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{{For|the Soviet developmental psychologist|Alexander Zaporozhets}} {{For|the Soviet developmental psychologist|Alexander Zaporozhets}}


] ]
] ]


'''ZAZ Zaporozhets''' ({{lang-uk|Запоро́жець}}) was a series of ] ]s (]s in their first generation) designed and built from 1958 at the ] factory in ]. Different models of the Zaporozhets, all of which had an ] ], were produced until 1994. Since the late 1980s, the final series, 968M, was replaced by the cardinally different ] ], which featured a ] and a more powerful ] engine. '''ZAZ Zaporozhets''' ({{langx|ru|Запоро́жец}} {{pronunciation|Ru-Zaporozhets.ogg}}) was a series of ] ]s (]s in their first generation) designed and built from 1958 at the ] factory in ]. Different models of the Zaporozhets, all of which had an ] ], were produced until 1994. Since the late 1980s, the final series, ZAZ-968M, was replaced by the cardinally different ] ], which featured a ] and a more powerful ] engine.


The name ''Zaporozhets'' translates into a ] of the ] or а man from ] or the ]. The name ''Zaporozhets'' translates into a ] of the ] or а man from ] (now ]) or the ] (now ]).


Zaporozhets is still well known in many former ] states. Like the ] or ]'s ], the Zaporozhets was destined to become a "people's car" of the ], and as such it was the most affordable vehicle of its era. At the same time, it was rather sturdy and known for its excellent performance on poor roads.<ref name=avtolegendy2/> Another important advantage of the Zaporozhets was its ease of repair. The car's appearance gave birth to several ] that became well known across the Soviet Union: ''horbatyi'' ("]", owing to ZAZ-965's ]-like form; although ZAZ factory workers never used this nickname<ref name="Sostav"> {{in lang|ru}}</ref>), ''malysh'' ({{lang-en|Kiddy}}),<ref name="Sostav"/> ''ushastyi'' ("big-]ed", due to 966 and 968's round ]s on each side of the car to cool the rear-mounted engine), ''zapor'' ("constipation"),<ref>{{cite book|title=Cars for Comrades: The Life of the Soviet Automobile, by Lewis H. Siegelbaum (Author)|isbn = 978-0801461484|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dn8cie0kyScC&pg=PA86|last1 = Siegelbaum|first1 = Lewis H.|date = 15 August 2011}}</ref> ''mylnitsa'' ("soap-box", for ZAZ-968M, lacking "ears" and producing a more box-like appearance).<ref name=avtolegendy2/> Zaporozhets is still well known in many former ] states. Like the ] or ]'s ], the Zaporozhets was destined to become a "people's car" of the ], and as such it was the most affordable vehicle of its era. At the same time, it was rather sturdy and known for its excellent performance on poor roads.<ref name=avtolegendy2/> Another important advantage of the Zaporozhets was its ease of repair. The car's appearance gave birth to several ] that became well known across the Soviet Union: ''horbatyi'' ("]", owing to ZAZ-965's ]-like form; although ZAZ factory workers never used this nickname<ref name="Sostav"> {{in lang|ru}}</ref>), ''malysh'' ({{langx|en|Kiddy}}),<ref name="Sostav"/> ''ushastyi'' ("big-]ed", due to ZAZ-966 and ZAZ-968's round ]s on each side of the car to cool the rear-mounted engine), ''zapor'' ("constipation"),<ref>{{cite book|title=Cars for Comrades: The Life of the Soviet Automobile|isbn = 978-0801461484|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dn8cie0kyScC&pg=PA86|last1 = Siegelbaum|first1 = Lewis H.|authorlink1=Lewis Siegelbaum|date = 15 August 2011| publisher=Cornell University Press }}</ref> ''mylnitsa'' ("soap-box", for ZAZ-968M, lacking "ears" and producing a more box-like appearance).<ref name=avtolegendy2/>


Numerous special versions of the Zaporozhets were produced, equipped with additional sets of controls that allowed operating the car with a limited set of limbs, and were given for free or with considerable discounts to disabled people, especially war veterans - similar to ]-series microcars. These mobility cars would at times take up to 25% of ZAZ factory output.<ref name=avtolegendy2/> Numerous special versions of the Zaporozhets were produced, equipped with additional sets of controls that allowed operating the car with a limited set of limbs, and were given for free or with considerable discounts to disabled people, especially war veterans - similar to ]-series microcars. These mobility cars would at times take up to 25% of ZAZ factory output.<ref name=avtolegendy2/>


==First generation (1960-1969)== == First generation (1960–1969) ==
{{Infobox automobile {{Infobox automobile
| name = {{unbulleted list|ZAZ-965 (1960-1963)|ZAZ-965A (1962-1969)}} | name = {{unbulleted list|ZAZ-965 (1960–1963)|ZAZ-965A (1962–1969)}}
| image = Saporoshez ZAZ 965 A.JPG | image = Saporoshez ZAZ 965 A.JPG
| caption = ZAZ-965A | caption = ZAZ-965A
| type = | type =
| manufacturer = ] | manufacturer = ] (ZAZ)
| aka = Zaporozhets | aka = Zaporozhets
| production = 1960–1969 | production = 1960–1969
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| platform = | platform =
| related = | related =
| engine = {{unbulleted list|746 cc '']'' ]|887 cc '']'' V4 }} | engine = {{unbulleted list|746 cc '']'' ]|887 cc '']'' V4 }}
| transmission = | transmission =
| propulsion = | propulsion =
Line 43: Line 43:


