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{{short description|American computer programmer, author, and advocate for the open source movement}} {{Short description|American computer programmer, author, and advocate for the open source movement}}
{{Redirect|Eric Raymond}} {{Redirect|Eric Raymond}}
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| caption = Raymond at ] in 2004 | caption = Raymond at ] in 2004
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1957|12|4}} | birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1957|12|4}}
| birth_place = ], US | birth_place = ], ], US
| alma_mater = ] | alma_mater = ]
| nationality = American
| occupation = ], author | occupation = ], author
| website = {{URL|http://www.catb.org/esr/}}, {{URL|http://esr.ibiblio.org/}} | website = {{Plain list|
* {{URL|http://www.catb.org/esr/}}
* {{URL|http://esr.ibiblio.org/}}
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'''Eric Steven Raymond''' (born December 4, 1957), often referred to as '''ESR''', is an American ], ] advocate, and author of the 1997 essay and 1999 book '']''. He wrote a guidebook for the ] game '']''.<ref name="nethack"/> In the 1990s, he edited and updated the ], published as ''The New Hacker's Dictionary''.<ref>{{Cite book | isbn = 0-262-68092-0 | title = The New Hacker's Dictionary | last1 = Raymond | first1 = Eric S. | year = 1996}}</ref> '''Eric Steven Raymond''' (born December 4, 1957), often referred to as '''ESR''', is an American ], ] advocate, and author of the 1997 essay and 1999 book '']''. He wrote a guidebook for the ] game '']''.<ref name="nethack"/> In the 1990s, he edited and updated the ], published as ''The New Hacker's Dictionary''.<ref>{{Cite book | isbn = 0-262-68092-0 | title = The New Hacker's Dictionary | last1 = Raymond | first1 = Eric S. | year = 1996| publisher = MIT Press }}</ref>


== Early life == == Early life ==
Raymond was born in ], in 1957 and lived in ] as a child. His family moved to ] in 1971.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://laweekly.com/art+books/cyber/man-against-the-fud/6614/ | title = Man Against the FUD | access-date = July 7, 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071013123601/http://laweekly.com/art+books/cyber/man-against-the-fud/6614/ | archive-date = October 13, 2007 | url-status = dead }}</ref> He developed ] at birth; his weakened physical condition motivated him to go into computing.<ref name="let my software go">{{cite news | url = https://www.salon.com/test2/1998/03/30/feature947788266/ | date = April 1998 | title = Let my software go! | first = Andrew | last = Leonard | work = ] | publisher = ] | location = San Francisco | access-date = November 23, 2009 }}</ref> Raymond was born in ] in 1957, and lived in ] as a child. His family moved to ] in 1971.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://laweekly.com/art+books/cyber/man-against-the-fud/6614/ | title = Man Against the FUD | access-date = July 7, 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071013123601/http://laweekly.com/art+books/cyber/man-against-the-fud/6614/ | archive-date = October 13, 2007 | url-status = dead }}</ref> He developed ] at birth; his weakened physical condition motivated him to go into computing.<ref name="let my software go">{{cite news | url = https://www.salon.com/test2/1998/03/30/feature947788266/ | date = April 1998 | title = Let my software go! | first = Andrew | last = Leonard | work = ] | publisher = ] | location = San Francisco | access-date = November 23, 2009 }}</ref>


==Career== ==Career==
Raymond began his ] career writing ], between 1980 and 1985.<ref name="resume">{{cite web | url = http://catb.org/~esr/resume.html | title = Resume of Eric Steven Raymond | first = Eric S. | last = Raymond |author-link=Eric S._Raymond|date = January 29, 2003 | access-date = November 23, 2009 }}</ref> In 1990, noting that the ] had not been maintained since about 1983, he adopted it, but not without criticism; ] maintains an archived original version of the Jargon File, because, he says, Raymond's updates "essentially destroyed what held it together."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dourish.com/goodies/jargon.html | title = The Original Hacker's Dictionary | work = dourish.com | access-date=November 5, 2011}}</ref> Raymond began his ] career writing ], between 1980 and 1985.<ref name="resume">{{cite web | url = http://catb.org/~esr/resume.html | title = Resume of Eric Steven Raymond | first = Eric S. | last = Raymond |author-link=Eric S. Raymond|date = January 29, 2003 | access-date = November 23, 2009 }}</ref> In 1990, noting that the ] had not been maintained since about 1983, he adopted it, but not without criticism; ] maintains an archived original version of the Jargon File, because, he says, Raymond's updates "essentially destroyed what held it together."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dourish.com/goodies/jargon.html | title = The Original Hacker's Dictionary | work = dourish.com | access-date=January 17, 2024}}</ref>


