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| {{ |
{{Short description|Country in South Asia}} | ||
| {{ |
{{About|the country in South Asia}} | ||
| {{ |
{{Pp-extended|small=yes}} | ||
| {{Use Pakistani English|date=April 2022}} | |||
| {{Coord|30|N|70|E|type:country_region:PK|display=title}} | |||
| {{Use Pakistani English|date = April 2022}} | |||
| {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}} | ||
| {{Infobox country | {{Infobox country | ||
| | conventional_long_name = Islamic Republic of Pakistan | | conventional_long_name = Islamic Republic of Pakistan | ||
| | common_name = Pakistan | | common_name = Pakistan | ||
| | native_name = {{ubl|{{native name|ur|{{Nastaliq| |
| native_name = {{ubl|{{native name|ur|{{Nastaliq|اسلامی جمہوریہ پاكستان}}|italics=off}}|{{transliteration|ur|ALA-LC|''Islāmī Jumhūriyah Pākistān''}}{{sfn|Minahan|2009}}}} | ||
| | image_flag = Flag of Pakistan.svg | | image_flag = Flag of Pakistan.svg | ||
| | image_coat = State emblem of Pakistan.svg | | image_coat = State emblem of Pakistan.svg | ||
| | symbol_type = State emblem | | symbol_type = ] | ||
| | national_motto = {{Plain list| | |||
| | national_motto = {{transliteration|ur|]}}<br />{{native name|ur|{{Nastaliq|ایمان، اتحاد، نظم}}|paren=off}}<br />"Faith, Unity, Discipline"{{lower|0.2em|<ref>{{cite web |title=The State Emblem |url=http://www.infopak.gov.pk/Eemblem.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701023430/http://www.infopak.gov.pk/Eemblem.aspx |archive-date=1 July 2007 |publisher=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, ]. |access-date=18 December 2013}}</ref><!--end lower:-->}} | |||
| * {{Transliteration|ur|]}} (]) | |||
| | national_anthem = {{transliteration|ur|ALA-LC|]}}<br />{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|قَومی ترانہ}}}}{{parabr}}{{center|"The National Anthem"<br />]}} | |||
| * {{Native name|ur|{{Nastaliq|ایمان، اتحاد، نظم}}|paren=off}} | |||
| * "Faith, Unity, Discipline"{{lower|0.2em|{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2015|page=97}}<!--end lower:-->}} | |||
| }} | |||
| | national_anthem = {{Plain list| | |||
| * {{Transliteration|ur|ALA-LC|]}} (]) | |||
| * {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|قَومی ترانہ}}}} | |||
| * {{center|"The National Anthem"<br />]}} | |||
| }} | |||
| | image_map = PAK orthographic.svg | | image_map = PAK orthographic.svg | ||
| | map_caption = Land controlled by Pakistan shown in dark green; land claimed but not controlled shown in light green (see ] and ]) | |||
| | map_width = 220px | |||
| | map_caption = Land controlled by Pakistan shown in dark green; land claimed but not controlled shown in light green | |||
| | capital = ] | | capital = ] | ||
| | coordinates = {{ |
| coordinates = {{Coord|33|41|30|N|73|3|0|E|type:city_region:PK-IS}} | ||
| | largest_city = ]<br />{{ |
| largest_city = ]<br />{{Coord|24|51|36|N|67|0|36|E|type:city(20,000,000)_region:PK-SD}} | ||
| | official_languages = {{hlist |]|]}} | | official_languages = {{hlist |]|]{{efn|Article 251 of the ]{{sfn|Ayres|2009}}}}}} | ||
| | languages_type = |
| languages_type = Native languages | ||
| | languages = {{ |
| languages = ]{{sfn|Eberhard|Simons|Fennig|2022}} | ||
| * ] (39%) | |||
| * ] (18%) | |||
| * ] (15%) | |||
| * ] (12%) | |||
| * ] (3%) | |||
| * ] (2%) | |||
| * ] (1%) | |||
| * ] (1%) | |||
| * ] (0.17%) | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| }} | |||
| | ethnic_groups = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; | |||
| | 44.7% ] | |||
| | 15.4% ] | |||
| | 14.1% ] | |||
| | 8.4% ] | |||
| | 7.6% ] | |||
| | 3.6% ] | |||
| | 6.3% ] | |||
| }} | |||
| | ethnic_groups_year = 2020<ref name="ciafactbook">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/ |title=Pakistan |publisher=] |website=]|access-date=13 February 2008}}</ref> | |||
| | religion_year = 2017<ref name=2017Census>{{cite web |title=SALIENT FEATURES OF FINAL RESULTS CENSUS-2017 |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/sailent_feature_%20census_2017.pdf |access-date=20 May 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407233606/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/sailent_feature_%20census_2017.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2022}}</ref>{{Failed verification|not the cited numbers|date=August 2022}} | |||
| | p1 = Dominion of Pakistan | |||
| | flag_p1 = Flag of Pakistan.svg | |||
| | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; | | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; | ||
| | 96. |
| 96.4% ] (]) | ||
| | 2. |
| 2.2% ] <!-- 1.73% Hindu (Jati) 0.41% Hindu (scheduled castes) --> | ||
| | 1. |
| 1.4% ] | ||
| | 0.1% ] | | 0.1% ] | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| | demonym = Pakistani | | demonym = Pakistani | ||
| | government_type = |
| government_type = Federal parliamentary ] | ||
| | leader_title1 = ] | | leader_title1 = ] | ||
| | leader_name1 = ] | | leader_name1 = ] | ||
| | leader_title2 = ] | | leader_title2 = ] | ||
| | leader_name2 = ] | | leader_name2 = ] | ||
| | leader_title3 = ] | | leader_title3 = ] | ||
| | leader_name3 = ] | | leader_name3 = ] | ||
| | leader_title4 = ] | | leader_title4 = ] | ||
| | leader_name4 = ] | | leader_name4 = ] | ||
| | leader_title5 = ] | | leader_title5 = ] | ||
| | leader_name5 = ] | | leader_name5 = ] | ||
| | legislature = ] | | legislature = ] | ||
| | upper_house = ] | | upper_house = ] | ||
| Line 85: | Line 52: | ||
| | sovereignty_type = ] | | sovereignty_type = ] | ||
| | sovereignty_note = from the ] | | sovereignty_note = from the ] | ||
| | established_event1 = ] | | established_event1 = ] | ||
| | established_date1 = |
| established_date1 = 23 March 1940 | ||
| | established_event2 = ] | | established_event2 = ] | ||
| | established_date2 = |
| established_date2 = 14 August 1947 | ||
| | established_event3 = ] ] | | established_event3 = ] | ||
| | established_date3 = |
| established_date3 = 23 March 1956 | ||
| | established_event4 = ] | | established_event4 = ] | ||
| | established_date4 = |
| established_date4 = 8 December 1958 | ||
| | established_event5 = | | established_event5 = ] | ||
| | established_date5 = | | established_date5 = 16 December 1971 | ||
| | established_event6 = | | established_event6 = ] | ||
| | established_date6 = | | established_date6 = 14 August 1973 | ||
| | established_event7 = | |||
| | established_date7 = | |||
| | established_event8 = | |||
| | established_date8 = | |||
| | area_km2 = 881,913 | | area_km2 = 881,913 | ||
| | area_footnote = {{efn|"Includes data for Pakistani territories of Kashmir; ] ({{convert|13297|km2|sqmi|disp=or|abbr=on}}) and ] ({{convert|72520|km2|sqmi|disp=or|abbr=on}}). |
| area_footnote = {{efn|"Includes data for Pakistani territories of Kashmir; ] ({{convert|13297|km2|sqmi|disp=or|abbr=on}}) and ] ({{convert|72520|km2|sqmi|disp=or|abbr=on}}).{{sfn|James|2022}} Excluding these territories would produce an area figure of {{convert|796,095|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}."}}{{sfn|Bhandari|2022}} | ||
| | area_rank = 33rd | | area_rank = 33rd | ||
| | area_sq_mi = 307,374 | | area_sq_mi = 307,374 | ||
| | percent_water = 2.86 | | percent_water = 2.86 | ||
| | population_density_km2 = |
| population_density_km2 = 273.8 | ||
| | population_density_sq_mi = 633 | | population_density_sq_mi = 633 | ||
| | population_density_rank = 56th | | population_density_rank = 56th | ||
| | population_estimate = |
| population_estimate = | ||
| | population_estimate_year = |
| population_estimate_year = | ||
| | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 241,499,431{{efn|"This figure does not include data for Pakistan-administered areas of Kashmir; Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan."}} | |||
| | population_estimate_rank = 5th | |||
| | population_census_year = ] | |||
| | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} {{nowrap|$1.468 trillion<ref name="IMF 2022">{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook database: April 2022|publisher=IMF|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April/weo-report?c=564,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PCPIEPCH,&sy=2020&ey=2027&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|access-date= 26 May 2022}}</ref>}} | |||
| | population_census_rank = 5th | |||
| | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | |||
| | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.584 trillion{{sfn|IMF|2024}} | |||
| | GDP_PPP_year = 2024 | |||
| | GDP_PPP_rank = 24th | | GDP_PPP_rank = 24th | ||
| | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $6, |
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $6,715{{sfn|IMF|2024}} | ||
| | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 141st | ||
| | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} {{ |
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $374.595 billion{{sfn|IMF|2024}} | ||
| | GDP_nominal_year = |
| GDP_nominal_year = 2024 | ||
| | GDP_nominal_rank = |
| GDP_nominal_rank = 43rd | ||
| | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $1, |
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,588{{sfn|IMF|2024}} | ||
| | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 158th | ||
| | Gini_year = 2018 | | Gini_year = 2018 | ||
| | Gini_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | | Gini_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | ||
| | Gini = |
| Gini = 29.6 <!--number only--> | ||
| | Gini_ref = {{sfn|IMF|2023}} | |||
| | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref> | |||
| | HDI = 0. |
| HDI = 0.540 <!--number only--> | ||
| | HDI_year = |
| HDI_year = 2022<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | ||
| | HDI_change = |
| HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | ||
| | HDI_ref = {{sfn|IMF|2023}} | |||
| | HDI_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=]|date=8 September 2022|access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref> | |||
| | HDI_rank = |
| HDI_rank = 164th | ||
| | currency = ] (₨) | | currency = ] (₨) | ||
| | currency_code = PKR | | currency_code = PKR | ||
| Line 132: | Line 105: | ||
| | utc_offset = +05:00 | | utc_offset = +05:00 | ||
| | utc_offset_DST = | | utc_offset_DST = | ||
| | DST_note = ''] is not observed'' | | DST_note = ''] is not observed.'' | ||
| | time_zone_DST = | | time_zone_DST = | ||
| | date_format = {{ubl | | date_format = {{ubl | ||
| | {{nowrap|{{abbr|dd|day}}-{{abbr|mm|month}}-{{abbr|yyyy|year}}}}{{efn|See ].}} | | {{nowrap|{{abbr|dd|day}}-{{abbr|mm|month}}-{{abbr|yyyy|year}}}}{{efn|See ].}} | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| | drives_on = left{{sfn|Haleem|2013}} | |||
| | drives_on = left<ref>{{cite news |last=Loureiro |first=Miguel |title=Driving—the good, the bad and the ugly |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_28-7-2005_pg3_5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110085150/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_28-7-2005_pg3_5 |archive-date=10 January 2012 |work=Daily Times |location=Pakistan |date=28 July 2005 |access-date=6 February 2014}}</ref> | |||
| | calling_code = ] | | calling_code = ] | ||
| | cctld = {{unbulleted list |] |]}} | | cctld = {{unbulleted list |] |]}} | ||
| | official_website = {{URL|http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/}} | |||
| }} | }} | ||
| {{Contains special characters|Urdu|compact=yes}} | {{Contains special characters|Urdu|compact=yes}} | ||
| '''Pakistan''',{{efn|{{ |
'''Pakistan''',{{efn|{{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|پَاکِسْتَان}}}}, {{IPA-ur|ˈpɑːkɪst̪ɑːn|audio=Pakistan pronunciation.ogg}}; Pronounced variably in English as {{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Pakistan.ogg|ˈ|p|æ|k|ᵻ|s|t|æ|n}}, {{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Pakistan-2.ogg|ˈ|p|ɑː|k|ᵻ|s|t|ɑː|n}}, {{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|æ|k|ᵻ|ˈ|s|t|æ|n}}, and {{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|ɑː|k|ᵻ|ˈ|s|t|ɑː|n}}.}} officially the '''Islamic Republic of Pakistan''',{{efn|]: {{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|اِسْلامی | ||
| جُمْہُورِیَہ پَاکِسْتَان}}|label=none}}, {{Transliteration|ur|Islāmi Jumhūriyāh Pākistān}}}} is a country in ]. It is the ], with a population of over 241.5 million,{{efn|"This figure does not include data for Pakistan-administered areas of Kashmir; Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan."}} having the ] as of 2023. ] is the nation's capital, while ] is ] and ]. Pakistan is the ]. Bounded by the ] on the south, the ] on the southwest, and the ] on the southeast, it shares land borders with ] to ]; ] to ]; ] to ]; and ] to ]. It shares a maritime border with ] in the Gulf of Oman, and is separated from ] in the northwest by Afghanistan's narrow ]. | |||
| Pakistan is the site of ], including the 8,500-year-old ] site of ] in ], |
Pakistan is the site of ], including the 8,500-year-old ] site of ] in ], the ] of the ],{{R|Wright-2009}} and the ancient ].{{sfn|Badian|1987}} The regions that compose the modern state of Pakistan were the realm of multiple empires and dynasties, including the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], the ];{{sfn|Wynbrandt|2009}} the ] in its southern regions, the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], the ],{{sfn|Spuler|1969}} the ], the ] and most recently, the ] from 1858 to 1947. | ||
| Spurred by the ], which sought a homeland for the |
Spurred by the ], which sought a homeland for the Muslims of ], and election victories in 1946 by the ], Pakistan gained independence in 1947 after the ], which awarded separate statehood to its Muslim-majority regions and was accompanied by an unparalleled mass migration and loss of life.{{R|Copland-2001|Metcalf-2006}} Initially a ] of the ], Pakistan officially drafted ] in 1956, and emerged as a declared ]. In 1971, the exclave of ] seceded as the new country of ] after a ]. In the following four decades, Pakistan has been ruled by governments whose descriptions, although complex, commonly alternated between civilian and military, democratic and authoritarian, relatively ] and Islamist.{{sfn|Talbot|2016}} | ||
| Pakistan is a declared ], with the world's ]. is ranked amongst the emerging and growth-leading economies,{{sfn|Zia|Burton|2023}} with a large and rapidly growing middle class.{{sfn|Rais|2017}}{{sfn|Cornwall|Edwards|2014}} Pakistan's political history since independence has been characterized by periods of significant economic and military growth as well as those of political and economic instability. It is an ] and ] diverse country, with similarly diverse ] and ]. The country continues to face challenges, including ], ], ], and ].{{sfn|Joseph|2016}}{{sfn|Baqir|2018}}{{sfn|SATP|2024}} Pakistan is a member of the United Nations, the ], the ], the ], the ], and the ]. | |||
| Pakistan is a ] nation,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N3LfkrrNM4QC&pg=PA55 |title=Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security |last1=Buzan |first1=Barry |last2=Wæver |first2=Ole |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-89111-0|page=55 |quote=In the framework of their regional security complex theory (RSCT), Barry Buzan and Ole Waever differentiate between superpowers and great powers which act and influence the global level (or system level) and regional powers whose influence may be large in their regions but have less effect at the global level. This category of regional powers includes Brazil, Egypt, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Nigeria, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, South Africa and Turkey.}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Rajagopalan |first=Rajesh |chapter=Pakistan: regional power, global problem? |editor1=Nadine Godehardt |editor2=Dirk Nabers |title=Regional Orders and Regional Powers |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l2WrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA193 |year=2011 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-71891-5 |pages=193–208}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Paul |first1=T. V. |title=International Relations Theory and Regional Transformation |date=2012 |publisher=] |isbn=978-1-107-02021-4 |page=11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ofzH6pFO9iUC&dq=is+pakistan+a+regional+power&pg=PA11|access-date=3 February 2017 |quote=The regional powers such as Israel or Pakistan are not simple bystanders of great power politics in their regions; they attempt to asymmetrically influence the major power system often in their own distinct ways.}}</ref><ref name="Buzan2004">{{cite book |author=Barry Buzan |title=The United States and the great powers: world politics in the twenty-first century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XvtS5hKg9jYC&pg=PR8|access-date=27 December 2011 |year=2004 |publisher=Polity |isbn=978-0-7456-3374-9 |pages=71, 99}}</ref><ref name="Solomon">{{cite web |author=Hussein Solomon |title=South African Foreign Policy and Middle Power Leadership |url=http://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/Monographs/No13/Solomon.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020624231948/http://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/Monographs/No13/Solomon.html |archive-date=24 June 2002|access-date=27 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Vandamme |first1=Dorothee |title=Pakistan and Saudi Arabia : Towards Greater Independence in their Afghan Foreign Policy? |url=https://geopolcecri.files.wordpress.com/2014/08/note-danalyse-33-pakistan-arabie-saoudite1.pdf |publisher=Université catholique de Louvain |access-date=21 December 2016 |quote=Countries like Saudi Arabia and Pakistan have enough influence to not be considered small, but not enough to be major powers. Within the limits of their regions, they play a significant political role. Thus instinctively, they would qualify as middle powers. While it is not the objective here to question the characteristics of Jordan's definition of middle powers, we argue that Pakistan is in fact a middle power despite its being nuclear-armed. When looking at the numbers, for instance, it appears that Saudi Arabia and Pakistan can be classified as middle powers (see in this regard Ping, 2007). |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010055633/https://geopolcecri.files.wordpress.com/2014/08/note-danalyse-33-pakistan-arabie-saoudite1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> and has the world's ]. It is a declared ], and is ranked amongst the ],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1218182 |title=Pakistan an emerging market economy: IMF |last=Iqbal |first=Anwar |date=8 November 2015 |website=www.dawn.com|access-date=27 February 2016}}<br />- {{cite web |url=http://www.globaldashboard.org/2012/02/13/is-pakistan-an-emerging-market/ |title=Is Pakistan an emerging market? |last=Kaplan |first=Seth|access-date=27 February 2016}}</ref> with a large and rapidly-growing middle class.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/973649/pakistan-has-18th-largest-middle-class-in-the-world-report |title=Pakistan has 18th largest 'middle class' in the world: report|date=16 October 2015|website=The Express Tribune}}<br />- {{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/GDP-ranking-table |title=GDP ranking {{!}} Data|website=data.worldbank.org|access-date=17 January 2017}}</ref> Pakistan's political history since independence has been characterised by periods of significant economic and military growth as well as those of political and economic instability. It is an ] and ] diverse country, with similarly diverse ] and ]. The country continues to face challenges, including ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite book |author=Mathew Joseph C. |title=Understanding Pakistan: Emerging Voices from India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6iUlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA337 |publisher=] |year=2016 |page=337 |isbn=978-1-351-99725-6}}<br />- {{cite web |url=http://aiddata.org/blog/poverty-in-pakistan-numerous-efforts-many-numbers-not-enough-results |title=Poverty in Pakistan: Numerous efforts, many numbers, not enough results |website=aiddata.org}}<br />- {{cite web |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/953303/over-last-9-months-70-decline-in-terrorist-attacks-in-pakistan/ |title=70% decline in terrorist attacks in Pakistan{{Snd}}|work=The Express Tribune|date=9 September 2015 }}</ref> Pakistan is a member of the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], and the ], and is designated as a ] by the ]. | |||
| == Etymology == | == Etymology == | ||
| The name ''Pakistan'' was coined by ], a ] activist, who in January 1933 first published it (originally as "Pakstan") in a pamphlet '']'', using it as an ].{{sfn|Aziz|1987}}{{sfn|Saqib|Malik|2018}}{{sfn|Lahiri|2023}} Rahmat Ali explained: "It is composed of letters taken from the names of all our homelands, Indian and Asian, ], ], ], ], and ]." He added, "Pakistan is both a ] and ] word... It means the land of the Paks, the spiritually pure and clean."{{sfn|Tummala|1996}} Etymologists note that {{wikt-lang|fa|پاک}} {{transliteration|fa|pāk}}, is 'pure' in Persian and ] and the Persian suffix {{wikt-lang|fa|ـستان}} {{transliteration|fa|]}} means 'land' or 'place of'.{{sfn|Saqib|Malik|2018}} | |||