===ZAZ-965=== ===ZAZ-965===
The '''ZAZ 965''' was a ] produced from 1960 to 1963. Design of a car accessible to the public, and one in part taking the place of the soon to be discontinued ], began in 1956.<ref name=Thomp1>{{citation | title = Cars of the Soviet Union: The Definite History | author = Andy Thompson | publisher = Haynes | location = Sparkford, Yeovil, Somerset | pages = 88–89 | date = 2008 | isbn = 978-1-84425-483-5 }}</ref> Following the growing trend of ] (then accounting for between 25% and 40% of all ]an car sales), the minister in charge of '']'' (the Soviet automotive ministry) Nikolay Strokin selected the new ] as the model to follow.<ref name=Thomp1/> However, despite being visually similar to the Fiat, the ZAZ was in fact a completely different car.<ref>ZAZ-965 // Thompson, A. Cars of the Soviet Union: The Definite History, 2008: "''This was another example of how, in spite of its close visual similarity to the ], the Soviet vehicle was in fact a completely different car''..."</ref><ref name=avtolegendy3>''ZAZ-965/965A'', Avtolegendy SSSR Nr.17, DeAgostini 2009, {{ISSN|2071-095X}}, {{in lang|ru}}</ref> The '''ZAZ-965''' was a ] produced from 1960 to 1963. The design of a simple economy city car, and one in part taking the place of the soon to be discontinued ], began in 1956.<ref name=Thomp1>{{citation | title = Cars of the Soviet Union: The Definite History | first = Andy | last = Thompson | ref = AT08 | publisher = Haynes | location = Sparkford, Yeovil, Somerset | pages = 88–89 | date = 2008 | isbn = 978-1-84425-483-5 }}</ref> Following the growing trend of ] (then accounting for between 25% and 40% of all ]an car sales), the minister in charge of '']'' (the Soviet automotive ministry) Nikolay Strokin selected the new ] as the model to follow.<ref name=Thomp1/> However, despite being visually similar to the Fiat, the ZAZ was in fact a completely different car.<ref>]: "''This was another example of how, in spite of its close visual similarity to the ], the Soviet vehicle was in fact a completely different car''..."</ref><ref name=avtolegendy3>''ZAZ-965/965A'', Avtolegendy SSSR Nr.17, DeAgostini 2009, {{ISSN|2071-095X}}, {{in lang|ru}}</ref>


] ]
⚫ ]
⚫ The first prototype, the ], was designed by ] in October 1957;<ref name=avtolegendy3/> it used the same glass for front and rear windows.<ref name="Thompson, p.89">Thompson, p. 89</ref> Its ground clearance, on {{convert|13|in|mm|abbr=on}} wheels, was {{convert|200|mm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Thompson, p.89"/> The prototype was first powered by a ]-cylinder MD-65 engine provided by the ]<!--Thompson's transliteration is a bit odd, so this may be wrong...-->, which was "totally unsuited": it produced only {{convert|17.5|hp|kW PS|lk=on|abbr=on}} and lasted only {{convert|30,000|km|smi|abbr=on}} between major overhauls.<ref name="Thompson, p.89"/> As a result, a search for another engine was begun, and the success of the ]'s ] led to a preference for an ] engine, which NAMI (the National Automobile Institute) had on the drawing board.<ref name="Thompson, p.89"/> ''Minavtroprom'', however, preferred a {{convert|23|hp|kW PS|lk=on|abbr=on}}<ref name="Thompson, p.92">Thompson, p. 92</ref> rear-mounted {{convert|746|cc|cid|abbr=on}} ],<ref name=avtolegendy3/> the NAMI-G, which had the additional advantage of being developed for the ].<ref name="Thompson, p.89"/> As a result, it had characteristics not common for automobile engines, including a magnesium alloy ].<ref name="Thompson, p.90">Thompson, p. 90</ref> (This engine, the ], would be built by the ], MeMZ.<ref name="Thompson, p.90"/>) It had the drawback of needing to have the rear of the car redesigned to fit, as well as needing a new rear suspension.<ref name="Thompson, p.90"/> The influence of the LuAZ designers led to the introduction of ] on all four wheels.<ref name="Thompson, p.90"/> Its front doors open in a manner like ]s, partly to make it more accessible to the disabled.<ref name=avtolegendy3/>


⚫ The first prototype, the Moskvitch-444, was designed by ] in October 1957;<ref name=avtolegendy3/> it used the same glass for front and rear windows.<ref name="Thompson, p.89">], p. 89</ref> Its ground clearance, on {{convert|13|in|mm|abbr=on}} wheels, was {{convert|200|mm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Thompson, p.89"/> The prototype was first powered by a ]-cylinder MD-65 engine provided by the ]<!--Thompson's transliteration is a bit odd, so this may be wrong...-->, which was "totally unsuited": it produced only {{convert|17.5|hp|kW PS|lk=on|abbr=on}} and lasted only {{convert|30,000|km|smi|abbr=on}} between major overhauls.<ref name="Thompson, p.89"/> As a result, a search for another engine was begun, and the success of the ]'s ] led to a preference for an ] engine, which NAMI (the National Automobile Institute) had on the drawing board.<ref name="Thompson, p.89"/> ''Minavtroprom'', however, preferred a {{convert|23|hp|kW PS|lk=on|abbr=on}}<ref name="Thompson, p.92">], p. 92</ref> rear-mounted {{convert|746|cc|cid|abbr=on}} ],<ref name=avtolegendy3/> the NAMI-G, which had the additional advantage of being developed for the ].<ref name="Thompson, p.89"/> As a result, it had characteristics not common for automobile engines, including a magnesium alloy ].<ref name="Thompson, p.90">], p. 90</ref> (This engine, the ], would be built by the ], MeMZ.<ref name="Thompson, p.90"/>) The V4 was a rather unusual engine configuration for an automobile, with its only other notable use in a similar era being in Ford vehicles like the ] and ] van. It had the drawback of needing to have the rear of the car redesigned to fit, as well as needing a new rear suspension.<ref name="Thompson, p.90"/> The influence of the LuAZ designers led to the introduction of ] on all four wheels.<ref name="Thompson, p.90"/> Its front doors open in a manner like ]s, partly to make it more accessible to the disabled.<ref name=avtolegendy3/>
⚫ One of the primary differences was that the ], which featured a ] layout in place of the ]'s ], was air-cooled. The Zaporozhets also featured bigger wheels and front suspension on torsion bars. In 1958, the government ordered production of the car in the reformed ] factory, under its final designation ZAZ-965.<ref name=avtolegendy3/> All further production of the car was carried out there.


⚫ One of the primary differences was that the ], which featured a ] layout in place of the ]'s ], was air-cooled, like the flat-4 engine used by Volkswagen in vehicles like the ] and Type 2 microbus. The Zaporozhets also featured bigger wheels and front suspension on torsion bars. In 1958, the government ordered production of the car in the reformed ] factory, under its final designation ZAZ-965.<ref name=avtolegendy3/> All further production of the car was carried out there.
⚫ The new car was approved for production at the ] factory 28 November 1958,<ref name="Thompson, p.90"/> changing the name to ZAZ (Zaporizhzhia Automobile Building Plant) to reflect the new profile.<ref name="avtolegendy3"/> The Zaporizhzhia factory was supplemented with the Mikoyan Diesel-Building Factory in ], which was part of the ''Soyuzdiesel'' combinat.


