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{{Short description|One hundred years, from 1300 BC to 1201 BC}} |
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{{redirect|1200s BC|the decade|1200s BC (decade)}} |
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{{redirect|1200s BC|the decade|1200s BC (decade)}} |
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] wine vessel, ], 13th century BC, ].]] |
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] wine vessel, ], 13th century BC, ]]] |
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The '''13th century BC''' was the period from 1300 to 1201 BC. |
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The '''13th century BC''' was the period from 1300 to 1201 BC. |
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==The world in the 13th century BC== |
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==The world in the 13th century BC== |
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==Events== |
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==Events== |
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===Asia=== |
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===Asia=== |
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* c. 1300–1046 BC: In China, the ] flourishes as it settles its capital, ], near ].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Tan Koon |last=San |title=Dynastic China |publisher=The Other Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-983-9541-88-5 |page=17}}</ref> Chinese settlers swarm in compact groups to create new clearing areas towards the ] basin in the south, the ] terraces in the northwest and the ] valley. The Shang then seem to frequently wage war with the still non-Sinicized populations who inhabit the ] valley. Graves in the form of cruciform pits have been discovered in Anyang containing ] with their yokes, numerous bronze vases and the remains of human sacrifices, as well as the first ] on ]s (''Jiaguwen'') or bronze vases.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Michel |last=Soutif |title=L'Asie, source de sciences et de techniques |publisher=] |year=2012 |isbn=978-2-7598-0125-1 |page=33}}</ref> China's Shang armies are organized into infantry and archers in companies of one hundred men, supporting sections of five chariots.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Richard A. |last=Gabriel |title=The Great Armies of Antiquity |publisher=] |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-275-97809-9 |page=143}}</ref> |
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* c. 1300–1046 BC: in China, the ] flourishes as it settles its capital, ], near ].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Tan Koon |last=San |title=Dynastic China |publisher=The Other Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-983-9541-88-5 |page=17}}</ref> Chinese settlers swarm in compact groups to create new clearing areas towards the ] basin in the south, the ] terraces in the northwest and the ] valley. The Shang then seem to frequently wage war with the still non-Sinicized populations who inhabit the ] valley. Graves in the form of cruciform pits have been discovered in Anyang containing ] with their yokes, numerous bronze vases and the remains of human sacrifices, as well as the first ] on ]s (''Jiaguwen'') or bronze vases.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Michel |last=Soutif |title=L'Asie, source de sciences et de techniques |publisher=] |year=2012 |isbn=978-2-7598-0125-1 |page=33}}</ref> China's Shang armies are organized into infantry and archers in companies of one hundred men, supporting sections of five chariots.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Richard A. |last=Gabriel |title=The Great Armies of Antiquity |publisher=] |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-275-97809-9 |page=143}}</ref> |