| The name '']'' literally means "land of the pure" or "land of purity", in ] and ].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Burki |first1=Shahid Javed |title=Pakistan |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Pakistan/History |website=Brittanica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |access-date=12 April 2022}}</ref> It alludes to the word {{wikt-lang|fa|پاک}} (''pāk''), meaning "pure" in Persian and ].<ref>{{cite book |title=A Dictionary of Pashto |last=Raverty |first=Henry George |url=http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:1478.raverty |access-date=28 April 2015 |archive-date=7 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307070438/http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:1478.raverty |url-status=dead }}</ref> The suffix {{wikt-lang|fa|ـستان}} (transliterated in English as ]) is from Persian, and means "land" or "place of".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ford |first1=Matt |title=Kazakhstan's President Is Tired of His Country's Name Ending in 'Stan' |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/02/kazakhstans-president-is-tired-of-his-countrys-name-ending-in-stan/283676/ |website=Atlantic |date=7 February 2014 |access-date=12 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Afghanistan, Kazakhstan: How Many "-stans" Are There? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/afghanistan-kyrgyzstan/ |website=Dictionary.com |access-date=12 April 2022 |date=24 Aug 2010}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Hayyim|first=Sulayman|title=New Persian-English Dictionary|chapter-url= https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/steingass_query.py?qs=ستان&searchhws=yes |chapter=ستان|page=30|volume=2|location=Tehran|publisher= Librairie imprimerie Béroukhim}}</ref> | |||
| Rahmat Ali's concept of Pakistan only related to the northwestern area of the ]. He also proposed the name "Banglastan" for the Muslim areas of ] and "Osmanistan" for ], as well as a political federation between the three.{{sfn|Anand|1991}} | |||
| The name of the country was coined in 1933 by ], a ] activist, who published it in a pamphlet '']'', using it as an ] ("thirty million Muslim brethren who live in PAKISTAN")<ref name=":0">{{cite web |author=Choudhary Rahmat Ali |title=Now or never: Are we to live or perish for ever? |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_rahmatali_1933.html|access-date=4 December 2007 |date=28 January 1933 |publisher=Columbia University}}</ref> to refer to the names of the five northern regions of the ]: ], ], ], ], and ].<ref name=":0" /> | |||
| == History == | == History == | ||
| {{main|History of Pakistan}}{{See also| |
{{main|History of Pakistan}} | ||
| {{See also|Timeline of Pakistani history}} | |||
| === |
=== Indus Valley Civilisation === | ||
| ]'' from ] ({{circa|2500 BCE}}){{sfn|Parker|2017}}]] | |||
| {{main|Indus Valley civilisation|Vedic period|Maurya Empire|Indo-Greek Kingdom|Gupta Empire|Pala Empire|Sikh Empire|Mughal Empire}} | |||
| Some of the earliest ancient human civilisations in ] originated from areas encompassing present-day Pakistan.{{sfn|Allchin|Petraglia|2007}} The earliest known inhabitants in the region were ] during the ], of whom ] have been found in the ] of ].{{sfn|Ahmed|2014}} The ], which covers most of the present-day Pakistan, was the site of several successive ancient cultures including the ] (7000–4300 ]) site of ],{{R|Coningham-Young-2015|Fisher-2018|Dyson-2018}} and the 5,000-year history of urban life in South Asia to the various sites of the ], including ] and ].{{R|Allchin-1982}}{{sfn|Dales|Kenoyer|Alcock|1986}} | |||
| ].]] | |||
| Some of the earliest ancient human civilisations in ] originated from areas encompassing present-day Pakistan.<ref>Petraglia, Michael D.; Allchin, Bridget (2007), "Human evolution and culture change in the Indian subcontinent", in Michael Petraglia, Bridget Allchin, ''The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia: Inter-disciplinary Studies in Archaeology, Biological Anthropology, Linguistics and Genetics'', Springer, {{ISBN|978-1-4020-5562-1}}</ref> The earliest known inhabitants in the region were ] during the ], of whom stone tools have been found in the ] of ].<ref>{{cite web |author=Parth R. Chauhan |title=An Overview of the Siwalik Acheulian & Reconsidering Its Chronological Relationship with the Soanian{{Snd}} A Theoretical Perspective |url=http://www.assemblage.group.shef.ac.uk/issue7/chauhan.html#distribution |website=Sheffield Graduate Journal of Archaeology |publisher=University of Sheffield|access-date=22 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104171240/http://www.assemblage.group.shef.ac.uk/issue7/chauhan.html#distribution |archive-date=4 January 2012}}</ref> The ], which covers most of present day Pakistan, was the site of several successive ancient cultures including the Neolithic Mehrgarh<ref name="vipul" /> and the Bronze Age ]{{sfn|Wright|2009|ps=:Quote: "The Indus civilization is one of three in the 'Ancient East' that, along with ] and ], was a cradle of early civilization in the Old World (Childe 1950). Mesopotamia and Egypt were longer lived, but coexisted with Indus civilization during its florescence between 2600 and 1900 B.C. Of the three, the Indus was the most expansive, extending from today's northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and India."}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Feuerstein |first=Georg |author2=Subhash Kak |author3=David Frawley |title=In search of the cradle of civilization: new light on ancient India |publisher=Quest Books |location=Wheaton, IL |year=1995 |page=147 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbx7q0gxyTcC&q=In+Search+of+the+Cradle+of+Civilization |isbn=978-0-8356-0720-9}}<br />- Yasmeen Niaz Mohiuddin, ''Pakistan: a Global Studies Handbook''. ABC-CLIO publishers, 2006, {{ISBN|1-85109-801-1}}<br />- {{cite web |url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/asia-pacific/india/121116/indus-civilization-2000-years-old-archaeologists |title=Archaeologists confirm Indian civilization is 2000 years older than previously believed|date=16 November 2012 |website=globalpost.com}}<br />- {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A3aOCwAAQBAJ |title=Killing Civilization: A Reassessment of Early Urbanism and Its Consequences |first=Justin |last=Jennings |year=2016 |publisher=UNM Press |via=Google Books|isbn=978-0-8263-5661-1 }}</ref> (2,800–1,800 BCE) at ] and ].<ref>{{cite book |title=India Unveiled |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tmn91va2e4UC&pg=PT180 |author=Robert Arnett |publisher=Atman Press|access-date=23 December 2011 |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-9652900-4-3 |pages=180–}}<br />- {{cite web |title=Mohenjo-Daro |url=http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/sites/middle_east/mohenjo_daro.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601181841/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/sites/middle_east/mohenjo_daro.html |archive-date=1 June 2010 |author=Meghan A. Porter |publisher=Minnesota State University|access-date=15 January 2010}}</ref> | |||
| ===Vedic period=== | |||
| ] from ], ], 1st–2nd century AD.]] | |||
| ], Swat Valley, {{circa|1200 BCE}}{{sfn|Burrison|2017}}|left]] | |||
| The ] (1500–500 BCE) was characterised by an ] culture; during this period the ], the oldest scriptures associated with ], were composed, and this culture later became well established in the region.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WJMlW-zDE14C |title=Pakistan: a primary source cultural guide |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group Inc|pages=58–59, 100–102 |author=Marian Rengel |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8239-4001-1 |year=2004}}<br />- {{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/503627/Rigveda |title=Rigveda |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=16 December 2011}}</ref> ] was an important Hindu pilgrimage centre.<ref name="taxila">{{cite book |title=Pakistan & the Karakoram Highway |year=2008 |publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=978-1-74104-542-0 |pages=60, 128, 376 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zn8I4qEew9oC|author1=Sarina Singh |author2=Lindsay Brow |author3=Paul Clammer |author4=Rodney Cocks |author5=John Mock}}</ref> The Vedic civilisation flourished in the ancient ] city of Takṣaśilā, now ] in the Punjab, which was founded around 1000 BCE.{{sfn|Allchin|Allchin|1988|p=314}}<ref name="vipul">{{cite book |author=Vipul Singh |title=The Pearson Indian History Manual for the UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wsiXwh_tIGkC|publisher=Dorling Kindesley, licensees of Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1753-0 |pages=3–4, 15, 88–90, 152, 162 |year=2008}}</ref> Successive ancient empires and kingdoms ruled the region: the Persian ] (around 519 BCE), ]'s empire in 326 BCE<ref>{{cite book |title=Government Leaders, Military Rulers, and Political Activists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vSwi2TYabS4C&pg=PA7|publisher=The Oryx Press|editor=David W. del Testa |year=2001 |location=Westport, CN |isbn=978-1-57356-153-2 |page=7}}</ref> and the ], founded by ] and extended by ], until 185 BCE. The ] founded by ] (180–165 BCE) included Gandhara and Punjab and reached its greatest extent under ] (165–150 BCE), prospering the ] culture in the region.<ref name="vipul" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Guide to Historic Taxila |url=http://www.heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/guide_to_historic_taxila.htm |author=Ahmad Hasan Dani |publisher=The National Fund for Cultural Heritage|access-date=15 January 2010}}</ref> Taxila had one of the earliest universities and centres of higher education in the world, which was established during the late Vedic period in 6th century BCE.<ref>"History of Education", ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 2007.</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book |last1=Scharfe |first1=Hartmut |last2=Bronkhorst |first2=Johannes |last3=Spuler |first3=Bertold |last4=Altenmüller |first4=Hartwig |title=Handbuch Der Orientalistik: India. Education in ancient India |year=2002 |isbn=978-90-04-12556-8 |page=141}}</ref> The school consisted of several monasteries without large dormitories or lecture halls where the religious instruction was provided on an individualistic basis.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> The ancient university was documented by the invading forces of Alexander the Great and was also recorded by Chinese pilgrims in the 4th or 5th century CE.<ref>{{cite book |author=Joseph Needham |title=A selection from the writings of Joseph Needham |year=1994 |publisher=McFarland & Co |isbn=978-0-89950-903-7 |quote=When the men of Alexander the Great came to Taxila in India in the fourth century BCE they found a university there the like of which had not been seen in Greece, a university which taught the three Vedas and the eighteen accomplishments and was still existing when the Chinese pilgrim Fa-Hsien went there about CE 400. |page=24}}<br />- {{cite book |author1=Hermann Kulke |author2=Dietmar Rothermund |title=A History of India |year=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-32919-4 |quote=In the early centuries the centre of Buddhist scholarship was the University of Taxila. |page=157}}<br />- {{cite journal |author1=Balakrishnan Muniapan |author2=Junaid M. Shaikh |title=Lessons in corporate governance from Kautilya's Arthashastra in ancient India |journal= World Review of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development|year=2007 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=50–61 |doi=10.1504/WREMSD.2007.012130}}<br />- {{cite book |author=Radha Kumud Mookerji |title=Ancient Indian Education: Brahmanical and Buddhist |edition=2nd |year=1951 |orig-year=reprint 1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0423-4 |pages=478–479}}</ref> | |||
| Following the decline of the Indus valley civilization, ] moved into the ] from ] in several ] in the ] (1500–500 BCE),{{sfn|Oursel|2015}} bringing with them their distinctive religious traditions and practices which fused with local culture.{{refn|name="Vedic period"}} The Indo-Aryans religious beliefs and practices from the ] and the native Harappan Indus beliefs of the former Indus Valley civilization eventually gave rise to Vedic culture and tribes.{{refn|name="Vedic period"}} Most notable among them was ], which flourished at the crossroads of India, Central Asia, and the Middle East, connecting ] and absorbing cultural influences from diverse civilizations.{{sfn|Behrendt|2007}} The initial early Vedic culture was a tribal, ] society centered in the Indus Valley, of what is today Pakistan.{{sfn|Rahmaan|2017}} During this period, the ], the oldest ] of ], were composed.{{sfn|Oberlies|2023}}{{efn|name="Rigveda"}} | |||
| ===Classical period=== | |||
| At its zenith, the ] (489–632 CE) of ] ruled this region and the surrounding territories.<ref>{{cite book |author=Andre Wink |title=Al Hind the Making of the Indo Islamic World |year=1996 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-09249-5 |page=152}}</ref> The ] was the last Buddhist empire, which, under ] and ], stretched across South Asia from what is now ] through ] to Pakistan. | |||
| ]'' from ] (1st–2nd century CE){{sfn|Stonard|2017}}]] | |||
| The western regions of Pakistan ] of ] around 517 BCE.{{sfn|Dandamaev|2023}} In 326 BCE, ] conquered the region by defeating various local rulers, most notably, the King ], at ].{{sfn|Sadasivan|2011}} It was followed by the ], founded by ] and extended by ], until 185 BCE.{{sfn|James|1980}}{{sfn|Khan|2022|page=114}}{{sfn|Cooke|2017}} The ] founded by ] (180–165 BCE) included Gandhara and Punjab and reached its greatest extent under ] (165–150 BCE), prospering the ] culture in the region.{{sfn|Pollitt|1986}}{{sfn|Quintanilla|2007}}{{sfn|Kubica|2023}} ] had one of the earliest universities and centres of higher education in the world, which was established during the late Vedic period in the 6th century BCE.{{sfn|Westmoreland|2019}} The ancient university was documented by the invading forces of Alexander the Great and was also recorded by Chinese pilgrims in the 4th or 5th century CE.{{refn|name="Needham-1994"}}{{refn|name="Kulke-Rothermund-2016"}}{{sfn|Mookerji|1989}} At its zenith, the ] (489–632 CE) ruled ] and the surrounding territories.{{sfn|Banerjee|2022}} | |||
| ===Islamic conquest=== | ===Islamic conquest=== | ||
| The Arab conqueror ] conquered Sindh |
The Arab conqueror ] conquered Sindh and some regions of Punjab in 711 CE.{{sfn|James|1980}}{{sfn|Mufti|2013}} The Pakistan government's official chronology claims this as the time when the foundation of Pakistan was laid.{{sfn|Hoodbhoy|2023}} The Early Medieval period (642–1219 CE) witnessed the spread of Islam in the region.{{sfn|Cavendish|2006|page=318}} Before the arrival of Islam beginning in the 8th century, the region of Pakistan was home to a diverse plethora of faiths, including ], ], ] and ].{{R|Stubbs-Thomson-2016}}{{sfn|Malik|2006|page=47}} During this period, ] ] played a pivotal role in converting a majority of the regional population to Islam.{{sfn|Lapidus|2014}} Upon the defeat of the ] and ] dynasties which governed the ], ] (present-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa), and western Punjab in the 7th to 11th centuries CE, ] ruled over the region, including the ] (975–1187 CE), the ] Kingdom, and the ] (1206–1526 CE).{{sfn|Samad|2011}} The ], the last of the Delhi Sultanate, was replaced by the Mughal Empire (1526–1857 CE).{{sfn|Faroqhi|2019}} | ||
| ], ]]] | |||
| The Mughals introduced Persian literature and high culture, establishing the roots of ] in the region.<ref>{{cite book |author=Robert L. Canfield |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3JhKNSk8tQC&pg=PA1 |title=Turko-Persia in historical perspective |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=4–21 |year=2002 |access-date=28 December 2011 |isbn=978-0-521-52291-5}}</ref> In the region of modern-day Pakistan, key cities during the Mughal period were ] and ],<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC&pg=PA365 |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part II |last=Chandra |first=Satish |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-241-1066-9|page=365}}</ref> both of which were chosen as the site of impressive ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Malik |first=Iftikhar Haider |title=The History of Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6NfsuDACQwC&pg=PA79 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2008 |page=79 |isbn=978-0-313-34137-3}}</ref> In the early 16th century, the region remained under the ].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Metcalf, B.|author2=Metcalf, T. R.|date=2006|title=A Concise History of Modern India|edition=2nd|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-68225-1}}</ref> | |||
| ], Lahore]] | |||
| In the 18th century, the slow disintegration of the Mughal Empire was hastened by the emergence of the rival powers of the ] and later the ], as well as invasions by ] from Iran in 1739 and the ] of Afghanistan in 1759. The growing political power of the British in Bengal had not yet reached the territories of modern Pakistan. | |||
| The Mughals introduced Persian literature and high culture, establishing the roots of ] in the region.{{sfn|Canfield|2002}} In the region of modern-day Pakistan, key cities during the Mughal period were ], ], ] and ],{{sfn|Chandra|2005}} which were chosen as the site of impressive ].{{sfn|Malik|2006|page=79}} In the early 16th century, the region remained under the ].{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006}} In the 18th century, the slow disintegration of the Mughal Empire was hastened by the emergence of the rival powers of the ] and later the ], as well as invasions by ] from Iran in 1739 and the ] of Afghanistan in 1759.{{sfn|Haleem|2013}}{{sfn|MacDonald|2017}} The growing political power of the British in Bengal had not yet reached the territories of modern Pakistan.{{sfn|Simpson|2007}} | |||
| === Colonial period === | |||
| {{main|1=British India|2=Aligarh Movement|3=British Raj}} | |||
| === Colonial rule === | |||
| {{main|British India|British Raj|Aligarh Movement|Two-nation theory}} | |||
| {{multiple image | {{multiple image | ||
| | align = right | |||
| | width1 = 146 | |||
| | image1 = Sir Syed1.jpg | |||
| | caption1 = Sir ] (1817–1898), whose ] formed the basis of Pakistan.{{R|Wolpert-1984|Sengupta-2023}}{{sfn|Holt|Curta|2016}} | |||
| | alt1 = Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817–1898), whose vision (Two-nation theory) formed the basis of Pakistan | |||
| | width2 = 170 | |||
| | image2 = Jinnah1945b.jpg | |||
| | caption2 = ] (1876–1948) served as Pakistan's first Governor-General and the leader of the ].{{sfn|Wolpert|1984}} | |||
| | alt2 = Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876–1948) served as Pakistan's first Governor-General and the leader of the Pakistan Movement | |||
| }} | }} | ||
| None |
None of modern Pakistan was under British rule until 1839 when ], a small fishing village governed by ] of ] with a mud fort guarding the harbour, was ],{{sfn|Rustomji|1952}}{{sfn|Walbridge|2012}} and used as an enclave with a port and ] for the ] that ensued.{{sfn|Gayer|2014}} The remainder of ] was acquired in 1843,{{sfn|Sharma|D'Angelo|Giri|2020}} and subsequently, through a series of wars and treaties, the ], and later, after the post-] (1857–1858), direct rule by ] of the ], acquired most of the region.{{sfn|Pirbhai|2009}} Key conflicts included those against the ] ], resolved by the ] (1843) in Sindh,{{sfn|Harjani|2018}} the ] (1845–1849),{{sfn|Cook|1975}} and the ]s (1839–1919).{{sfn|Khan|2022|page=119}} By 1893, all modern Pakistan was part of the ], and remained so until independence in 1947.{{sfn|Cavendish|2006|page=365}} | ||
| Under British rule, modern Pakistan was primarily divided into the ], ], and the ]. The region also included various ]s, with the largest being ].{{sfn|Law|1999}}{{sfn|Hussain|2015}} | |||
| The major armed struggle against the British in the region was the ] known as the ] in 1857.{{sfn|Malleson|2016}} Divergence in the ] between ] and Islam resulted in significant tension in ], leading to religious violence. The ] further exacerbated tensions between Hindus and Muslims.{{sfn|Holt|Curta|2016}}{{sfn|Hali|Akhtar|1993}} A ], led by Sir ] to counter the ], advocated for the ] and led to the establishment of the ] in 1906.{{R|Wolpert-1984|Sengupta-2023}}{{sfn|Holt|Curta|2016}} | |||
| In March 1929, in response to the ], ], the founder of Pakistan, issued his ], which included proposals to safeguard the interests of the Muslim minority in a united India. These proposals were rejected.{{R|Hardy-1972|Wuthnow-2013|Singh-Shani-2021}} In his December 29, 1930 address, ] advocated the amalgamation of Muslim-majority states in ] India, including ], ], ], and ].{{R|Singh-Shani-2021}}{{refn|name="Iqbal"}} The perception that Congress-led British ] neglected the Muslim League from 1937 to 1939 motivated Jinnah and other Muslim League leaders to embrace the two-nation theory.{{sfn|Pandeya|2003}}{{sfn|Basu|Miroshnik|2017}} This led to the adoption of the ] of 1940, presented by ] ], also known as the Pakistan Resolution.{{sfn|M. H. Khan|2016}} | |||
| Under the British, modern Pakistan was mostly divided into the ], ], and the ]. There were various ]s, of which the largest was ]. | |||
| By 1942, Britain faced considerable strain during ], with India directly threatened by Japanese forces. Britain had pledged voluntary independence for India in exchange for support during the war. However, this pledge included a clause stating that no part of British India would be compelled to join the resulting dominion, which could be interpreted as support for an independent Muslim nation. Congress under the leadership of ] launched the ], demanding an immediate end to British rule. In contrast, the Muslim League chose to support the ], thereby nurturing the possibility of establishing a Muslim nation.{{R|Tucker-2020}}{{sfn|Chandra|2008}} | |||
