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{{Short description|1=Overview of and topical guide to Sikh religion}} {{Short description|1=Overview of and topical guide to Sikhism}}
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See ] See ] and
for more details. ] for more details.
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The following ] is provides an '''overview of Sikhism''', or '''Sikhi''' (its ]). {{Sikhism sidebar}}The following ] is provides an '''overview of Sikhism''', or '''Sikhi''' (its ]).


] is a ] religion—emphasizing universal ] and brotherhood—founded in the 15th century upon the teachings of ] and the ten succeeding ]. It is the ] ] in the world,<ref name="ADR">{{cite web|author=Adherents.com|title=Religions by adherents|url=http://adherents.com/misc/rel_by_adh_CSM.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050421033128/http://www.adherents.com/misc/rel_by_adh_CSM.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=April 21, 2005|access-date=2007-02-09|format=PHP}}</ref> and one of the ].<ref>{{cite news|title=The List: The World's -Growing Religions|work=Foreign Policy|publisher=]|url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2007/05/13/the_list_the_worlds_fastest_growing_religions|url-status=bot: unknown|access-date=5 November 2010|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120526191903/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2007/05/13/the_list_the_worlds_fastest_growing_religions|archive-date=26 May 2012}}</ref> ] has been described as being either a ] or ] religion—emphasizing universal ] and brotherhood—founded in the 15th century upon the teachings of ] and the ten succeeding ].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Takhar |first1=Opinderjit Kaur |title=Sikh Identity: An Exploration of Groups Among Sikhs |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781351900102 |quote=Since the Sikh concept of the divine is panentheistic, the divine is always greater than the created universe, its systems such as karma and samsara, and all phenomena within it. In Sikhism, due to the sovereignty of God, the doctrines of Nadar and Hukam override all systems, both concepts reinforcing panentheism. Hence one becomes a jivanmukt only in accordance with the Hukam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Reynolds |first1=William M. |last2=Webber |first2=Julie A. |title=Expanding Curriculum Theory: Dis/positions and Lines of Flight |date=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781135621278 |page=90 |quote=Like the God-of-process theologians in the West (Whitehead, Cobb, Griffin, Hartshorne), the God of Sikhism is a dynamic God, a process moving within humankind, pervasive within the hearts of people, yet transcendent and eternal. The Sikh God is one with whom devotees become wholly absorbed: "As the fish, I find the life of absorption in the water that is God" (Sri Guru Granth. 1988, p. 166). As the fish is absorbed in the water that is God, the soul is absorbed in the lightness that is God. The fish, even though absorbed in the water that is God, does not lose its fishness, its fish identity-formation, even though absorbed in the light that is God. A panentheistic system, such as Sikhsim, allows the soul to retain its soulness while merging with God. The soul, in other words, is not identical with God, even after merging with God, but one might say God is part of the soul. A strict identity soul = God is incarnationism and this is considered anathema in Sikhism. The Granth uses the beloved/lover metaphor for the relation of the self to God. God is the beloved and the devo tee is the lover. The lover retains her identity yet merges with her beloved.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Pashaura |last2=Mandair |first2=Arvind-Pal Singh |title=The Sikh world |date=2023 |publisher=Routledge |location=London New York |isbn=9780429848384 |quote=In looking at the teachings of the Gurus as a whole, it seems that Lourdunathan overstates the degree to which Sikh scripture is anti-monistic. Guru Nanak famously referred to the world as a "palace of smoke" (GGS: 138) and made countless references to the idea of maya (Illusion). While the Gurus did not teach a radical nondualism, it is perhaps more accurate to suggest that some aspects of Sikh thought constitute a qualified nondualism (in which Creator and Creation are part of the same whole) (GGS: 125) or panentheism (in which the Creator pervades the natural world) (GGS: 24), while many others are monotheistic, including passages in Japji Sahib, where God is described as the King of Kings (GGS: 6). These different interpretations lend themselves to varying understandings of the relationship between the natural world and divinity.}}</ref> It is the ] ] in the world,<ref name="ADR">{{cite web|author=Adherents.com|title=Religions by adherents|url=http://adherents.com/misc/rel_by_adh_CSM.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050421033128/http://www.adherents.com/misc/rel_by_adh_CSM.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=April 21, 2005|access-date=2007-02-09|format=PHP}}</ref> and one of the ].<ref>{{cite news|title=The List: The World's -Growing Religions|work=Foreign Policy|url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2007/05/13/the_list_the_worlds_fastest_growing_religions|url-status=bot: unknown|access-date=5 November 2010|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120526191903/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2007/05/13/the_list_the_worlds_fastest_growing_religions|archive-date=26 May 2012}}</ref>


The sacred text and last Guru of Sikhism, '']'', teaches humans how to unite with the all cosmic soul; with ], the creator: "Only those who selflessly love everyone, they alone shall find God." The sacred text and last Guru of Sikhism, '']'', teaches humans how to unite with the all cosmic soul; with ], the creator: "Only those who selflessly love everyone, they alone shall find God."


