the 1920s Vlahov, as well as the IMRO-U as a whole, still defined the Slavs of Macedonia as Bulgarians, by the 1930s his views had evolved in support of a separate Macedonian ethnic nation that he saw, faithful to the Marxist theories on nationhood, as a product of the advent of capitalism to Macedonia in the 19th century rather than a primordial fact.'' For more see: Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia, Dimitar Bechev, Scarecrow Press, 2009, {{ISBN|0810862956}}, </ref><ref>''From 1934 to 1944, the family of Dimitar Vlahov, a Bulgarian political activist from Macedonia, activist of IMARO, IMRO, IMRO (United), BCP and the Comintern, resided in the Soviet Union. It included his wife Maria and their son Gustav. At that time, D. Vlahov was recruited to work in the structures of the Comintern in Moscow, and his relatives were also employed in the Soviet capital. Documents stored in the Russian State Archive for Social and Political History reveal embarrassing differences in determining the nationality of the individual representatives of the otherwise joint family at the time. D. Vlahov and his wife Maria presented themselves as ethnic Macedonians, while in documents written or filled out by himself, their son Gustav indicated that he was a Bulgarian citizen and wrote “Bulgarian” in the nationality column. G. Vlahov’s long declared Bulgarian nationality did not prevent him later from making accusations against Bulgaria and its politics. In statements, forgetting his declared nationality in writing, he claims that he felt more Macedonian than his parents, who once defined themselves as Bulgarians.'' For more: Войнова, Н. Чуждестранните почетни членове на Македонския научен институт от Западна Европа и делото в защита на българската национална кауза. В: Българите в Западните Балкани (100 години преди и след Ньой). Сборник с доклади от научна конференция (09 ноември 2020 г.) и национална кръгла маса (20 ноември 2022 г.), проведени в София. С., 2023, Издание на Института за исторически изследвания при Българска академия на науките, с. 102–132. {{ISBN|978-954-2903-76-5}}.</ref>


==Life== ==Life==
He was born in Kılkış (Bulgarian/Macedonian ], in present-day ]) and attended the ]. After that he emigrated to the ] and graduated from ] in ]. Vlachov also studied ] in ] and ], where he took part in socialist circles. However, he graduated in these subjects from ]. Here he enrolled in the ]. In 1903, Vlahov entered a military service in the reserve officer's school in ]. Then he worked as a teacher in the ] where he was active in ]. During this period, he was arrested by the ] authorities. In 1905, Vlahov was released and went back to ] where he worked as a teacher in ]. In 1908, after the ] revolution he began working in the ] ] in ] again. He was born in Kılkış (Bulgarian/Macedonian ], in present-day ]) and attended the ]. After that he emigrated to the ] and graduated from ] in ]. Vlachov also studied ] in ] and ], where he also took part in socialist circles. However, he graduated in these subjects from ]. Here he enrolled in the ]. In 1903, Vlahov entered a military service in the reserve officer's school in ]. Then he worked as a teacher in the ] where he was active in ]. During this period, he was arrested by the ] authorities. In 1905, Vlahov was released and went back to ] where he worked as a teacher in ]. In 1908, after the ] revolution he began working in the ] ] in ] again.