| A ] in 1857 called the ] of ] was the region's major armed struggle against the British.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thenagain.info/webchron/india/sepoyreb.html |title=Sepoy Rebellion: 1857 |publisher=Thenagain.info |date=12 September 2003|access-date=19 December 2013}}</ref> Divergence in the ] between Hinduism and Islam created a major rift in ] that led to motivated ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.massviolence.org/india-from-1900-to-1947?cs=print |title=India from 1900 to 1947 |date=2 November 2007|publisher=Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence |last=Markovits |first=Claude|access-date=2 February 2015}}</ref> The ] further escalated the tensions between Hindus and Muslims.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ak̲h̲tar |first=Altāf Ḥusain Ḥālī; Talk̲h̲īṣ, Salim |title=Ḥayāt-i jāved |date=1993 |publisher=Sang-i Mīl Publications |location=Lāhore |isbn=978-969-35-0186-5}}</ref> The ] witnessed an awakening of intellectualism in traditional ] and saw the emergence of more assertive influence in the social and political spheres in British India.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Coward |editor-first=Harold G. |title=Modern Indian responses to religious pluralism |date=1987 |publisher=] |location=Albany, NY |isbn=978-0-88706-572-9}}<br />- {{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=R.N. |title=Islam related Naipual |publisher=Sarup & Sons |location=New Delhi |edition=1st |date=2006 |isbn=978-81-7625-693-3}}</ref> A ], founded by Sir ] to counter the Hindu renaissance, envisioned as well as advocated for the ]<ref name="congress">{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/95017247/ |title=Country Profile: Pakistan |publisher=Library of Congress |year=1995 |pages=2–3, 6, 8|access-date=2 September 2019}}</ref> and led to the creation of the ] in 1906. In contrast to the ]'s ] efforts, the Muslim League was a ] movement whose political program ] that would shape Pakistan's future ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Qureshi |first=M. Naeem |title=Pan-Islam in British Indian politics: a study of the Khilafat movement, 1918–1924 |date=1999 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |pages=57, 245 |isbn=978-90-04-11371-8}}</ref> The largely non-violent independence struggle led by the Indian Congress engaged millions of protesters in mass campaigns of ] in the 1920s and 1930s against the ].<ref>{{cite book |author=John Farndon |title=Concise encyclopaedia |year=1999 |publisher=Dorling Kindersley Limited |isbn=978-0-7513-5911-4 |page=455}}<br />- {{cite book |title=India express: the future of a new superpower |date=4 March 2008 |publisher=Viking Canada |isbn=978-0-670-06484-7 |author=Daniel Lak |url=https://archive.org/details/indiaexpressfutu0000lakd|url-access=registration |access-date=14 March 2012 |page=}}</ref><ref name="Brookings Institution Press">{{cite book |last=Cohen |first=Stephen Philip |title=The idea of Pakistan |url=https://archive.org/details/ideaofpakistan00cohe |url-access=registration |date=2004 |publisher=] |location=Washington, DC |isbn=978-0-8157-9761-6 |edition=1st pbk.}}</ref> | |||
| ], built by the British government in the 19th century]] | |||
| The Muslim League slowly rose to mass popularity in the 1930s amid fears of under-representation and neglect by the British of the ] in ]. In his presidential address of 29 December 1930, ] called for "the amalgamation of ] Muslim-majority Indian states" consisting of ], ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_iqbal_1930.html |title=Sir Muhammad Iqbal's 1930 Presidential Address |website=Speeches, Writings, and Statements of Iqbal|access-date=19 December 2006}}</ref> The perceived neglect of Muslim interests by Congress led British ] during the period of 1937–39 convinced ], the founder of Pakistan to espouse the two-nation theory and led the Muslim League to adopt the ] of 1940 presented by ] ], popularly known as the Pakistan Resolution.<ref name="congress" /> In ], Jinnah and ] ] in the Muslim League supported the United Kingdom's ], countering opposition against it whilst working towards Sir Syed's ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politact.com/global-security-studies/understanding-jinnahs-position-on-world-war-i-and-ii-lessons-to-be-learned.html |title=Understanding Jinnah's Position on World War I and II Lessons to be learned |date=5 January 2009|publisher=Politact |location=United Kingdom |access-date=3 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203020939/https://www.politact.com/global-security-studies/understanding-jinnahs-position-on-world-war-i-and-ii-lessons-to-be-learned.html |archive-date=3 February 2015}}</ref> | |||
| === |
=== Independence === | ||
| {{main|Pakistan Movement}} | {{main|Pakistan Movement}} | ||
| {{further|History of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan|Indian independence movement|Partition of India}} | {{further|History of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan|Indian independence movement|Partition of India}} | ||
| The ] resulted in the Muslim League winning 90 percent of the seats reserved for Muslims. Thus, the 1946 election was effectively a plebiscite in which the Indian Muslims were to vote on the creation of Pakistan, a plebiscite won by the Muslim League. This victory was assisted by the support given to the Muslim League by the support of the landowners of Sindh and Punjab. The Indian National Congress, which initially denied the Muslim League's claim of being the sole representative of Indian Muslims, was now forced to recognise the fact.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OTMy0B9OZjAC&pg=PA68 |title=Pakistan: A Global Studies Handbook |last=Mohiuddin |first=Yasmin Niaz |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-85109-801-9|page=70 |quote=In the elections of 1946, the Muslim League won 90 percent of the legislative seats reserved for Muslims. It was the power of the big zamindars in Punjab and Sindh behind the Muslim League candidates that led to this massive landslide victory (Alavi 2002, 14). Even Congress, which had always denied the League's claim to be the only true representative of Indian Muslims had to concede the truth of that claim. The 1946 election was, in effect, a plebiscite among Muslims on Pakistan.}}</ref> The British had no alternative except to take Jinnah's views into account as he had emerged as the sole spokesperson of the entirety of British India's Muslims. However, the British ], and in one last effort to prevent it, they devised the ].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OTMy0B9OZjAC&pg=PA68 |title=Pakistan: A Global Studies Handbook |last=Mohiuddin |first=Yasmin Niaz |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-85109-801-9|page=71 |quote=Despite the League's victory in the elections, the British did not want the partition of British India. As a last attempt to avoid it, Britain put forward the Cabinet Mission Plan, according to which India would become a federation of three large, self-governing provinces and the central government would be limited to power over foreign policy and defense, implying a weak center.}}</ref> | |||
| ]: green regions were all part of Pakistan by 1948, and orange ones part of India. The darker-shaded regions represent the ] and ] provinces partitioned by the Radcliffe Line. The grey areas represent some of the key ]s that were eventually integrated into India or Pakistan.]] | |||
| As the cabinet mission failed, the British government announced its intention to end the British Rule in 1946–47.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/2146058 |title=Jinnah and cabinet Mission Plan 1946 |via=Academia.edu |last=Akram |first=Wasim |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref> ] in British India—including ] and ] of Congress, Jinnah of the ], and ] representing the Sikhs—agreed to the proposed terms of transfer of power and independence in June 1947 with the ], ].<ref name="jinnah">{{cite book |author=Stanley Wolpert |title=Jinnah of Pakistan |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-19-577462-7 |pages=306–332}}</ref> As the United Kingdom agreed to the ] in 1947, the modern state of Pakistan was established on ] {{small|(27th of ] in 1366 of the ])}}, amalgamating the ] eastern and northwestern regions of ].<ref name="Brookings Institution Press"/> It comprised the provinces of ], ], the ], ], and Sindh.<ref name="congress"/><ref name="jinnah"/> | |||
| The ] saw the Muslim League secure 90 percent of the Muslim seats, supported by the landowners of Sindh and Punjab. This forced the Indian National Congress, initially skeptical of the League's representation of Indian Muslims, to acknowledge its significance.{{R|Mohiuddin-2007-1}} Jinnah's emergence as the voice of the Indian Muslims,{{sfn|Hoodbhoy|2023}} compelled the British to consider their stance, despite their ]. In a final attempt to prevent partition, they proposed the ].{{R|Mohiuddin-2007-2}} | |||
| As the Cabinet Mission failed, the British announced their intention to end rule by June 1948.{{sfn|Wolpert|1984|page=309}}{{sfn|Markovits|2012}} Following rigorous discussions involving ], ], ] of the ], and ] of Congress, the formal declaration to partition British India into two independent dominions—namely Pakistan and India—was issued by Mountbatten on the evening of 3 June 1947. In Mountbatten's oval office, the prime ministers of around a dozen major princely states gathered to receive their copies of the plan before its worldwide broadcast. At 7:00 P.M., ] transmitted the public announcement, starting with the viceroy's address, followed by individual speeches from Nehru, and Jinnah. The founder of Pakistan ] concluded his address with the slogan ''Pakistan Zindabad'' (Long Live Pakistan).{{sfn|Wolpert|1984|pages=328–329}} | |||
| In the riots that accompanied the partition in Punjab Province, it is believed that between 200,000 and 2,000,000<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1169309 |title=Murder, rape and shattered families: 1947 Partition Archive effort underway |date=13 March 2015 |work=Dawn |quote=There are no exact numbers of people killed and displaced, but estimates range from a few hundred thousand to two million killed and more than 10 million displaced.|access-date=14 January 2017 }}<br />- {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yqAGKpOe9xMC&pg=PA36 |title=South Asia's Cold War: Nuclear Weapons and Conflict in Comparative Perspective |last=Basrur |first=Rajesh M. |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-134-16531-5 |quote=An estimated 12–15 million people were displaced, and some 2 million died. The legacy of Partition (never without a capital P) remains strong today ...}}<br />- {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Kne87aU7D0C&q=2+000+000+killed+partition&pg=PA3 |title=Idols of the Tribe: Group Identity and Political Change |last=Isaacs |first=Harold Robert |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1975 |isbn=978-0-674-44315-0 |quote=2,000,000 killed in the Hindu-Muslim holocaust during the partition of British-India and the creation of India and Pakistan}}<br />- {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivzKjY5LncIC&pg=PA53 |title=Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia |last=D'Costa |first=Bina |publisher=Routledge |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-415-56566-0|page=53 |quote=Estimates of the dead vary from 200,000 (the contemporary British figure) to 2 million (a subsequent Indian speculation). Today, however, it is widely accepted that nearly a million people died during Partition (Butalia, 1997).}}<br />- {{Cite book |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/b/butalia-silence.html |title=The Other Side of Silence: Voices From the Partition of British India |last=Butalia |first=Urvashi |publisher=Duke University Press |year=2000}}<br />- {{Cite book |title=Muslims in India Since 1947: Islamic Perspectives on Inter-Faith Relations |last=Sikand |first=Yoginder |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-134-37825-8 |page=5}}</ref> people were killed in what some have described as a retributive genocide between the religions<ref>{{cite web |url=http://faculty.washington.edu/brass/Partition.pdf |title=The partition of India and retributive genocide in the Punjab, 1946–47: means, methods, and purposes |first=Paul R. |last=Brass |author-link=Paul Brass |date=2003 |publisher=Carfax Publishing: Taylor and Francis Group |pages=81–82 (5(1), 71–101) |quote=In the event, largely but not exclusively as a consequence of their efforts, the entire Muslim population of the eastern Punjab districts migrated to West Punjab and the entire Sikh and Hindu populations moved to East Punjab in the midst of widespread intimidation, terror, violence, abduction, rape, and murder. |website=]|access-date=16 August 2014}}<br />- {{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/291225/20th-century-international-relations/32936/South-Asia#ref304573 |title=20th-century international relations (politics) :: South Asia |website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=16 August 2014}}</ref> while 50,000 Muslim women were ] by Hindu and Sikh men, 33,000 Hindu and Sikh women also experienced the same fate at the hands of Muslims.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P7a-FuiMcTYC&pg=PA75 |title=Violent Belongings: Partition, Gender, and National Culture in Postcolonial India |last=Daiya |first=Kavita |publisher=Temple University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-59213-744-2|page=75 |quote=The official estimate of the number of abducted women during Partition was placed at 33,000 non-Muslim (Hindu or Sikh predominantly) women in Pakistan, and 50,000 Muslim women in India.}}<br />- {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tmA0DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 |title=Revisiting India's Partition: New Essays on Memory, Culture, and Politics |last1=Singh |first1=Amritjit |last2=Iyer |first2=Nalini |last3=Gairola |first3=Rahul K. |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4985-3105-4|page=14 |quote=The horrific statistics that surround women refugees-between 75,000–100,000 Hindu, Muslim and Sikh women who were abducted by men of the other communities, subjected to multiple rapes, mutilations, and, for some, forced marriages and conversions-is matched by the treatment of the abducted women in the hands of the nation-state. In the Constituent Assembly in 1949 it was recorded that of the 50,000 Muslim women abducted in India, 8,000 of then were recovered, and of the 33,000 Hindu and Sikh women abducted, 12,000 were recovered.}}<- br>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cm4PBNdaFjYC&pg=PA131 |title=Women and the Politics of Violence |last=Abraham |first=Taisha |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |year=2002 |isbn=978-81-241-0847-5|page=131 |quote=In addition thousands of women on both sides of the newly formed borders (estimated range from 29,000 to 50,000 Muslim women and 15,000 to 35,000 Hindu and Sikh women) were abducted, raped, forced to convert, forced into marriage, forced back into what the two States defined as 'their proper homes', torn apart from their families once during partition by those who abducted them, and again, after partition, by the State which tried to 'recover' and 'rehabilitate' them.}}<br />- . nGoogle Books.in (16 May 2011).</ref> Around 6.5 million Muslims moved from India to West Pakistan and 4.7 million Hindus and Sikhs moved from West Pakistan to India.<ref name="ECM">{{cite book |last1=Hasan |first1=Arif |last2=Raza |first2=Mansoor |title=Migration and Small Towns in Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U7imPH4KVJUC&pg=PA12 |quote=When the British Indian Empire was partitioned in 1947, 4.7 million Sikhs and Hindus left what is today Pakistan for India, and 6.5 million Muslims migrated from India to Pakistan. |publisher=IIED |year=2009 |page=12 |isbn=978-1-84369-734-3}}</ref> It was the largest mass migration in human history.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bates |first=Crispin |title=The Hidden Story of Partition and its Legacies |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/partition1947_01.shtml |quote=Unfortunately, it was accompanied by the largest mass migration in human history of some 10 million. |work=BBC History|date=3 March 2011 |access-date=16 August 2014}}<br />- {{cite web |url=http://www.unhcr.org/3ebf9bab0.pdf |title=Rupture in South Asia |publisher=UNHCR|access-date=16 August 2014}}<br />- {{cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/08/the-fading-memory-of-partition-india-pakistan-bangladesh/376120/ |title=The Fading Memory of South Asia's Partition |date=15 August 2014 |website=The Atlantic |author=Tanya Basu|access-date=16 August 2014}}</ref> A subsequent dispute over the ] of ] eventually sparked the ].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iftjFki3fhYC&pg=PA6 |title=Insurgent Crossfire: North-East India |publisher=Lancer Publishers |access-date=15 April 2012 |author=Subir Bhaumik |year=1996 |isbn=978-1-897829-12-7 |page=6 }}<br />- {{cite web |url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/uncom1.htm |title=Resolution adopted by the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan |publisher=Mount Holyoke College |access-date=19 January 2010 |archive-date=2 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902172823/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/uncom1.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
| As the United Kingdom agreed to the ],{{sfn|Wolpert|1984|pages=328–329}} the modern state of Pakistan was established on ] {{small|(27th of ] in 1366 of the ], considered to be the most blessed date from an Islamic perspective)}}.{{sfn|Hasanie|2013}}{{sfn|Akbarzadeh|2020}} This new nation amalgamated the ] eastern and ] of ], comprising the provinces of ], ], the ], ], and Sindh.{{sfn|Cohen|2004|page=6}} | |||
| === Independence and modern Pakistan === | |||
| In the riots that accompanied the partition in Punjab Province, between 200,000 and 2,000,000 people were killed in what some have described as a retributive genocide between the religions.{{refn|name="Riots-1"}} Around 50,000 Muslim women were ] by Hindu and Sikh men, while 33,000 Hindu and Sikh women experienced the same fate at the hands of Muslims.{{refn|name="Riots-2"}} Around 6.5 million Muslims moved from India to West Pakistan and 4.7 million Hindus and Sikhs moved from West Pakistan to India.{{R|Hasan-Raza-2009}} It was the largest mass migration in human history.{{sfn|Riggs|2024}} A subsequent dispute over the ] of ] eventually sparked the ].{{sfn|Bhaumik|1996}} | |||
| === Post Independence === | |||
| {{Main|Dominion of Pakistan|History of Pakistan}} | {{Main|Dominion of Pakistan|History of Pakistan}} | ||
| {{See also|Monarchy of Pakistan}} | {{See also|Monarchy of Pakistan}} | ||
| ] was |
] was elected 1st Prime Minister of Pakistan.{{sfn|Kazmi|2003}}{{sfn|Tucker|2017}}]] | ||
| After ] in 1947, Jinnah, the ] of the Muslim League, became Pakistan's first ] and the first ] of the ], but he succumbed to tuberculosis on 11 September 1948.{{sfn|Tucker|2017}}{{sfn|Akbar|2018}} Meanwhile, Pakistan's founding fathers agreed to appoint ], the ] of the ], the nation's ] ].{{sfn|Kazmi|2003}}{{sfn|Tucker|2017}} From 1947 to 1956, ] within the Commonwealth of Nations, and had two monarchs before it became a republic.{{R|Kumarasingham-2013}} | |||
| The creation of Pakistan was never fully accepted by many British leaders including ].{{R|McGrath-1996}} Mountbatten expressed his lack of support and faith in the Muslim League's idea of Pakistan.{{R|Ahmed-1997}} Jinnah refused Mountbatten's offer to serve as Governor-General of Pakistan.{{R|Wolpert-2009}} When Mountbatten was asked by ] and ] if he would have sabotaged Pakistan had he known that Jinnah was dying of tuberculosis, he replied 'most probably'.{{R|Lapierre-Collins-2015}} | |||
| After ] in 1947, Jinnah, the ] of the Muslim League, became the nation's first ] as well as the first ] of the ], but he died of tuberculosis on 11 September 1948.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/jinnah_mohammad_ali.shtml |title=BBC – History – Historic Figures: Mohammad Ali Jinnah (1876–1948)|website=BBC|access-date=20 December 2016 |quote=Jinnah became the first governor general of Pakistan, but died of tuberculosis on 11 September 1948.}}</ref> Meanwhile, Pakistan's founding fathers agreed to appoint ], the ] of the ], the nation's ] ]. From 1947 to 1956, ] within the Commonwealth of Nations, and had two monarchs before it became a republic.<ref>{{citation|last1=Kumarasingham|first1=Harshan|title=THE 'TROPICAL DOMINIONS': THE APPEAL OF DOMINION STATUS IN THE DECOLONISATION OF INDIA, PAKISTAN AND CEYLON, vol. 23| url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23726109 |year=2013|publisher=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society|page=223|jstor=23726109|quote=Few today, including those who work on the subcontinent, recollect that India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka did not become republics the day British rule ended. Even distinguished scholars of Empire like Perry Anderson and A. G. Hopkins have made the common assumption that India naturally became a republic upon independence on 15 August 1947. Instead, all three of these South Asian states began their independent life as Realms within the British Commonwealth and mirrored the style and institutions of the Dominions of Canada, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand. Though their sovereignty was in no way impaired by this seemingly ambiguous position they all held the British sovereign as their head of state who was represented in each capital by a governor- general appointed on the advice of the local prime minister. India, Pakistan and Ceylon were Realms from 1947 to 1950, 1947 to 1956 and 1948 to 1972 respectively.}}</ref> | |||
| ] film on Pakistan, made in 1950, examines the history and geography of Pakistan.]] | |||