{{TOC limit|limit=2}} {{TOC limit|limit=2}}
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=== Scripture === === Scripture ===
* '']'' — the sacred text and last Guru of Sikhism * '']'' — the sacred text and last Guru of Sikhism
**] — 24 ] used as a morning prayer **] — 24 ]s used as a morning prayer
⚫ **]
**] — the first 8 pages of the Guru Granth Sahib, consisting of hymns composed by Guru Nanak. **] — the first 8 pages of the Guru Granth Sahib, consisting of hymns composed by Guru Nanak.
**] **]
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**] — the opening words of the Guru Granth Sahib, citing the basic statement of creed in Sikhism. **] — the opening words of the Guru Granth Sahib, citing the basic statement of creed in Sikhism.
**] — evening prayer **] — evening prayer
**] ('Psalm of Peace') — a popular set of ] in the Guru Granth Sahib, divided into 24 sections **] ('Psalm of Peace') — a popular set of ]s in the Guru Granth Sahib, divided into 24 sections
**] **]
*'']'' — the secondary holy book of Sikhism *'']'' — the secondary holy book of Sikhism
**] **]
**] **]
⚫ **]
**] **]
**] — a morning prayer consisting of an introductory ], 38 stanzas (''pauris''), and a concluding sloka attributed by some to ]. **] — a morning prayer consisting of an introductory ], 38 stanzas (''pauris''), and a concluding sloka attributed by some to ].
**] (or Amrit Savaiye) — short composition of 10 stanzas, as part of ''nitnem'' **] (or Amrit Savaiye) — short composition of 10 stanzas, as part of ''nitnem''
*'']'' — a voluminous scripture consisting of more than 6,500 poetic stanzas, considered as amalgamation of the writings of poets including Guru Gobind Singh. *'']'' — a voluminous scripture consisting of more than 6,500 poetic stanzas, considered as amalgamation of the writings of poets including Guru Gobind Singh.
*'']'' — the name given to the 40 '']'' (a form of Punjabi poetry) traditionally attributed to ], providing early concepts of Sikhism and Sikh living.<ref>Singh, Pritama. 1992. ''Bhai Gurdas''. pp. 33–36. {{ISBN|9788172012182}}.</ref> *'']'' — the name given to the 40 '']s'' (a form of Punjabi poetry) wrriten attributed by ], providing early concepts of Sikhism and Sikh living.<ref>Singh, Pritama. 1992. ''Bhai Gurdas''. pp. 33–36. {{ISBN|9788172012182}}.</ref>
*]


=== Sikh literature === === Sikh literature ===
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* '']'' — historic statement of the 10th Guru, ] * '']'' — historic statement of the 10th Guru, ]
*] — non-canonical history of Guru Nanak *] — non-canonical history of Guru Nanak
** ] — a collection of janamsakhis by ] (generally accepted as authoritative). ** ]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-07-18|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Janamsakhis#Bhai Bala Janamsakhi|reason= The anchor (Bhai Bala Janamsakhi) ].}} — a collection of janamsakhis by ] (generally accepted as authoritative).
** ] or ] — a collection dating from the time of the last Guru. ** ]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-07-18|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Janamsakhis#Bhai Mani Singh’s Janamsakhi|reason= The anchor (Bhai Mani Singh’s Janamsakhi) ].}} or ] — a collection dating from the time of the last Guru.
** ] — janamsakhis written by the followers of ]. ** ]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-07-18|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Janamsakhis#The Miharban Janam-sakhi|reason= The anchor (The Miharban Janam-sakhi) ].}} — janamsakhis written by the followers of ].
** ] — an early collection of janamsakhis by an unknown author. ** ] — an early collection of janamsakhis by an unknown author.
* ] — non-canonical Sikh history * ] — non-canonical Sikh history
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*] — a form of poetry written in praise of someone, in which every verse is 1/4 times the length of a common verse. *] — a form of poetry written in praise of someone, in which every verse is 1/4 times the length of a common verse.
*] — the hymns contained in Sikh scriptures. *] — the hymns contained in Sikh scriptures.
*] — 'stanza'; the Sanskrit epic metre formed of 32 syllables: verses of 2 lines ('']'') of 16 syllables each or in 4 half-lines ('']'') of 8 syllables each. *] — 'stanza'; the Sanskrit epic metre formed of 32 syllables: verses of 2 lines ('']'') of 16 syllables each or in 4 half-lines ('']'') of 8 syllables each.


