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{{Expand Polish|topic=bio|date=July 2024}}
'''Feliks Karol Koneczny''' (b. ], ], ] - d. ], ] Cracow) was a ] ] and ]. Founder of the original system of the ] of ]s.
{{Short description|Founder of the original system of the comparative science of civilizations}}
{{Infobox academic
| name = Feliks Koneczny
| honorific_prefix = Professor
| main_interests = ], ], ]
| influenced = {{flatlist|
* {{Ill|Anton Hilckman|de|Anton Hilckman|lt=Hilckman}}
* ]
* ] (disputed)
* ]
* {{Ill|Józef Kossecki|pl|Józef Kossecki|lt=Kossecki}}
* ]
* ]
* {{Ill|Paweł Skrzydlewski|pl|Paweł Skrzydlewski|lt=Skrzydlewski}}
}}
| influences = {{flatlist|
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
}}
| discipline = ]
| image = Feliks Koneczny.JPG
| image_caption = Portrait of Feliks Koneczny (2015)
| image_size = 250px
| school_tradition = ]<br>]<br>]
| death_date = 10 February 1949 (aged 86)
| birth_date = 1 November 1862
| birth_place = ], ]
| death_place = Kraków, ]
| notable_ideas = Science of Civilisation<br>]<br>]<br>]
}}

'''Feliks Karol Koneczny''' ({{IPA|pol|ˈfɛliks ˈkarɔl kɔˈnɛt͡ʂnɨ}}; 1 November 1862 – 10 February 1949) was a Polish ], ], ], ] and ]. He founded the original system of the ] of ]s.<ref>{{cite book|author=Feliks Koneczny|title=Prawa dziejowe (oraz dodatek) Bizantynizm niemiecki / History laws (and an addendum) German byzantinism|publisher= Towarzystwo im. Romana Dmowskiego|place = London |date =1982|language=pl}}</ref><ref>English translation: {{cite book|author = Feliks Koneczny|title= The Laws of History|publisher = Antyk| place = Komorów|date = 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author = Feliks Koneczny|title= On the Plurality of Civilisations|publisher= Antyk|place = Komorów|date= 2012}}</ref>


== Biography == == Biography ==
Koneczny was born in Kraków on 1 November 1862. His father was of Moravian origin. Koneczny's mother abandoned him at a young age while his father studied, although he had to work at a ] due to being expelled from the ] for partaking in the ].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Billiński|title=Feliks Koneczny (1862–1949). Życie i działalność|publisher=Warszawa: Ad astra|year=2001|isbn=|location=|pages=17}}</ref>
Koneczny graduated from the Faculty of Philosophy at the ] in Kraków and began work as at the Jagiellonian Library. After Poland regained its independence, he became an assistant ] in 1919. In June 1920, after he had qualified received the degree of ], he became a professor of the ] in ]. After having retired in 1929, he came back to Kraków.<ref name="Kwart">, Kwart Hist Nauki Tech. 2005;50(1):95-115.</ref>


Koneczny graduated from the Faculty of Philosophy at the ] in Kraków and began work at the Jagiellonian Library. After Poland regained its independence, he became an assistant ] in 1919. In June 1920, after he had qualified and received the degree of ], he became a professor at ] in ]. After retiring in 1929, he moved back to Kraków.<ref name="Kwart" />
== Works ==
Koneczny approached various matters in a critical manner. He combatted the ] myths of the early 20th century and constantly wrote on the need for morality in politics. His interests moved from purely historical research to the philosophy of history, religion and philosophy.<ref name="Kwart"/> His pioneering works dealing with the ]. Koneczny authored extensive monographs of ] and ]s, which he considered to be ] than the ] of ] ]. In 1948, after sixty years of research work Koneczny calculated that his written scholarly output encompassed 26 volumes, each of them being 300 to 400 pages long, not to mention more than 300 articles, brochures and reprints.<ref name="Kwart"/>


== Criticism == == Writings ==
{{Conservatism in Poland |Intellectuals}}
His interests ranged from purely historical research to the philosophy of history, religion and philosophy.<ref name="Kwart">Biliński P.. (), Kwart Hist Nauki Tech. 2005;50(1):95-115. Last accessed on 26 April 2007.</ref> His pioneering works deal with the ]. Koneczny authored extensive monographs on ] and ]s, which he considered to be ] than the ] of ] ]. In 1948, after sixty years of research work, Koneczny calculated that his written scholarly output encompassed 26 volumes, each of them being 300 to 400 pages long, not to mention more than 300 articles, brochures and reprints.<ref name="Kwart"/> His theory of civilizations might have inspired those of ], ] and others.<ref name="Kwart"/>