| The creation of Pakistan was never fully accepted by many British leaders, among them ].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a0FuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Destruction of Pakistan's Democracy |last=McGrath |first=Allen |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-19-577583-9|page=38 |quote=Undivided India, their magnificent imperial trophy, was besmirched by the creation of Pakistan, and the division of India was never emotionally accepted by many British leaders, Mountbatten among them.}}</ref> Mountbatten clearly expressed his lack of support and faith in the Muslim League's idea of Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YGdiqF6V8wYC&pg=PA136 |title=Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin |last=Ahmed |first=Akbar S. |publisher=Psychology Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-415-14966-2|page=136 |quote=Mountbatten's partiality was apparent in his own statements. He tilted openly and heavily towards Congress. While doing so he clearly expressed his lack of support and faith in the Muslim League and its Pakistan idea.}}</ref> Jinnah refused Mountbatten's offer to serve as ].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJHTif-WA6oC&pg=PA163 |title=Shameful Flight: The Last Years of the British Empire in India |last=Wolpert |first=Stanley |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-974504-3|page=163 |quote=Mountbatten tried to convince Jinnah of the value of accepting him, Mountbatten, as Pakistan's first governor-general, but Jinnah refused to be moved from his determination to take that job himself.}}</ref> When Mountbatten was asked by Collins and Lapierre if he would have sabotaged Pakistan had he known that Jinnah was dying of tuberculosis, he replied 'most probably'.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RqyniTHXFxUC&pg=PT209 |title=Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin |last=Ahmed |first=Akbar |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-134-75022-1|quote=When Mountbatten was asked by Collins and Lapierre if he would have sabotaged Pakistan if he had known that Jinnah was dying of tuberculosis, his answer was instructive. There was no doubt in his mind about the legality or morality of his position on Pakistan. 'Most probably,' he said (1982:39).}}</ref> | |||
| ] film on Pakistan made in 1950 examines the history and geography of Pakistan.]] | |||
| {{quote box | {{quote box | ||
| |quote = "You are free; you are free to go to your temples, you are free to go to your mosques or to any other place |
|quote = "You are free; you are free to go to your temples, you are free to go to your mosques or to any other place of worship in this State of Pakistan. You may belong to any religion or caste or creed – that has nothing to do with the business of the State." | ||
| |source = —]'s first speech to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan |
|source = —]'s first speech to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan.{{sfn|Wilson|2009}} | ||
| |align = right | |align = right | ||
| |width = 25em | |width = 25em | ||
| Line 229: | Line 206: | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| Maulana ], a respected Deobandi ''alim'' (scholar) who |
Maulana ], a respected Deobandi ''alim'' (scholar) who held the position of Shaykh al-Islam in Pakistan in 1949, and ] of ] played key roles in advocating for an Islamic constitution. Mawdudi insisted that the Constituent Assembly declare the "supreme sovereignty of God" and the supremacy of the ''shariah'' in Pakistan.{{R|Hussain-2008-1}} | ||
| The efforts of Jamaat-i-Islami and the '']'' led to the passage of the ] in March 1949. This resolution, described by Liaquat Ali Khan as the second most significant step in Pakistan's history, affirmed that "sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to God Almighty alone and the authority which He has delegated to the State of Pakistan through its people for being exercised within the limits prescribed by Him is a sacred trust". It was later included as a preamble to the constitutions of 1956, 1962, and 1973.{{R|Hussain-2008-2}} | |||
| ] |
] faced setbacks due to the ] imposed by President ], who was succeeded by General ]. After adopting a ] in 1962, Pakistan witnessed significant growth until the ] with India in 1965, resulting in an economic downturn and widespread public discontent in 1967.{{sfn|Wynbrandt|2009|p=190–197}}{{sfn|Chowdhury|Mahmud|2008}} In 1969, President ] consolidated control, but faced a devastating ] in East Pakistan resulting in 500,000 deaths.{{sfn|Kathpalia|1986}} | ||
| In 1970 Pakistan |
In 1970, Pakistan conducted its ] since independence, intending to transition from ] to democracy. However, after the East Pakistani ] emerged victorious over the ] (PPP), Yahya Khan and the military refused to transfer power.{{sfn|Koumar|2023}} This led to ], a military crackdown, and eventually sparked the ] by Bengali ] forces in East Pakistan,{{sfn|Lewis|2011}} described in West Pakistan as a civil war rather than a liberation struggle.{{sfn|Bose|2005}} | ||
| ] to end ] with India in 1965 in ], ], by President ] alongside ] (centre) and ] (left)]] | |||
| Independent researchers estimate that between 300,000 and 500,000 civilians died during this period while the Bangladesh government puts the number of dead at three million,<ref>{{cite news |last=Dummett |first=Mark |title=Bangladesh war: The article that changed history |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16207201 |work=BBC News |date=16 December 2011 |access-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> a figure that is now nearly universally regarded as excessively inflated.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hiro |first=Dilip |title=The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpPCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA216 |publisher=Nation Books |year=2015 |page=216 |isbn=978-1-56858-503-1}}</ref> Some academics such as ] and ] say both sides<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP8.HTM |title=Statistics of Pakistan's Democide |access-date=10 February 2015}}</ref> committed genocide; others such as ] and Leo E. Rose believe there was no genocide.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Genocide Debate: Politicians, Academics, and Victims |last=Beachler |first=Donald |publisher=Springer |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-230-33763-3 |page=16}}</ref> In response to India's support for the insurgency in East Pakistan, ] on India by Pakistan's ], ], and ] sparked ] in 1971 that resulted in an Indian victory and East Pakistan gaining ] as ].<ref name="Jahan" /> | |||
| ] to end ] with India in 1965 in ], ], by President ] alongside ] (centre) and ] (left){{sfn|Khan|2008}}]] | |||
| With Pakistan ] in the war, Yahya Khan was replaced by ] as president; the country worked towards promulgating ] and putting the country on the road to democracy. Democratic rule resumed from 1972 to 1977—an era of self-consciousness, intellectual ], ], and nationwide reconstruction.<ref>{{cite web |author=M. Zafar |url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/september/arena.htm |title=How Pakistan Army moved into the Political Arena |website=Defence Journal |access-date=15 March 2009 |archive-date=29 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929004111/http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/september/arena.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1972 Pakistan embarked on an ambitious plan to develop its ] capability with ] any ]; the country's ] ] was inaugurated in that same year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bhutto was father of Pakistan's Atom Bomb Programme |url=http://www.iiss.org/whats-new/iiss-in-the-press/press-coverage-2007/may-2007/bhutto-was-father-of-pakistani-bomb/?locale=en |website=International Institute for Strategic Studies |access-date=19 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314025504/http://www.iiss.org/whats-new/iiss-in-the-press/press-coverage-2007/may-2007/bhutto-was-father-of-pakistani-bomb/?locale=en |archive-date=14 March 2012 }}</ref><ref name="Hoodbhoy">{{cite news |author=Pervez Amerali Hoodbhoy |author-link=Pervaiz Hoodbhoy |title=Pakistan's nuclear bayonet |website=] |date=23 January 2011 |url=http://www.dawn.com/2011/02/16/herald-exclusive-pakistans-nuclear-bayonet.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218212415/http://www.dawn.com/2011/02/16/herald-exclusive-pakistans-nuclear-bayonet.html |archive-date=18 February 2011|access-date=9 September 2011}}</ref> Accelerated in response to India's ] in 1974, this ] was completed in 1979.<ref name="Hoodbhoy" /> | |||
| Independent researchers estimate that between 300,000 and 500,000 civilians died during this period while the Bangladesh government puts the number of dead at three million,{{sfn|Sunkara|Walter|Rojas|2024}} a figure that is now nearly universally regarded as excessively inflated.{{sfn|Hiro|2015}} Some academics such as ] and ] say both sides committed genocide;{{sfn|Rummel|1998}} others such as ] and Leo E. Rose believe there was no genocide.{{sfn|Beachler|2011}} In response to India's support for the insurgency in East Pakistan, ] on India by Pakistan's ], ], and ] sparked ] in 1971 that resulted in an Indian victory and East Pakistan gaining ] as ].{{sfn|Totten|2000}} | |||
| Democracy ended with a ] in 1977 against the ] PPP, which saw ] become the president in 1978. From 1977 to 1988, President Zia's ] and ] initiatives led to Pakistan becoming one of the fastest-growing economies in South Asia.<ref>{{cite web |author=Sushil Khanna |title=The Crisis in the Pakistan Economy |url=http://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv8n1/pakistan.htm |publisher=Revolutionary Democracy|access-date=16 November 2011}}</ref> While building up the country's ], increasing ],<ref>{{cite book |title=State and Secularism: Perspectives from Asia |page=202 |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-981-4282-37-6 |author1=Michael Heng Siam-Heng |author2=Ten Chin Liew |year=2010 |location=Singapore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9cCtsWb9hoYC&q=zia+ul+haq&pg=PA202|access-date=28 December 2011}}</ref> and the rise of a homegrown ] philosophy, Pakistan helped subsidise and distribute US ] of the ] against the ]'s ] in ].<ref>{{cite book |author=Steve Coll |author-link=Steve Coll |title=Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001 |url=https://archive.org/details/ghostwarssecreth00coll/page/720 |url-access=registration |edition=23 February 2004 |page= |publisher=Penguin Press HC |isbn=978-1-59420-007-6 |year=2004 }}<br />- {{cite book |author=Odd Arne Westad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QhFZHRpQdu4C&pg=PT343 |title=The global Cold War: third world interventions and the making of our times|access-date=22 January 2012 |year=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-85364-4 |pages=348–358}}</ref> Pakistan's ] became a base for the anti-Soviet Afghan fighters, with the province's influential ] ulama playing a significant role in encouraging and organising the 'jihad'.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haroon |first=Sana |year=2008 |title=The Rise of Deobandi Islam in the North-West Frontier Province and Its Implications in Colonial India and Pakistan 1914–1996 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=66–67 |jstor=27755911|doi=10.1017/S1356186307007778 |s2cid=154959326 }}</ref> | |||
| With Pakistan ] in the war,{{sfn|Agha|2021}} Yahya Khan was replaced by ] as president; the country worked towards promulgating ] and putting the country on the road to democracy.{{sfn|Paxton|2016}}{{sfn|Oldenburg|2010}} In 1972 Pakistan embarked on an ambitious plan to develop its ] capability with ] any ]; the country's ] ] was inaugurated in that same year.{{sfn|Fitzpatrick|2007}}{{sfn|Hoodbhoy|2011}} India's ] in 1974 gave Pakistan additional justification to accelerate its ].{{sfn|Hoodbhoy|2011}} | |||
| ] in a plane crash in 1988, and ], daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, was elected as the country's ] Prime Minister. The PPP was followed by conservative ], and over the next decade the leaders of the two parties fought for power, alternating in office while the country's situation worsened; economic indicators fell sharply, in contrast to the 1980s. This period is marked by prolonged ], instability, ], ], ] rivalry with India, and the clash of ]-] ideologies.<ref>{{cite web |author=Marie Chene |url=http://www.u4.no/publications/overview-of-corruption-in-pakistan/ |title=Overview of corruption in Pakistan |website=Anti Corruption Resource Centre|access-date=23 December 2011}}<br />- {{cite journal |author=Ishrat Husain |title=Pakistan & Afghanistan: Domestic Pressures and Regional Threats: The Role of Politics in Pakistan's Economy |url=http://jia.sipa.columbia.edu/role-politics-pakistans-economy-0 |journal=Journal of International Affairs |year=2009 |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=1–18}}</ref> As ] secured a ] in ] in 1997, Sharif authorised ] (See:'']'' and '']''), as a ] to the ] ordered by India, led by Prime Minister ] in May 1998.<ref name="Stanford University Press">{{cite book |last=Khan |first=Feroz Hassan |title=Eating grass: the making of the Pakistani bomb |date=2012 |publisher=Stanford University Press |location=Stanford, California |isbn=978-0-8047-7600-4}}</ref> | |||
| Democracy ended with a ] in 1977 against the ] PPP, which saw ] become the president in 1978.{{sfn|Krasno|LaPides|2015}} From 1977 to 1988, President Zia's ] and ] initiatives led to Pakistan becoming one of the fastest-growing economies in South Asia.{{sfn|Khanna|2002}} While building up the country's ], increasing ], and the rise of a homegrown ] philosophy, Pakistan helped subsidise and distribute US ] of the ] against the ]'s ] in ].{{sfn|Hajari|2015}}{{sfn|Coll|2004}}{{sfn|Westad|2005}} Pakistan's ] became a base for the anti-Soviet Afghan fighters, with the province's influential ] ulama playing a significant role in encouraging and organising the 'jihad'.{{sfn|Haroon|2008}} | |||
| ] meets with President ] in ] during his 2006 visit to Pakistan.]] | |||
| Military tension between the two countries in the ] led to the ] of 1999, and turmoil in ] allowed General ] to take over through a ].<ref name="kargil">{{cite news |title=India launches Kashmir air attack |date=26 May 1999 |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/352995.stm|access-date=5 August 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/472968.stm |title=Pakistan after the coup: Special report |date=12 October 2000|access-date=17 March 2009 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Musharraf governed Pakistan as ] from 1999 to 2001 and as President from 2001 to 2008—a period of ], social ], extensive ],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:20643510~menuPK:158937~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:223547,00.html |title=Pakistan Among Top 10 Reformers |website=World Bank |date=12 September 2005|access-date=19 November 2016}}</ref> and ]. When the ] historically completed its first full five-year term on 15 November 2007, the new elections were called by the ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Performance of 12th NationalAssembly of Pakistan- |url=http://www.pildat.org/Publications/publication/Democracy%26LegStr/5Yearsof12thNationalAssemblyofPakistan-CitizensReport.pdf |website=Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Transperency |page=5|access-date=23 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112104310/http://www.pildat.org/Publications/publication/Democracy%26LegStr/5Yearsof12thNationalAssemblyofPakistan-CitizensReport.pdf |archive-date=12 January 2012 }}</ref> | |||
| ] in a plane crash in 1988, and ], daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, was elected as the country's ] Prime Minister. The PPP was followed by conservative ] (PML (N)), and over the next decade the leaders of the two parties fought for power, alternating in office.{{sfn|Tucker|2015}} This period is marked by prolonged ], political instability, ], misgovernment, ] rivalry with India, and the clash of ]-] ideologies.{{sfn|Chapman|2018}}{{sfn|Husain|2010}} As PML (N) secured a ] in ] in 1997,{{sfn|Yap|Abeyratne|2023|page=68}} ] authorised ], as a ] to the ] conducted by India in May 1998.{{sfn|Khan|2012}} | |||
| After the ] in 2007, the PPP secured the ] in the ] of 2008, appointing party member ] as Prime Minister.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7312116.stm |title=New Pakistan PM Gillani sworn in |date=25 March 2008|access-date=17 March 2009 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Threatened with ], President Musharraf resigned on 18 August 2008, and was succeeded by ].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5i9dz2ZxX6MRv5ZOKT4cx4-1O_qTQ |title=Zardari wins Pakistan presidential election: officials |date=5 September 2008 |agency=AFP|access-date=17 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707123120/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5i9dz2ZxX6MRv5ZOKT4cx4-1O_qTQ |archive-date=7 July 2009}}<br />- {{Cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/08/18/musharraf.address/ |date=19 August 2008|access-date=19 January 2010 |title=Musharraf Exits, but Uncertainty Remains |newspaper=The Washington Post |author=Candace Rondeaux}}<br />- {{cite news |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,405221,00.html |title=Pakistani President Musharraf Resigns Amid Impeachment Threats |website=Fox News |date=18 August 2008 |access-date=18 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820093124/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,405221,00.html |archive-date=20 August 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Clashes with the ] prompted ]'s disqualification from the ] and as the ] in June 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/article-55039-Gilani-disqualified-as-PM:-SC-- |title=Gilani disqualified as PM: SC |newspaper=Daily The News International.com|access-date=19 June 2012}}</ref> By its own financial calculations, Pakistan's ] has cost up to $118 billion,<ref>{{cite news |title='War on terror' has cost Pakistan $118bn: SBP |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1297305|access-date=3 April 2017 |work=] |agency=] |date=19 November 2016}}</ref> ] and more than 1.8 million displaced civilians.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan IDP Figures Analysis |url=http://www.internal-displacement.org/south-and-south-east-asia/pakistan/figures-analysis |access-date=3 April 2017 |work=Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404045647/http://www.internal-displacement.org/south-and-south-east-asia/pakistan/figures-analysis |archive-date=4 April 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The ] held in 2013 saw the PML (N) almost achieve a ], following which ] was elected as the Prime Minister, returning to the post for the third time in fourteen years, in a democratic transition.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-06-05/an-pervaz-sharif-officially-endorsed-as-pakistan27s-prime-mini/4735828 |title=Nawaz Sharif sworn in as Pakistani PM |work=ABC |date=5 June 2013|access-date=6 June 2013}}</ref> In 2018, ] (the chairman of ]) won the ] with 116 general seats and became the 22nd ] in election of ] for ] by getting 176 votes against ] (the chairman of ]) who got 96 votes.<ref>{{cite news |title=Imran Khan won Pakistan general election, 2018 and became the 22nd Prime Minister of Pakistan |url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/headline/leader-of-the-house-national-assembly-to-elect-new-prime-minister-of-pakistan-today/ |access-date=22 August 2018 |work=]}}</ref> In April 2022, ] was elected as Pakistan's new prime minister, after Imran Khan lost a no-confidence vote in the parliament.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan: Shehbaz Sharif chosen as PM after week-long uncertainty |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-61063386 |work=BBC News |date=11 April 2022}}</ref> | |||
| {{clear}} | |||
| ] meets with Indian Prime Minister ] in ] at the sidelines of 12th ] summit in 2004.{{sfn|Ahmad|2023}}]] | |||
| == Role of Islam == | |||
| {{See also|Secularism in Pakistan}} | |||
| Pakistan is the only country to have been created in the name of Islam.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0616|title=Pakistan|last=Hussain|first=Rizwan|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|quote=Pakistan is unique among Muslim countries in its relationship with Islam: it is the only country to have been established in the name of Islam}}<br />- {{cite web|url=http://www.historytoday.com/ian-talbot/jinnah-and-making-pakistan|title=Jinnah and the Making of Pakistan|last=Talbot|first=Ian|date=2 February 1984|website=History Today|quote=As British rule there drew to an end, many Muslims demanded, in the name of Islam, the creation of a separate Pakistan state.}}</ref> The idea of Pakistan, which had received overwhelming popular support among Indian Muslims, especially those in the provinces of British India where Muslims were in a minority such as the ],<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PrqLBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA496 |title=Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India |last=Dhulipala |first=Venkat |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-316-25838-5 |page=496 |quote=The idea of Pakistan may have had its share of ambiguities, but its dismissal as a vague emotive symbol hardly illuminates the reasons as to why it received such overwhelmingly popular support among Indian Muslims, especially those in the 'minority provinces' of British India such as U.P.}}</ref> was articulated in terms of an ] by the Muslim League leadership, the ] (Islamic clergy) and Jinnah.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PrqLBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA497 |title=Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India |last=Dhulipala |first=Venkat |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-316-25838-5 |page=497 |quote=As the book has demonstrated, local ML functionaries, (U.P.) ML leadership, Muslim modernists at Aligarh, the ulama and even Jinnah at times articulated their vision of Pakistan in terms of an Islamic state.}}</ref> Jinnah had developed a close association with the ''ulama'' and upon his death was described by one such ''alim'', ], as the greatest Muslim after ] and as someone who desired to unite the Muslims of the world under the banner of Islam.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PrqLBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA489 |title=Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India |last=Dhulipala |first=Venkat |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-316-25838-5 |page=489 |quote=But what is undeniable is the close association he developed with the ulama, for when he died a little over a year after Pakistan was born, Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, in his funeral oration, described Jinnah as the greatest Muslim after the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.}}<br />- {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PrqLBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA489 |title=Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India |last=Dhulipala |first=Venkat |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-316-25838-5 |page=489 |quote=Similarly, Usmani asked Pakistanis to remember the Qaid's ceaseless message of Unity, Faith and Discipline and work to fulfil his dream to create a solid bloc of all Muslim states from Karachi to Ankara, from Pakistan to Morocco. He wanted to see the Muslims of the world united under the banner of Islam as an effective check against the aggressive designs of their enemies}}</ref> | |||