In the next few years, Vlahov was politically active as a member of the ] as a representative from the ]. After the dissolution of the PFP in 1911, he became a member the ] and in 1912 was elected again as a deputy in the Ottoman Parliament. During the Balkan Wars on the recommendation of ], he was appointed head of the consular department at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Sofia. Then he was sent as a Bulgarian consul to ], the Ottoman Empire. During the First World War as a reserve officer he was appointed a governor of the then under Bulgarian rule Stip and Pristina districts. Later was a representative of the ] in high diplomatic and administrative positions in ], ], and ]. With the reestablishment of IMRO in 1920, Vlahov was elected as alternate member of its Central Committee, representing the left wing. At that time he was a Secretary of the Chamber of Commerce in ]. ] urged him to establish a contact between IMRO and ]. As a messenger served ], his best man and prominent figure of the ]. On behalf of IMRO, Vlahov departed in July 1923 to ]. So in 1924, IMRO entered negotiations in ] with the Comintern about collaboration between the communists and the ] movement and the creation of a united Macedonian movement. Vlahov helped the subscription of the so-called ] about forming a ] and cooperation with the ]. After the subsequent rift between the organization and the Communists, the new leadership headed by ] excluded him from the organization and he was sentenced to death. In 1925, he was one of the founders of the ] in Vienna. He also became a member of ]. During the late 1920s, he worked in ], Germany and ] as a Comintern publicist. During this period he was chased by IMRO and against him were organized several failed assassination attempts. In the following years, Vlahov was politically active as a deputy in the ] as a representative of the ]. After the dissolution of this party in 1911, he became a member of the ] and in 1912 he was again elected as a deputy to the Ottoman Parliament. During the Balkan Wars, on the recommendation of ], he was appointed head of the consular department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Sofia. He was then sent as Bulgarian consul to ] in the Ottoman Empire. During the First World War, as a reserve officer, he was appointed governor of the Shtip and Prishtina districts, then under Bulgarian rule. Later he represented the ] in high diplomatic and administrative positions in ], ] and ]. When IMRO was re-established in 1920, Vlahov was elected as an alternate member of its Central Committee, representing the left wing. At that time he was secretary of the ] Chamber of Commerce. ] urged him to establish contact between IMRO and ]. ], his best man and a prominent figure in the ], served as his messenger. On behalf of IMRO, Vlahov left in July 1923 for ]. Thus, in 1924, IMRO started negotiations in ] with the Comintern on collaboration between the communists and the ] movement in establishing a united ]. Vlahov assisted in the adoption of the so called ] on the formation of a ] and cooperation with the ]. After the subsequent rift between the Organization and the Comintern, the new leadership led by ] excluded him from IMRO and he was sentenced to death. In 1925, he was one of the founders of ] in Vienna. He also became a member of the ]. At the end of the 1920s he worked in ], Germany and ] as a Comintern publicist. During this period he was pursued by IMRO and several failed assassination attempts were organized against him.
], ] and ] parading in liberated Skopje, November 1944]]
⚫ In 1932 members of IMRO (United), put for the first time the issue of the recognition of a separate ] ] in a lecture in ].<ref>Произходът на македонската нация - Стенограма от заседание на Македонския Научен Институт в София през 1947 г.</ref> The question was also studied in the highest institutions of the Comintern and in the autumn of 1933, Dimitar Vlahov arrived in Moscow and took part in a number of meetings.<ref>Мемоари на Димитър Влахов. Скопје, 1970, стр. 356.</ref> So on 11 January 1934, the Political Secretariat of the Comintern adopted a special ]. From 1936 to 1944, Vlahov lived in the Soviet Union and in late 1944 he went to the new ] with ], where he worked in high state and political positions. In November 1943, Vlahov participated in the Second Session of the ] and was elected in the presidium representing ].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Macedonian Question And The Macedonians |page=91 |author=Alexis Heraclides |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2021 }}</ref> In November 1944 he returned to the newly liberated Skopje and became a member of the ].