In 1996 Raymond took over development of the open-source email software "popclient", renaming it to ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fetchmail.info/|title=Fetchmail|website=www.fetchmail.info}}</ref> Soon after this experience, in 1997, he wrote the essay "]", detailing his thoughts on ] and why it should be done as openly as possible (the "bazaar" approach). The essay was based in part on his experience in developing Fetchmail. He first presented his thesis at the annual ] on May 27, 1997. He later expanded the essay into a book, ''The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary'', in 1999. The essay has been widely cited.<ref>{{cite book|title=Citations for "The Cathedral and the Bazaar"|year=1999 |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/book/10.5555/580808 |publisher=ACM Digital Library|isbn=9781565927247 |access-date=10 February 2015}}</ref> The internal white paper by Frank Hecker that led to the release of the ] (then ]) source code in 1998 cited ''The Cathedral and the Bazaar'' as "independent validation" of ideas proposed by ] and ].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.openoffice.org/editorial/ec1May.html |title = Interview: Frank Hecker | last = Suarez-Potts | first = Louis | year = 2001 |access-date = November 5, 2011}}</ref> Hahn would later describe the 1999 book as "clearly influential".<ref>{{Cite book | isbn = 0-7382-0670-9 | title = Rebel Code: Linux and the Open Source Revolution | last1 = Moody | first1 = Glyn | year = 2002| publisher = ] | url = https://archive.org/details/rebelcodeinside000mood }}</ref>{{rp|190}} In 1996, Raymond took over development of the open-source email software "popclient", renaming it to ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fetchmail.info/|title=Fetchmail|website=www.fetchmail.info}}</ref> Soon after this experience, in 1997, he wrote the essay "]", detailing his thoughts on ] and why it should be done as openly as possible (the "bazaar" approach). The essay was based in part on his experience in developing Fetchmail. He first presented his thesis at the annual ] on May 27, 1997. He later expanded the essay into a book, ''The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary'', in 1999. The essay has been widely cited.<ref>{{cite book|title=Citations for "The Cathedral and the Bazaar"|year=1999 |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/book/10.5555/580808 |publisher=ACM Digital Library|isbn=9781565927247 |access-date=10 February 2015}}</ref> The internal white paper by Frank Hecker that led to the release of the ] (then ]) source code in 1998 cited ''The Cathedral and the Bazaar'' as "independent validation" of ideas proposed by ] and ].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.openoffice.org/editorial/ec1May.html |title = Interview: Frank Hecker | last = Suarez-Potts | first = Louis | year = 2001 |access-date = November 5, 2011}}</ref> Hahn would later describe the 1999 book as "clearly influential".<ref>{{Cite book | isbn = 0-7382-0670-9 | title = Rebel Code: Linux and the Open Source Revolution | last1 = Moody | first1 = Glyn | year = 2002| publisher = ] | url = https://archive.org/details/rebelcodeinside000mood }}</ref>{{rp|190}}


From the late 1990s onward, due in part to the popularity of his essay, Raymond became a prominent voice in the open source movement. He co-founded the ] (OSI) in 1998, taking on the self-appointed role of ambassador of ] to the press, business and public. He remains active in OSI, but stepped down as president of the initiative in February 2005.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://opensource.org/pressreleases/expansion.php | title = Open Source Initiative (OSI) Announces expanded programs, counsel, and board | last = Raymond | first = Eric S. |author-link=Eric S. Raymond| date = January 31, 2005 |access-date = January 14, 2010 }}</ref> In early March 2020, he was removed from two Open Source Initiative mailing lists due to posts that violated the OSI's Code of Conduct.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.i-programmer.info/news/136-open-source/13535-co-founder-of-osi-banned-from-.html | access-date=August 12, 2020|title=Co-founder of OSI Banned From Mailing Lists}}</ref> From the late 1990s onward, due in part to the popularity of his essay, Raymond became a prominent voice in the open source movement. He co-founded the ] (OSI) in 1998, taking on the self-appointed role of ambassador of ] to the press, business and public. He remains active in OSI, but stepped down as president of the initiative in February 2005.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://opensource.org/pressreleases/expansion.php | title = Open Source Initiative (OSI) Announces expanded programs, counsel, and board | last = Raymond | first = Eric S. |author-link=Eric S. Raymond| date = January 31, 2005 |access-date = January 14, 2010 }}</ref> In early March 2020, he was removed from two Open Source Initiative mailing lists due to posts that violated the OSI's Code of Conduct.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.i-programmer.info/news/136-open-source/13535-co-founder-of-osi-banned-from-.html | access-date=August 12, 2020|title=Co-founder of OSI Banned From Mailing Lists}}</ref>


In 1998 Raymond received and published a Microsoft document expressing worry about the quality of rival open-source software.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/98/11/biztech/articles/03memo.html |title=Internal Memo Shows Microsoft Executives' Concern Over Free Software |last=Harmon |first=Amy |work=] |date=November 3, 1998|access-date=November 5, 2011}}</ref> He named this document, together with others subsequently leaked, "''The ]''". In 1998, Raymond received and published a Microsoft document expressing worry about the quality of rival open-source software.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/98/11/biztech/articles/03memo.html |title=Internal Memo Shows Microsoft Executives' Concern Over Free Software |last=Harmon |first=Amy |work=] |date=November 3, 1998|access-date=November 5, 2011}}</ref> He named this document, together with others subsequently leaked, "''The ]''".