| Military tension between the two countries in the ] led to the ] of 1999,{{sfn|Mazari|2003}}{{sfn|Chakma|2014}} and turmoil in ] allowed General ] to take over through a ].{{sfn|Yarbakhsh|2019}} Musharraf governed Pakistan as ] from 1999 to 2002 and as president from 2001 to 2008{{sfn|Khoja-Moolji|2021}}—a period of ],{{sfn|Fair|2014}}{{sfn|Kennedy|2021}} social ],{{sfn|Zulfiqar|2011}} extensive ],{{sfn|Mohiuddin|2007|page=219}} and ].{{sfn|Kennedy|2021}} By its own financial calculations, Pakistan's ] has cost up to $118 billion, over ],{{sfn|Martini|Ford|Jackson|2020}} and more than 1.8 million displaced civilians.{{sfn|Mansbach|Pirro|Taylor|2017}} | |||
| The Objectives Resolution in March 1949, which declared God as the sole sovereign over the entire universe, represented the first formal step to transform Pakistan into an Islamic state.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC&pg=PA16 |title=Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military |last=Haqqani |first=Hussain |publisher=Carnegie Endowment |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-87003-285-1 |page=16 |quote=The first formal step toward transforming Pakistan into an Islamic ideological state was taken in March 1949 when the country's first prime minister, Liaquat Ali Khan, presented the Objectives Resolution in the constituent assembly.}}</ref><ref name=":13" /> Muslim League leader ] asserted that Pakistan could only truly become an Islamic state after bringing all believers of Islam into a single political unit.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PrqLBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA491 |title=Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India |last=Dhulipala |first=Venkat |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-316-25838-5 |page=491 |quote=Khaliq drew a sharp distinction between this Islamic state and a Muslim state. He claimed that as of now Pakistan was only a Muslim state in view of the majority of its population being Muslim, and indeed could never be an Islamic state by itself. It could certainly fulfill its promise and destiny by bringing together all the believers of Islam into one political unit and it is only then that an Islamic state would be achieved.}}</ref> Keith Callard, one of the earliest scholars on Pakistani politics, observed that Pakistanis believed in the essential unity of purpose and outlook in the Muslim world and assumed that Muslim from other countries would share their views on the relationship between religion and nationality.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC&pg=PA18 |title=Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military |last=Haqqani |first=Hussain |publisher=Carnegie Endowment |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-87003-285-1 |page=18 |quote=One of the earliest Western scholars of Pakistani politics, Keith Callard, observed that Pakistanis seemed to believe in the essential unity of purpose and outlook in the Muslim world: Pakistan was founded to advance the cause of Muslims. Other Muslims might have been expected to be sympathetic, even enthusiastic. But this assumed that other Muslim states would take the same view of the relation between religion and nationality.}}</ref> | |||
| ] in Lahore]] | |||
| However, Pakistan's pan-Islamist sentiments for a united Islamic bloc called Islamistan were not shared by other Muslim governments,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC&pg=PA18 |title=Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military |last=Haqqani |first=Hussain |publisher=Carnegie Endowment |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-87003-285-1 |page=18 |quote=Pakistan's pan-Islamic aspirations, however, were neither shared nor supported by the Muslim governments of the time. Nationalism in other parts of the Muslim world was based on ethnicity, language, or territory.}}</ref> although Islamists such as the Grand Mufti of Palestine, ], and leaders of the ], became drawn to the country. Pakistan's desire for an international organization of Muslim countries was fulfilled in the 1970s when the ] (OIC) was formed.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC&pg=PA19 |title=Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military |last=Haqqqani |first=Hussain |publisher=Carnegie Endowment |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-87003-285-1 |page=19 |quote=Although Muslim governments were initially unsympathetic to Pakistan's pan-Islamic aspirations, Islamists from the world over were drawn to Pakistan. Controversial figures such as the pro-Nazi former grand mufti of Palestine, Al-Haj Amin al-Husseini, and leaders of Islamist political movements like the Arab Muslim Brotherhood became frequent visitors to the country.}}</ref> | |||
| The ] historically completed its first full five-year term on 15 November 2007.{{sfn|United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations|2008}} After the ] in 2007, the PPP secured the ] in the ] of 2008, appointing party member ] as Prime Minister.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2015|page=261}} Threatened with ], President Musharraf resigned on 18 August 2008, and was succeeded by ].{{sfn|Kapoor|2009}} Clashes with the ] prompted Gilani's disqualification from the ] and as the Prime Minister in June 2012.{{sfn|Waseem|2022}} The ] held in 2013 saw the PML (N) achieve victory,{{sfn|Dede|Sadioglu|2016}} following which Nawaz Sharif was elected as Prime Minister for the third time.{{sfn|Ruhland|2019}} In 2018, ] won the ] and ] became the 22nd Prime Minister.{{sfn|Burnett|2020}} In April 2022, ] was elected as prime minister, after Imran Khan lost a no-confidence vote.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2023}} During ], PTI-backed independents became the largest bloc,{{sfn|Afzal|2024}} but Shehbaz Sharif was elected prime minister for a second term, as a result of a coalition between PML (N) and PPPP.{{sfn|Tariq|Stenson|2024}} | |||
| The strongest opposition to the Islamist ideological paradigm being imposed on the state came from the ] of East Pakistan<ref name="Haqqani2010">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC&pg=PA19 |title=Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military |year=2010 |publisher=Carnegie Endowment |isbn=978-0-87003-285-1 |pages=19– |author=Husain Haqqani}}</ref> whose educated class, according to a survey by social scientist Nasim Ahmad Jawed, preferred secularism and focused on ethnic identity unlike educated West Pakistanis who tended to prefer an Islamic identity.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X2_FAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT37 |title=The Causes of the Bangladesh War |last=Cochrane |first=Iain |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4452-4043-5 |quote=The social scientist, Nasim Ahmad Jawed has conducted a survey of nationalism in pre-divided Pakistan and identifies the links between religion, politics and nationalism in both wings of Pakistan. His findings are fascinating and go some way to explain the differing attitudes of West and East Pakistan to the relationship between Islam and Pakistani nationalism and how this affected the views of people in both wings, especially the views of the peoples of both wings towards each other. In 1969, Jawed conducted a survey on the type of national identity that was used by educated professional people. He found that just over 60% in the East wing professed to have a secular national identity. However, in the West wing, the same figure professed an Islamic and not a secular identity. Furthermore, the same figure in the East wing described their identity in terms of their ethnicity and not in terms of Islam. He found that the opposite was the case in the West wing where Islam was stated to be more important than ethnicity.}}</ref> The Islamist party ] considered Pakistan to be an Islamic state and believed ] to be unacceptable. In the 1971 conflict over East Pakistan, the Jamaat-e-Islami fought the Bengali nationalists on the Pakistan Army's side.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lintner |first=Bertil |title=Religious Extremism and Nationalism in Bangladesh |url=http://apcss.org/Publications/Edited%20Volumes/ReligiousRadicalism/PagesfromReligiousRadicalismandSecurityinSouthAsiach17.pdf |date=2004 |page=418}}</ref> The conflict concluded with East Pakistan seceding and the creation of independent ]. | |||
| {{Clear}} | |||
| == Geography == | |||
| After Pakistan's first ever general elections, the ] was created by an elected Parliament.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WG-pAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA196 |title=Islam, Law and Identity |last1=Diamantides |first1=Marinos |last2=Gearey |first2=Adam |publisher=Routledge |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-136-67565-2 |page=196 |quote=The Constitution of 1973 was created by a parliament that was elected in the 1970 elections. In this first ever general elections ...}}</ref> The Constitution declared Pakistan an Islamic Republic and Islam as the state religion. It also stated that all laws would have to be brought into accordance with the injunctions of Islam as laid down in the ] and ] and that no law repugnant to such injunctions could be enacted.<ref name=":8">{{cite book |last=Iqbal |first=Khurshid |title=The Right to Development in International Law: The Case of Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Wh8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA189 |publisher=Routledge |year=2009 |page=189 |isbn=978-1-134-01999-1}}</ref> The 1973 Constitution also created certain institutions such as the ]t Court and the ] to channel the interpretation and application of Islam.<ref name=":9">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WG-pAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA198 |title=Islam, Law and Identity |last1=Diamantides |first1=Marinos |last2=Gearey |first2=Adam |publisher=Routledge |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-136-67565-2 |page=198 |quote=The 1973 constitution also created certain institutions to channel the application and interpretation of Islam: the Council of Islamic Ideology and the Shariat Court.}}</ref> | |||
| {{Main|Geography of Pakistan|Environment of Pakistan|Climate of Pakistan|List of extreme weather records in Pakistan|l4=Extreme weather records in Pakistan|List of tropical cyclones in Pakistan|List of beaches in Pakistan}} | |||
| ] of Pakistan]] | |||
| Pakistan's diverse ] and ] host a wide array of ].{{sfn|Cheng et al.|2022}} Covering {{convert|881913|km2|abbr=on}},{{sfn|Agarwal|Ahmad|2021}} Pakistan's size is comparable to France and the UK combined.{{sfn|Malik|2015}} It ranks as the ],{{sfn|Mordi|Adisa|2022}} but this varies based on Kashmir's disputed status. Pakistan boasts a {{convert|1046|km|abbr=on}} coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman,{{sfn|Haque|2002}}{{sfn|Britannica (Gulf of Oman)|2024}} and shares land borders totaling {{convert|6774|km|abbr=on}}, including {{convert|2430|km|abbr=on}} with Afghanistan, {{convert|523|km|abbr=on}} with China, {{convert|2912|km|abbr=on}} with India, and {{convert|909|km|abbr=on}} with Iran.{{sfn|Factbook|2024}} It has a maritime border with Oman,{{sfn|Karaman|2012}} and shares a border with Tajikistan via the ].{{sfn|Banerjee|2019}} Situated at the crossroads of South Asia, the Middle East, and Central Asia,{{sfn|Mohiuddin|2007|page=3, 317, 323–324}} Pakistan's location is geopolitically significant.{{sfn|Kreft|2007}} Geologically, Pakistan straddles the Indus–Tsangpo Suture Zone and the ] in Sindh and Punjab, while Balochistan and most of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa sit on the ], primarily on the ]. Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Kashmir, along the Indian plate's edge, are ].{{refn|name="Geology"}} | |||
| Pakistan's leftist Prime Minister ] faced vigorous opposition which coalesced into a movement united under the revivalist banner of ''Nizam-e-Mustafa'' ("Rule of the ]")<ref name="nasr-45">{{cite book |title=Mawdudi and the Making of Islamic Revivalism |date=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-509695-8 |location=New York, Oxford |pages=45–46 |last1=Nasr |first1=Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr}}</ref> which aimed to establish an Islamic state based on Sharia laws. Bhutto agreed to some Islamist demands before being overthrown in a coup.<ref name="Kepel-1002">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLvTNk75hUoC&pg=PA100 |title=Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam |last1=Kepel |first1=Gilles |date=2002 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-1-84511-257-8 |edition=2006 |pages=100–101|access-date=5 December 2014}}</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| In 1977, after taking power from Bhutto in a coup d'état, General ], who came from a religious background,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC&pg=PA132 |title=Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military |last=Haqqani |first=Hussain |publisher=Carnegie Endowment |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-87003-285-1 |page=132 |quote=Most accounts of Zia ul-Haq's life confirm that he came from a religious family and that religion played an important part in molding his personality.}}</ref> committed himself to establishing an Islamic state and enforcing '']'' law.<ref name="Kepel-1002" /> Zia established separate Shariat judicial courts<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WG-pAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA198 |title=Islam, Law and Identity |last1=Diamantides |first1=Marinos |last2=Gearey |first2=Adam |publisher=Routledge |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-136-67565-2 |page=198 |quote=The Shariat judicial courts were not present in the original Constitution of 1973 and were later inserted in 1979 by General Zia-ul Haq ...}}</ref> and court benches<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mIUwZ4aVM8AC&pg=PA17 |title=Double Jeopardy: Police Abuse of Women in Pakistan |date=1992 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=19|access-date=3 December 2014 |isbn=978-1-56432-063-6}}<br />- {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC&pg=PA132 |title=Pakistan: between mosque and military |last=Haqqani |first=Hussain |publisher=United Book Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-87003-285-1 |location=Washington D.C. |page=400}}</ref> to judge legal cases using Islamic doctrine.<ref name="wynbr-2009">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofpa0000wynb_t6l9 |url-access=registration |title=A Brief History of Pakistan |date=2009 |publisher=Facts on File |isbn=978-0-8160-6184-6 |pages=–7 |quote=Zia, however, tried to bolster the influence of Islamic parties and the ulama on government and society. |last1=Wynbrandt |first1=James}}</ref> Zia bolstered the influence of the '']'' (Islamic clergy) and the Islamic parties.<ref name="wynbr-2009" /> ] forged a strong alliance between the ] and Deobandi institutions<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Mx5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA379 |title=Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan |last1=Syed |first1=Jawad |last2=Pio |first2=Edwina |last3=Kamran |first3=Tahir |last4=Zaidi |first4=Abbas |publisher=Springer |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-349-94966-3 |page=379 |quote=... the military dictator Zia ul Haq (1977–1988) forged a strong alliance between the military and Deobani institutions and movements (e.g. the TJ).}}</ref> and even though most Barelvi ulama<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WgFeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA135 |title=The Awakening of Muslim Democracy: Religion, Modernity, and the State |last=Cesari |first=Jocelyne |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-107-51329-7 |page=135 |quote=For example, the Barelvi ulama supported the formation of the state of Pakistan and thought that any alliance with Hindus (such as that between the Indian National Congress and the Jamiat ulama-I-Hind ) was counterproductive.}}</ref> and only a few Deobandi scholars had supported Pakistan's creation, Islamic state politics came to be mostly in favour of ] (and later Ahl-e-Hadith/]) institutions instead of Barelvi.<ref name=":10">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Mx5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA379 |title=Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan |last1=Syed |first1=Jawad |last2=Pio |first2=Edwina |last3=Kamran |first3=Tahir |last4=Zaidi |first4=Abbas |publisher=Springer |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-349-94966-3 |page=379 |quote=Ironically, Islamic state politics in Pakistan was mostly in favour of Deobandi, and more recently Ahl-e Hadith/Salafi, institutions. Only a few Deobandi clerics decided to support the Pakistan Movement, but they were highly influential.}}</ref> Sectarian tensions increased with Zia's anti-Shia policies.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Mx5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA346 |title=Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan |publisher=Springer |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-349-94966-3 |page=346 |quote=The grave impact of that legacy was compunded by the Iranian Revolution, and Zia-ul Haq's anti-Shia policies, which added the violence and regimentation of the organization.}}</ref> | |||
| Pakistan's landscapes vary from coastal plains to glaciated mountains, offering deserts, forests, hills, and plateaus.{{sfn|Cavendish|2006|page=297}} Pakistan is divided into three major geographic areas: the northern highlands, the Indus River plain, and the Balochistan Plateau.{{sfn|Blood|1996|page=82}} The northern highlands feature the ], ], and ] mountain ranges, hosting some of the world's highest peaks, including five of the fourteen ] (mountain peaks over {{convert|8000|m|ft|-1||disp=or}}), notably ] ({{convert|8611|m|abbr=on|disp=or}}) and ] ({{convert|8126|m|abbr=on|disp=or}}).{{sfn|Jiwani|2021}}{{sfn|Bright|2017}} The Balochistan Plateau lies in the west and the ] in the east.{{sfn|Blood|1996|page=83}}{{sfn|Ahmad|2009}}{{sfn|Hasan|Raza|2009|page=10}} The {{convert|1609|km|abbr=on}} Indus River and its tributaries traverse the nation from Kashmir to the Arabian Sea, sustaining alluvial plains along the Punjab and Sindh regions.{{sfn|Samuel|2016}} | |||
| According to a ] (PEW) opinion poll, a majority of Pakistanis support making Sharia the official law of the land.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2013/04/30/the-worlds-muslims-religion-politics-society-beliefs-about-sharia/ |title=Chapter 1: Beliefs About Sharia |last=Street |date=30 April 2013 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 December 2016}}</ref> In a survey of several Muslim countries, PEW also found that Pakistanis tend to identify with their religion more than their nationality in contrast to Muslims in other nations such as ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2006/07/06/muslims-in-europe-economic-worries-top-concerns-about-religious-and-cultural-identity/254-5/ |title=What Do You Consider Yourself First?|date=31 March 2010 |website=Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project|access-date=4 December 2016}}</ref> | |||
| The climate varies from tropical to temperate, with arid conditions in the coastal south. There is a monsoon season with frequent flooding due to heavy rainfall, and a dry season with significantly less rainfall or none at all.{{sfn|Chandrappa|Gupta|Kulshrestha|2011}} Pakistan experiences four distinct seasons: a cool, dry winter from December through February; a hot, dry spring from March through May; the summer rainy season, or southwest monsoon period, from June through September; and the retreating monsoon period of October and November.{{sfn|Blood|1996|page=87}} Rainfall varies greatly from year to year, with patterns of alternate flooding and drought common.{{sfn|Lane|Norton|Ryan|2017}} | |||
| == Geography, environment, and climate == | |||
| {{Main|Geography of Pakistan|Environment of Pakistan|Climate of Pakistan|List of extreme weather records in Pakistan|l4=Extreme weather records in Pakistan|List of tropical cyclones in Pakistan|List of beaches in Pakistan}} | |||
| ] of Pakistan]] | |||