== Philosophy and beliefs == == Philosophy and beliefs ==
{{SikhBeliefs}}{{Main|Sikh philosophy}} {{SikhBeliefs}}{{Main|Sikh philosophy}}
*] — God *] — God
**] **Akal
**] **]
**]
**] (or Ek Onkar) **] (or Ek Onkar)
**] **]
**]
**Nirbau, Nirvair — Without fear and Without hate
**] **]
**]
**] — 'true God' **] — 'true God'
**] — ' name is true' **] — ' name is true'
*] *]
** ] — ] on the name of God ** ] — ] on the name of God
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** ] — ']' ** ] — ']'
** ] — 'ego, pride' ** ] — 'ego, pride'
* ] * Gurmat
*] *]
*] *]
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**] — 'recitation' **] — 'recitation'
*] (''kurahit kurahat''), including: *] (''kurahit kurahat''), including:
**Cutting, trimming, shaving or removing hairs from one’s body — Sikhs practice ], allowing their hair to grow out naturally in respect to God's creation **Cutting, trimming, shaving or removing hairs from one's body — Sikhs practice ], allowing their hair to grow out naturally in respect to God's creation
**] **]
**] **]
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=== Sikh ceremonies === === Sikh ceremonies ===
* ] ('blissful union, joyful union') — the Sikh marriage ceremony, first introduced by ]. * ] ('blissful union, joyful union') — the Sikh marriage ceremony, first introduced by ].
*] — continuous reading of '']'', either in honour of a particular occasion or simply to increase one’s feeling of connection to God. Akhand Paths can be held, for example, in honour of a birth/birthday, wedding/anniversary, recovery from a medical operation, death, or a historic occasion; to celebrate the achievement of a goal such as a graduation or passing the driving test; or in chasing away evil spirits and curses, etc. *] — continuous reading of '']'', either in honour of a particular occasion or simply to increase one's feeling of connection to God. Akhand Paths can be held, for example, in honour of a birth/birthday, wedding/anniversary, recovery from a medical operation, death, or a historic occasion; to celebrate the achievement of a goal such as a graduation or passing the driving test; or in chasing away evil spirits and curses, etc.
*] — baptism into the ] tradition *] — baptism into the ] tradition
* ] — funeral rites * ] — funeral rites
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*] — a festival during late Spring *] — a festival during late Spring


=== General sikh culture === === General Sikh culture ===
* ] — turban ('']''); an inseparable part of Sikh dress that is mandatory for Sikh males according to ] and the '']''. * ] — turban ('']''); an inseparable part of Sikh dress that is mandatory for Sikh males according to ] and the '']''.
*] *]
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== Sikh geography == == Sikh geography ==
]'s empire at its peak.]] ]'s empire at its peak]]
], 1909]] ], 1909]]
] (the Golden Temple) at night, in ], India]] ] (the Golden Temple) at night, in ], India]]
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*] *]
* ] — a building in ] that houses the funerary urns of Sikh ruler ] * ] — a building in ] that houses the funerary urns of Sikh ruler ]
*] *]


=== Sikhism by country === === Sikhism by country ===
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* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
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===Gurdwaras=== ===Gurdwaras===
{{Main|Gurdwara|Category:Gurdwaras}} {{Main|Gurdwara|Category:Gurdwaras}}
], Sikh Gurdwara and spiritual centre at ], ].]] ], Sikh Gurdwara and spiritual centre at ], India]]
]]] ]]]


====In India==== ====In India====
{{Main|Gurdwaras in India}} {{Main|Gurdwaras in India}}
The ] (or Golden Temple) is the holy shrine of Sikhs; the spiritual and cultural center of the Sikh religion, found in Amritsar. The ] (SGPC) is the organization responsible for the management of gurdwaras in the states of Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh, and the ] The ] (or Golden Temple) is the holy shrine of Sikhs; the spiritual and cultural center of the Sikh religion, found in Amritsar. The ] (SGPC) is the organization responsible for the management of gurdwaras in the states of Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh, and the ]


Other gurdwaras in India include: Other gurdwaras in India include:
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* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ] * ]


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*] (Hong Kong) *] (Hong Kong)
*] (Malaysia) *] (Malaysia)

* ] — the first gurdwara in Singapore * ] — the first gurdwara in Singapore
* ] (London) * ] (London)
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* ] * ]
*] *]
* ] — a separatist movement to create a ] homeland,<ref>{{cite web|last=Colonist|first=Times|date=2008-03-11|title=Sikh separatists in Canada concern Indian government|url=http://www.canada.com/victoriatimescolonist/news/story.html?id=40a84f84-80c5-4293-9d3f-aeff4040afe2|access-date=2010-01-22|publisher=Canada.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=25 years on, few takers for Khalistan in Canada|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/world-news/25-years-on-few-takers-for-khalistan-in-canada_100268207.html|access-date=2010-01-22|publisher=Thaindian.com}}</ref> often named ''Khālistān'' ({{lang-pa|ਖ਼ਾਲਿਸਤਾਨ}}, {{lang-hi|ख़ालिस्तान}}, 'Land of the ]'), composed of the ] of modern-day ] and ].<ref>''The foreign policy of Pakistan: ethnic impacts on diplomacy, 1971–1994''. {{ISBN|1-86064-169-5}}. Mehtab Ali Shah: "''Such is the political, psychological and religious attachment of the Sikhs to that city that a Khalistan without Lahore would be like a Germany without Berlin.''"</ref><ref>''Amritsar to Lahore: a journey across the India-Pakistan border''. Stephen Alter. {{ISBN|0-8122-1743-8}} "''Ever since the separatist movement gathered force in the 1980s, Pakistan has sided with the Sikhs, even though the territorial ambitions of Khalistan include Lahore and sections of the Punjab on both sides of the border.''"</ref> * ] — a separatist movement to create a ] homeland,<ref>{{cite web|last=Colonist|first=Times|date=2008-03-11|title=Sikh separatists in Canada concern Indian government|url=http://www.canada.com/victoriatimescolonist/news/story.html?id=40a84f84-80c5-4293-9d3f-aeff4040afe2|access-date=2010-01-22|publisher=Canada.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=25 years on, few takers for Khalistan in Canada|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/world-news/25-years-on-few-takers-for-khalistan-in-canada_100268207.html|access-date=2010-01-22|publisher=Thaindian.com}}</ref> often named ''Khālistān'' ({{langx|pa|ਖ਼ਾਲਿਸਤਾਨ}}, {{langx|hi|ख़ालिस्तान}}, 'Land of the ]'), composed of the ] of modern-day ] and ].<ref>''The foreign policy of Pakistan: ethnic impacts on diplomacy, 1971–1994''. {{ISBN|1-86064-169-5}}. Mehtab Ali Shah: "''Such is the political, psychological and religious attachment of the Sikhs to that city that a Khalistan without Lahore would be like a Germany without Berlin.''"</ref><ref>''Amritsar to Lahore: a journey across the India-Pakistan border''. Stephen Alter. {{ISBN|0-8122-1743-8}} "''Ever since the separatist movement gathered force in the 1980s, Pakistan has sided with the Sikhs, even though the territorial ambitions of Khalistan include Lahore and sections of the Punjab on both sides of the border.''"</ref>
* ] * ]