In 2000–2002 he created ] (CML2), a source code configuration system; while originally intended for the ], it was rejected by kernel developers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kerneltrap.org/node/17 |title=CML2, ESR, & The LKML |work=KernelTrap |date=February 17, 2002 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807034449/http://kerneltrap.org/node/17 |archive-date=August 7, 2007 }}</ref> (Raymond attributed this rejection to "kernel list politics",<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-ivesr.html |url-status=dead | title = Interview: Eric Raymond goes back to basics | work = IBM developerWorks | first = Rob | last = McMillan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030604101517/http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-ivesr.html |archive-date=June 4, 2003 }}</ref> but ] said in a 2007 mailing list post that as a matter of policy, the development team preferred more incremental changes.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://lkml.org/lkml/2007/7/28/145 | title=LKML: Linus Torvalds: Re: &#91;ck&#93; Re: Linus 2.6.23-rc1 }}</ref>) Raymond's 2003 book '']'' discusses user tools for programming and other tasks. Between 2000 and 2002, he created ] (CML2), a source code configuration system; while originally intended for the ], it was rejected by kernel developers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kerneltrap.org/node/17 |title=CML2, ESR, & The LKML |work=KernelTrap |date=February 17, 2002 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807034449/http://kerneltrap.org/node/17 |archive-date=August 7, 2007 }}</ref> (Raymond attributed this rejection to "kernel list politics",<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-ivesr.html |url-status=dead | title = Interview: Eric Raymond goes back to basics | work = IBM developerWorks | first = Rob | last = McMillan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030604101517/http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-ivesr.html |archive-date=June 4, 2003 }}</ref> but ] said in a 2007 mailing list post that as a matter of policy, the development team preferred more incremental changes.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://lkml.org/lkml/2007/7/28/145 | title=LKML: Linus Torvalds: Re: &#91;ck&#93; Re: Linus 2.6.23-rc1 }}</ref>) Raymond's 2003 book '']'' discusses user tools for programming and other tasks.


Some versions of '']'' still include Raymond's guide.<ref name="nethack">{{cite web |url=http://www.nethack.org/v343/Guidebook.html |title=A Guide to the Mazes of Menace (Guidebook of Nethack) |last=Raymond |first=Eric S. |author-link=Eric S. Raymond|work=NetHack.org |date=December 8, 2003 |access-date=December 15, 2008}}</ref> He has also contributed code and content to the ] video game '']''.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://gna.org/users/esr | title = People at Gna!: Eric S. Raymond Profile | work = ] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170301021140/http://gna.org/users/esr | archive-date = March 1, 2017 | access-date = 2017-09-13 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Some versions of '']'' still include Raymond's guide.<ref name="nethack">{{cite web |url=http://www.nethack.org/v343/Guidebook.html |title=A Guide to the Mazes of Menace (Guidebook of Nethack) |last=Raymond |first=Eric S. |author-link=Eric S. Raymond|work=NetHack.org |date=December 8, 2003 |access-date=December 15, 2008}}</ref> He has also contributed code and content to the ] video game '']''.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://gna.org/users/esr | title = People at Gna!: Eric S. Raymond Profile | work = ] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170301021140/http://gna.org/users/esr | archive-date = March 1, 2017 | access-date = 2017-09-13 | url-status = dead }}</ref>


Raymond is the main developer of ], a "secure, hardened replacement" for the Unix utility ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blog.ntpsec.org | access-date=January 9, 2020 |title=NTPsec Project Blog}}</ref> Raymond is the main developer of ], a "secure, hardened replacement" for the Unix utility ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blog.ntpsec.org | access-date=January 9, 2020 |title=NTPsec Project Blog}}</ref>

Raymond has written numerous open-source tools, including cvs-fast-export, a tool for exporting ] repositories to ] fast-import streams, and "reposurgeon", a tool for exporting ] repositories.<ref name="Phoronix">{{cite web | url=https://www.phoronix.com/news/ESR-Reposurgeon-GCC-Ready | title=Eric S Raymond Believes Reposurgeon is Finally Ready for Full & Correct GCC Conversion }}</ref>


== Views on open source == == Views on open source ==
] in 2019]] ] in 2019]]