⚫ The new car was approved for production at the ] factory on the 28th of November, 1958,<ref name="Thompson, p.90"/> changing the name to ZAZ (Zaporizhzhia Automobile Building Plant) to reflect the new profile.<ref name="avtolegendy3"/> The Zaporizhzhia factory was supplemented with the Mikoyan Diesel-Building Factory in ], which was part of the ''Soyuzdiesel'' combinat.
⚫ The first car, dubbed the ZAZ-965 Zaporozhets, was delivered 12 June 1959,<ref name="Thompson, p.92"/> was approved 25 July 1960, and entered production 25 October.<ref name="Thompson, p.92"/><ref name=avtolegendy>''ZAZ-966 "Zaporozhets"'', Avtolegendy SSSR Nr.36, DeAgostini 2010, {{ISSN|2071-095X}}, {{in lang|ru}}</ref> The Zaporozhets was priced at 1,800 ]s.<ref name="Thompson, p.92"/>


⚫ The first car, dubbed the ZAZ-965 Zaporozhets, was delivered 12 June 1959,<ref name="Thompson, p.92"/> was approved 25 July 1960, and entered production 25 October.<ref name="Thompson, p.92"/><ref name=avtolegendy>''ZAZ-966 "Zaporozhets"'', Avtolegendy SSSR Nr.36, DeAgostini 2010, {{ISSN|2071-095X}}, {{in lang|ru}}</ref> The Zaporozhets was priced at 1,800 ] ]s.<ref name="Thompson, p.92"/>
⚫ There was also a ] model for the Soviet post office, the 965S, with right-hand drive and blanked-off windows.<ref name=T200>Thompson, p. 200</ref>

⚫ There was also a ] model for the Soviet post office, the ZAZ-965S, with right-hand drive and blanked-off windows.<ref name=T200>], p. 200</ref>


===ZAZ-965A=== ===ZAZ-965A===
] ]
⚫ The '''965A''' was an improvement on the 965 and was produced from November 1962 to May 1969. In total, 322,106 units of the 965 were produced.<ref name=avtolegendy3/>
⚫ It was powered by a ''']''' rear-mounted, ] ] {{convert|887|cc|cid|abbr=on}} ], partially of aluminium design, producing {{convert|27|PS|kW|0|abbr=on}}. From November 1966 some cars were fitted with the slightly more powerful {{convert|30|PS|kW|0|abbr=on}} MeMZ-965A engine.<ref name=avtolegendy3/> The 965's modest engine output has given ground to an urban joke that it was used as a starter motor in Soviet ]s.


⚫ The '''ZAZ-965A''' was an improvement on the ZAZ-965 and was produced from November 1962 to May 1969. In total, 322,106 units of the ZAZ-965 were produced.<ref name=avtolegendy3/>
⚫ As Soviet drivers were expected to do much of the servicing themselves, and auto workshops were in short supply anyway, the engine's 90° V4 layout proved more practical, especially in harsh winter conditions. The higher centre of gravity of the engine also provided superior traction on steep slopes, though this advantage, which was also continued in later models, came at the expense of the car's infamous lack of cornering stability.
⚫ It was powered by a ] rear-mounted, ] ] {{convert|887|cc|cid|abbr=on}} ], partially of aluminium design, producing {{cvt|27|PS|kW|0}}. From November 1966 some cars were fitted with the slightly more powerful {{cvt|30|PS|kW|0}} MeMZ-965A engine.<ref name=avtolegendy3/> The ZAZ-965's modest engine output has given ground to an urban joke that it was used as a starter motor in Soviet ]s.


⚫ As Soviet drivers were expected to do much of the servicing themselves, and mechanics trained in the servicing of consumer automobiles were in short supply, the engine's 90° V4 layout proved more practical, especially in harsh winter conditions. The higher centre of gravity of the engine also provided superior traction on steep slopes, though this advantage, which was also continued in later models, came at the expense of the car's infamous lack of cornering stability.
⚫ The 965A also had its versions for the disabled (ZAZ-965B, AB, AR), as well as a more luxurious export variant ZAZ-965AE Yalta.<ref name=avtolegendy3/>


⚫ The ZAZ-965A also had its versions for the disabled (ZAZ-965B, AB, AR), as well as a more luxurious export variant, the ZAZ-965AE Yalta.<ref name=avtolegendy3/>
⚫ Despite low prestige of those cars, they have shown an unbeaten accessibility and popularity among the Soviets, becoming the "car for pensioners and intellectuals". They were the cheapest Soviet-made cars. Quite a large number of them were produced in variants for disabled people, with modified steering.<ref name=avtolegendy/>


⚫ Despite the low prestige of those cars, they have shown an unbeaten accessibility and popularity among the people of the Soviet Union, becoming the "car for pensioners and intellectuals". They were the cheapest Soviet-made cars. Quite a large number of them were produced in variants for disabled people, with modified steering.<ref name=avtolegendy/>
⚫ Between November 1966 and May 1969 the 965A and its successor, the ZAZ966, were produced concurrently.<ref name=T201>Thompson, p. 201</ref>


⚫ Between November 1966 and May 1969 the ZAZ-965A and its successor, the ZAZ966, were produced concurrently.<ref name=T201>], p. 201</ref>
⚫ When production of the 965 ended, 322,116 had been built.<ref name=T201/>


⚫ When production of the ZAZ-965 ended, 322,116 had been built.<ref name=T201/>
⚫ The 965 also inspired the 1962 prototype ], named '']'' (Fellow Traveller), with a {{convert|15|PS|kW|0|abbr=on}} {{convert|500|cc|cid|abbr=on}} vee-twin (half an MeMZ 965), electromagnetic clutch and four-speed transmission. Fitted with four-wheel independent suspension and weighing just {{convert|520|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, intended for use by the disabled, it was never built.<ref name=T203>Thompson, p.203.</ref>


⚫ The ZAZ-965 also inspired the 1962 prototype NAMI 086, named '']'' (Fellow Traveller), with a {{convert|15|PS|kW|0|abbr=on}} {{convert|500|cc|cid|abbr=on}} vee-twin (half an MeMZ-965), electromagnetic clutch and four-speed transmission. Fitted with a four-wheel independent suspension and weighing just {{convert|520|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, and intended for use by the disabled, it was never built.<ref name=T203>], p.203.</ref>
⚫ The ZAZ KD of 1969 was also based on the 965, fitted with a ] body,<ref name=T203/> giving it a weight of only 500 Kg and a top speed of {{convert|75|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} on just {{convert|30|PS|kW|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name=T205>Thompson, p. 205</ref> It was never produced in quantity, either.<ref name=T205/>

⚫ The ZAZ KD of 1969 was also based on the ZAZ-965, fitted with a ] body,<ref name=T203/> giving it a weight of only 500 kg and a top speed of {{convert|75|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} using just {{convert|30|PS|kW|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name=T205>], p. 205</ref> It was never produced in quantity, either.<ref name=T205/>