| The ] and ] of Pakistan are extremely diverse, and the country is home to a wide variety of ].<ref name="Ministry of Information, Broadcasting, and National Heritage">{{cite web |url=http://infopak.gov.pk/LandAndPeople.aspx |title=Land and People |publisher=Ministry of Information, Broadcasting, and National Heritage|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222074046/http://infopak.gov.pk/LandAndPeople.aspx|archive-date=22 February 2015|access-date=18 February 2015}}</ref> Pakistan covers an area of {{convert|881913|km2|abbr=on}}, approximately equal to the combined land areas of France and the United Kingdom. It is the ], although this ranking varies depending on how the disputed territory of Kashmir is counted. Pakistan has a {{convert|1046|km|abbr=on}} coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south<ref>{{cite web |title=PNS Gwadar |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/pns-gwadar.htm |publisher=Global Security |date=21 November 2011|access-date=4 January 2012}}</ref> and land borders of {{convert|6774|km|abbr=on}} in total: {{convert|2430|km|abbr=on}} with Afghanistan, {{convert|523|km|abbr=on}} with ], {{convert|2912|km|abbr=on}} with India and {{convert|909|km|abbr=on}} with ].<ref name="ciafactbook" /> It shares a maritime border with Oman,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/TREATIES/OMN-PAK2000MB.PDF |title=Muscat Agreement on the Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between the Sultanate of Oman and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, 12 June 2000(1) |page=1|access-date=18 August 2011 |website=United Nations}}</ref> and is separated from Tajikistan by the cold, narrow ].<ref>{{cite news |author=Edward Wong |title=In Icy Tip of Afghanistan, War Seems Remote |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/28/world/asia/28wakhan.html|access-date=4 January 2012 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=27 October 2010}}</ref> Pakistan occupies a geopolitically important location at the crossroads of South Asia, the Middle East, and Central Asia.<ref name="yasmeen">{{cite book |author=Yasmeen Niaz Mohiuddin |title=Pakistan: a global studies handbook |year=2006 |publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-801-9|pages=3, 317, 323–324}}</ref> | |||
| Geologically, Pakistan is located in the Indus–Tsangpo Suture Zone and overlaps the ] in its Sindh and Punjab provinces; Balochistan and most of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are within the ], mainly on the ]. ] and ] lie along the edge of the Indian plate and hence are ]. This region has the highest rates of ] and the largest earthquakes in the Himalaya region.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan in the most active quake zone, says US Geological Survey |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1215636/pakistan-in-the-most-active-quake-zone-says-us-geological-survey |work=Dawn|access-date=5 November 2015 |date=27 October 2015}}</ref> Ranging from the coastal areas of the south to the glaciated mountains of the north, Pakistan's landscapes vary from plains to deserts, forests, hills, and plateaus.<ref>{{cite web |year=2010 |title=Pakistan |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/pakistan/index.stm |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations|access-date=29 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222051452/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/pakistan/index.stm |archive-date=22 December 2011}}</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| Pakistan is divided into three major geographic areas: the northern highlands, the Indus River plain, and the Balochistan Plateau.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Pakistan: Geography |url=http://www.pakistanstudies-aips.org/pakistan/geography/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721035911/http://www.pakistanstudies-aips.org/pakistan/geography/index.html |archive-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=American Institute For Pakistan Studies|access-date=24 July 2010}}</ref> The northern highlands contain the ], ], and ] mountain ranges (see ]), which contain some of the world's highest peaks, including five of the fourteen ] (mountain peaks over {{convert|8000|m|ft|-1||disp=or}}), which attract adventurers and mountaineers from all over the world, notably ] ({{convert|8611|m|abbr=on|disp=or}}) and ] ({{convert|8126|m|abbr=on|disp=or}}).<ref name="mountains">{{cite web |url=http://www.tourism.gov.pk/mountain.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110014044/http://www.tourism.gov.pk/mountain.html |archive-date=10 November 2006 |title=PTDC page on mountaineering |publisher=Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation|access-date=10 November 2006}}</ref> The Balochistan Plateau lies in the west and the ] in the east. The {{convert|1609|km|abbr=on}} Indus River and its tributaries flow through the country from the Kashmir region to the Arabian Sea. There is an expanse of alluvial plains along it in the Punjab and Sindh.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107861.html |title=Pakistan |website=InfoPlease |publisher=Pearson Education|access-date=16 March 2009}}</ref> | |||
| The climate varies from tropical to temperate, with arid conditions in the coastal south. There is a ] season with frequent flooding due to heavy rainfall, and a dry season with significantly less rainfall or none at all. There are four distinct seasons in Pakistan: a cool, dry winter from December through February; a hot, dry spring from March through May; the summer rainy season, or southwest monsoon period, from June through September; and the retreating monsoon period of October and November.<ref name="congress" /> Rainfall varies greatly from year to year, and patterns of alternate flooding and drought are common.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Asia-and-Oceania/Pakistan-CLIMATE.html |title=Pakistan Climate |publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations |date=28 March 2008|access-date=16 March 2009}}</ref> | |||
| === Flora and fauna === | === Flora and fauna === | ||
| {{Main|Wildlife of Pakistan|Flora of Pakistan|Fauna of Pakistan}} | {{Main|Wildlife of Pakistan|Flora of Pakistan|Fauna of Pakistan}} | ||
| The |
The diverse landscape and climate in Pakistan support a wide range of trees and plants.{{sfn|El-Esawi|2019}} From coniferous ] and ] trees like ], ], and ] in the northern mountains to ] like ] in the ],{{sfn|Chandrappa|Gupta|Kulshrestha|2011}} and palms such as ] and ] in the southern regions.{{sfn|Abul-Soad|2011}}{{sfn|Descals et al.|2023}} The western hills boast ], ], coarse grasses, and scrub plants.{{sfn|Spate|Learmonth|2017}} ] forests dominate the coastal wetlands in the south.{{sfn|Sandhu|2010}} Coniferous forests span altitudes from {{convert|1,000|to|4000|m|abbr=off}} in most northern and northwestern highlands.{{sfn|UNEP-WCMC|2024}} In Balochistan's xeric regions, date palms and '']'' are prevalent.{{sfn|Abul-Soad|2011}}{{sfn|Akhtar|Mirza|2006}} In Punjab and Sindh's Indus plains, tropical and subtropical dry and moist broadleaf forests as well as tropical and xeric shrublands thrive.{{sfn|PEPA|2016}} Approximately 4.8% or {{convert|36,845.6|km2|ha}} of Pakistan was forested in 2021.{{sfn|World Bank|2024}}{{efn|The World Bank data lists the total area of Pakistan as 770,880 km², excluding Gilgit-Baltistan, Azad Kashmir, and water areas.}} | ||
| {{multiple image|direction=vertical|width=175 | |||
| | image1 = Medvěd plavý (Ursus arctos isabellinus).jpg|caption1=Bear | |||
| | image2 = Tibetan Wolf.JPG|caption2=Tibetan wolf | |||
| }} | |||
| Coniferous forests are found at altitudes ranging from {{convert|1,000|to|4000|m|abbr=off}} in most of the northern and northwestern highlands. In the ] regions of Balochistan, date palm and '']'' are common. In most of the Punjab and Sindh, the Indus plains support tropical and subtropical dry and moist broadleaf forest as well as tropical and xeric shrublands. These forests are mostly of ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Introduction |url=http://www.rrcap.unep.org/lc/cd/html/countryrep/pakistan/introduction.html |website=AIT-UNEP RRC.AP|access-date=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112111709/http://www.rrcap.unep.org/lc/cd/html/countryrep/pakistan/introduction.html |archive-date=12 January 2012}}</ref> About 2.2% or {{convert|1687000|ha|km2}} of Pakistan was forested in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |author=Rhett Butler |url=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/deforestation/2000/Pakistan.htm |title=Pakistan Deforestation Rates and Related Forestry Figures |website=Mongabay.com|access-date=19 April 2012}}</ref> | |||
| ] is the national animal of Pakistan.{{sfn|Fatima|2020}}]] | |||
| The fauna of Pakistan also reflects the country's varied climate. Around 668 bird species are found there,<ref name="wwf11bio" /> including ]s, ]s, ], ]s, ]s, and ]s. ], has a significant population of ].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=] |author2=P. Davidson |year=1999 |title=The birds of Palas, North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan |url=http://www.orientalbirdclub.org/publications/forktail/15pdfs/Raja-Palas.pdf |journal=Forktail |volume=15 |pages=77–85 |access-date=12 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610214757/http://www.orientalbirdclub.org/publications/forktail/15pdfs/Raja-Palas.pdf |archive-date=10 June 2011|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Many birds sighted in Pakistan are migratory, coming from Europe, Central Asia, and India.<ref name="GrimmettRoberts2009">{{cite book |title=Birds of Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OoeL2O5Iq0YC |publisher=A&C Black|access-date=11 January 2012 |author1=Richard Grimmett |author2=Tom J. Roberts |author3=Tim Inskipp |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7136-8800-9 |pages=6, 38–41, 132–136}}</ref> | |||
| Pakistan's fauna mirrors its diverse climate. The country boasts around 668 bird species,{{sfn|Faridah-Hanum|Hakeem|Öztürk|Efe|2015}} including ]s, ]s, ], ]s, ]s, and ]s. ], is home to the ], with many migratory birds visiting from Europe, Central Asia, and India.{{sfn|Grimmett|Inskipp|2021}} The southern plains harbor ]s,{{sfn|Hunter|2018}} ],{{sfn|San|Belant|Sato|Somers|2021}} hares,{{sfn|Flux|Chapman|1990}} the ],{{sfn|Srinivasulu|Srinivasulu|2012}} the ],{{sfn|Waseem et al.|2020}} the ],{{sfn|Sunquist|Sunquist|2014}} and the ].{{sfn|Sunquist|Sunquist|2017}} Indus is home to ]s,{{sfn|Stoneman|2021}} while surrounding areas host ]s,{{sfn|Tisdell|2013}} deer,{{sfn|Srinivasulu|2018}} and ].{{sfn|Roze|2012}} Central Pakistan's sandy scrublands shelter Asiatic jackals,{{sfn|Srinivasulu|Srinivasulu|2012}} ]s,{{sfn|Somerville|2021}} wildcats, and ]s. The mountainous north hosts a variety of animals like the ],{{sfn|Nyrop|1975}} ], ] goat, ] goat, ], and ].{{sfn|Chandrappa|Gupta|Kulshrestha|2011}} | |||
| The southern plains are home to ]s, ], hares, the ], the ], the ], and the ]. There are ]s in the Indus, and ], deer, ], and small rodents in the surrounding areas. The sandy scrublands of central Pakistan are home to Asiatic jackals, ]s, wildcats, and ].<ref name="sheet">{{cite web |title=Sheet1 |url=http://www.wwfpak.org/images/listmammalsofpakistan.xls |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060915012052/http://www.wwfpak.org/images/listmammalsofpakistan.xls |archive-date=15 September 2006 |format=XLS |publisher=WWF|access-date=11 January 2012}}</ref><ref name="animal">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Pakistan plant and animal life |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/438805/Pakistan/23683/Plant-and-animal-life |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=27 December 2011}}</ref> The lack of vegetative cover, the severe climate, and the impact of grazing on the deserts have left wild animals in a precarious position. The ] is the only animal that can still be found in significant numbers in ]. A small number of ] are found along the Pakistan–India border and in some parts of Cholistan.<ref name="sheet" /><ref name="ShackletonGroup1997">{{cite book |title=Wild sheep and goats and their relatives: status survey and conservation action plan for caprinae |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hJBodAXB9eoC&pg=PA243|access-date=11 January 2012 |author1=David M. Shackleton |author2=International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Species Survival Commission. Caprinae Specialist Group |year=1997 |publisher=IUCN |isbn=978-2-8317-0353-4 |pages=10–13, 352}}</ref> A wide variety of animals live in the mountainous north, including the ], the ] (a subspecies of wild sheep), the ] goat, the ] goat, the ], and the ].<ref name="sheet" /><ref name="wwf">{{cite web |title=Species |url=http://wwfpak.org/species/index.php |website=WWF Pakistan |access-date=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228142518/http://wwfpak.org/species/index.php |archive-date=28 December 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan |url=http://www.wcs.org/where-we-work/asia/pakistan.aspx |website=Wildlife Conservation Society|access-date=27 December 2011}}</ref> Among the rare animals found in the area are the ]<ref name="wwf" /> and the blind ], of which there are believed to be about 1,100 remaining, protected at the ] in Sindh.<ref name="wwf" /><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RQwcO0wM6IC&pg=PA33 |title=Pakistan |publisher=ABDO |access-date=11 January 2012 |author=Pete Heiden |isbn=978-1-61787-631-8 |pages=33–44 |year=2011}}</ref> In total, 174 mammals, 177 reptiles, 22 amphibians, 198 freshwater fish species and 5,000 species of invertebrates (including insects) have been recorded in Pakistan.<ref name="wwf11bio" /> | |||
| The lack of vegetative cover, severe climate, and grazing impact on deserts have endangered wild animals.{{sfn|CBD Report|2009}} The ] is the only animal found in significant numbers in ],{{sfn|Mallon|Kingswood|2001}} with a few ] along the Pakistan–India border and in some parts of Cholistan.{{sfn|Woods|Mufti|Hasan|1997}} Rare animals include the ] and the blind ],{{sfn|Chandrappa|Gupta|Kulshrestha|2011}} of which there are believed to be about 1,816 remaining, protected at the ] in Sindh.{{sfn|WWF|2024}} In total, 174 species of mammals, 177 species of reptiles, 22 species of amphibians, 198 species of freshwater fish, 668 species of birds, over 5,000 species of insects, and over 5,700 species of plants have been recorded in Pakistan.{{sfn|Faridah-Hanum|Hakeem|Öztürk|Efe|2015}} Pakistan faces deforestation, hunting, and pollution, with a 2019 ] mean score of 7.42/10, ranking 41st globally out of 172 countries.{{sfn|Grantham et al.|2020}} | |||
| The flora and fauna of Pakistan suffer from a number of problems. Pakistan has the second-highest rate of deforestation in the world, which, along with hunting and pollution, has had adverse effects on the ecosystem. It had a 2019 ] mean score of 7.42/10, ranking it 41st globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi-access=free}}</ref> The government has established a large number of protected areas, wildlife sanctuaries, and game reserves to address these issues.<ref name="wwf11bio">{{cite web |title=Biodiversity |url=http://wwfpak.org/p_environment_biodiversity.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050115084804/http://wwfpak.org/p_environment_biodiversity.php |archive-date=15 January 2005 |publisher=WWF|access-date=10 January 2012}}<- br>{{cite web |title=Biodiversity Sharing the Environment |url=http://www.environment.gov.pk/pub-pdf/StateER2005/Part3-Chp%205.pdf |publisher=Government of Pakistan |pages=1, 4–7|access-date=10 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060827071639/http://www.environment.gov.pk/pub-pdf/StateER2005/Part3-Chp%205.pdf |archive-date=27 August 2006}}</ref> | |||
| == Government and politics == | == Government and politics == | ||
| {{Main|Government of Pakistan|Politics of Pakistan}} | {{Main|Government of Pakistan|Politics of Pakistan}} | ||
| ]]] | ]]] | ||
| Pakistan |
Pakistan operates as a democratic ] ], with Islam designated as the ].{{sfn|Inter-Parliamentary Union|1973}}{{sfn|Munir|1975}} Initially adopting a ], Pakistan saw it suspended by Ayub Khan in 1958, replaced by a ] in 1962.{{sfn|Cohen|2004|page=65}} A comprehensive ] emerged in 1973, suspended by Zia-ul-Haq in 1977 but reinstated in 1985, shaping the country's governance.{{sfn|Factbook|2024}} The military's influence in mainstream politics has been significant throughout Pakistan's history.{{sfn|Cohen|2004}} The eras of 1958–1971, ], and 1999–2008 witnessed ], leading to ] and military leaders governing de facto as presidents.{{sfn|Tertrais|Sokolski|2013}} Presently, Pakistan operates a ] ],{{sfn|He|Breen|Allison-Reumann|2023}} with distinct ] among government branches.{{sfn|Bloor|2023}} The first successful ] occurred in May 2013.{{sfn|B. Chakma|2014}} Pakistani politics revolves around a blend of ], ], and the ],{{sfn|Chengappa|2002}} with the three main political parties being the conservative PML (N), socialist PPP, and ] PTI.{{sfn|CRS|2023}} Constitutional amendments in 2010 curtailed presidential powers, enhancing the role of the prime minister.{{sfn|Rafiq|Ahmad|2016}} | ||
| * ]: The |
* ]: The ceremonial head of the state and civilian ] of the ] is the ], elected by an ].{{sfn|CRS|2023}} The ] advises the President on key appointments, including military and judicial positions, and the President is constitutionally bound to act on this advice.{{sfn|Aziz|2018}}{{sfn|F. Hussain|2015}} The President also holds powers to pardon and grant clemency.{{sfn|Mahmood|1965}} | ||
| * ]: The ] legislature |
* ]: The ] legislature includes a 96-member ] (]) and a 336-member ] (]). ] are elected via ] under ], representing National Assembly ]. The constitution reserves 70 seats for women and religious minorities, allocated to political parties based on proportional representation. Senate members are elected by provincial legislators, ensuring equal representation across all provinces.{{sfn|Yap|Abeyratne|2023|page=272}} | ||
| ]]] | ]]] | ||
| * Executive: The Prime Minister is usually the leader of the ] party or a coalition in the ]— the ]. The Prime Minister serves as the ] and is designated to exercise as the country's chief executive. The Prime Minister is responsible for appointing a ] consisting of ministers and advisers as well as running the government operations, taking and authorising executive decisions, appointments and recommendations of ] that require executive confirmation of the Prime Minister. | |||
| * ]: Each of the ] has a similar ], with a ] ] in which the leader of the largest party or coalition is elected ]. Chief Ministers oversee the ] and head the provincial cabinet. It is common in Pakistan to have different ruling parties or coalitions in each of the provinces. The provincial bureaucracy is headed by the ], who is appointed by the Prime Minister. The provincial assemblies have power to make laws and approve the provincial budget which is commonly presented by the provincial finance minister every fiscal year. ] who are the ceremonial heads of the provinces are appointed by the President.<ref name="ciafactbook" /> | |||
| ]]] | |||
| * ]: The judiciary of Pakistan is a hierarchical system with two classes of courts: the superior (or higher) judiciary and the subordinate (or lower) judiciary. The ] is the ] who oversees the judicature's ] at all levels of command. The superior judiciary is composed of the ], the ] and five ], with the Supreme Court at the apex. The ] entrusts the superior judiciary with the obligation to preserve, protect and defend the constitution. Other regions of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan have separate court systems. | |||
| * Executive: The Prime Minister, typically the leader of the ] party or coalition in the National Assembly (the lower house),{{sfn|Dowding|Dumont|2014}} serves as the country's chief executive and head of government. Responsibilities include forming a ],{{sfn|Zierke|Stockmann|Meyer|2023}} making executive decisions,{{sfn|Aziz|2018}} and appointing senior civil servants, subject to executive confirmation.{{sfn|Establishment Division|2013}} | |||
| === Foreign relations === | |||
| * ]: Each of the ] follows a similar governance system, with a directly elected ] choosing the ], usually from the largest party or coalition. Chief Ministers lead the provincial cabinet and oversee provincial governance.{{sfn|Mahmood|2007}}{{sfn|IFES|2013}} The ], appointed by the Prime Minister, heads the provincial bureaucracy.{{sfn|Establishment Division|2021}} Provincial assemblies legislate and approve the provincial budget, typically presented by the provincial finance minister annually.{{sfn|IFES|2013}}{{sfn|Ahmad|Asif|2007}} Ceremonial heads of provinces, the Provincial Governors, are appointed by the President based on the binding advice of the Prime Minister.{{sfn|Mahmood|2007}}{{sfn|Senate of Pakistan|2018}} | |||
| {{Main|Foreign relations of Pakistan}} | |||
| ] with US President ] in 1961|left]] | |||
| ]]] | |||
| Since Independence, Pakistan has attempted to balance its relations with foreign nations.<ref>{{cite book |title=Political system in Pakistan |last1=Arora |first1=Ranjana |date=1995 |publisher=Deep & Deep Publ. |isbn=978-81-7100-739-4 |location=New Delhi |editor-last1=Grover |editor-first1=Verinder}}<br/>- {{cite book |title =Prepare or perish : a study of national security |date=1991 |publisher=Lancer Publ. |isbn=978-81-7212-001-6 |location=New Delhi |last=KrishnaRao |first=K.V.}}<br/>- {{cite news |work=Dispatch News Desk |url=http://www.dnd.com.pk/pakistan-wants-promotion-of-friendly-brotherly-relations-with-all-countries-mamnoon/113602 |title=Pakistan wants promotion of friendly, brotherly relations with all countries: Mamnoon |date=14 July 2016 |access-date=25 February 2017}}</ref> Pakistan is a strong ally of China, with both countries placing considerable importance on the maintenance of an extremely close and supportive ].<ref>{{cite news|date=17 May 2011|title=Pakistani PM hails China as his country's 'best friend'|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13418957 |access-date=17 May 2011}}<br/>- {{cite news|last=Masood|first=Salman|date=13 October 2008|title=Pakistan President to Visit China, a Valued Ally|work=] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/13/world/asia/13pstan.html|access-date=12 October 2008}}</ref> It has also been a ] of the United States ever since the ]{{Snd}}a status achieved in 2004.<ref>{{cite book |title=Pakistan's Foreign Policy, 1947–2012: A Concise History |date=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press, Shahi |isbn=978-0-19-906910-1 |edition=3rd |location=Karachi |last1=Shahi |first1=Abdul Sattar; foreword by Agha}}</ref> Pakistan's ] and ] mainly focus on the economy and security against threats to its ] and territorial integrity, and on the cultivation of close relations with other Muslim countries.<ref name="Govt of Pakistan">{{cite web |title=Foreign Policy of Pakistan |publisher=Govt of Pakistan |url=http://www.mofa.gov.pk/content.php?pageID=Foreign%20Policy |access-date=3 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 March 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150315004214/http://mofa.gov.pk/content.php?pageID=Foreign%20Policy}}</ref> | |||