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* c. 1300 BC: The ]s dominate northwest India as far as the ].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Alain |last=Daniélou |title=Histoire de l'Inde |publisher=] |year=1983 |isbn=978-2-213-63953-6 |page=223}}</ref> The ] mention the '']s'' (slaves) as their enemies. Dasas are interpreted as being a North ], Dahae. The Aryans are organized in tribal monarchies headed by a ] (king), who shares power with two councils or assemblies that will differentiate over time, the sabhā (court of justice) and the samiti (council of war).<ref>{{Cite book |first1=Paul |last1=Masson-Oursel |first2=Philippe |last2=Stern |first3=H |last3=de Willman-Grabowska |title=L'Inde antique et la civilisation indienne |publisher=] |year=2012 |isbn=978-2-226-26086-4 |page=88}}</ref> Only one raja is named in the ]: ] of the ], a tribe established on the upper reaches of the Sarasvatî. He is described as the victor of the coalition of ten kings, the most powerful of which was Pûru. Subsequently, the Kurus take control of the Bharatas.<ref name="Boivin">{{Cite book |first=Michel |last=Boivin |title=Histoire de l'Inde |publisher=Presses Universitaires de France |year=2015 |isbn=978-2-13-073032-3 |page=8}}</ref> |
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* c. 1300 BC: the ]s dominate northwest India as far as the ].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Alain |last=Daniélou |title=Histoire de l'Inde |publisher=] |year=1983 |isbn=978-2-213-63953-6 |page=223}}</ref> The ] mention the '']s'' (slaves) as their enemies. Dasas are interpreted as being a North ], Dahae. The Aryans are organized in tribal monarchies headed by a ] (king), who shares power with two councils or assemblies that will differentiate over time, the sabhā (court of justice) and the samiti (council of war).<ref>{{Cite book |first1=Paul |last1=Masson-Oursel |first2=Philippe |last2=Stern |first3=H |last3=de Willman-Grabowska |title=L'Inde antique et la civilisation indienne |publisher=] |year=2012 |isbn=978-2-226-26086-4 |page=88}}</ref> Only one raja is named in the ]: ] of the ], a tribe established on the upper reaches of the Sarasvatî. He is described as the victor of the coalition of ten kings, the most powerful of which was Pûru. Subsequently, the Kurus take control of the Bharatas.<ref name="Boivin">{{Cite book |first=Michel |last=Boivin |title=Histoire de l'Inde |publisher=Presses Universitaires de France |year=2015 |isbn=978-2-13-073032-3 |page=8}}</ref> |
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* c. 1260 BC: ] pottery discovered at the Bourewa site southwest of ] dates back to this period.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Jeffrey L. |last=Gross |title=Waipi’O Valley |volume=1 |publisher=Xlibris Corporation |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-5245-3905-4 |page=221}}</ref> |
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* c. 1260 BC: ] pottery discovered at the Bourewa site southwest of ] dates back to this period.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Jeffrey L. |last=Gross |title=Waipi'O Valley |volume=1 |publisher=Xlibris Corporation |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-5245-3905-4 |page=221}}</ref> |
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===Middle East=== |
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===Middle East=== |
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* c. 1350–1210 BC: The Igihalkid dynasty in ]. They resume the title of "Kings of Anshan and Susa".<ref>{{Cite book |first=Louis Vanden |last=Berghe |title=Reliefs rupestres de l'Irān ancien : Bruxelles, Musées royaux d'art et d'histoire, 26 octobre 1983-29 janvier 1984 |publisher=Musées royaux d'art et d'histoire |year=1983 |page=25}}</ref> |
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* c. 1350–1210 BC: the Igihalkid dynasty in ]. They resume the title of "Kings of Anshan and Susa".<ref>{{Cite book |first=Louis Vanden |last=Berghe |title=Reliefs rupestres de l'Irān ancien : Bruxelles, Musées royaux d'art et d'histoire, 26 octobre 1983-29 janvier 1984 |publisher=Musées royaux d'art et d'histoire |year=1983 |page=25}}</ref> |
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* c. 1306–1186 BC: The ]. ], then ], are the capitals of the ].<ref name="Margueron">{{Cite book |first=Jean-Claude |last=Margueron |title=Le Proche-Orient et l'Égypte antiques |publisher=Hachette Éducation Technique |year=2012 |isbn=978-2-01-140096-3 |page=384}}</ref> It is a period of relative prosperity. During the reign of ], the construction of the ] of the temples of ], the ] and the temples of ] are completed.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Xavier |last=Barral I Altet |title=Histoire de l'art |publisher=Presses Universitaires de France |year=2013 |isbn=978-2-13-062338-0 |page=19}}</ref> |