{{clear}} {{clear}}


==Second generation (1966-1994)== == Second generation (1966–1994) ==
{{Infobox automobile {{Infobox automobile
| image =Putin with his 1972 Zaporozhets.jpg | image = Putin with his 1972 Zaporozhets.jpg
| caption=] with his 1972 ZAZ-968 | caption = ] with his 1972 ZAZ-968
| name = {{unbulleted list|ZAZ-966 (1966-1972)|ZAZ-968 (1971-1980)|ZAZ-968M (1979-1994)}} | name = {{unbulleted list|ZAZ-966 (1966–1972)|ZAZ-968 (1971–1980)|ZAZ-968M (1979–1994)}}
| aka = Zaporozhets | aka = Zaporozhets
| manufacturer = ] (Zaporizhzhia Automobile Factory) | manufacturer = ] (ZAZ)
| production = 1966–1994 | production = 1966–1994
| predecessor = ] | predecessor = ]
Line 101: Line 104:
}} }}


===ZAZ-966=== ===ZAZ-966===
] ]
The second generation of the Zaporozhets was a series of ]s, production starting of the '''966''' in November 1966,<ref name=T200/> although the prototype was first demonstrated in 1961.<ref name=avtolegendy/> It had a completely restyled bodywork (done entirely by ZAZ<ref>Thompson, p. 200.</ref>), no longer resembling the Fiat 600 and arguably similar to the ], ] or the ].<ref name=avtolegendy/> This was an effort to cure some of the 965's issues, such as ]s that lost tension, ]s, and engine overheating and noise.<ref>Thompson, p. 199</ref> The engine was the {{convert|30|hp|kW PS|lk=on|abbr=on}} {{convert|887|cc|cid|abbr=on}} ].<ref name=T200/> A radio was standard equipment.<ref name=T201/> The price had inched up, too, from 1,800 rubles at the 965's debut to 2,200 by 1969.<ref name=T200/> The second generation of the Zaporozhets was a series of ]s, starting with the '''ZAZ-966,''' which entered production in November 1966,<ref name=T200/> although the prototype was first demonstrated in 1961.<ref name=avtolegendy/> It had a completely restyled bodywork (done entirely by ZAZ<ref name=T200/>), no longer resembling the Fiat 600 and arguably similar to the ], ] or the ].<ref name=avtolegendy/> This was an effort to cure some of the ZAZ-965's issues, such as ]s that lost tension, ]s, and engines that overheated and made the cabin uncomfortably loud.<ref>], p. 199</ref> The engine was the {{cvt|30|PS|kW|0}} {{convert|887|cc|cid|abbr=on}} ].<ref name=T200/> A radio was standard equipment.<ref name=T201/> The price had inched up, too, from 1,800 roubles at the ZAZ-965's debut to 2,200 by 1969.<ref name=T200/>


While featuring a larger two-door ] ] body, it still featured an air-cooled V4 engine and featured more prominent air intakes – the so-called "ears", although a decorative chrome ] was also present. The car's rear suspension was also replaced. The 966 started out as the simpler '''ZAZ-966V''' (ЗАЗ-966В in ]) with the {{convert|30|hp|kW PS|lk=on|abbr=on}} engine from the 965A,<ref name=avtolegendy/> which was also featured on all later models. Much like the 965A, the 966V was also produced in several special variants for the disabled (VR, VB, VB2 - until January 1973).<ref name=avtolegendy/> It was produced in tandem with the 965 from November 1966 to May 1969.<ref name=T201/> While featuring a larger two-door ] ] body, it still featured an air-cooled V4 engine and featured more prominent air intakes – the so-called "ears", although a decorative chrome ] was also present. The car's rear suspension was also replaced. The ZAZ-966 started out as the simpler '''ZAZ-966V''' (ЗАЗ-966В in ]) with the 30&nbsp;PS engine from the ZAZ-965A,<ref name=avtolegendy/> which was also featured on all later models. Much like the ZAZ-965A, the ZAZ-966V was also produced in several special variants for the disabled (VR, VB, VB2 - until January 1973).<ref name=avtolegendy/> It was produced in tandem with the ZAZ-965 from November 1966 to May 1969.<ref name=T201/>


ZAZ launched an upgraded 966B in 1968, powered by a new {{convert|40|hp|kW PS|lk=on|abbr=on}} {{convert|1197|cc|cid|abbr=on}} ] V4, while the {{convert|30|hp|kW PS|lk=on|abbr=on}} 966A-powered model became the 966-1 which was only ever produced in small numbers.<ref name=T201/> The 966B, weighing in at {{convert|780|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, was heavier than the earlier model, but faster, reaching {{convert|75|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name=T201/> ZAZ launched an upgraded ZAZ-966B in 1968, powered by a new {{cvt|40|PS|kW|0}} {{convert|1197|cc|cid|abbr=on}} ] V4, while the 30&nbsp;PS ZAZ-966A-powered model became the ZAZ-966-1 which was only ever produced in small numbers.<ref name=T201/> The ZAZ-966B, weighing in at {{convert|780|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, was heavier than the earlier model, but faster, reaching {{convert|75|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name=T201/>


The 966 was discontinued in 1972, with the introduction of the ZAZ 968.<ref name=T201/> The ZAZ-966 was discontinued in 1972, with the introduction of the ZAZ-968.<ref name=T201/>


Nicknamed "Zapo" in the ], the 966 was also popular in Western Europe, including some Scandinavian countries and France.<ref name=T201/> Some markets swapped the original engine for a {{convert|956|cc|cid|abbr=on}} ] unit.<ref name=T201/> Nicknamed "Zapo" in the ], the ZAZ-966 also found some buyers in Western Europe, including Finland and France.<ref name=T201/> Some markets swapped the original engine for a {{convert|956|cc|cid|abbr=on}} ] unit.<ref name=T201/>

⚫ ]


===ZAZ-968=== ===ZAZ-968===
] ]
] ]
⚫ The '''ZAZ-968''' and its modifications were produced from 1971 to 1980.<ref name=avtolegendy2>''ZAZ-968A'', Avtolegendy SSSR Nr.4, DeAgostini 2008, {{ISBN|978-5-9774-0409-9}}, {{in lang|ru}}</ref> It featured the same {{convert|40|hp|kW PS|lk=on|abbr=on}} {{convert|1,197|cc|cid|abbr=on}} MeMZ 968 V4 as the ZAZ 966, but the exterior design was slightly modernized.<ref name=T201/> The most obvious alteration was replacing the fake ] grille in the car's front with a horizontal chrome decoration.<ref name=avtolegendy/> Among other changes was a less austere dashboard and better front brakes. The 968 was discontinued in 1978,<ref name=avtolegendy2/> having been produced simultaneously with the newer '''968A''' since 1973, which was produced until 1980. It introduced new safety measures, including a new steering wheel and a plastic dashboard instead of the earlier metal one.<ref name=avtolegendy2/> The 968A also had its variants for the disabled (the ZAZ-968R, B, B2, AB, and AB2) with the {{convert|30|hp|kW PS|lk=on|abbr=on}} {{convert|887|cc|cid|abbr=on}} engine.<ref name=avtolegendy2/>