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* 1469–1539 — ] * 1469–1539 — ]
*1606 – ] executed succeeded bu ] who start the Sikh martial tradition. *1606 — ] executed succeeded bu ] who start the Sikh martial tradition.
*1675 – ] executed for protesting for religious freedom *1675 — ] executed for protesting for religious freedom
*1699 — ] *1699 — ]
*1708 – ] becomes eternal Guru *1708 — ] becomes eternal Guru
*1710 - 1715 – ] *1710–1715 — ]
*1716&ndash;1799 — ] *1716&ndash;1799 — ]
**1752–1801 — ] **1752–1801 — ]
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* 1701 — ] * 1701 — ]
* 1702 — ] * 1702 — ]
* 1702 — ]
* 1702 — ].<ref>{{cite book|author=Surjit Singh Gandhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZFBp89UInUC&q=hargobind+jahangir&pg=PA822|title=History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606-1708 C.E|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist.|year=2007|isbn=9788126908585|page=822}}</ref> * 1702 — ].<ref>{{cite book|author=Surjit Singh Gandhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZFBp89UInUC&q=hargobind+jahangir&pg=PA822|title=History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606-1708 C.E|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist.|year=2007|isbn=9788126908585|page=822}}</ref>
* 1704 — ] * 1704 — ]
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*1715 April — ] *1715 April — ]
* 1757 — ] * 1757 — ]
* 1759 — ]
* 1761 — ] * 1761 — ]
* 1761 — ] * 1761 — ]
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* 1846 February — ] * 1846 February — ]
*1848 November — ] *1848 November — ]
*1848 April–1849 January — ] *1848 April–1849 January — ]
*1849 January — ] *1849 January — ]
* 1849 — ] * 1849 — ]
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==People== ==People==
]] are members of the Sikh religion. A ] is a society or congregation of Sikhs. ]] are members of the Sikh religion. A sangat is a society or congregation of Sikhs.


=== Titles and labels === === Titles and labels ===
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*] — baptized Sikh; anyone who has been initiated into the ], according to '']''. *] — baptized Sikh; anyone who has been initiated into the ], according to '']''.
*] — highly enlightened individual who has obtained the ultimate blessings of ]. *] — highly enlightened individual who has obtained the ultimate blessings of ].
*] – the Sikh that reads ] *] — the Sikh that reads ]
*] — a person who is spiritually centered. A person who lives within the will of God and accepts all good and bad that happens to one's self without question or annoyance. A gurmukh stands in contrast to a '']''. *] — a person who is spiritually centered. A person who lives within the will of God and accepts all good and bad that happens to one's self without question or annoyance. A gurmukh stands in contrast to a '']''.
*] *]
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*] — a self-centered person, contrast to '']''. A person who lives within the will of the Mind as opposed to the will of god. *] — a self-centered person, contrast to '']''. A person who lives within the will of the Mind as opposed to the will of god.
*] — a warrior Sikh *] — a warrior Sikh
*] — a offshoot of Sikhism *] — an offshoot of Sikhism
*] — apostate *] — apostate
*] — unbaptized Sikh. *] — unbaptized Sikh.
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*] *]
**] ('princess') — the middle name or surname given to Sikh females **] ('princess') — the middle name or surname given to Sikh females
**] ('lion') — the middle name or surname given to Sikh males **] ('lion') — the middle name or surname given to Sikh males
⚫ *] — a religious sect of ascetic '']s'' who were key interpreters of the Sikh philosophy and the custodians of important Sikh shrines until the ]. Modern-day udasis consider themselves more to be Hindu rather than Sikhs.

⚫ *] — a religious sect of ascetic '']'' who were key interpreters of the Sikh philosophy and the custodians of important Sikh shrines until the ]. Modern-day udasis consider themselves more to be Hindu rather than Sikhs.