| * ]: The judiciary in Pakistan has two classes: the superior and subordinate judiciary. The superior judiciary includes the ],{{sfn|Wu|Bandyopadhyay|Lee|2021}} ], and five ],{{sfn|Jha|2016}} with the Supreme Court at the top. It's responsible for safeguarding the constitution.{{sfn|Wu|Bandyopadhyay|Lee|2021}} Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan have their own court systems.{{sfn|Oberst|2018}}{{sfn|Ejaz|2022}} | |||
| The ] remains the major point of contention between Pakistan and India; three of their ] were fought over this territory.<ref name="k1"/> Due partly to difficulties in relations with its geopolitical rival India, Pakistan maintains close political relations with Turkey and Iran,<ref name="AuthorHouse. 2006">{{cite book |title=Friends Near Home: Pakistan's Strategic Security Options |date=2006 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4670-1541-7 |location=Islamabad, Pakistan |last1=Anwar |first1=Muhammad}}</ref> and both countries have been a focal point in Pakistan's foreign policy.<ref name="AuthorHouse. 2006" /> Saudi Arabia also maintains a respected position in Pakistan's foreign policy. | |||
| === Role of Islam === | |||
| A non-signatory party of the ], Pakistan is an influential member of the ].<ref name="Routledge, UK">{{cite book |title=Pakistan's nuclear weapons |date=2009 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-40871-4 |location=London |last1=Chakma |first1=Bhumitra}}</ref> In recent events, Pakistan has blocked an ] to limit ], arguing that the "treaty would target Pakistan specifically".<ref name="NPT News Directorate">{{cite news |url=http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/pakistan-a-responsible-nuclear-power-official-asserts/ |title=Pakistan a Responsible Nuclear Power, Official Asserts |last=Officials reports |date=18 June 2010|access-date=3 December 2012 |newspaper=NPT News Directorate}}</ref> In the 20th century, Pakistan's nuclear deterrence program focused on countering India's nuclear ambitions in the ], and ] by India eventually led Pakistan to ] to maintain a geopolitical balance as becoming a ].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/monitoring/102445.stm |title=World: Monitoring Nawaz Sharif's speech |date=28 May 1998|access-date=11 March 2012 |newspaper=BBC}}</ref> Currently, Pakistan maintains a policy of ], calling its program vital ] against foreign aggression.<ref name="United Book Press." /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dawn.com/2011/07/15/n-deterrence-to-be-pursued.html |title=N-deterrence to be pursued |date=15 July 2011|access-date=11 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718102116/http://www.dawn.com/2011/07/15/n-deterrence-to-be-pursued.html |archive-date=18 July 2011 |newspaper=Dawn}}</ref> | |||
| {{See also|Islam in Pakistan}} | |||
| Pakistan, the only country established in the name of Islam,{{sfn|Esposito|2003}} had overwhelming support among Muslims, especially in provinces like the ], where Muslims were a minority.{{R|Dhulipala-2015-1}} This idea, articulated by the Muslim League, the ], and Jinnah, envisioned an ].{{R|Dhulipala-2015-2}} Jinnah, closely associated with the ''ulama'', was described upon his death by ] as the greatest Muslim after ], aspiring to unite Muslims worldwide under Islam.{{R|Dhulipala-2015-3}} | |||
| The Objectives Resolution of March 1949 marked the initial step towards this goal, affirming God as the sole sovereign.{{R|Hussain-2008-2|Haqqani-2010-1}} Muslim League leader ] asserted that Pakistan could only truly become an Islamic state after bringing all believers of Islam into a single political unit.{{R|Dhulipala-2015-4}} Keith Callard observed that Pakistanis believed in the essential unity of purpose and outlook in the Muslim world, expecting similar views on religion and nationality from Muslims worldwide.{{R|Haqqani-2010-2}} | |||
| Located in the strategic and geopolitical corridor of the world's major maritime oil supply lines and communication fibre optics, Pakistan has proximity to the natural resources of Central Asian countries.<ref name="Tauris">{{cite book |title=The foreign policy of Pakistan : ethnic impacts on diplomacy, 1971–1994 |date=1997 |publisher=Tauris |isbn=978-1-86064-169-5 |location=London |last1=Shah |first1=Mehtab Ali}}</ref> Briefing on the country's foreign policy in 2004, a ]{{clarify|date=April 2017}}<!--Which Pakistani senator?--> reportedly explained: "Pakistan highlights sovereign equality of states, bilateralism, mutuality of interests, and non-interference in each other's domestic affairs as the cardinal features of its foreign policy."<ref name="rizvi">{{cite web |url=http://www.millat.com/democracy/Foreign%20Policy/Briefing_Paper_english_11.pdf |title=Pakistan's Foreign Policy:An Overview 1947–2004 |publisher=Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Transparency |pages=10–12, 20 |access-date=20 December 2011 |author=Hasan Askari Rizvi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623023124/http://www.millat.com/democracy/Foreign%20Policy/Briefing_Paper_english_11.pdf |archive-date=23 June 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Pakistan is an active member of the United Nations and has a ] to represent Pakistan's positions in international politics.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml#p |title=United Nations Member States |date=3 July 2006 |publisher=United Nations|access-date=8 July 2010}}</ref> Pakistan has lobbied for the concept of "]" in the Muslim world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Senate OIC Report |date=September 2005 |url=http://foreignaffairscommittee.org/includes/content_files/PAKISTANANDTHEOIC.pdf |publisher=Senate of Pakistan: Senate Foreign Relations Committee |pages=16–18 |access-date=8 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219073408/http://foreignaffairscommittee.org/includes/content_files/PAKISTANANDTHEOIC.pdf |archive-date=19 February 2009}}<br/>- {{cite news |title=A Plea for Enlightened Moderation |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A5081-2004May31.html |date=1 June 2004 |access-date=24 December 2011 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> Pakistan is also a member of Commonwealth of Nations,<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan |publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookHomeInternal/138945/ |access-date=8 July 2010}}</ref> the ] (SAARC), the ] (ECO),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecosecretariat.org/ |title=Member Countries |access-date=24 December 2011 |website=] |url-status=usurped |archive-date=24 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124120317/http://www.ecosecretariat.org/}}<br/>- {{cite web |url=http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/psde20AGM/EXPLORING%20PAKISTANS%20REGIONAL%20ECONOMIC%20COOPERATION%20POTENTIAL.pdf |title=Exploring Pakistan's Regional Economic Cooperation Potential |pages=1–2 |access-date=24 December 2011 |author=A.R.Kemal |website=PIDE}}</ref> and the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://commerce.nic.in/wto_sub/g20/pressrel.htm#_ftn1 |title=G-20 Ministerial Meeting |date=19 March 2005 |publisher=Department of Commerce, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, India|access-date=4 January 2012 |website=Commerce.nic.in |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 December 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051201100335/http://commerce.nic.in/wto_sub/g20/pressrel.htm}}</ref> | |||
| ] at the |
] in Lahore]] | ||
| Due to ideological differences, Pakistan opposed the ] in the 1950s. During the ] in the 1980s, Pakistan was one of the closest allies of the United States.<ref name="rizvi" /><ref name="mostallied">{{cite web |last=Nolan |first=Robert |title=Pakistan: The Most Allied Ally in Asia |url=http://www.fpa.org/newsletter_info2583/newsletter_info_sub_list.htm?section=Pakistan%3A%20The%20Most%20Allied%20Ally%20in%20Asia |url-status=dead |publisher=Foreign Policy Association |access-date=12 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725141127/http://www.fpa.org/newsletter_info2583/newsletter_info_sub_list.htm?section=Pakistan%3A%20The%20Most%20Allied%20Ally%20in%20Asia |archive-date=25 July 2011}}</ref> Relations between Pakistan and Russia have greatly improved since 1999, and co-operation in various sectors has increased.<ref name="Dawn, 2015">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Accord to diversify ties with Russia |url=http://dawn.com/news/1039487/accord-to-diversify-ties-with-russia |date=9 January 2015 |access-date=3 February 2015 |agency=Dawn, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061827/http://www.dawn.com/news/1039487/accord-to-diversify-ties-with-russia |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Pakistan has had an "on-and-off" relationship with the United States. A close ally of the United States during the ], Pakistan's relationship with the US soured in the 1990s when the latter ] because of Pakistan's secretive nuclear development.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=205102&Cat=2&dt=10/24/2009 |title=US military aid to Pakistan suspended six times since 1954 |access-date=26 October 2009 |work=] |author=Sabir Shah |archive-date=11 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111234256/http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=205102&Cat=2&dt=10%2F24%2F2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Since ], Pakistan has been a close ally of the US on the issue of ] in the regions of the Middle East and South Asia, with the US supporting Pakistan with aid money and weapons.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/10/22/2015-joint-statement-president-barack-obama-and-prime-minister-nawaz |title=2015 Joint Statement By President Barack Obama And Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif |access-date=28 December 2015|via=] |work=] |date=22 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=D'Souza |first=Shanthie |date=2006 |title=US-Pakistan Counter-Terrorism Cooperation: Dynamics and Challenges |url=http://idsa.in/system/files/strategicanalysis_shanthie_0906.pdf |journal=Strategic Analysis|access-date=28 December 2015}}</ref> Initially, the US-led war on terrorism led to an improvement in the relationship, but it was strained by a divergence of interests and resulting mistrust during the ] and by issues related to terrorism.<ref name="mondediplo2007">{{cite web |url=http://mondediplo.com/2007/11/03mideast |title=The United States' new backyard |work=Le Monde diplomatique|access-date=24 July 2010 |author=Alain Gresh|date=November 2007}}<br />- {{cite web |url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2011/12/us_pakistani_relatio.php |title=Analysis: The US-Pakistan relationship |date=4 December 2011|website=Long War Journal|access-date=15 January 2017 |author=C.J. Radin}}<br />- {{cite web |url=http://www.defencetalk.com/pakistan-usa-allies-in-the-war-on-terrorism-1865/ |title=Pakistan & USA – Allies in the war on Terrorism!|access-date=15 February 2010 |author=Nazir Khaja |website=Defence Talk}}<br />- {{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/pakistan-backed-attacks-on-american-targets-us-says/2011/09/22/gIQAf0q6oK_story.html |title=Pakistan backed attacks on American targets, U.S. says |newspaper=]|access-date=30 January 2010 |author=Karen DeYoung}}</ref> The Pakistani intelligence agency, the ], ] of supporting ] insurgents in Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistani intelligence helping Taliban: NATO report|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-02-02/leaked-nato-report-finds-taliban-pakistan-links/3806102|website=ABC|date=2 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=US-Taliban deal: How Pakistan's 'Islamist support' finally paid off |first=Shamil |last=Shams |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-taliban-deal-how-pakistans-islamist-support-finally-paid-off/a-52634369 |work=] |date=4 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Understanding Pakistan's Take on India-Taliban Talks |first=Umair |last=Jamal |url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/understanding-pakistans-take-on-india-taliban-talks/ |work=The Diplomat |date=23 May 2020}}</ref> | |||
| Pakistan's desire for a united Islamic bloc, called Islamistan, wasn't supported by other Muslim governments,{{R|Haqqani-2010-3}} though figures like the Grand Mufti of Palestine, ], and leaders of the ] were drawn to the country. Pakistan's desire for an international organization of Muslim countries was fulfilled in the 1970s when the ] (OIC) was formed.{{R|Haqqani-2010-4}} East Pakistan's Bengali Muslims, opposed to an Islamist state, clashed with West Pakistanis who leaned towards Islamic identity.{{sfn|Haqqani|2010|page=19}}{{R|Cochrane-2009}} The Islamist party ] backed an Islamic state and opposed ].{{sfn|Lintner|2002}} | |||
| Pakistan does not have ] with ];<ref name="Washington Post, Pakistan Bureau">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/12/03/the-pakistani-origins-of-the-israeli-state/ |title=The Pakistani origins of the Israeli state |date=3 December 2014|access-date=2 March 2015 |newspaper=] |last1=Tharoor |first1=Ishaan}}</ref> nonetheless, some Israeli citizens have visited the country on tourist visas.<ref name="Haaretz">{{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/.premium-1.644835 |title=Israeli lecturer takes part in Pakistan conference |date=28 February 2015|access-date=2 March 2015 |work=Haaretz |last1=Khoury |first1=Jack}}</ref> However, an exchange took place between the two countries using Turkey as a communication conduit.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4203788.stm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050913041723/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4203788.stm |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 September 2005 |title=Pakistan-Israel in landmark talks |date=1 September 2005 |access-date=4 July 2012 |work=BBC News }}</ref> Despite Pakistan being the only country in the world that has not established ] with ], an ] still resides in Pakistan.<ref name="Armenian Times">{{cite news |url=http://www.news.az/articles/armenia/86325 |title=Pakistan the only country not recognizing Armenia{{Snd}} envoy |date=5 February 2015 |access-date=2 March 2015 |work=Armenian Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303050820/http://news.az/articles/armenia/86325 |archive-date=3 March 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Pakistan had warm relations with Bangladesh, despite some initial strains in their relationship. | |||
| After the 1970 general elections, the Parliament crafted the ].{{R|Diamantides-Gearey-2011-1}} It declared Pakistan an Islamic Republic, with Islam as the state religion, and mandated laws to comply with Islamic teachings laid down in the ] and ] and that no law repugnant to such injunctions could be enacted.{{sfn|Iqbal|2009}} Additionally, it established institutions like the Shariat Court and the ] to interpret and apply Islam.{{R|Diamantides-Gearey-2011-2}} | |||
| ==== Relations with China ==== | |||
| {{Main|China–Pakistan relations}} | |||
| ] with Chinese Premier ] signing the Treaty of Friendship Between China and Pakistan. Pakistan is host to China's largest embassy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asiancorrespondent.com/130710/china-unveils-pakistan-embassy-its-largest-in-the-world/ |title=China opens 'largest' embassy in Pakistan, strengthens South Asia presence |website=asiancorrespondent.com|date=17 February 2015 }}</ref>]] | |||
| Pakistan was one of the first countries to establish formal diplomatic relations with the ], and the relationship continues to be strong since China's ] with India in 1962, forming a special relationship.<ref name="Council on Foreign Relations, China Pakistan">{{cite web |url=http://www.cfr.org/china/china-pakistan-relations/p10070 |title=China-Pakistan Relations |last1=Afridi |first1=Jamal |last2=Bajoria |first2=Jayshree |date=6 July 2010 |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations, China Pakistan |access-date=3 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322120845/http://www.cfr.org/china/china-pakistan-relations/p10070 |archive-date=22 March 2015}}</ref> From the 1960s to 1980s, Pakistan greatly helped China in reaching out to the world's major countries and helped facilitate US President ]'s ] to China.<ref name="Council on Foreign Relations, China Pakistan" /> Despite the change of ] in Pakistan and fluctuations in the regional and global situation, China's policy in Pakistan continues to be a dominant factor at all times.<ref name="Council on Foreign Relations, China Pakistan" /> In return, China is Pakistan's largest trading partner, and economic co-operation has flourished, with substantial Chinese investment in Pakistan's infrastructural expansion such as the Pakistani deep-water port at ]. Friendly Sino-Pakistani relations reached new heights as both countries signed 51 agreements and Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) in 2015 for co-operation in different areas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-13-37104-Pak-China-trade-volume-to-be-taken-to-$20-bn |title=ISLAMABAD: Pakistan and China agreed to raise their trade volume up to $20 billion and pledged to continue their cooperation in civil nuclear technology|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421211901/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-13-37104-Pak-China-trade-volume-to-be-taken-to-%2420-bn|archive-date=21 April 2015}}<br/>- {{cite web |author=Urvashi Aneja |url=http://www.ipcs.org/pdf_file/issue/136564802IPCS-Special-Report-26.pdf |title=Pakistan-China Relations |date=June 2006 |publisher=Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies |page=1 |access-date=28 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127123639/http://www.ipcs.org/pdf_file/issue/136564802IPCS-Special-Report-26.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2012 |url-status=dead}}<br/>- {{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-china-chro-idUSISL9262520061124 |title=CHRONOLOGY-Main events in Chinese-Pakistani relations |date=24 November 2006|work=Thomson Reuters|access-date=24 November 2006|publisher=Reuters|url-status=live|archive-date=29 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929112130/http://www.reuters.com/article/2006/11/24/us-pakistan-china-chro-idUSISL9262520061124}}<br/>- {{cite web |url=http://www.cfr.org/china/china-pakistan-relations/p10070 |title=China-Pakistan Relations |access-date=6 July 2010 |author=Jamal Afridi |website=Council on Foreign Relations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424104631/http://www.cfr.org/china/china-pakistan-relations/p10070 |archive-date=24 April 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Both countries signed a ] in the 2000s, and Pakistan continues to serve as China's communication bridge to the Muslim world.<ref name="Stanford University Press, California, ">{{cite book |title=Between Mecca and Beijing |date=2000 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-6434-6 |location=California|last1=Gillette |first1=Maris Boyd}}</ref> In 2016, China announced that it will set up an anti-terrorism alliance with Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://asiatimes.com/article/china-joins-afghanistan-pakistan-tajikistan-in-security-alliance/ |title=China joins Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan in security alliance |agency=Reuters |date=4 August 2016 |website=www.atimes.com|access-date=22 November 2016}}</ref> In December 2018, Pakistan's government defended China's ] for a million ] ].<ref>{{cite news |title=Why Muslim nations remain silent as China sends ethnic minorities to re-education camps |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-12-23/muslim-governments-stayed-silent-on-chinese-minority-uyghur/10630822 |work=ABC News |date=23 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Detention camps: Why Pakistan is silent about plight of fellow muslims in China |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/detention-camps-why-pakistan-is-silent-about-plight-of-fellow-muslims-in-china/articleshow/67209053.cms |work=The Times of India |date=23 December 2018}}</ref> | |||
| Zulfikar Ali Bhutto faced opposition under the banner of ''Nizam-e-Mustafa'' ("Rule of the ]"),{{sfn|Nasr|1996}} advocating an Islamic state. Bhutto conceded to some Islamist demands before being ousted in a coup.{{sfn|Kepel|2006}} | |||
| ==== Emphasis on relations with Muslim world ==== | |||