⚫ The '''ZAZ-968''' and its variants were produced from 1971 to 1980.<ref name=avtolegendy2>''ZAZ-968A'', Avtolegendy SSSR Nr.4, DeAgostini 2008, {{ISBN|978-5-9774-0409-9}}, {{in lang|ru}}</ref> It featured the same {{convert|40|hp|kW PS|lk=on|abbr=on}} {{convert|1,197|cc|cid|abbr=on}} MeMZ-968 V4 as the ZAZ-966, but the exterior design was slightly modernized.<ref name=T201/> The most obvious alteration was replacing the fake ] grille in the car's front with a horizontal chrome decoration.<ref name=avtolegendy/> Among other changes was a less austere dashboard and better front brakes. The ZAZ-968 was discontinued in 1978,<ref name=avtolegendy2/> having been produced simultaneously with the newer '''968A''' since 1973, which was produced until 1980. It introduced new safety measures, including a new steering wheel and a plastic dashboard instead of the earlier metal one.<ref name=avtolegendy2/> The ZAZ-968A also had its variants for the disabled (the ZAZ-968R, B, B2, AB, and AB2) with the {{convert|30|hp|kW PS|lk=on|abbr=on}} {{convert|887|cc|cid|abbr=on}} engine.<ref name=avtolegendy2/>
⚫ Toward the end of 1974, the up-market 968A debuted, surviving until 1979.<ref name=T203/> Among its improvements was a padded dash, energy-absorbing (collapsing) steering column, and seats from the ].<ref name=T203/> The export 968E (destined mostly for the Eastern Bloc) had headlights modified to meet international standards, a ] windscreen, and an anti-theft steering lock.<ref name=T203/>

⚫ Toward the end of 1974, the up-market ZAZ-968A debuted, continuing in production until 1979.<ref name=T203/> Among its improvements was a padded dash, energy-absorbing (collapsing) steering column, and seats from the ].<ref name=T203/> The export ZAZ-968E (destined mostly for the Eastern Bloc) had headlights modified to meet international standards, a ] windscreen, and an anti-theft steering lock.<ref name=T203/>


===ZAZ-968M=== ===ZAZ-968M===
] ]
] ]
In 1979, the 968 series was replaced by the modernized '''968M'''.<ref name=T203/> Prototyped in 1977, it had the "ears" removed and replaced much of the chrome exterior with black plastic.<ref name=T203/> Its interior design was also upgraded, featuring a closed-space ] and a slightly more modern dashboard. It was offered with either the MeMZ 968E ({{convert|40|hp|kW PS|lk=on|abbr=on}}, carbureted, low-] for 76-] fuel); 968GE ({{convert|40|hp|kW PS|lk=on|abbr=on}}, dual carburettor); or the MeMZ 968BE ({{convert|50|hp|kW PS|lk=on|abbr=on}}, 8.4:1 compression, for 93-octane).<ref name=T203/> Instead of the side-mounted "ears", the hood lid and rear quarter panels were ]ed.<ref>Thompson, p.204 & 206.</ref> In 1979, the ZAZ-968 series was replaced by the modernized '''ZAZ-968M'''.<ref name=T203/> Prototyped in 1977, it had the "ears" removed and replaced much of the chrome exterior with black plastic.<ref name=T203/> Its interior design was also upgraded, featuring an enclosed ] and a slightly more modern dashboard. It was offered with either the MeMZ-968E ({{convert|40|hp|kW PS|lk=on|abbr=on}}, carbureted, low-] for 76-] fuel); ZAZ-968GE ({{convert|40|hp|kW PS|lk=on|abbr=on}}, dual carburettor); or the MeMZ-968BE ({{convert|50|hp|kW PS|lk=on|abbr=on}}, 8.4:1 compression, for 93-octane) engine.<ref name=T203/> Instead of the side-mounted "ears", the hood lid and rear quarter panels were ]ed.<ref>], p.204 & 206.</ref>


The 968M was the last Zaporozhets model and also spent the most time in production, spanning a career from 1979 to 1 June 1994.<ref name=T203/> Some of its special variants include the '''ZAZ-968MB2''', for drivers who had only one foot, the '''ZAZ-968MB''' for drivers who had no feet. The ZAZ-968M was the last Zaporozhets model and also spent the most time in production, with cars being made from 1979 to 1 June 1994. By that time, the Soviet Union had collapsed, Ukraine had become independent, and modern, front wheel drive economy cars from the West like the ] and ] had become available in quantity, vehicles which the 1950s and 60s designed Zaporozhets had no hope of competing with.<ref name=T203/> Some of its special variants include the '''ZAZ-968MB2''', for drivers who had only one foot, and the '''ZAZ-968MB''' for drivers who had no feet.


Planned 968s with {{convert|1300|cc|cid|0|abbr=on}} or {{convert|1400|cc|cid|0|abbr=on}} engines were never realized.<ref name=T203/> Planned ZAZ-968s with {{convert|1300|cc|cid|0|abbr=on}} or {{convert|1400|cc|cid|0|abbr=on}} engines would never enter production, likely a side effect of the stagnation of Russia in the 1970s and 80s and the subsequent reign of ], the fall of the Berlin Wall, and the breakup of the Soviet Union occupying more attention than a little Ukrainian-built economy car whose mechanicals dated back to 1959.<ref name=T203/>
{{clear}}


===Export versions=== ===Export versions===
Among the export variants produced by ZAZ were '''ZAZ-965E, ZAZ-965AE, ZAZ-966E, ZAZ-968E,''' and '''ZAZ-968AE''', which had improved features compared to vehicles made for the home market. Depending on target markets, commercial names ''Jalta'' or ''Eliette'' were used for these models. Among the export variants produced by ZAZ were '''ZAZ-965E, ZAZ-965AE, ZAZ-966E, ZAZ-968E,''' and '''ZAZ-968AE''', which had improved features compared to vehicles made for the home market. Depending on target markets, the model names ''Jalta'' or ''Eliette'' were used for these cars.