Raymond coined an ] he dubbed ], inspired by ]: "Given enough eyeballs, all ] are shallow".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Greenstein|first1=Shane|title=The Range of Linus' Law|volume=32|work=IEEE Micro|issue=1|publisher=IEEE Computer Society|date=January 2012}}</ref> It first appeared in his book ''The Cathedral and the Bazaar''.<ref>{{Cite book | isbn = 1-56592-724-9 | title = The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary | last1 = Raymond | first1 = Eric S. | year = 1999 | publisher = O'Reilly Media }}</ref>{{rp|30}} Raymond coined an ] he dubbed ], inspired by ]: "Given enough eyeballs, all ] are shallow".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Greenstein|first1=Shane|title=The Range of Linus' Law|volume=32|work=IEEE Micro|issue=1|publisher=IEEE Computer Society|date=January 2012}}</ref> It first appeared in his book ''The Cathedral and the Bazaar''.<ref>{{Cite book | isbn = 1-56592-724-9 | title = The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary | last1 = Raymond | first1 = Eric S. | year = 1999 | publisher = O'Reilly Media }}</ref>{{rp|30}}


Raymond has refused to speculate on whether the "bazaar" development model could be applied to works such as books and music, saying that he does not want to "weaken the winning argument for open-sourcing software by tying it to a potential loser".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/afterword/ | title = Afterword: Beyond Software? | last = Raymond | first = Eric S. | year = 2000 |access-date = July 24, 2007}}</ref> Raymond has refused to speculate on whether the "bazaar" development model could be applied to works such as books and music, saying that he does not want to "weaken the winning argument for open-sourcing software by tying it to a potential loser".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/afterword/ | title = Afterword: Beyond Software? | last = Raymond | first = Eric S. | year = 2000 |access-date = July 24, 2007}}</ref>


Raymond has had a number of public ] with other figures in the ]. As head of the Open Source Initiative, he argued that advocates should focus on the potential for better products. The "very seductive" moral and ethical rhetoric of ] and the ] fails, he said, "not because his principles are wrong, but because that kind of language ... simply does not persuade anybody".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.linuxtoday.com/developer/1999062802310NWSM |title=Shut Up And Show Them The Code |last=Raymond |first=Eric S. |author-link=Eric S. Raymond |work=Linux Today |date=July 28, 1999 |access-date=July 5, 2017 |archive-date=June 30, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630183629/http://www.linuxtoday.com/developer/1999062802310NWSM |url-status=dead }}</ref> Raymond claims his method of promoting open-source software has been effective because he has used "a strategy of making rational, technical, utility-maximization arguments in which I explicitly disclaimed having any normative or moralizing agenda."<ref name="why 2008" /> Raymond has had a number of public ] with other figures in the ]. As head of the Open Source Initiative, he argued that advocates should focus on the potential for better products. The "very seductive" moral and ethical rhetoric of ] and the ] fails, he said, "not because his principles are wrong, but because that kind of language ... simply does not persuade anybody".<ref>{{cite web |last=Raymond |first=Eric S. |author-link=Eric S. Raymond |date=July 28, 1999 |title=Shut Up and Show Them the Code |url=https://www.linuxtoday.com/developer/1999062802310NWSM |archive-date=June 30, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630183629/http://www.linuxtoday.com/developer/1999062802310NWSM |url-status=dead |work=Linux Today |access-date=July 5, 2017}}</ref>


In a 2008 essay he defended programmers' right to issue work under proprietary licenses: "I think that if a programmer wants to write a program and sell it, it's neither my business nor anyone else's but his customer's what the terms of sale are."<ref>{{cite web | url = http://esr.ibiblio.org/?p=556 | title = Why I Hate Proprietary Software | first = Eric S. | last = Raymond |author-link=Eric S. Raymond|date = October 1, 2008 | access-date = November 5, 2011 }}</ref> In the same essay he said that the "logic of the system" puts developers into "dysfunctional roles", with bad code the result. In a 2008 essay, he defended programmers' right to issue work under proprietary licenses: "I think that if a programmer wants to write a program and sell it, it's neither my business nor anyone else's but his customer's what the terms of sale are."<ref name="why 2008">{{cite web | url = http://esr.ibiblio.org/?p=556 | title = Why I Hate Proprietary Software | first = Eric S. | last = Raymond |author-link=Eric S. Raymond|date = October 1, 2008 | access-date = November 5, 2011 }}</ref> In the same essay he described his own strong emotional response to proprietary software and negative experiences working as a software developer writing proprietary software.<ref name="why 2008" />