== Theory of Civilizations ==
Feliks Koneczny was one of the chief proponents of ]{{fact}} theory, that Jewish civilization, according to him, threatened entire Latin-Christian world <ref name="ref1"></ref>. In his anti-semitic publication Hitleryzm zażydzony (''The Judaized Hitlerism'') Koneczny even claimed, that ] was a product of Jewish civilization. <ref name="ref1"></ref>. His teachings are still very popular among Polish nationalist parties . His followers claim that Koneczny approached various matters in a critical manner and that he combatted the ] myths of the early 20th century and constantly wrote on the need for morality in politics. His opponents stress that Koneczny, suggested that Jews and Catholics could not live in the same country because, according to him, Jews were lawless and immoral .
Koneczny’s theory on civilizations offered a diagnosis of a crisis of European culture and proposed a program of cultural revival. Koneczny developed a pluralistic theory that would serve as a structure for understanding human history as it is based on a presupposition that there exist many civilizations, which have complex forms of social organization. These civilizations are the primary structures of the history. All other forms of social organization (e.g., cultures, nations, institutions, social movements) are derivative or secondary.<ref>Understanding Central Europe by Marcin Moskalewicz pg. 239</ref>


Koneczny divided civilizations into about twenty types, of which seven types still exist. Four are ancient: "]," "Jewish," "Chinese," and "]". Three are medieval: "Latin," "Byzantine," and "Arab." The differences between civilizations are based on their attitude to law and ethics.
== Works ==
Most in Polish; one book available in English translation.
*''Dzieje Rosyi''. Tom I. (do roku 1449), Spólka Wydawnicza Warszawska, Warsaw 1917.
*''Polskie Logos a Ethos'', t. I–II, Ksiegarnia sw. Wojciecha, Poznan 1921.
*''O wielosci cywilizacyj'', Gebethner & Wolff, Kraków 1935. English translation (abridged) ''On the Plurality of Civilisations'', Polonica Publications, London 1962.
English Translation:
*''Swieci w dziejach narodu polskiego'', t. 1–2, Tow. Sw. Michala Archaniola, Miejsce Piastowe 1937–1939.
*''Rozwój moralnosci'', Tow. Wiedzy Chrzesc., Lublin 1938.
*''Cywilizacja bizantynska'', Towarzystwo im. Romana Dmowskiego, London 1973.
*''Cywilizacja zydowska'', Towarzystwo im. Romana Dmowskiego, London 1974.
*''O lad w historii'', Towarzystwo im. Romana Dmowskiego, London 1977.
*''Panstwo w cywilizacji lacinskiej. Zasady prawa w cywilizacji lacinskiej'', Towarzystwo im. Romana Dmowskiego, London 1981.
*''Prawa dziejowe oraz dodatek Bizantynizm niemiecki'', Towarzystwo im. Romana Dmowskiego, London 1982.
*''Dzieje Rosji''. Tom III. ''Schylek Iwana III''. 1492–1505, Towarzystwo im. Romana Dmowskiego, London 1984.


Koneczny did not tie civilizational type to any particular race or nation. Hence, Poles could represent the Turanian type of civilization (as, according to Koneczny, did ]'s Poland) and Germans could represent the Jewish type. In his publication ''Hitleryzm zażydzony'' ('The Judaized Hitlerism') Koneczny even claimed that ] was an example of the Jewish civilization type.<ref name="ref1">], ''Poland's Threatening Other: The Image of the Jew from 1880 to the Present'', U of Nebraska Press, 2006, {{ISBN|0-8032-3240-3}} </ref> On the other hand, an ethnic Jew could represent the Latin type of civilization.
== References ==
<!--See http://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref(erences/)> tags-->
<div class='references-small'>
<references/>
</div>


== Bibliography ==
==External links==
{{Conservatism in Poland|Intellectuals}}Most in Polish; seven books are available in English translation.
*