In total, 3,422,444 Zaporozhets vehicles were manufactured and powered by air-cooled engines from the Melitopol factory from 1960 to 1994.<ref>{{cite web|title=Company's history|url=http://www.avtozaz.com/en/about/history|publisher=AvtoZAZ.com|access-date=15 October 2011}}</ref> In total, 3,422,444 Zaporozhets vehicles were manufactured in the Melitopol factory from 1960 to 1994, with all of them using the same family of air cooled V-4 engines mounted in the back.<ref>{{cite web|title=Company's history|url=http://www.avtozaz.com/en/about/history|publisher=AvtoZAZ.com|access-date=15 October 2011}}</ref>


==In popular culture== ==In popular culture==
⚫ In the 1963 Soviet romantic comedy '']'', a ZAZ-965 with license plate number 18-15-лдг is featured in numerous scenes throughout the movie, and is even referred to directly in the script as "a tin can of the Zaporozhets system."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ровно 60 лет назад в Запорожье начали выпускать ЗАЗ-965, прозванный в народе "Горбатым"|url=https://fakty.ua/ru/357195-rovno-60-let-nazad-v-zaporozhe-nachali-vypuskat-zaz-965-prozvannyj-v-narode-gorbatym|access-date=2021-12-22|website=fakty.ua|language=ru}}</ref>
⚫ In the 2011 animated feature film, '']'', ], Petrov Trunkov, Lubewig, and Tolga Trunkov are based on the ZAZ-968 Zaporozhets.

In the 1995 ] film ''],'' Bond's ] contact Jack Wade drove a 1963 ZAZ-965A.

⚫ In the 2011 animated feature film '']'', ] (Vladimir, Petrov, Lubewig, and Tolga) are based on the ZAZ-968 Zaporozhets.


In the 1995 ] film '']'' Bond's ] contact Jack Wade drove a 1963 ZAZ 965A. In the video game '']'', a car based on the ZAZ-968 is found in several maps named A-968M.


In ] the car is shown as a junked prop that clutters the road. In '']'' the car is shown in dilapidated condition as a prop that clutters some roads.


It also appears as a prop in the '']'' games.
⚫ In the 1963 successful Soviet romantic comedy "]" the ZAZ-965,  model plate number 18-15-лдг features in numerous scenes throughout the movie and is even referred to directly in the script as "A tin can of the Zaporozhets system"<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ровно 60 лет назад в Запорожье начали выпускать ЗАЗ-965, прозванный в народе «Горбатым»|url=https://fakty.ua/ru/357195-rovno-60-let-nazad-v-zaporozhe-nachali-vypuskat-zaz-965-prozvannyj-v-narode-gorbatym|access-date=2021-12-22|website=fakty.ua|language=ru}}</ref>


==See also== ==See also==
Similar air-cooled and rear-engined vehicles: Similar air-cooled and rear-engined vehicles:
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
*] * ]


==References== ==References==
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Latest revision as of 12:52, 9 December 2024

For the Soviet developmental psychologist, see Alexander Zaporozhets.
Logo
ZAZ-968 and ZAZ-965 cars

ZAZ Zaporozhets (Russian: Запоро́жец pronunciation) was a series of rear-wheel-drive superminis (city cars in their first generation) designed and built from 1958 at the ZAZ factory in Soviet Ukraine. Different models of the Zaporozhets, all of which had an air-cooled engine in the rear, were produced until 1994. Since the late 1980s, the final series, ZAZ-968M, was replaced by the cardinally different ZAZ-1102 Tavria hatchback, which featured a front-wheel drive and a more powerful water-cooled engine.

The name Zaporozhets translates into a Cossack of the Zaporizhian Sich or а man from Zaporozhye (now Zaporizhzhia) or the Zaporozhye Oblast (now Zaporizhzhia Oblast).

Zaporozhets is still well known in many former Soviet states. Like the Volkswagen Beetle or East Germany's Trabant, the Zaporozhets was destined to become a "people's car" of the Soviet Union, and as such it was the most affordable vehicle of its era. At the same time, it was rather sturdy and known for its excellent performance on poor roads. Another important advantage of the Zaporozhets was its ease of repair. The car's appearance gave birth to several nicknames that became well known across the Soviet Union: horbatyi ("hunchback", owing to ZAZ-965's insect-like form; although ZAZ factory workers never used this nickname), malysh (English: Kiddy), ushastyi ("big-eared", due to ZAZ-966 and ZAZ-968's round air intakes on each side of the car to cool the rear-mounted engine), zapor ("constipation"), mylnitsa ("soap-box", for ZAZ-968M, lacking "ears" and producing a more box-like appearance).

Numerous special versions of the Zaporozhets were produced, equipped with additional sets of controls that allowed operating the car with a limited set of limbs, and were given for free or with considerable discounts to disabled people, especially war veterans - similar to SMZ-series microcars. These mobility cars would at times take up to 25% of ZAZ factory output.

First generation (1960–1969)

Motor vehicle
  • ZAZ-965 (1960–1963)
  • ZAZ-965A (1962–1969)
ZAZ-965A
Overview
ManufacturerZaporizhzhia Automobile Factory (ZAZ)
Also calledZaporozhets
Production1960–1969
Body and chassis
ClassCity car (A-segment)
Body style2-door saloon
LayoutRR layout
Powertrain
Engine
Dimensions
Wheelbase2,160 mm (85.0 in)
Length3,330 mm (131.1 in)
Width1,395 mm (54.9 in)
Height1,450 mm (57.1 in)
Curb weight665 kg (1,466 lb)
Chronology
SuccessorZAZ-966 Zaporozhets

ZAZ-965

The ZAZ-965 was a city car produced from 1960 to 1963. The design of a simple economy city car, and one in part taking the place of the soon to be discontinued Moskvitch 401, began in 1956. Following the growing trend of city cars (then accounting for between 25% and 40% of all European car sales), the minister in charge of Minavtroprom (the Soviet automotive ministry) Nikolay Strokin selected the new Fiat 600 as the model to follow. However, despite being visually similar to the Fiat, the ZAZ was in fact a completely different car.

ZAZ-965 dashboard
ZAZ-965 Zaporozhets engine

The first prototype, the Moskvitch-444, was designed by MZMA in October 1957; it used the same glass for front and rear windows. Its ground clearance, on 13 in (330 mm) wheels, was 200 mm (7.9 in). The prototype was first powered by a flat twin-cylinder MD-65 engine provided by the Irbitskiy Motorcycle Plant, which was "totally unsuited": it produced only 17.5 hp (13.0 kW; 17.7 PS) and lasted only 30,000 km (19,000 mi) between major overhauls. As a result, a search for another engine was begun, and the success of the VW Type 1's boxer led to a preference for an air-cooled engine, which NAMI (the National Automobile Institute) had on the drawing board. Minavtroprom, however, preferred a 23 hp (17 kW; 23 PS) rear-mounted 746 cc (45.5 cu in) V4, the NAMI-G, which had the additional advantage of being developed for the LuAZ-967. As a result, it had characteristics not common for automobile engines, including a magnesium alloy engine block. (This engine, the MeMZ-965, would be built by the Melitopolski Motor Plant, MeMZ.) The V4 was a rather unusual engine configuration for an automobile, with its only other notable use in a similar era being in Ford vehicles like the Taunus and Transit van. It had the drawback of needing to have the rear of the car redesigned to fit, as well as needing a new rear suspension. The influence of the LuAZ designers led to the introduction of independent suspension on all four wheels. Its front doors open in a manner like suicide doors, partly to make it more accessible to the disabled.