==Political beliefs and activism== ==Political beliefs and activism==
Raymond is a member of the ] and a ] advocate.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624201402/http://innovate.ucsb.edu/799-richard-stallman-free-software-and-copyleft |date=June 24, 2017 }} 2011</ref> He has endorsed the open source firearms organization ], calling them "friends of freedom" and writing "I approve of any development that makes it more difficult for governments and criminals to monopolize the use of force. As 3D printers become less expensive and more ubiquitous, this could be a major step in the right direction."<ref name="ESR">{{cite web|url=http://esr.ibiblio.org/?p=4521|title=Defense Distributed|first=Eric|last=Raymond|author-link=Eric S. Raymond|publisher=Armed and Dangerous|date=August 23, 2012|access-date=January 14, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Verge3">{{cite news|last=Kopfstein|first=Janus|title=Guns want to be free: what happens when 3D printing and crypto-anarchy collide?|url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/4/12/4209364/guns-want-to-be-free-what-happens-when-3d-printing-and-crypto-anarchy|journal=]|date=April 12, 2013}}</ref> Raymond is a member of the ] and a ] advocate.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624201402/http://innovate.ucsb.edu/799-richard-stallman-free-software-and-copyleft |date=June 24, 2017 }} 2011</ref> He has endorsed the open source firearms organization ], calling them "friends of freedom" and writing "I approve of any development that makes it more difficult for governments and criminals to monopolize the use of force. As 3D printers become less expensive and more ubiquitous, this could be a major step in the right direction."<ref name="ESR">{{cite web|url=http://esr.ibiblio.org/?p=4521|title=Defense Distributed|first=Eric|last=Raymond|author-link=Eric S. Raymond|publisher=Armed and Dangerous|date=August 23, 2012|access-date=January 14, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Verge3">{{cite news|last=Kopfstein|first=Janus|title=Guns want to be free: what happens when 3D printing and crypto-anarchy collide?|url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/4/12/4209364/guns-want-to-be-free-what-happens-when-3d-printing-and-crypto-anarchy|journal=]|date=April 12, 2013}}</ref>


In 2015 Raymond accused the ] and other ] groups of attempting to entrap male open source leaders and accuse them of rape, saying "Try to avoid even being alone, ever, because there is a chance that a 'women in tech' advocacy group is going to try to collect your scalp."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/11/06/linus_torvalds_targeted_by_honeytraps_says_eric_raymond/|title=Linus Torvalds targeted by honeytraps, claims Eric S. Raymond|access-date=2017-11-25|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2015/11/this-the-perfect-insane-anti-feminist-rumor.html |title=Is This Crazy Anti-Feminist Rumor the Platonic Ideal of the Men's-Rights Internet?|work=Select All|access-date=2017-11-25|language=en}}</ref> In 2015, Raymond accused the ] and other ] groups of attempting to entrap male open source leaders and accuse them of rape, saying "Try to avoid even being alone, ever, because there is a chance that a 'women in tech' advocacy group is going to try to collect your scalp."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/11/06/linus_torvalds_targeted_by_honeytraps_says_eric_raymond/|title=Linus Torvalds targeted by honeytraps, claims Eric S. Raymond|access-date=2017-11-25|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2015/11/this-the-perfect-insane-anti-feminist-rumor.html |title=Is This Crazy Anti-Feminist Rumor the Platonic Ideal of the Men's-Rights Internet?|work=Select All|access-date=2017-11-25|language=en}}</ref>


Raymond has claimed that "Gays experimented with unfettered promiscuity in the 1970s and got AIDS as a consequence", and that "Police who react to a random black male behaving suspiciously who might be in the critical age range as though he is an near-imminent lethal threat, are being rational, not racist."<ref>{{cite web | last=Raymond | first=Eric | date=2002-06-16 | url=http://esr.ibiblio.org/?p=26 | title=The Elephant in the Bath-House | access-date=2018-08-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Raymond | first=Eric | date=2016-09-24 | url=http://esr.ibiblio.org/?p=7239 | title=Dilemmatizing the NRA | access-date=2018-08-27}}</ref> A progressive campaign, "The Great Slate", was successful in raising funds for candidates in part by asking for contributions from tech workers in return for not posting similar quotes by Raymond. ] employee and Great Slate fundraiser Thomas Ptacek said, "I've been torturing Twitter with lurid Eric S. Raymond quotes for years. Every time I do, 20 people beg me to stop." It is estimated that, as of March 2018, over $30,000 has been raised in this way.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jeong |first=Sarah |date=2018-03-08 |title=Meet the campaign connecting affluent techies with progressive candidates around the country |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/3/8/17092684/great-slate-fundraising-congressional-campaign |work=The Verge |access-date=2018-03-08 }}</ref> Raymond has claimed that "Gays experimented with unfettered promiscuity in the 1970s and got AIDS as a consequence", and that "Police who react to a random black male behaving suspiciously who might be in the critical age range as though he is an near-imminent lethal threat, are being rational, not racist."<ref>{{cite web | last=Raymond | first=Eric | date=2002-06-16 | url=http://esr.ibiblio.org/?p=26 | title=The Elephant in the Bath-House | access-date=2018-08-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Raymond | first=Eric | date=2016-09-24 | url=http://esr.ibiblio.org/?p=7239 | title=Dilemmatizing the NRA | access-date=2018-08-27}}</ref> A progressive campaign, "The Great Slate", was successful in raising funds for candidates in part by asking for contributions from tech workers in return for not posting similar quotes by Raymond. ] employee and Great Slate fundraiser Thomas Ptacek said, "I've been torturing Twitter with lurid Eric S. Raymond quotes for years. Every time I do, 20 people beg me to stop." It is estimated that, as of March 2018, over $30,000 has been raised in this way.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jeong |first=Sarah |date=2018-03-08 |title=Meet the campaign connecting affluent techies with progressive candidates around the country |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/3/8/17092684/great-slate-fundraising-congressional-campaign |work=The Verge |access-date=2018-03-08 }}</ref>
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* Wayner, Peter; '''', HarperCollins, 2000, 340 pp, {{ISBN|0-06-662050-3}} * Wayner, Peter; '''', HarperCollins, 2000, 340 pp, {{ISBN|0-06-662050-3}}
* Suarez-Potts, Louis;'' '', Community Articles, May 1, 2001, www.openoffice.org, OpenOffice website * Suarez-Potts, Louis;'' '', Community Articles, May 1, 2001, www.openoffice.org, OpenOffice website
* Moody, Glyn; ''Rebel Code: Linux and the Open Source Revolution'', Basic Books 2002, 342 pp, {{ISBN|978-0-7382-0333-1}} * Moody, Glyn; ''Rebel Code: Linux and the Open Source Revolution'', Basic Books, 2002, 342 pp, {{ISBN|978-0-7382-0333-1}}