* ''Dzieje Rosyi''. Tom I. (do roku 1449), Spółka Wydawnicza Warszawska, Warsaw 1917 (in Polish)
== Further reading==
*''Polskie Logos a Ethos'', t. I–II, Księgarnia sw. Wojciecha, Poznań 1921.
* P. Bilinski ''Feliks Koneczny (1862–1949). Zycie i dzialalnosc''. Ad astra, Warsaw 2001.
*''O wielości cywilizacyj'', Gebethner & Wolff, Kraków 1935. English translation (abridged) ''On the Plurality of Civilisations'', Polonica Publications, London 1962, Antyk, Komorów, 2012 .
English Translation: ,
*''Święci w dziejach narodu polskiego'' / ''Saints in the history of the Polish nation'', t. 1–2, Tow. Sw. Michała Archanioła, Miejsce Piastowe 1937–1939.
*''Rozwój moralności'' Tow. Wiedzy Chrześć., Lublin 1938. English translation "The Development of Morality", Antyk, Komorów, 2016.
*''Cywilizacja bizantyjska'', Towarzystwo im. Romana Dmowskiego, London 1973. English translation "The Byzantine Civilization", Antyk, Komorów, 2014.
*''Cywilizacja żydowska'', Towarzystwo im. Romana Dmowskiego, London 1974. English translation "The Jewish Civilization", Antyk, Komorów, 2012.
*''O ład w historii'', Towarzystwo im. Romana Dmowskiego, London 1977. English translation "On order in History" Antyk, Komorów, 2014.
* ''Państwo w cywilizacji łacińskiej. Zasady prawa w cywilizacji łacińskiej'' / ''State in Latin civilisation. Rules of law in Latin civilisation'', Towarzystwo im. Romana Dmowskiego, London 1981 (in Polish). English translation "The Latin Civilization" Antyk, Komorów,2016.
*''Prawa dziejowe (oraz dodatek) Bizantynizm niemiecki'' / ''History laws (and an addendum) German byzantinism'', Towarzystwo im. Romana Dmowskiego, London 1982.English translation "The Laws of History" Antyk, Komorów, 2013.
*''Dzieje Rosji'' / ''History of Russia''. Tom III. ''Schyłek Iwana III'' / ''Downfall of ]''. 1492–1505, Towarzystwo im. Romana Dmowskiego, London 1984.
* Zionism and the Polish cause (in Polish)

== See also ==

* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]

==References==
<!--See http://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the<ref(erences/)> tags-->
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*


==Further reading==
{{Poland-bio-stub}}
* P. Biliński ''Feliks Koneczny (1862–1949). Życie i działalność''. Ad astra, Warsaw 2001.


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Founder of the original system of the comparative science of civilizations
ProfessorFeliks Koneczny
Portrait of Feliks Koneczny (2015)
Born1 November 1862
Kraków, Austro-Hungarian Empire
Died10 February 1949 (aged 86)
Kraków, Polish People's Republic
Academic background
Influences
Academic work
DisciplineHistory
School or traditionEmpiricism
National Democracy
Catholic social teaching
Main interestsCivilisation, History of Poland, Tradition
Notable ideasScience of Civilisation
Latin civilisation
German Byzantinism
Quinqunx of existential values
Influenced

Feliks Karol Koneczny (Polish pronunciation: [ˈfɛliks ˈkarɔl kɔˈnɛt͡ʂnɨ]; 1 November 1862 – 10 February 1949) was a Polish historian, theatrical critic, librarian, journalist and social philosopher. He founded the original system of the comparative science of civilizations.

Biography

Koneczny was born in Kraków on 1 November 1862. His father was of Moravian origin. Koneczny's mother abandoned him at a young age while his father studied, although he had to work at a train station due to being expelled from the Jagiellonian University for partaking in the Kraków uprising.

Koneczny graduated from the Faculty of Philosophy at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków and began work at the Jagiellonian Library. After Poland regained its independence, he became an assistant professor in 1919. In June 1920, after he had qualified and received the degree of doctor habilitatus, he became a professor at Stefan Batory University in Wilno. After retiring in 1929, he moved back to Kraków.

Writings

Part of a series on
Conservatism in Poland
SchoolsOld Conservatives

New Conservatives

Ideologies
Principles
History
Intellectuals
Politicians
Literature
PartiesActive

Defunct

Organisations
Media
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His interests ranged from purely historical research to the philosophy of history, religion and philosophy. His pioneering works deal with the history of Russia. Koneczny authored extensive monographs on Byzantine and Jewish civilizations, which he considered to be less developed than the Latin civilization of Catholic western Europe. In 1948, after sixty years of research work, Koneczny calculated that his written scholarly output encompassed 26 volumes, each of them being 300 to 400 pages long, not to mention more than 300 articles, brochures and reprints. His theory of civilizations might have inspired those of Anton Hilckman, Samuel P. Huntington and others.

Theory of Civilizations

Koneczny’s theory on civilizations offered a diagnosis of a crisis of European culture and proposed a program of cultural revival. Koneczny developed a pluralistic theory that would serve as a structure for understanding human history as it is based on a presupposition that there exist many civilizations, which have complex forms of social organization. These civilizations are the primary structures of the history. All other forms of social organization (e.g., cultures, nations, institutions, social movements) are derivative or secondary.