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* c. 1306–1186 BC: the ]. ], then ], are the capitals of the ].<ref name="Margueron">{{Cite book |first=Jean-Claude |last=Margueron |title=Le Proche-Orient et l'Égypte antiques |publisher=Hachette Éducation Technique |year=2012 |isbn=978-2-01-140096-3 |page=384}}</ref> It is a period of relative prosperity. During the reign of ], the construction of the ] of the temples of ], the ] and the temples of ] are completed.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Xavier |last=Barral I Altet |title=Histoire de l'art |publisher=Presses Universitaires de France |year=2013 |isbn=978-2-13-062338-0 |page=19}}</ref> |
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* 1307–1275 BC: The first Assyrian mention of the ''Ahlamu'', proto-] people, during the reign of ], in the region of the north of the Euphrates. The Aramaeans, a Semitic people reported from the 14th century BC by the ] of ] and then ], settled in North ], then in ] (now ]) and ] where they formed kingdoms in the ].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Juliet |last=Clutton-Brock |title=The Walking Larder : Patterns of Domestication, Pastoralism, and Predation |publisher=] |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-317-59838-1 |page=133}}</ref> The biblical tradition of the sons of Jacob, apparently originating from the Aram Naharayim or "Aram of the two rivers", in the loop of the Euphrates, around the towns of ] and Nahur, seems to confirm that this region was populated by Proto-Aramaic pastors around the 13th century BC.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.clio.fr/BIBLIOTHEQUE/les_arameens_un_peuple_une_langue_une_ecriture_au_dela_des_empires.asp |title=Les Araméens, un peuple, une langue, une écriture, au-delà des empires |first=André |last=Lemaire |website=www.clio.fr}}</ref> |
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* 1307–1275 BC: the first Assyrian mention of the ''Ahlamu'', proto-] people, during the reign of ], in the region of the north of the Euphrates. The Aramaeans, a Semitic people reported from the 14th century BC by the ] of ] and then ], settled in North ], then in ] (now ]) and ] where they formed kingdoms in the ].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Juliet |last=Clutton-Brock |title=The Walking Larder : Patterns of Domestication, Pastoralism, and Predation |publisher=] |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-317-59838-1 |page=133}}</ref> The biblical tradition of the sons of Jacob, apparently originating from the Aram Naharayim or "Aram of the two rivers", in the loop of the Euphrates, around the towns of ] and Nahur, seems to confirm that this region was populated by Proto-Aramaic pastors around the 13th century BC.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.clio.fr/BIBLIOTHEQUE/les_arameens_un_peuple_une_langue_une_ecriture_au_dela_des_empires.asp |title=Les Araméens, un peuple, une langue, une écriture, au-delà des empires |first=André |last=Lemaire |website=www.clio.fr}}</ref> |
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* 1274 BCE: the Egyptian and Hittite Empires clash in the ], with heavy losses to each side but no decisive outcome. |
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* The Semitic tribes (including ]) advance westward (]). According to the ], ] bought his birthright from his brother ] and then led the Israelites to ] at the call of his son ]. His twelve sons form the twelve tribes of Israel: ], ], ], ], ], ], ] (] and ]), ], ], ], ], and ]. Jacob's group of descendants of Aramaic origin may have left the region of Harran in Upper Mesopotamia around ] during the Assyrian invasion of Hanigalbat, then probably entered ] by crossing the ] between the valley of ] and that of Wadi Far'ah. He settled down in the region north and northeast of ]. He does not mix with the locals. The group of descendants of Joseph / Israel, originally from ], will stay for a while in Egypt in the land of Goshen, on the eastern edge of the ]. They would have worked on the construction of the Egyptian warehouse cities of ] and Pi-Ramesses.<ref>{{Cite book |first=André |last=Lemaire |title=Histoire du peuple hébreu |publisher=Presses Universitaires de France |year=2018 |isbn=978-2-13-081069-8 |page=9}}</ref> Towards the end of the century, a first group of Semites, led by ], would have ] and merged with a second group which came more recently from Upper Mesopotamia, which also took ] as a revealed religion. They would have settled in the current ], a sparsely populated region at the time, from which they will radiate and ally themselves with other Semitic peoples of ] and ].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Encel |last=Frédéric |title=Comprendre le Proche-Orient |publisher=Éditions Bréal |isbn=978-2-7495-2074-2 |page=137}}</ref> |