=== By Eric Raymond === === By Eric Raymond ===

==== Books ==== ==== Books ====
* ''The New Hacker's Dictionary'' (editor) (MIT Press {{ISBN|0-262-68092-0}}) – printed version of the ] with Raymond listed as the editor. * ''The New Hacker's Dictionary'' (editor; MIT Press, {{ISBN|0-262-68092-0}}) – printed version of the ] with Raymond listed as the editor.
* ''The Cathedral and the Bazaar'' (O'Reilly; hardcover {{ISBN|1-56592-724-9}}, 1999) – includes "]", "]", "]" and * ''The Cathedral and the Bazaar'' (O'Reilly; hardcover {{ISBN|1-56592-724-9}}, 1999) – includes "]", "]", "]" and
* '']'' (Addison-Wesley, 2003; {{ISBN|0-13-142901-9}}) * '']'' (Addison-Wesley, 2003; {{ISBN|0-13-142901-9}})
* '']'' Cameron, Debra; Elliott, James; Loy, Marc; Raymond, Eric; Rosenblatt, Bill (O'Reilly Media, 2004; {{ISBN|978-0-596-00648-8}}) * ''Learning GNU Emacs'' (3rd edition; editors Debra Cameron, James Elliott, Marc Loy, Eric, Raymond, and Bill Rosenblatt (O'Reilly Media, 2004; {{ISBN|978-0-596-00648-8}})


==== Writings posted or archived on his website ==== ==== Writings posted or archived on his website ====
* '''', the book about programming and user interface philosophy in UNIX * '''', the book about programming and user interface philosophy in UNIX
* '''', mirrored on personal site * '''', mirrored on personal site
* '''', excerpt from ''The Cathedral and the Bazaar'', mirrored on personal site * "", excerpt from ''The Cathedral and the Bazaar'', mirrored on personal site
* '''', mirrored on his personal site. Includes links to Linux Documentation Project. * "", mirrored on his personal site. Includes links to Linux Documentation Project.


== See also == == See also ==
⚫ {{Portal|Open Source Software}}
⚫ * '']'' (film)
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
⚫ * '']'' (film)


== References == == References ==
{{reflist}} {{Reflist}}


== Further reading == == Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |last1=Byfield |first1=Bruce |title=The Decline and Fall of Eric S. Raymond |work=] |date=2015-12-22 |url=https://www.linux-magazine.com/Online/Blogs/Off-the-Beat-Bruce-Byfield-s-Blog/The-Decline-and-Fall-of-Eric-S.-Raymond |language=en-US |access-date=2018-07-15 }} * {{Cite web |last1=Byfield |first1=Bruce |date=2015-12-22 |title=The Decline and Fall of Eric S. Raymond |url=https://www.linux-magazine.com/Online/Blogs/Off-the-Beat-Bruce-Byfield-s-Blog/The-Decline-and-Fall-of-Eric-S.-Raymond |work=] |language=en-US |access-date=2018-07-15 }}


==External links== ==External links==
{{commons|Eric S. Raymond|Eric S. Raymond}} {{Commons|Eric S. Raymond}}
{{wikiquote}} {{Wikiquote}}
* {{official website}} * {{Official website}}
* * —Blog
* {{Gutenberg author |id=Raymond,+Eric+S. | name=Eric S. Raymond}} * {{Gutenberg author |id=4705| name=Eric S. Raymond}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Eric Steven Raymond}} * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Eric Steven Raymond}}
* {{IMDb name|0713253}} * {{IMDb name|0713253}}


{{Linux people}} {{Linux people}}
⚫ {{Portal bar|Open Source Software}}

{{Authority control}} {{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Raymond, Eric S.}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Raymond, Eric S.}}
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Latest revision as of 13:00, 27 December 2024

American computer programmer, author, and advocate for the open source movement "Eric Raymond" redirects here. For other uses, see Eric Raymond (disambiguation).