=== Sikh Gurus === === Sikh Gurus ===
{{Main|Sikh gurus}} {{Main|Sikh gurus}}
* ] — According to the traditional historical Sikh sources Guru Nanak Dev appeared on earth in the month of Katak Oct/November 1469 which is celebrated every year in the month of October/November. The SGPC which was founded in 1925, states the avtar date as 15 April 1469. The Sikhs believe that all subsequent Gurus possessed Guru Nanak’s divinity and the one spirit of Akaal Purakh Waheguru.<ref>Guru Nanak may be referred to by many other names and titles such as "Satguru Nanak Dev", "Guru Nanak Dev" or "Baba Nanak" .</ref> * ] — According to the traditional historical Sikh sources Guru Nanak Dev appeared on earth in the month of Katak Oct/November 1469 which is celebrated every year in the month of October/November. The SGPC which was founded in 1925, states the avtar date as 15 April 1469. The Sikhs believe that all subsequent Gurus possessed Guru Nanak's divinity and the one spirit of Akaal Purakh Waheguru.<ref>Guru Nanak may be referred to by many other names and titles such as "Satguru Nanak Dev", "Guru Nanak Dev" or "Baba Nanak" .</ref>
*] (1504–52) — disciple of Guru Nanak Dev and second of the ten Sikh Gurus. *] (1504–52) — disciple of Guru Nanak Dev and second of the ten Sikh Gurus.
*] (1479–1574) — third of the ten Sikh Gurus. *] (1479–1574) — third of the ten Sikh Gurus.
*] ( 1534–81) — fourth of the ten Sikh Gurus. *] ( 1534–81) — fourth of the ten Sikh Gurus.
*] (1563–1605) — fifth of the ten Sikh Gurus, He was arrested and executed by ] in 1605.<ref>{{cite book *] (1563–1605) — fifth of the ten Sikh Gurus. He was arrested and executed by ] in 1605.<ref>{{cite book
| title = History of India | title = History of India
| author = N. Jayapalan | author = N. Jayapalan
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*] (1656–64) — son of Guru Har Rai and eighth of the ten Sikh Gurus. *] (1656–64) — son of Guru Har Rai and eighth of the ten Sikh Gurus.
*] (1621–75) — grand uncle of Guru Har Krishan and ninth of the ten Sikh Gurus. He was executed on the orders of Mughal Emperor ] in ].<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830015218/http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/sikh-gurus/sri-guru-tegh-bhadur-sahib-j.html |date=2008-08-30 }}</ref> *] (1621–75) — grand uncle of Guru Har Krishan and ninth of the ten Sikh Gurus. He was executed on the orders of Mughal Emperor ] in ].<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830015218/http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/sikh-gurus/sri-guru-tegh-bhadur-sahib-j.html |date=2008-08-30 }}</ref>
*](1666–1708) — son of Guru Tegh Bahadur and tenth of the ten Sikh Gurus, He named the holy scripture, as his successor *](1666–1708) — son of Guru Tegh Bahadur and tenth of the ten Sikh Gurus. He named the holy scripture, as his successor
*] — the ] of ], said to be the sole and final successor of the line of gurus. It is the eternal living Guru.<ref>{{cite book *] — the ] of ], said to be the sole and final successor of the line of gurus. It is the eternal living Guru.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Deol | last = Deol
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| page = 38 | page = 38
| isbn = 0-7487-7159-X}}</ref> | isbn = 0-7487-7159-X}}</ref>

=== Notable people === === Notable people ===


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**] — Guru Nanak's constant Muslim companion, musician, and composer of Sikh hymns. **] — Guru Nanak's constant Muslim companion, musician, and composer of Sikh hymns.
** ] ** ]
** ] — Guru Nanak's sister and often considered his first disciple. ** ] — Guru Nanak's sister and often considered his first disciple.
** ] — Guru Nanak's son and founder of an early Sikh sect. ** ] — Guru Nanak's son and founder of an early Sikh sect.
* 1500–1599 * 1500–1599
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* ] — knowledge of the Divine * ] — knowledge of the Divine
* ] — charity (or ]); one of the 3 petitions, alongside ] and ''ishnan''. * ] — charity (or ]); one of the three petitions, alongside ] and ''ishnan''.
* ] — 10% of earnings donated to the less advantaged. * ] — 10% of earnings donated to the less advantaged.
* ] (abbreviated as ''bani'') — verses; applied to any of the collective writings of the Sikh Gurus that appear in the ]. * ] (abbreviated as ''bani'') — verses; applied to any of the collective writings of the Sikh Gurus that appear in the ].
* ] (or gurudwara; literally 'God's door, God's place') — Sikh place of worship * ] (or gurudwara; literally 'God's door, God's place') — Sikh place of worship
* ] (or Ek Onkar) – One formless, generless universal Lord called Wahguru * ] (or Ek Onkar) — One formless, genderless universal Lord called Wahguru
* ] — {{Wikt-lang|en|ablution|italic=y}}, purification of body and mind; one of the 3 petitions, alongside ] and '']''. * ] — {{Wikt-lang|en|ablution|italic=y}}, purification of body and mind; one of the three petitions, alongside ] and '']''.
* ] — recite. * ] — recite.
* ] — earning a living honestly, without exploitation or fraud * ] — earning a living honestly, without exploitation or fraud
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* ] — remembrance of the Divine name * ] — remembrance of the Divine name
**] — ] on the name of God **] — ] on the name of God
* ] * ]
* ] — social offense, such as giving dowry, using liquors and intoxicants, raising monuments over graves, and associating with apostates. * ] — social offense, such as giving dowry, using liquors and intoxicants, raising monuments over graves, and associating with apostates.