One of the primary differences was that the engine, which featured a V4 layout in place of the Fiat's inline-four, was air-cooled, like the flat-4 engine used by Volkswagen in vehicles like the Beetle and Type 2 microbus. The Zaporozhets also featured bigger wheels and front suspension on torsion bars. In 1958, the government ordered production of the car in the reformed ZAZ factory, under its final designation ZAZ-965. All further production of the car was carried out there.

The new car was approved for production at the MeMZ factory on the 28th of November, 1958, changing the name to ZAZ (Zaporizhzhia Automobile Building Plant) to reflect the new profile. The Zaporizhzhia factory was supplemented with the Mikoyan Diesel-Building Factory in Melitopol, which was part of the Soyuzdiesel combinat.

The first car, dubbed the ZAZ-965 Zaporozhets, was delivered 12 June 1959, was approved 25 July 1960, and entered production 25 October. The Zaporozhets was priced at 1,800 redenominated roubles.

There was also a car-derived van model for the Soviet post office, the ZAZ-965S, with right-hand drive and blanked-off windows.

ZAZ-965A

ZAZ-965AE

The ZAZ-965A was an improvement on the ZAZ-965 and was produced from November 1962 to May 1969. In total, 322,106 units of the ZAZ-965 were produced. It was powered by a MeMZ-965 rear-mounted, air-cooled OHV 887 cc (54.1 cu in) V4 engine, partially of aluminium design, producing 27 PS (20 kW). From November 1966 some cars were fitted with the slightly more powerful 30 PS (22 kW) MeMZ-965A engine. The ZAZ-965's modest engine output has given ground to an urban joke that it was used as a starter motor in Soviet tanks.

As Soviet drivers were expected to do much of the servicing themselves, and mechanics trained in the servicing of consumer automobiles were in short supply, the engine's 90° V4 layout proved more practical, especially in harsh winter conditions. The higher centre of gravity of the engine also provided superior traction on steep slopes, though this advantage, which was also continued in later models, came at the expense of the car's infamous lack of cornering stability.

The ZAZ-965A also had its versions for the disabled (ZAZ-965B, AB, AR), as well as a more luxurious export variant, the ZAZ-965AE Yalta.

Despite the low prestige of those cars, they have shown an unbeaten accessibility and popularity among the people of the Soviet Union, becoming the "car for pensioners and intellectuals". They were the cheapest Soviet-made cars. Quite a large number of them were produced in variants for disabled people, with modified steering.

Between November 1966 and May 1969 the ZAZ-965A and its successor, the ZAZ966, were produced concurrently.

When production of the ZAZ-965 ended, 322,116 had been built.

The ZAZ-965 also inspired the 1962 prototype NAMI 086, named Sputnik (Fellow Traveller), with a 15 PS (11 kW) 500 cc (31 cu in) vee-twin (half an MeMZ-965), electromagnetic clutch and four-speed transmission. Fitted with a four-wheel independent suspension and weighing just 520 kg (1,150 lb), and intended for use by the disabled, it was never built.

The ZAZ KD of 1969 was also based on the ZAZ-965, fitted with a glassfibre body, giving it a weight of only 500 kg and a top speed of 75 mph (121 km/h) using just 30 PS (22 kW). It was never produced in quantity, either.

Second generation (1966–1994)

Motor vehicle
  • ZAZ-966 (1966–1972)
  • ZAZ-968 (1971–1980)
  • ZAZ-968M (1979–1994)
Vladimir Putin with his 1972 ZAZ-968
Overview
ManufacturerZaporizhzhia Automobile Factory (ZAZ)
Also calledZaporozhets
Production1966–1994
Body and chassis
ClassSupermini (B)
Body style2-door notchback saloon
Powertrain
Engine1.2L MeMZ-968 V4
Transmission4-speed manual
Dimensions
Wheelbase2,160 mm (85.0 in)
Length3,730 mm (146.9 in)
Width1,540 mm (60.6 in)
Height1,370 mm (53.9 in)
Curb weight
  • 780 kg (1,720 lb)
  • (dimensions for ZAZ-968)
Chronology
PredecessorZAZ-965A (Zaporozhets)
SuccessorZAZ-1102 Tavria

ZAZ-966

ZAZ-966

The second generation of the Zaporozhets was a series of subcompact cars, starting with the ZAZ-966, which entered production in November 1966, although the prototype was first demonstrated in 1961. It had a completely restyled bodywork (done entirely by ZAZ), no longer resembling the Fiat 600 and arguably similar to the Chevrolet Corvair, Hillman Imp or the NSU Prinz. This was an effort to cure some of the ZAZ-965's issues, such as torsion bars that lost tension, suicide doors, and engines that overheated and made the cabin uncomfortably loud. The engine was the 30 PS (22 kW) 887 cc (54.1 cu in) MeMZ-966A. A radio was standard equipment. The price had inched up, too, from 1,800 roubles at the ZAZ-965's debut to 2,200 by 1969.

While featuring a larger two-door notchback saloon body, it still featured an air-cooled V4 engine and featured more prominent air intakes – the so-called "ears", although a decorative chrome grille was also present. The car's rear suspension was also replaced. The ZAZ-966 started out as the simpler ZAZ-966V (ЗАЗ-966В in Cyrillic) with the 30 PS engine from the ZAZ-965A, which was also featured on all later models. Much like the ZAZ-965A, the ZAZ-966V was also produced in several special variants for the disabled (VR, VB, VB2 - until January 1973). It was produced in tandem with the ZAZ-965 from November 1966 to May 1969.

ZAZ launched an upgraded ZAZ-966B in 1968, powered by a new 40 PS (29 kW) 1,197 cc (73.0 cu in) MeMZ-968 V4, while the 30 PS ZAZ-966A-powered model became the ZAZ-966-1 which was only ever produced in small numbers. The ZAZ-966B, weighing in at 780 kg (1,720 lb), was heavier than the earlier model, but faster, reaching 75 mph (121 km/h).

The ZAZ-966 was discontinued in 1972, with the introduction of the ZAZ-968.