Koneczny divided civilizations into about twenty types, of which seven types still exist. Four are ancient: "Brahmin," "Jewish," "Chinese," and "Turanian". Three are medieval: "Latin," "Byzantine," and "Arab." The differences between civilizations are based on their attitude to law and ethics.

Koneczny did not tie civilizational type to any particular race or nation. Hence, Poles could represent the Turanian type of civilization (as, according to Koneczny, did Józef Piłsudski's Poland) and Germans could represent the Jewish type. In his publication Hitleryzm zażydzony ('The Judaized Hitlerism') Koneczny even claimed that Adolf Hitler was an example of the Jewish civilization type. On the other hand, an ethnic Jew could represent the Latin type of civilization.

Bibliography

Part of a series on
Conservatism in Poland
SchoolsOld Conservatives

New Conservatives

Ideologies
Principles
History
Intellectuals
Politicians
Literature
PartiesActive

Defunct

Organisations
Media
Related topics

Most in Polish; seven books are available in English translation.

  • Dzieje Rosyi. Tom I. (do roku 1449), Spółka Wydawnicza Warszawska, Warsaw 1917 (in Polish)
  • Polskie Logos a Ethos, t. I–II, Księgarnia sw. Wojciecha, Poznań 1921.
  • O wielości cywilizacyj, Gebethner & Wolff, Kraków 1935. English translation (abridged) On the Plurality of Civilisations, Polonica Publications, London 1962, Antyk, Komorów, 2012 .

English Translation: Web page, Word (1.2MB)

  • Święci w dziejach narodu polskiego / Saints in the history of the Polish nation, t. 1–2, Tow. Sw. Michała Archanioła, Miejsce Piastowe 1937–1939.
  • Rozwój moralności Tow. Wiedzy Chrześć., Lublin 1938. English translation "The Development of Morality", Antyk, Komorów, 2016.
  • Cywilizacja bizantyjska, Towarzystwo im. Romana Dmowskiego, London 1973. English translation "The Byzantine Civilization", Antyk, Komorów, 2014.
  • Cywilizacja żydowska, Towarzystwo im. Romana Dmowskiego, London 1974. English translation "The Jewish Civilization", Antyk, Komorów, 2012.
  • O ład w historii, Towarzystwo im. Romana Dmowskiego, London 1977. English translation "On order in History" Antyk, Komorów, 2014.
  • Państwo w cywilizacji łacińskiej. Zasady prawa w cywilizacji łacińskiej / State in Latin civilisation. Rules of law in Latin civilisation, Towarzystwo im. Romana Dmowskiego, London 1981 (in Polish). English translation "The Latin Civilization" Antyk, Komorów,2016.
  • Prawa dziejowe (oraz dodatek) Bizantynizm niemiecki / History laws (and an addendum) German byzantinism, Towarzystwo im. Romana Dmowskiego, London 1982.English translation "The Laws of History" Antyk, Komorów, 2013.
  • Dzieje Rosji / History of Russia. Tom III. Schyłek Iwana III / Downfall of Ivan III of Russia. 1492–1505, Towarzystwo im. Romana Dmowskiego, London 1984.
  • Zionism and the Polish cause (in Polish)

See also

References

  1. Feliks Koneczny (1982). Prawa dziejowe (oraz dodatek) Bizantynizm niemiecki / History laws (and an addendum) German byzantinism (in Polish). London: Towarzystwo im. Romana Dmowskiego.
  2. English translation: Feliks Koneczny (2013). The Laws of History. Komorów: Antyk.
  3. Feliks Koneczny (2012). On the Plurality of Civilisations. Komorów: Antyk.
  4. Billiński (2001). Feliks Koneczny (1862–1949). Życie i działalność. Warszawa: Ad astra. p. 17.
  5. ^ Biliński P..Feliks Karol Koneczny - academic career path (alternate link), Kwart Hist Nauki Tech. 2005;50(1):95-115. Last accessed on 26 April 2007.
  6. Understanding Central Europe by Marcin Moskalewicz pg. 239
  7. Joanna Beata Michlic, Poland's Threatening Other: The Image of the Jew from 1880 to the Present, U of Nebraska Press, 2006, ISBN 0-8032-3240-3 Google Print, p.179

External links

Further reading

  • P. Biliński Feliks Koneczny (1862–1949). Życie i działalność. Ad astra, Warsaw 2001.
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