== Pop culture == == Pop culture ==


* ] * '']''
* ] — a computer game based around Sikh resistance against Mughal rule * '']'' — a computer game based around Sikh resistance against Mughal rule
* '']'' (2008) * '']'' (2008)


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== External links == == External links ==
{{Sisterlinks|Sikhism}} {{Sister project links|Sikhism}}
*
* An Online Sikh Discussion Forum * An Online Sikh Discussion Forum
* *


{{Outline footer}} {{Outline footer}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sikhism}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sikhism}}
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Latest revision as of 18:34, 7 November 2024

Overview of and topical guide to Sikhism
Part of a series on
Sikhism
Khanda
Sikh gurus
Selected revered saints
Philosophy
Practices
Scripture
Places and Takhts
General topics
Sikhism and other religions

The following outline is provides an overview of Sikhism, or Sikhi (its endonym).

Sikhism has been described as being either a panentheistic or monotheistic religion—emphasizing universal selflessness and brotherhood—founded in the 15th century upon the teachings of Guru Nanak and the ten succeeding Gurus. It is the fifth-largest organized religion in the world, and one of the fastest-growing.

The sacred text and last Guru of Sikhism, Guru Granth Sahib, teaches humans how to unite with the all cosmic soul; with God, the creator: "Only those who selflessly love everyone, they alone shall find God."

Scripture and literature

Part of a series on
Sikh scriptures
From a 17th-century copy of the Guru Granth Sahib
Guru Granth Sahib
Dasam Granth
Sarbloh Granth
Varan Bhai Gurdas
See also: Category:Sikh scripture

Scripture

Sikh literature

See also: Category:Sikh literature

Associated terms

  • Ardās
  • Bhagat Bani — any of the writings that appear in the Guru Granth Sahib which were not written by the Gurus.
  • Gurbani (abbreviated as bani) — general term for Gurus' writings
  • Gutka — a small sized breviary or prayer book containing chosen hymns (banis) from Sikh scriptures
  • Nitnem — daily recitations
  • Paath
  • Savaiya — a form of poetry written in praise of someone, in which every verse is 1/4 times the length of a common verse.
  • Shabda — the hymns contained in Sikh scriptures.
  • Sloka — 'stanza'; the Sanskrit epic metre formed of 32 syllables: verses of 2 lines (distich) of 16 syllables each or in 4 half-lines (hemistich) of 8 syllables each.

Philosophy and beliefs

Sikh beliefs
Main article: Sikh philosophy

Relation to other religions

Practices and culture

Part of a series on
Sikh practices and discipline
Foundations of Practice
Discipline
Daily Prayers and Hymns
Communal Practices
Liturgical Practices
Sanskars
Main pages: Sikh discipline and Category:Sikh practices
  • Amrit — elixir of immortality; the sanctified nectar or sugar water substitute used in ceremonies. It is prepared by stirring it in an iron bowl with the double-edged sword and continuous recitation of five banis by the five selected members of the Khalsa.
  • Dasvand — a kind of Sikh tithe; the act of donating 10% of one's harvest, both financially and in the form of time and service (i.e., seva) to the Gurdwara and community.
  • Five Ks — five articles of faith worn by baptised, or khalsa, Sikhs:
  • Kirtan — musical recitation
  • Langar — communal kitchen where free food is distributed to all comers
  • Naam Japo — meditation on the name of God
    • Jaap — 'recitation'
  • Prohibitions (kurahit kurahat), including:
    • Cutting, trimming, shaving or removing hairs from one's body — Sikhs practice kesh, allowing their hair to grow out naturally in respect to God's creation
    • Intoxication
    • Castism
    • Kutha meat — eating meat killed in a ritualistic manner (particularly halal or kosher meat), or any meat where langar is served (except jatkha meat).
  • Seva — selfless service
  • Sikh Rehat Maryada — code of conduct

Sikh ceremonies

  • Anand Karaj ('blissful union, joyful union') — the Sikh marriage ceremony, first introduced by Guru Amar Das.
  • Akhand Path — continuous reading of Sri Guru Granth Sahib, either in honour of a particular occasion or simply to increase one's feeling of connection to God. Akhand Paths can be held, for example, in honour of a birth/birthday, wedding/anniversary, recovery from a medical operation, death, or a historic occasion; to celebrate the achievement of a goal such as a graduation or passing the driving test; or in chasing away evil spirits and curses, etc.
  • Amrit Sanchar — baptism into the Khalsa tradition
  • Antam Sanskar — funeral rites
  • Naam Karan — child's naming ceremony
  • Sadharan Paath

Sikh festivals

Main article: Sikh Festivals

General Sikh culture

Sikh geography

Map of Ranjit Singh's empire at its peak
Map of Punjab Province (British India), 1909
Harmandir Sahib (the Golden Temple) at night, in Amritsar, India
See also: Category:Sikh places

Sikhism by country

Main article: Sikh diaspora

Gurdwaras

Main pages: Gurdwara and Category:Gurdwaras
The Harmandir Sahib, Sikh Gurdwara and spiritual centre at Amritsar, India
Nishan Sahib