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* ]: ] repels attacks by northern invaders (the "]") in the 8th year of his reign, according to the ]. ] closely links this event with the beginning of the ].<ref>]. , 2016, 1h10'17. See 5'41-6'19 for the invasion of the Sea People in the 5th yr of ]'s reign and the 8th year of ]'s, and 4'30 for the start of the ] "on either side of 1200 BC".</ref> |
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* ]: ] repels attacks by northern invaders (the "]") in the 8th year of his reign, according to the ]. ] closely links this event with the beginning of the ].<ref>]. , 2016, 1h10'17. See 5'41-6'19 for the invasion of the Sea People in the 5th yr of ]'s reign and the 8th year of ]'s, and 4'30 for the start of the ] "on either side of 1200 BC".</ref> |
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===Europe=== |
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===Europe=== |
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* c. 1300–1200 BC: ] in ].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Claude |last=Baurain |title=Les Grecs et la Méditerranée orientale : des siècles "obscurs" à la fin de l'époque archaïque |publisher=] |year=1997 |page=60}}</ref> The ] and the ] are built in ]. It is a time of peace and prosperity in the ]. Mycenaean imports to the Levant peak. A ] found on the southern coast of ] contained ingots of copper, tin, ivory, Syrian, Cypriot and Mycenaean vases, and pieces of elephant and hippo ivory. The ] is developed: towards the end of the century, a ] four to six meters thick, known as the “pelasgic wall” (''Pelargikon''), is constructed, as well as a well to supply the citadel with water.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Roland |last=Étienne |title=Athènes, espaces urbains et histoire |publisher=] |year=2004 |isbn=978-2-01-181444-9 |page=23}}</ref> ] tablets are created in ].<ref>{{Cite book |title=L’Europe au temps d’Ulysse. |publisher=RMN - Grand Palais |year=1999 |isbn=978-2-7118-6293-1 |page=234}}</ref> |
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* c. 1300–1200 BC: ] in ].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Claude |last=Baurain |title=Les Grecs et la Méditerranée orientale : des siècles "obscurs" à la fin de l'époque archaïque |publisher=] |year=1997 |page=60}}</ref> The ] and the ] are built in ]. It is a time of peace and prosperity in the ]. Mycenaean imports to the Levant peak. A ] found on the southern coast of ] contained ingots of copper, tin, ivory, Syrian, Cypriot and Mycenaean vases, and pieces of elephant and hippo ivory. The ] is developed: towards the end of the century, a ] four to six meters thick, known as the “pelasgic wall” (''Pelargikon''), is constructed, as well as a well to supply the citadel with water.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Roland |last=Étienne |title=Athènes, espaces urbains et histoire |publisher=] |year=2004 |isbn=978-2-01-181444-9 |page=23}}</ref> ] tablets are created in ].<ref>{{Cite book |title=L'Europe au temps d'Ulysse. |publisher=RMN - Grand Palais |year=1999 |isbn=978-2-7118-6293-1 |page=234}}</ref> |
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*c. 1300–1200 BC: Approximately 4,000 men fight a ] in Northern Germany, the largest known prehistoric battle north of the Alps.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Curry|first1=Andrew|title=Slaughter at the bridge: Uncovering a colossal Bronze Age battle|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/03/slaughter-bridge-uncovering-colossal-bronze-age-battle|website=Science|access-date=11 March 2017|date=24 March 2016}}</ref> |
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*c. 1300–1200 BC: approximately 4,000 men fight a ] in Northern Germany, the largest known prehistoric battle north of the Alps.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Curry|first1=Andrew|title=Slaughter at the bridge: Uncovering a colossal Bronze Age battle|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/slaughter-bridge-uncovering-colossal-bronze-age-battle|website=Science|access-date=11 March 2017|date=24 March 2016}}</ref> |