⚫ ] (second from left), Víctor Manuel Villaseñor, United Nations Representative (center), Dimitar Vlahov (second from right) and others, in Bitola, February 1946]] On 26 November, at the First Conference of the National Liberation Front of Macedonia, he was elected its president, and at the Second Session of ] (ASNOM) in December he was elected a member of the Presidium of ASNOM. At the Third Session of ASNOM in April 1945 he became a member of the Presidium of the National Assembly of Macedonia.
⚫ In 1932 members of IMRO (United), put for the first time the issue of the recognition of a separate ] ] in a lecture in ].<ref>Произходът на македонската нация - Стенограма от заседание на Македонския Научен Институт в София през 1947 г.</ref> The question was also studied in the highest institutions of the Comintern and in the autumn of 1933, Dimitar Vlahov arrived in Moscow and took part in a number of meetings.<ref>Мемоари на Димитър Влахов. Скопје, 1970, стр. 356.</ref> So on January 11, 1934, the Political Secretariat of the Comintern adopted a special ]. From 1936 to 1944, Vlahov lived in the Soviet Union and in 1944 he went to the new ] with ], where he worked in high state and political positions. In November 1944 he returned to the newly liberated Skopje and became a member of the ].


Post-war, Vlahov argued that Macedonians had "all the elements" that make a nation. In his 1950 book ''Macedonia-Comments of the History of the Macedonian People'', he claimed that modern Macedonians came from a fusion of Slavs with the ], that ]'s empire was a Macedonian state, and that ] were Macedonians' gift to Slavism, among other assertions.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Macedonian Question And The Macedonians |pages=171-172 |author=Alexis Heraclides |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2021 }}</ref>
⚫ ] (second from left), Victor Manuel Vilasenjor, United Nations Representative (center), Dimitar Vlahov (second from right) and others, in Bitola, February 1946]] On November 26, at the First Conference of the National Liberation Front of Macedonia, he was elected its president, and at the Second Session of ] (ASNOM) in December he was elected a member of the Presidium of ASNOM. At the Third Session of ASNOM in April 1945 he became a member of the Presidium of the National Assembly of Macedonia.


In 1948 on a meeting of the Central committee of the ] he claimed that the decision by the IMRO (United) from 1932 on the formation of a separate Macedonian ] and language was a political mistake.<ref>Академик Катарџиев, Иван. Верувам во националниот имунитет на македонецот, интервју за списание "Форум", 22 jули 2000, број 329.</ref> Later his name was scraped from ].<ref>Pål Kolstø, Strategies of Symbolic Nation-building in South Eastern Europe, Routledge, 2016, {{ISBN|1317049365}}, p. 188.</ref> Afterwards he was gradually pushed out of his power positions from the pro-Yugoslav circle around ]. Vlahov was dismissed, because he came from the ], communicated much better in Bulgarian than in the newly codified Macedonian language, and had little political support in then SR Macedonia.<ref>Andrew Rossos, Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History; Hoover Institution Press Publication, Hoover Press, 2013, {{ISBN|081794883X}}, p. 238.</ref> He died in ] in 1953. Per ] in 1948 on a meeting of the Central committee of the ] he claimed that the decision by the IMRO (United) from 1932 on the formation of a separate Macedonian ] and language was a political mistake.<ref>Академик Катарџиев, Иван. Верувам во националниот имунитет на македонецот, интервју за списание "Форум", 22 jули 2000, број 329.</ref> Based on Katardziev's opinion, Stefan Dechev maintains that Vlahov's pro-Bulgarian sentiments had remained after WWII.<ref>''As the historian Ivan Katardziev pointed out many years ago, even the veterans of the left-wing IMRO (United) in the second half of the 1940s "remained only at the level of political and not national separatism." In this sense, we can say that today's definition of Macedonian national identity necessarily went through Yugoslav socialization and overt anti-Bulgarianism, and this certainly also goes through a historical narrative from Yugoslav times, which seriously ignores historical facts. Not by chance, speaking of personalities like Dimitar Vlahov or Pavel Shatev, Katardziev adds: "They practically felt like Bulgarians.'' For more: "Стефан Дечев: Две държава, две истории, много „истини“ и една клета наука - трета част. .</ref><ref>''In conclusion, Gotse and IMRO were "children of the Exarchate", and the later ethnic Macedonia was mostly the creation of an young generation brought up from the end of the 20s of the 20th century in Belgrade or Zagreb, who had a different sensibility. The old IMRO people were not like that. It is not by chance that the distinguished historian Ivan Katardziev in an interview from the late 90s said that even one Dimitar Vlahov until the end of his life could not feel what it means to be an ethnic Macedonian, he remained with the old political Macedonianism of Gotse Delchev and Yane Sandanski, who is a very Bulgarian phenomenon.'' For more: Стефан Дечев: Дори македонските тълкувания за езика от Средновековието и 19 в. да са тенденциозни, защо да е невъзможно да се признае съществуването на стандартен македонски книжовен език? </ref> Later his name was removed from the ].<ref>Pål Kolstø, Strategies of Symbolic Nation-building in South Eastern Europe, Routledge, 2016, {{ISBN|1317049365}}, p. 188.</ref> Afterwards he was gradually pushed out of his power positions from the pro-Yugoslav circle around ]. Vlahov was dismissed, because he communicated much better in Bulgarian than in Macedonian and had little political support in SR Macedonia, among other reasons.<ref>Andrew Rossos, Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History; Hoover Institution Press Publication, Hoover Press, 2013, {{ISBN|081794883X}}, p. 238.</ref> He died in ] in 1953.