Eric S. Raymond
Raymond at Linucon in 2004
Born (1957-12-04) December 4, 1957 (age 67)
Boston, Massachusetts, US
Alma materUniversity of Pennsylvania
Occupation(s)Software developer, author
Website

Eric Steven Raymond (born December 4, 1957), often referred to as ESR, is an American software developer, open-source software advocate, and author of the 1997 essay and 1999 book The Cathedral and the Bazaar. He wrote a guidebook for the Roguelike game NetHack. In the 1990s, he edited and updated the Jargon File, published as The New Hacker's Dictionary.

Early life

Raymond was born in Boston, Massachusetts in 1957, and lived in Venezuela as a child. His family moved to Pennsylvania in 1971. He developed cerebral palsy at birth; his weakened physical condition motivated him to go into computing.

Career

Raymond began his programming career writing proprietary software, between 1980 and 1985. In 1990, noting that the Jargon File had not been maintained since about 1983, he adopted it, but not without criticism; Paul Dourish maintains an archived original version of the Jargon File, because, he says, Raymond's updates "essentially destroyed what held it together."

In 1996, Raymond took over development of the open-source email software "popclient", renaming it to Fetchmail. Soon after this experience, in 1997, he wrote the essay "The Cathedral and the Bazaar", detailing his thoughts on open-source software development and why it should be done as openly as possible (the "bazaar" approach). The essay was based in part on his experience in developing Fetchmail. He first presented his thesis at the annual Linux Kongress on May 27, 1997. He later expanded the essay into a book, The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary, in 1999. The essay has been widely cited. The internal white paper by Frank Hecker that led to the release of the Mozilla (then Netscape) source code in 1998 cited The Cathedral and the Bazaar as "independent validation" of ideas proposed by Eric Hahn and Jamie Zawinski. Hahn would later describe the 1999 book as "clearly influential".

From the late 1990s onward, due in part to the popularity of his essay, Raymond became a prominent voice in the open source movement. He co-founded the Open Source Initiative (OSI) in 1998, taking on the self-appointed role of ambassador of open source to the press, business and public. He remains active in OSI, but stepped down as president of the initiative in February 2005. In early March 2020, he was removed from two Open Source Initiative mailing lists due to posts that violated the OSI's Code of Conduct.

In 1998, Raymond received and published a Microsoft document expressing worry about the quality of rival open-source software. He named this document, together with others subsequently leaked, "The Halloween Documents".

Between 2000 and 2002, he created Configuration Menu Language 2 (CML2), a source code configuration system; while originally intended for the Linux operating system, it was rejected by kernel developers. (Raymond attributed this rejection to "kernel list politics", but Linus Torvalds said in a 2007 mailing list post that as a matter of policy, the development team preferred more incremental changes.) Raymond's 2003 book The Art of Unix Programming discusses user tools for programming and other tasks.

Some versions of NetHack still include Raymond's guide. He has also contributed code and content to the free software video game The Battle for Wesnoth.

Raymond is the main developer of NTPsec, a "secure, hardened replacement" for the Unix utility NTP.

Raymond has written numerous open-source tools, including cvs-fast-export, a tool for exporting CVS repositories to Git fast-import streams, and "reposurgeon", a tool for exporting SVN repositories.

Views on open source

Raymond at the SouthEast LinuxFest in 2019

Raymond coined an aphorism he dubbed Linus's law, inspired by Linus Torvalds: "Given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow". It first appeared in his book The Cathedral and the Bazaar.

Raymond has refused to speculate on whether the "bazaar" development model could be applied to works such as books and music, saying that he does not want to "weaken the winning argument for open-sourcing software by tying it to a potential loser".

Raymond claims his method of promoting open-source software has been effective because he has used "a strategy of making rational, technical, utility-maximization arguments in which I explicitly disclaimed having any normative or moralizing agenda." Raymond has had a number of public disputes with other figures in the free software movement. As head of the Open Source Initiative, he argued that advocates should focus on the potential for better products. The "very seductive" moral and ethical rhetoric of Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation fails, he said, "not because his principles are wrong, but because that kind of language ... simply does not persuade anybody".

In a 2008 essay, he defended programmers' right to issue work under proprietary licenses: "I think that if a programmer wants to write a program and sell it, it's neither my business nor anyone else's but his customer's what the terms of sale are." In the same essay he described his own strong emotional response to proprietary software and negative experiences working as a software developer writing proprietary software.

Political beliefs and activism

Raymond is a member of the Libertarian Party and a gun rights advocate. He has endorsed the open source firearms organization Defense Distributed, calling them "friends of freedom" and writing "I approve of any development that makes it more difficult for governments and criminals to monopolize the use of force. As 3D printers become less expensive and more ubiquitous, this could be a major step in the right direction."

In 2015, Raymond accused the Ada Initiative and other women in tech groups of attempting to entrap male open source leaders and accuse them of rape, saying "Try to avoid even being alone, ever, because there is a chance that a 'women in tech' advocacy group is going to try to collect your scalp."