In India

Main article: Gurdwaras in India

The Harmandir Sahib (or Golden Temple) is the holy shrine of Sikhs; the spiritual and cultural center of the Sikh religion, found in Amritsar. The Shiromani Gurudwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC) is the organization responsible for the management of gurdwaras in the states of Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh, and the union territory of Chandigarh

Other gurdwaras in India include:

In the United States

Main article: Gurdwaras in the United States

Gurdwaras in Pakistan

Main article: Gurdwaras in Pakistan

Other gurdwaras

Other Sikh institutions

Sikh politics, military, and administration

See also: Category:Sikh politics

Organizations

Ghadar Party flag

Military

Movements

History of Sikhism

Main pages: History of Sikhism, Category:History of Sikhism, and History of Punjab

Battles

People

Sikh man in turban

Sikhs are members of the Sikh religion. A sangat is a society or congregation of Sikhs.

Titles and labels

Main article: Sikh titles
  • Amritdhari — baptized Sikh; anyone who has been initiated into the Khalsa, according to Sikh Reht Maryada.
  • Brahmgiani — highly enlightened individual who has obtained the ultimate blessings of Waheguru.
  • Granthi — the Sikh that reads Guru Granth Sahib
  • Gurmukh — a person who is spiritually centered. A person who lives within the will of God and accepts all good and bad that happens to one's self without question or annoyance. A gurmukh stands in contrast to a manmukh.
  • Gursikh
  • Gyani
  • Jathedar
  • Kar sevak
  • Manmukh — a self-centered person, contrast to gurmukh. A person who lives within the will of the Mind as opposed to the will of god.
  • Nihang — a warrior Sikh
  • Nirankari — an offshoot of Sikhism
  • Patit — apostate
  • Sahajdhari — unbaptized Sikh.
  • Sant Sipahi
  • Sardar — a word contemporarily used to address or denote a turban-wearing Sikh male. The term initially used by Sikh leaders and generals who held important positions in various Sikh Misls of the Sikh Empire.
  • Sevadar — one who volunteers for seva
  • Shaheed — title used before the name of a person who has died as a Sikh martyr.
  • Sikh names
    • Kaur ('princess') — the middle name or surname given to Sikh females
    • Singh ('lion') — the middle name or surname given to Sikh males
  • Udasi — a religious sect of ascetic sadhus who were key interpreters of the Sikh philosophy and the custodians of important Sikh shrines until the Akali movement. Modern-day udasis consider themselves more to be Hindu rather than Sikhs.

Sikh Gurus

Main article: Sikh gurus
  • Guru Nanak Dev — According to the traditional historical Sikh sources Guru Nanak Dev appeared on earth in the month of Katak Oct/November 1469 which is celebrated every year in the month of October/November. The SGPC which was founded in 1925, states the avtar date as 15 April 1469. The Sikhs believe that all subsequent Gurus possessed Guru Nanak's divinity and the one spirit of Akaal Purakh Waheguru.
  • Guru Angad Dev (1504–52) — disciple of Guru Nanak Dev and second of the ten Sikh Gurus.
  • Guru Amar Das (1479–1574) — third of the ten Sikh Gurus.
  • Guru Ram Das ( 1534–81) — fourth of the ten Sikh Gurus.
  • Guru Arjan Dev (1563–1605) — fifth of the ten Sikh Gurus. He was arrested and executed by Jahangir in 1605.
  • Guru Har Gobind (1596–1638) — son of Guru Arjan Dev and the sixth of the ten Sikh Gurus.
  • Guru Har Rai (1630–61) — grandson of Guru Har Gobind and seventh of the ten Sikh Gurus.
  • Guru Har Krishan (1656–64) — son of Guru Har Rai and eighth of the ten Sikh Gurus.
  • Guru Tegh Bahadur (1621–75) — grand uncle of Guru Har Krishan and ninth of the ten Sikh Gurus. He was executed on the orders of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in Delhi.
  • Guru Gobind Singh(1666–1708) — son of Guru Tegh Bahadur and tenth of the ten Sikh Gurus. He named the holy scripture, as his successor
  • Guru Granth Sahib — the spiritual religious text of Sikhism, said to be the sole and final successor of the line of gurus. It is the eternal living Guru. the final and eternal guru of the Sikhs.

Notable people

See also: List of Sikhs, Sikh Bhagats, Category:Sikh warriors, and Category:Sikh martyrs

General concepts

See also: Glossary of Sikhism
  • Brahmavidya — knowledge of the Divine
  • Vand Chhako — charity (or daan); one of the three petitions, alongside naam and ishnan.
  • Dasvand — 10% of earnings donated to the less advantaged.
  • Gurbani (abbreviated as bani) — verses; applied to any of the collective writings of the Sikh Gurus that appear in the Guru Granth Sahib.
  • Gurdwara (or gurudwara; literally 'God's door, God's place') — Sikh place of worship
  • Ik Onkar (or Ek Onkar) — One formless, genderless universal Lord called Wahguru
  • Ishnan — ablution, purification of body and mind; one of the three petitions, alongside naam and daan.
  • Jaap — recite.
  • Kirat Karo — earning a living honestly, without exploitation or fraud
  • Laavaan
  • Naam — remembrance of the Divine name
  • Takhat
  • Tankhah — social offense, such as giving dowry, using liquors and intoxicants, raising monuments over graves, and associating with apostates.