==Footnotes== ==Footnotes==
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Latest revision as of 09:28, 30 November 2024

Politician from Ottoman Macedonia (1878–1953)
Dimitar VlahovMP
Revolutionary and politician from Macedonia
Member of the Ottoman Parliament
In office
Fall 1908 – January 1910 (when he resigns from the Federative Party)
Personal details
Born8 November 1878
Kukush, Salonica Vilayet, Ottoman Empire (now Greece)
Died7 April 1953 (aged 74)
Belgrade, SFR Yugoslavia (now Serbia)
Political partyPeople's Federative Party (Bulgarian Section)

Dimitar Vlahov (Bulgarian: Димитър Влахов; Macedonian: Димитар Влахов; 8 November 1878 – 7 April 1953) was a politician from the region of Macedonia and member of the left wing of the Macedonian-Adrianople revolutionary movement (also known as Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO)). As with many other IMRO members of the time, historians from North Macedonia consider him an ethnic Macedonian and in Bulgaria he is considered a Bulgarian. Vlahov declared himself until the early 1930s as a Bulgarian and afterwards as an ethnic Macedonian.

Life

He was born in Kılkış (Bulgarian/Macedonian Kukush, in present-day Greece) and attended the Bulgarian Men's High School of Thessaloniki. After that he emigrated to the Principality of Bulgaria and graduated from secondary school in Belogradtchik. Vlachov also studied chemistry in Germany and Switzerland, where he also took part in socialist circles. However, he graduated in these subjects from Sofia University. Here he enrolled in the Bulgarian Social Democratic Workers' Party. In 1903, Vlahov entered a military service in the reserve officer's school in Sofia. Then he worked as a teacher in the Bulgarian Men's High School of Thessaloniki where he was active in IMRO. During this period, he was arrested by the Ottoman authorities. In 1905, Vlahov was released and went back to Bulgaria where he worked as a teacher in Kazanlak. In 1908, after the Young Turks revolution he began working in the Bulgarian secondary school in Thessaloniki again.