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* c. 1300–500 BC: The ] in ], parts of the ] and ], eastern ] and northern ].<ref>{{Cite book |first=T. Douglas |last=Price |title=Ancient Scandinavia |publisher=] |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-19-023198-9 |page=212}}</ref> |
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* c. 1300–500 BC: the ] in ], parts of the ] and ], eastern ] and northern ].<ref>{{Cite book |first=T. Douglas |last=Price |title=Ancient Scandinavia |publisher=] |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-19-023198-9 |page=212}}</ref> |
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* c. 1250–850 BC: The ], characterized by vast cemeteries housing urns with the ashes of the deceased and offerings, marks the Late Bronze Age in Western Europe.<ref name="Gimbutas">{{Cite book |last=Gimbutas |first=Marija |author-link=Marija Gimbutas |title=Bronze Age cultures in Central and Eastern Europe |publisher=] |year=1965 |isbn=978-3-11-166814-7 |page=245}}</ref> |
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* c. 1250–850 BC: the ], characterized by vast cemeteries housing urns with the ashes of the deceased and offerings, marks the Late Bronze Age in Western Europe.<ref name="Gimbutas">{{Cite book |last=Gimbutas |first=Marija |author-link=Marija Gimbutas |title=Bronze Age cultures in Central and Eastern Europe |publisher=] |year=1965 |isbn=978-3-11-166814-7 |page=245}}</ref> |
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* c. 1250–1000 BC: The culture of ] develops inland in ].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Robert |last=Leighton |title=Sicily Before History: An Archaeological Survey from the Palaeolithic to the Iron Age |publisher=] |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-8014-8585-5 |page=150}}</ref> |
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* c. 1250–1000 BC: the culture of ] develops inland in ].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Robert |last=Leighton |title=Sicily Before History: An Archaeological Survey from the Palaeolithic to the Iron Age |publisher=] |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-8014-8585-5 |page=150}}</ref> |
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* 1225–1190 BC: ] in mainland Greece.<ref name="Brunet">{{Cite book |first=Olivier |last=Brunet |title=Les marqueurs archéologiques du pouvoir |publisher=Publications de la Sorbonne |year=2016 |isbn=979-10-351-0005-6 |page=28}}</ref> The perimeters of the defense systems of the Mycenaean palaces (], ], ]) are widely extended, a sign that insecurity is increasing. The end of the period was marked by widespread destruction on most sites: Mycenae, Tyrinth, Midéa, ], ], ], and ], whose unfortified palaces have not been rebuilt.<ref name="Demoule">{{Cite book |language=fr |first1=Jean-Paul |last1=Demoule |first2=Dominique |last2=Garcia |first3=Alain |last3=Schnapp |title=Une histoire des civilisations |publisher=La Découverte |year=2018 |isbn=978-2-7071-8878-6 |page=319}}</ref> |
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* 1225–1190 BC: ] in mainland Greece.<ref name="Brunet">{{Cite book |first=Olivier |last=Brunet |title=Les marqueurs archéologiques du pouvoir |publisher=Publications de la Sorbonne |year=2016 |isbn=979-10-351-0005-6 |page=28}}</ref> The perimeters of the defense systems of the Mycenaean palaces (], ], ]) are widely extended, a sign that insecurity is increasing. The end of the period was marked by widespread destruction on most sites: Mycenae, Tyrinth, Midéa, ], ], ], and ], whose unfortified palaces have not been rebuilt.<ref name="Demoule">{{Cite book |language=fr |first1=Jean-Paul |last1=Demoule |first2=Dominique |last2=Garcia |first3=Alain |last3=Schnapp |title=Une histoire des civilisations |publisher=La Découverte |year=2018 |isbn=978-2-7071-8878-6 |page=319}}</ref> |
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==Sovereign states== |
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==Sovereign states== |
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]. |
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* ]. |
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== References == |
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== References == |
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]Banish Verefied Handles already the database is ridiculously selective. |
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