Pop culture

See also

References

  1. Takhar, Opinderjit Kaur (2016). Sikh Identity: An Exploration of Groups Among Sikhs. Routledge. ISBN 9781351900102. Since the Sikh concept of the divine is panentheistic, the divine is always greater than the created universe, its systems such as karma and samsara, and all phenomena within it. In Sikhism, due to the sovereignty of God, the doctrines of Nadar and Hukam override all systems, both concepts reinforcing panentheism. Hence one becomes a jivanmukt only in accordance with the Hukam.
  2. Reynolds, William M.; Webber, Julie A. (2004). Expanding Curriculum Theory: Dis/positions and Lines of Flight. Routledge. p. 90. ISBN 9781135621278. Like the God-of-process theologians in the West (Whitehead, Cobb, Griffin, Hartshorne), the God of Sikhism is a dynamic God, a process moving within humankind, pervasive within the hearts of people, yet transcendent and eternal. The Sikh God is one with whom devotees become wholly absorbed: "As the fish, I find the life of absorption in the water that is God" (Sri Guru Granth. 1988, p. 166). As the fish is absorbed in the water that is God, the soul is absorbed in the lightness that is God. The fish, even though absorbed in the water that is God, does not lose its fishness, its fish identity-formation, even though absorbed in the light that is God. A panentheistic system, such as Sikhsim, allows the soul to retain its soulness while merging with God. The soul, in other words, is not identical with God, even after merging with God, but one might say God is part of the soul. A strict identity soul = God is incarnationism and this is considered anathema in Sikhism. The Granth uses the beloved/lover metaphor for the relation of the self to God. God is the beloved and the devo tee is the lover. The lover retains her identity yet merges with her beloved.
  3. Singh, Pashaura; Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh (2023). The Sikh world. London New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780429848384. In looking at the teachings of the Gurus as a whole, it seems that Lourdunathan overstates the degree to which Sikh scripture is anti-monistic. Guru Nanak famously referred to the world as a "palace of smoke" (GGS: 138) and made countless references to the idea of maya (Illusion). While the Gurus did not teach a radical nondualism, it is perhaps more accurate to suggest that some aspects of Sikh thought constitute a qualified nondualism (in which Creator and Creation are part of the same whole) (GGS: 125) or panentheism (in which the Creator pervades the natural world) (GGS: 24), while many others are monotheistic, including passages in Japji Sahib, where God is described as the King of Kings (GGS: 6). These different interpretations lend themselves to varying understandings of the relationship between the natural world and divinity.
  4. Adherents.com. "Religions by adherents". Archived from the original on April 21, 2005. Retrieved 2007-02-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  5. "The List: The World's -Growing Religions". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 26 May 2012. Retrieved 5 November 2010.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  6. Singh, Pritama. 1992. Bhai Gurdas. pp. 33–36. ISBN 9788172012182.
  7. Colonist, Times (2008-03-11). "Sikh separatists in Canada concern Indian government". Canada.com. Retrieved 2010-01-22.
  8. "25 years on, few takers for Khalistan in Canada". Thaindian.com. Retrieved 2010-01-22.
  9. The foreign policy of Pakistan: ethnic impacts on diplomacy, 1971–1994. ISBN 1-86064-169-5. Mehtab Ali Shah: "Such is the political, psychological and religious attachment of the Sikhs to that city that a Khalistan without Lahore would be like a Germany without Berlin."
  10. Amritsar to Lahore: a journey across the India-Pakistan border. Stephen Alter. ISBN 0-8122-1743-8 "Ever since the separatist movement gathered force in the 1980s, Pakistan has sided with the Sikhs, even though the territorial ambitions of Khalistan include Lahore and sections of the Punjab on both sides of the border."
  11. Surjit Singh Gandhi (2007). History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606-1708 C.E. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 822. ISBN 9788126908585.
  12. Surjit Singh Gandhi (2007). History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606-1708 C.E. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 822. ISBN 9788126908585.
  13. Mehta, J. L. (2005). Advanced study in the history of modern India 1707–1813. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 303. ISBN 978-1-932705-54-6. Retrieved 2010-09-23.
  14. Jacques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges. Greenwood Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-313-33536-5.
  15. Jacques, p. 93
  16. Guru Nanak may be referred to by many other names and titles such as "Satguru Nanak Dev", "Guru Nanak Dev" or "Baba Nanak" .
  17. N. Jayapalan (2001). History of India. Atlantic. p. 160. ISBN 978-81-7156-928-1.
  18. A Gateway to Sikhism | Sri Guru Tegh Bhadur Sahib J - A Gateway to Sikhism Archived 2008-08-30 at the Wayback Machine
  19. Deol, Harnik (2000). Religion and Nationalism in India. Routledge. p. 62. ISBN 0-415-20108-X.
  20. Keene, Michael (2003). Online Worksheets. Nelson Thornes. p. 38. ISBN 0-7487-7159-X.

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