In the following years, Vlahov was politically active as a deputy in the Ottoman Parliament as a representative of the People's Federative Party (Bulgarian Section). After the dissolution of this party in 1911, he became a member of the Ottoman Socialist Party and in 1912 he was again elected as a deputy to the Ottoman Parliament. During the Balkan Wars, on the recommendation of Simeon Radev, he was appointed head of the consular department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Sofia. He was then sent as Bulgarian consul to Smyrna in the Ottoman Empire. During the First World War, as a reserve officer, he was appointed governor of the Shtip and Prishtina districts, then under Bulgarian rule. Later he represented the Kingdom of Bulgaria in high diplomatic and administrative positions in Odessa, Kiev and Vienna. When IMRO was re-established in 1920, Vlahov was elected as an alternate member of its Central Committee, representing the left wing. At that time he was secretary of the Varna Chamber of Commerce. Todor Alexandrov urged him to establish contact between IMRO and Soviet Russia. Krastyo Rakovski, his best man and a prominent figure in the Comintern, served as his messenger. On behalf of IMRO, Vlahov left in July 1923 for Moscow. Thus, in 1924, IMRO started negotiations in Vienna with the Comintern on collaboration between the communists and the Macedonian movement in establishing a united Macedonian revolutionary movement. Vlahov assisted in the adoption of the so called May Manifesto on the formation of a Balkan Communist Federation and cooperation with the Soviet Union. After the subsequent rift between the Organization and the Comintern, the new leadership led by Ivan Mihailov excluded him from IMRO and he was sentenced to death. In 1925, he was one of the founders of IMRO (United) in Vienna. He also became a member of the Bulgarian Communist Party. At the end of the 1920s he worked in France, Germany and Austria as a Comintern publicist. During this period he was pursued by IMRO and several failed assassination attempts were organized against him.

Čento, Dimitar Vlahov and Mihajlo Apostolski parading in liberated Skopje, November 1944

In 1932 members of IMRO (United), put for the first time the issue of the recognition of a separate Macedonian nation in a lecture in Moscow. The question was also studied in the highest institutions of the Comintern and in the autumn of 1933, Dimitar Vlahov arrived in Moscow and took part in a number of meetings. So on 11 January 1934, the Political Secretariat of the Comintern adopted a special Resolution on the Macedonian Question. From 1936 to 1944, Vlahov lived in the Soviet Union and in late 1944 he went to the new Yugoslavia with Socialist Republic of Macedonia, where he worked in high state and political positions. In November 1943, Vlahov participated in the Second Session of the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia and was elected in the presidium representing Aegean Macedonia. In November 1944 he returned to the newly liberated Skopje and became a member of the Communist Party of Macedonia.

Metodija Andonov-Čento (second from left), Víctor Manuel Villaseñor, United Nations Representative (center), Dimitar Vlahov (second from right) and others, in Bitola, February 1946

On 26 November, at the First Conference of the National Liberation Front of Macedonia, he was elected its president, and at the Second Session of Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia (ASNOM) in December he was elected a member of the Presidium of ASNOM. At the Third Session of ASNOM in April 1945 he became a member of the Presidium of the National Assembly of Macedonia.

Post-war, Vlahov argued that Macedonians had "all the elements" that make a nation. In his 1950 book Macedonia-Comments of the History of the Macedonian People, he claimed that modern Macedonians came from a fusion of Slavs with the ancient Macedonians, that Samuel of Bulgaria's empire was a Macedonian state, and that Cyril and Methodius were Macedonians' gift to Slavism, among other assertions.

Per Ivan Katardzhiev in 1948 on a meeting of the Central committee of the Macedonian Communist Party he claimed that the decision by the IMRO (United) from 1932 on the formation of a separate Macedonian ethnicity and language was a political mistake. Based on Katardziev's opinion, Stefan Dechev maintains that Vlahov's pro-Bulgarian sentiments had remained after WWII. Later his name was removed from the Macedonian anthem. Afterwards he was gradually pushed out of his power positions from the pro-Yugoslav circle around Lazar Kolishevski. Vlahov was dismissed, because he communicated much better in Bulgarian than in Macedonian and had little political support in SR Macedonia, among other reasons. He died in Belgrade in 1953.