Raymond has claimed that "Gays experimented with unfettered promiscuity in the 1970s and got AIDS as a consequence", and that "Police who react to a random black male behaving suspiciously who might be in the critical age range as though he is an near-imminent lethal threat, are being rational, not racist." A progressive campaign, "The Great Slate", was successful in raising funds for candidates in part by asking for contributions from tech workers in return for not posting similar quotes by Raymond. Matasano Security employee and Great Slate fundraiser Thomas Ptacek said, "I've been torturing Twitter with lurid Eric S. Raymond quotes for years. Every time I do, 20 people beg me to stop." It is estimated that, as of March 2018, over $30,000 has been raised in this way.

Religious beliefs

Raymond describes himself as neo-pagan.

Bibliography

By Eric Raymond

Books

Writings posted or archived on his website

See also

References

  1. ^ Raymond, Eric S. (December 8, 2003). "A Guide to the Mazes of Menace (Guidebook of Nethack)". NetHack.org. Retrieved December 15, 2008.
  2. Raymond, Eric S. (1996). The New Hacker's Dictionary. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-68092-0.
  3. "Man Against the FUD". Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved July 7, 2008.
  4. ^ Leonard, Andrew (April 1998). "Let my software go!". Salon.com. San Francisco: Salon Media Group. Retrieved November 23, 2009.
  5. Raymond, Eric S. (January 29, 2003). "Resume of Eric Steven Raymond". Retrieved November 23, 2009.
  6. "The Original Hacker's Dictionary". dourish.com. Retrieved January 17, 2024.
  7. "Fetchmail". www.fetchmail.info.
  8. Citations for "The Cathedral and the Bazaar". ACM Digital Library. 1999. ISBN 9781565927247. Retrieved February 10, 2015.
  9. Suarez-Potts, Louis (2001). "Interview: Frank Hecker". Retrieved November 5, 2011.
  10. Moody, Glyn (2002). Rebel Code: Linux and the Open Source Revolution. Basic Books. ISBN 0-7382-0670-9.
  11. Raymond, Eric S. (January 31, 2005). "Open Source Initiative (OSI) Announces expanded programs, counsel, and board". Retrieved January 14, 2010.
  12. "Co-founder of OSI Banned From Mailing Lists". Retrieved August 12, 2020.
  13. Harmon, Amy (November 3, 1998). "Internal Memo Shows Microsoft Executives' Concern Over Free Software". The New York Times. Retrieved November 5, 2011.
  14. "CML2, ESR, & The LKML". KernelTrap. February 17, 2002. Archived from the original on August 7, 2007.
  15. McMillan, Rob. "Interview: Eric Raymond goes back to basics". IBM developerWorks. Archived from the original on June 4, 2003.
  16. "LKML: Linus Torvalds: Re: [ck] Re: Linus 2.6.23-rc1".
  17. "People at Gna!: Eric S. Raymond Profile". Gna.org. Archived from the original on March 1, 2017. Retrieved September 13, 2017.
  18. "NTPsec Project Blog". Retrieved January 9, 2020.
  19. "Eric S Raymond Believes Reposurgeon is Finally Ready for Full & Correct GCC Conversion".
  20. Greenstein, Shane (January 2012). "The Range of Linus' Law". IEEE Micro. Vol. 32, no. 1. IEEE Computer Society.
  21. Raymond, Eric S. (1999). The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary. O'Reilly Media. ISBN 1-56592-724-9.
  22. Raymond, Eric S. (2000). "Afterword: Beyond Software?". Retrieved July 24, 2007.
  23. ^ Raymond, Eric S. (October 1, 2008). "Why I Hate Proprietary Software". Retrieved November 5, 2011.
  24. Raymond, Eric S. (July 28, 1999). "Shut Up and Show Them the Code". Linux Today. Archived from the original on June 30, 2017. Retrieved July 5, 2017.
  25. Richard Stallman, Free Software, and Copyleft Archived June 24, 2017, at the Wayback Machine 2011
  26. Raymond, Eric (August 23, 2012). "Defense Distributed". Armed and Dangerous. Retrieved January 14, 2013.
  27. Kopfstein, Janus (April 12, 2013). "Guns want to be free: what happens when 3D printing and crypto-anarchy collide?". The Verge.
  28. "Linus Torvalds targeted by honeytraps, claims Eric S. Raymond". Retrieved November 25, 2017.
  29. "Is This Crazy Anti-Feminist Rumor the Platonic Ideal of the Men's-Rights Internet?". Select All. Retrieved November 25, 2017.
  30. Raymond, Eric (June 16, 2002). "The Elephant in the Bath-House". Retrieved August 27, 2018.
  31. Raymond, Eric (September 24, 2016). "Dilemmatizing the NRA". Retrieved August 27, 2018.
  32. Jeong, Sarah (March 8, 2018). "Meet the campaign connecting affluent techies with progressive candidates around the country". The Verge. Retrieved March 8, 2018.

Further reading

External links

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