Nicknamed "Zapo" in the Eastern Bloc, the ZAZ-966 also found some buyers in Western Europe, including Finland and France. Some markets swapped the original engine for a 956 cc (58.3 cu in) Renault unit.

ZAZ-968

ZAZ-968
ZAZ-968 rear view

The ZAZ-968 and its variants were produced from 1971 to 1980. It featured the same 40 hp (30 kW; 41 PS) 1,197 cc (73.0 cu in) MeMZ-968 V4 as the ZAZ-966, but the exterior design was slightly modernized. The most obvious alteration was replacing the fake chrome grille in the car's front with a horizontal chrome decoration. Among other changes was a less austere dashboard and better front brakes. The ZAZ-968 was discontinued in 1978, having been produced simultaneously with the newer 968A since 1973, which was produced until 1980. It introduced new safety measures, including a new steering wheel and a plastic dashboard instead of the earlier metal one. The ZAZ-968A also had its variants for the disabled (the ZAZ-968R, B, B2, AB, and AB2) with the 30 hp (22 kW; 30 PS) 887 cc (54.1 cu in) engine.

Toward the end of 1974, the up-market ZAZ-968A debuted, continuing in production until 1979. Among its improvements was a padded dash, energy-absorbing (collapsing) steering column, and seats from the VAZ-2101. The export ZAZ-968E (destined mostly for the Eastern Bloc) had headlights modified to meet international standards, a safety glass windscreen, and an anti-theft steering lock.

ZAZ-968M

ZAZ-968M
ZAZ-968M

In 1979, the ZAZ-968 series was replaced by the modernized ZAZ-968M. Prototyped in 1977, it had the "ears" removed and replaced much of the chrome exterior with black plastic. Its interior design was also upgraded, featuring an enclosed glove box and a slightly more modern dashboard. It was offered with either the MeMZ-968E (40 hp (30 kW; 41 PS), carbureted, low-compression for 76-octane fuel); ZAZ-968GE (40 hp (30 kW; 41 PS), dual carburettor); or the MeMZ-968BE (50 hp (37 kW; 51 PS), 8.4:1 compression, for 93-octane) engine. Instead of the side-mounted "ears", the hood lid and rear quarter panels were louvered.

The ZAZ-968M was the last Zaporozhets model and also spent the most time in production, with cars being made from 1979 to 1 June 1994. By that time, the Soviet Union had collapsed, Ukraine had become independent, and modern, front wheel drive economy cars from the West like the Volkswagen Polo and Ford Fiesta had become available in quantity, vehicles which the 1950s and 60s designed Zaporozhets had no hope of competing with. Some of its special variants include the ZAZ-968MB2, for drivers who had only one foot, and the ZAZ-968MB for drivers who had no feet.

Planned ZAZ-968s with 1,300 cc (79 cu in) or 1,400 cc (85 cu in) engines would never enter production, likely a side effect of the stagnation of Russia in the 1970s and 80s and the subsequent reign of Gorbachev, the fall of the Berlin Wall, and the breakup of the Soviet Union occupying more attention than a little Ukrainian-built economy car whose mechanicals dated back to 1959.

Export versions

Among the export variants produced by ZAZ were ZAZ-965E, ZAZ-965AE, ZAZ-966E, ZAZ-968E, and ZAZ-968AE, which had improved features compared to vehicles made for the home market. Depending on target markets, the model names Jalta or Eliette were used for these cars.

In total, 3,422,444 Zaporozhets vehicles were manufactured in the Melitopol factory from 1960 to 1994, with all of them using the same family of air cooled V-4 engines mounted in the back.

In popular culture

In the 1963 Soviet romantic comedy Three Plus Two, a ZAZ-965 with license plate number 18-15-лдг is featured in numerous scenes throughout the movie, and is even referred to directly in the script as "a tin can of the Zaporozhets system."

In the 1995 James Bond film GoldenEye, Bond's CIA contact Jack Wade drove a 1963 ZAZ-965A.

In the 2011 animated feature film Cars 2, the Trunkovs (Vladimir, Petrov, Lubewig, and Tolga) are based on the ZAZ-968 Zaporozhets.

In the video game MudRunner, a car based on the ZAZ-968 is found in several maps named A-968M.

In Half-Life 2 the car is shown in dilapidated condition as a prop that clutters some roads.

It also appears as a prop in the S.T.A.L.K.E.R. games.

See also

Similar air-cooled and rear-engined vehicles:

References

  1. ^ ZAZ-968A, Avtolegendy SSSR Nr.4, DeAgostini 2008, ISBN 978-5-9774-0409-9, (in Russian)
  2. ^ FIAT begins to produce Zaporozhets (in Russian)
  3. Siegelbaum, Lewis H. (15 August 2011). Cars for Comrades: The Life of the Soviet Automobile. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0801461484.
  4. ^ Thompson, Andy (2008), Cars of the Soviet Union: The Definite History, Sparkford, Yeovil, Somerset: Haynes, pp. 88–89, ISBN 978-1-84425-483-5
  5. Thompson 2008: "This was another example of how, in spite of its close visual similarity to the Fiat 600, the Soviet vehicle was in fact a completely different car..."
  6. ^ ZAZ-965/965A, Avtolegendy SSSR Nr.17, DeAgostini 2009, ISSN 2071-095X, (in Russian)
  7. ^ Thompson 2008, p. 89
  8. ^ Thompson 2008, p. 92
  9. ^ Thompson 2008, p. 90
  10. ^ ZAZ-966 "Zaporozhets", Avtolegendy SSSR Nr.36, DeAgostini 2010, ISSN 2071-095X, (in Russian)
  11. ^ Thompson 2008, p. 200
  12. ^ Thompson 2008, p. 201
  13. ^ Thompson 2008, p.203.
  14. ^ Thompson 2008, p. 205
  15. Thompson 2008, p. 199
  16. Thompson 2008, p.204 & 206.
  17. "Company's history". AvtoZAZ.com. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
  18. "Ровно 60 лет назад в Запорожье начали выпускать ЗАЗ-965, прозванный в народе "Горбатым"". fakty.ua (in Russian). Retrieved 2021-12-22.
ZAZ, a subsidiary of UkrAVTO Group, car timeline, 1960s–present
Type 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3
City car 965 Zaporozhets
Subcompact 966 968/968M Zaporozhets
1102 Tavria 1102 Tavria Nova
1105 Dana 1103 Slavuta
Lanos/Sens/Chance
Vida/Point
Forza
Panel Van 110550 Tavria Pick-up
Lanos Pick-up
Vida Cargo
Minibus A07 I-VAN A08
Midibus A10 City
Coach A10 Lux
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