Footnotes

  1. Though, in the 1920s Vlahov, as well as the IMRO-U as a whole, still defined the Slavs of Macedonia as Bulgarians, by the 1930s his views had evolved in support of a separate Macedonian ethnic nation that he saw, faithful to the Marxist theories on nationhood, as a product of the advent of capitalism to Macedonia in the 19th century rather than a primordial fact. For more see: Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia, Dimitar Bechev, Scarecrow Press, 2009, ISBN 0810862956, p. 235.
  2. From 1934 to 1944, the family of Dimitar Vlahov, a Bulgarian political activist from Macedonia, activist of IMARO, IMRO, IMRO (United), BCP and the Comintern, resided in the Soviet Union. It included his wife Maria and their son Gustav. At that time, D. Vlahov was recruited to work in the structures of the Comintern in Moscow, and his relatives were also employed in the Soviet capital. Documents stored in the Russian State Archive for Social and Political History reveal embarrassing differences in determining the nationality of the individual representatives of the otherwise joint family at the time. D. Vlahov and his wife Maria presented themselves as ethnic Macedonians, while in documents written or filled out by himself, their son Gustav indicated that he was a Bulgarian citizen and wrote “Bulgarian” in the nationality column. G. Vlahov’s long declared Bulgarian nationality did not prevent him later from making accusations against Bulgaria and its politics. In statements, forgetting his declared nationality in writing, he claims that he felt more Macedonian than his parents, who once defined themselves as Bulgarians. For more: Войнова, Н. Чуждестранните почетни членове на Македонския научен институт от Западна Европа и делото в защита на българската национална кауза. В: Българите в Западните Балкани (100 години преди и след Ньой). Сборник с доклади от научна конференция (09 ноември 2020 г.) и национална кръгла маса (20 ноември 2022 г.), проведени в София. С., 2023, Издание на Института за исторически изследвания при Българска академия на науките, с. 102–132. ISBN 978-954-2903-76-5.
  3. Произходът на македонската нация - Стенограма от заседание на Македонския Научен Институт в София през 1947 г.
  4. Мемоари на Димитър Влахов. Скопје, 1970, стр. 356.
  5. Alexis Heraclides (2021). The Macedonian Question And The Macedonians. Taylor & Francis. p. 91.
  6. Alexis Heraclides (2021). The Macedonian Question And The Macedonians. Taylor & Francis. pp. 171–172.
  7. Академик Катарџиев, Иван. Верувам во националниот имунитет на македонецот, интервју за списание "Форум", 22 jули 2000, број 329.
  8. As the historian Ivan Katardziev pointed out many years ago, even the veterans of the left-wing IMRO (United) in the second half of the 1940s "remained only at the level of political and not national separatism." In this sense, we can say that today's definition of Macedonian national identity necessarily went through Yugoslav socialization and overt anti-Bulgarianism, and this certainly also goes through a historical narrative from Yugoslav times, which seriously ignores historical facts. Not by chance, speaking of personalities like Dimitar Vlahov or Pavel Shatev, Katardziev adds: "They practically felt like Bulgarians. For more: "Стефан Дечев: Две държава, две истории, много „истини“ и една клета наука - трета част. Marginalia, 15.06.2018.
  9. In conclusion, Gotse and IMRO were "children of the Exarchate", and the later ethnic Macedonia was mostly the creation of an young generation brought up from the end of the 20s of the 20th century in Belgrade or Zagreb, who had a different sensibility. The old IMRO people were not like that. It is not by chance that the distinguished historian Ivan Katardziev in an interview from the late 90s said that even one Dimitar Vlahov until the end of his life could not feel what it means to be an ethnic Macedonian, he remained with the old political Macedonianism of Gotse Delchev and Yane Sandanski, who is a very Bulgarian phenomenon. For more: Стефан Дечев: Дори македонските тълкувания за езика от Средновековието и 19 в. да са тенденциозни, защо да е невъзможно да се признае съществуването на стандартен македонски книжовен език? Marginalia, 17.12.2019.
  10. Pål Kolstø, Strategies of Symbolic Nation-building in South Eastern Europe, Routledge, 2016, ISBN 1317049365, p. 188.
  11. Andrew Rossos, Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History; Hoover Institution Press Publication, Hoover Press, 2013, ISBN 081794883X, p. 238.

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