| After Independence, Pakistan vigorously pursued bilateral relations with other Muslim countries<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjJuAAAAMAAJ |title=Islam in Pakistan's foreign policy |last=Pasha |first=Sayed Abdul Muneem |publisher=Global Media Publications |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-88869-15-2|page=225 |quote=Pakistan's expression of solidarity was followed, after Independence, by a vigorous pursuit of bilateral relations with Muslim countries like Iran and Turkey.}}</ref> and made an active bid for leadership of the ], or at least for leadership in efforts to achieve unity.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjJuAAAAMAAJ|title=Islam in Pakistan's foreign policy |last=Pasha |first=Sayed Abdul Muneem |publisher=Global Media Publications |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-88869-15-2|page=37 |quote=Pakistan was making a wholehearted bid for the leadership of the Muslim world, or at least for the leadership in achieving its unity.}}</ref> The ] brothers had sought to project Pakistan as the natural leader of the Islamic world, in part due to its large manpower and military strength.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjJuAAAAMAAJ|title=Islam in Pakistan's foreign policy |last=Pasha |first=Sayed Abdul Muneem |publisher=Global Media Publications |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-88869-15-2|page=226 |quote=Following Khaliquzzaman, the Ali brothers had sought to project Pakistan, with its comparatively larger manpower and military strength, as the natural leader of the Islamic world.}}</ref> A top-ranking ] leader, ], declared that Pakistan would bring together all Muslim countries into ]{{Snd}}a pan-Islamic entity.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Z6TBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 |title=Creating a New Medina |last=Dhulipala |first=Venkat |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-107-05212-3|page=18 |quote=As a top ranking ML leader Khaliquzzaman declared, 'Pakistan would bring all Muslim countries together into Islamistan – a pan-Islamic entity'.}}</ref> | |||
| General Zia-ul-Haq, after seizing power, committed to establishing an Islamic state and enforcing '']'' law.{{sfn|Kepel|2006}} He instituted Shariat judicial courts,{{R|Diamantides-Gearey-2011-3}} and court benches,{{sfn|Haqqani|2010|page=400}}{{sfn|Asia Watch Committee (U.S.)|1992}} to adjudicate using Islamic doctrine.{{R|Wynbrandt-2009}} Zia aligned with Deobandi institutions,{{R|Syed-Pio-Kamran-Zaidi-2016-1}} exacerbating sectarian tensions with anti-Shia policies.{{R|Syed-Pio-Kamran-Zaidi-2016-2}} | |||
| Such developments (along with Pakistan's creation) did not get American approval, and British Prime Minister ] voiced international opinion at the time by stating that he wished that India and Pakistan would re-unite.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VNAiBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA20 |title=Magnificent Delusions: Pakistan, the United States, and an Epic History of Misunderstanding |last=Haqqani |first=Husain |publisher=PublicAffairs |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-61039-317-1 |pages=20–21 |quote=Within a few years the president of the Muslim League, Chaudhry Khaliq-uz-Zaman, announced that Pakistan would bring all Muslim countries together into Islamistan – a pan-Islamic entity. None of these developments within the new country elicited approval among Americans for the idea of India's partition ... British Prime Minister Clement Attlee voiced the international consensus at the time when he told the House of Commons of his hope that 'this severance may not endure.' He hoped that the proposed dominions of India and Pakistan would ''in course of time, come together to form one great Member State of the British Commonwealth of Nations.''}}</ref> Since most of the ] was undergoing a nationalist awakening at the time, there was little attraction to Pakistan's Pan-Islamic aspirations.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TyIVAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 |title=Magnificent Delusions: Pakistan, the United States, and an Epic History of Misunderstanding |last=Haqqani |first=Husain |publisher=PublicAffairs |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-61039-317-1 |page=22 |quote=During this time most of the Arab world was going through a nationalist awakening. Pan-Islamic dreams involving the unification of Muslim countries, possibly under Pakistani leadership, had little attraction.}}</ref> Some of the Arab countries saw the 'Islamistan' project as a Pakistani attempt to dominate other Muslim states.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pj8DIT_bva0C&pg=PA134 |title=The Origins of Conflict in Afghanistan |last=Roberts |first=Jeffery J. |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-275-97878-5 |page=134 |quote=The following year, Choudhry Khaliquzzaman toured the Middle East, pleading for the formation of an alliance or confederation of Muslim states. The Arab states, often citing Pakistan's inability to solve its problems with Muslim neighbor Afghanistan, showed little enthusiasm ... Some saw the effort to form 'Islamistan' as a Pakistani attempt to dominate other Muslim states.}}</ref> | |||
| Most Pakistanis, according to a ] (PEW) poll, favor Sharia law as the official law,{{sfn|Ziegfeld|2016}} and 94 percent of them identify more with religion than nationality compared to Muslims in other nations.{{sfn|PRC|2011}} | |||
| Pakistan vigorously championed the right of self-determination for Muslims around the world. Pakistan's efforts for the independence movements of Indonesia, Algeria, Tunisia, ], and Eritrea were significant and initially led to close ties between these countries and Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HPWrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT178|title=Explaining Pakistan's Foreign Policy: Escaping India |last=Pande |first=Aparna |publisher=Routledge |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-136-81893-6|page=178|quote=The belief that the creation of Pakistan made Pakistan the true leader of Muslim causes around the world led Pakistan's diplomats to vigorously champion the cause of self-determination for fellow Muslims at the United Nations. Pakistan's founders, including Jinnah, supported anti-colonial movements: "Our heart and soul go out in sympathy with those who are struggling for their freedom ... If subjugation and exploitation are carried on, there will be no peace and there will be no end to wars." Pakistani efforts on behalf of Indonesia (1948), Algeria (1948–1949), Tunisia (1948–1949), Morocco (1948–1956) and Eritrea (1960–1991) were significant and initially led to close ties between these countries and Pakistan.}}</ref> However, Pakistan also masterminded an attack on the Afghan city of ] during the ] to establish an Islamic government there. Pakistan had wished to foment an 'Islamic Revolution' that would transcend national borders, covering Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Central Asia.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2015/08/legacy-pakistan-loved-loathed-hamid-gul-150817114006616.html |title=The legacy of Pakistan's loved and loathed Hamid Gul |last=Nasir |first=Abbas |date=18 August 2015 |work=Al-Jazeera |quote=His commitment to jihad—to an Islamic revolution transcending national boundaries, was such that he dreamed one day the "green Islamic flag" would flutter not just over Pakistan and Afghanistan, but also over territories represented by the (former Soviet Union) Central Asian republics. After the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, as the director-general of the Pakistan's intelligence organisation, Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) directorate, an impatient Gul wanted to establish a government of the so-called Mujahideen on Afghan soil. He then ordered an assault using non-state actors on Jalalabad, the first major urban centre across the Khyber Pass from Pakistan, with the aim capturing it and declaring it as the seat of the new administration.|access-date=4 January 2017}}</ref> | |||
| === Administrative units === | |||
| On the other hand, Pakistan's relations with Iran have been strained at times due to sectarian tensions.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hunter |first=Shireen |title=Iran's Foreign Policy in the Post-Soviet Era: Resisting the New International Order |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wLtA_J3VUt4C&pg=PA144 |quote=Since then, Pakistan's sectarian tensions have been a major irritant in Iranian-Pakistan relations. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2010 |page=144 |isbn=978-0-313-38194-2}}</ref> Iran and ] used Pakistan as a battleground for their proxy sectarian war, and by the 1990s Pakistan's support for the Sunni Taliban organisation in Afghanistan became a problem for ] Iran, which opposed a Taliban-controlled Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ceg-kSmft94C&pg=PA159 |title=Explaining Pakistan's Foreign Policy: Escaping India |last=Pande |first=Aparna |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-136-81894-3|page=159 |quote=Both Saudi Arabia and Iran used Pakistan as a battleground for their proxy war for the 'hearts and minds' of Pakistani Sunnis and Shias with the resultant rise in sectarian tensions in Pakistan. The rise of the Taliban in Afghanistan in the 1990s further strained Pakistan-Iran relations. Pakistan's support of the Sunni Pashtun organization created problems for Shia Iran for whom a Taliban-controlled Afghanistan was a nightmare.}}</ref> Tensions between Iran and Pakistan intensified in 1998 when Iran accused Pakistan of war crimes after Pakistani warplanes had bombarded Afghanistan's last Shia stronghold in support of the Taliban.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-09-14/news/9809140197_1_shiite-taliban-sunni |title=Iran Raises Anti-pakistan Outcry |last=Schmetzer |first=Uli |date=14 September 1998 |work=Chicago Tribune |quote=KARACHI, Pakistan – Iran, which has amassed 200,000 troops on the border with Afghanistan, accused Pakistan on Sunday of sending warplanes to strafe and bombard Afghanistan's last Shiite stronghold, which fell hours earlier to the Taliban, the Sunni militia now controlling the central Asian country.|access-date=5 January 2017}}<br />- {{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1998/09/16/afghanistan-arena-for-a-new-rivalry/eeedba2f-03b7-4ed6-ba97-91e51e633e96/ |title=Afghanistan: Arena For a New Rivalry |last=Constable |first=Pamela |date=16 September 1998 |newspaper=The Washington Post |quote=Taliban officials accused Iran of providing military support to the opposition forces; Tehran radio accused Pakistan of sending its air force to bomb the city in support of the Taliban's advance and said Iran was holding Pakistan responsible for what it termed war crimes at Bamiyan. Pakistan has denied that accusation and previous allegations of direct involvement in the Afghan conflict. Also fueling the volatile situation are ethnic and religious rivalries between the Taliban, who are Sunni Muslims of Afghanistan's dominant Pashtun ethnic group, and the opposition factions, many of which represent other ethnic groups or include Shiite Muslims. Iran, a Shiite Muslim state, has a strong interest in promoting that sect; Pakistan, one of the Taliban's few international allies, is about 80 percent Sunni.|access-date=5 January 2017}}</ref> | |||
| Pakistan is an influential and founding member of the ] (OIC). Maintaining cultural, political, social, and economic relations with the Arab world and other countries in the Muslim world is a vital factor in Pakistan's foreign policy.<ref name="Taylor & Francis.">{{cite book |title=Explaining Pakistan's Foreign Policy: Escaping India |date=2006 |publisher=Taylor & Francis. |isbn=978-1-136-81894-3 |last1=Pande |first1=Aparna}}</ref> | |||
| === Administrative divisions === | |||
| {{Main|Administrative units of Pakistan}} | {{Main|Administrative units of Pakistan}} | ||
| {| class="sortable wikitable" | {| class="sortable wikitable" | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| ! style="width:200px;"| Administrative |
! style="width:200px;"| {{nobr|Administrative unit}}{{sfn|Nee|2013}} | ||
| ! style="width:100px;"| Capital | ! style="width:100px;"| {{nobr|Capital{{sfn|Wasti|2009}}{{sfn|Schuurmans|2023|page=63}}{{sfn|Fischer-Tahir|Naumann|2013}}}} | ||
| ! style="width:100px; text-align:right;"| Population | ! style="width:100px; text-align:right;"| {{nobr|Population{{sfn|PBS|2023}}{{sfn|Hussain|2020}}{{sfn|Davis|2023}}}} | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| ||{{Flag|Balochistan}}|| ] || style="text-align:right;" | |
||{{Flag|Balochistan}}|| ] || style="text-align:right;" | 14,894,402 | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| ||{{flagcountry|Punjab, Pakistan}} || ] || style="text-align:right;" | |
||{{flagcountry|Punjab, Pakistan}} || ] || style="text-align:right;" | 127,688,922 | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| ||{{Flag|Sindh}}|| ] || style="text-align:right;" | |
||{{Flag|Sindh}}|| ] || style="text-align:right;" | 55,696,147 | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| ||{{Flag|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}} || ] || style="text-align:right;" | 40, |
||{{Flag|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}} || ] || style="text-align:right;" | 40,856,097 | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| ||{{Flag|Gilgit-Baltistan}} || ] || style="text-align:right;" | 1, |
||{{Flag|Gilgit-Baltistan}} || ] || style="text-align:right;" | 1,492,924 | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| ||{{Flag|Azad Kashmir}} || ] || style="text-align:right;" | 4, |
||{{Flag|Azad Kashmir}} || ] || style="text-align:right;" | 4,179,428 | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| ||] ||] || style="text-align:right;" | 2, |
||] ||] || style="text-align:right;" | 2,363,863 | ||
| |} | |} | ||
| A ] state, Pakistan is a federation that comprises ]: Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Sindh and Balochistan,<ref>{{cite web|title=Part I: "Introductory"|url=https://pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part1.html|access-date=2022-04-12|website=pakistani.org}}</ref> and three ]: ], Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Kashmir. The ] exercises the ] jurisdiction over the ] and the ] of the ]s, which are organised into the separate political entities Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan (formerly Northern Areas). In 2009, the ] ({{small|the ''Gilgit–Baltistan Empowerment and Self-Governance Order''}}) awarded the Gilgit-Baltistan a ], giving it self-government.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pid.gov.pk/Prime%20Minister.doc |publisher=Press Information Department, Pakistan |format=DOC |title=Highlights of Prime Minister's Press Talk on "Gilgit–Baltistan Empowerment and Self Governance Order −2009" at PM'S Secretariat on August 29, 2009 |year=2009|access-date=29 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116142519/http://www.pid.gov.pk/Prime%20Minister.doc |archive-date=16 November 2011}}</ref> | |||
| Pakistan, a ] ], consists of ]: Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Sindh, and Balochistan, along with three ]: ], ], and ].{{sfn|Adibelli et al.|2022}} The Government of Pakistan governs the ] of the ], organized into separate political entities, Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan.{{sfn|Jan|2015}} In 2009, the ] ({{small|the ''Gilgit–Baltistan Empowerment and Self-Governance Order''}}) granted Gilgit-Baltistan ], providing it with self-government.{{sfn|Lansford|Muller|2012}} | |||
| The ] system consists of a three-tier system of ], ]s, and ], with an elected body at each tier.<ref>{{cite web |title=Decentralization in Pakistan |publisher=World Bank |url=http://www.worldbank.org.pk/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/PAKISTANEXTN/0,,contentMDK:21973776~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:293052,00.html |access-date=29 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130094603/http://www.worldbank.org.pk/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/PAKISTANEXTN/0%2C%2CcontentMDK%3A21973776~pagePK%3A141137~piPK%3A141127~theSitePK%3A293052%2C00.html |archive-date=30 January 2010}}</ref> There are about 130 districts altogether, of which Azad Kashmir has ten<ref>{{cite web |title=Azad Jammu and Kashmir Districts |url=http://www.ajk.gov.pk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=42&Itemid=12 |publisher=Government of AJK |access-date=29 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114210747/http://www.ajk.gov.pk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=42&Itemid=12 |archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref> and Gilgit-Baltistan seven.<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=Dunya |title=Gilgit–Baltistan Empowerment and Self Governance Order |year=2009 |page=1 |url=http://www.dunyanews.tv/newsite/other/GilgitBaltistan.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100919114343/http://dunyanews.tv/newsite/other/GilgitBaltistan.pdf |archive-date=19 September 2010}}</ref> | |||
| The ] system consists of ], ]s, and ], with an elected body at each tier.{{sfn|Berman|Sabharwal|2017}} | |||
| {{Pakistan Administrative Units Image Map}} | {{Pakistan Administrative Units Image Map}} | ||
| === Foreign relations === | |||
| ] is carried out by a joint network of the ] with jurisdiction limited to the relevant province or territory. The ] coordinates the information intelligence at both federal and provincial levels; including the ], ], ], and ] such as the ] and the ].<ref name="law">{{cite book |author=Asad Jamal |title=Police Organisations in Pakistan |year=2010 |publisher=CHRI and HRCP |isbn=978-81-88205-79-0 |pages=9–15}}</ref> | |||
| {{Main|Foreign relations of Pakistan}} | |||
| Since independence, Pakistan has aimed to maintain an independent foreign policy.{{sfn|Lodhi|2022}} Pakistan's ] and ] focus on the economy, security, ], and territorial integrity, as well as building close ties with other Muslim nations.{{sfn|Hamid et al.|2023}} According to ], a foreign policy expert, "Pakistan highlights sovereign equality of states, bilateralism, mutuality of interests, and non-interference in each other's domestic affairs as the cardinal features of its foreign policy."{{sfn|Rizvi|2004}} | |||
| Pakistan's "premier" intelligence agency, the ] (ISI), was formed just within a year after the Independence of Pakistan in 1947.<ref>{{cite book |author=Manoj Shrivastava |title=Re-Energising Indian Intelligence |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |year=2013 |isbn=978-93-82573-55-5 |page=89}}</ref> ABC News Point in 2014 reported that the ISI was ranked as the top intelligence agency in the world<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.abcnewspoint.com/top-10-best-intelligence-agencies-in-the-world-2015/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105032641/http://www.abcnewspoint.com/top-10-best-intelligence-agencies-in-the-world-2015/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 January 2015 |title=Top 10 Best Intelligence Agencies in The World 2016 |date=15 December 2014 |work=ABC News Point |access-date=27 December 2016}}</ref> while ] reported the ISI as ranking fifth among the world's most powerful intelligence agencies.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://zeenews.india.com/slideshow/top-10-%E2%80%93-world%E2%80%99s-powerful-intelligence-agencies_55.html |title=Top 10{{Snd}} World's powerful intelligence agencies |work=Zee News|access-date=27 December 2016}}</ref> | |||
| The ] remains a major issue between Pakistan and India, with three of their ] fought over it.{{sfn|Stewart-Ingersoll|Frazier|2012}} Due partly to strained relations with India, Pakistan has close ties with Turkey and Iran, both focal points in its foreign policy.{{sfn|Anwar|2006}} Saudi Arabia also holds importance in Pakistan's foreign relations.{{sfn|Pande|2011|page=167}} | |||
| The court system is organised as a hierarchy, with the Supreme Court at the apex, below which are high courts, ]s (one in each province and one in the federal capital), ] (one in each district), Judicial Magistrate Courts (in every town and city), Executive Magistrate Courts, and civil courts. The ] has limited jurisdiction in the Tribal Areas, where law is largely derived from tribal customs.<ref name="law" /><ref>{{cite web |author=Faqir Hussain |title=The Judicial System Of Pakistan |url=http://www.supremecourt.gov.pk/web/user_files/File/thejudicialsystemofPakistan.pdf |website=Supreme Court of Pakistan |year=2009 |pages=10–21 |access-date=26 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206120305/http://www.supremecourt.gov.pk/web/user_files/File/thejudicialsystemofPakistan.pdf |archive-date=6 February 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
| As a non-signatory of the ], Pakistan holds influence in the ].{{sfn|Chakma|2012}} For years, Pakistan has blocked an ] to limit ], arguing that its stockpile does not meet its long-term needs.{{sfn|Kmentt|2021}} Pakistan's nuclear program in the 20th century aimed to counter India's nuclear ambitions in the ], and ] ensued after India's ], solidifying Pakistan as a ].{{sfn|Izuyama|Ogawa|2003}} Pakistan maintains a policy of ], considering its nuclear program vital for ] foreign aggression.{{sfn|Noor|2023}} | |||
| === Kashmir conflict === | |||
| {{Main|Kashmir conflict}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ], a ] region situated at the northernmost point of the ], was governed as an autonomous ] known as ] in the ] prior to the ] in August 1947. Following the independence of India and Pakistan post-partition, the region became the subject of a ] that has hindered ]. The two states have engaged each other in ] over the region in ] and ]. India and Pakistan have also fought smaller-scale protracted conflicts over the region in ] and ].<ref name="k1"/> Approximately 45.1% of the Kashmir region is controlled by India (administratively split into ] and ]), which also claims the entire territory of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir that is not under its control.<ref name="k1"/> India's control over Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh as well as its claim to the rest of the region has likewise been contested by Pakistan, which controls approximately 38.2% of the region (administratively split into ] and ]) and claims all of the territory under Indian control.<ref name="k1"/><ref>{{cite book |author=Sean Anderson |title=Historical dictionary of terrorism |year=2009 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-4101-7 |pages=347–348}}</ref> Additionally, approximately 20% of the region has been controlled by ] (known as ] and the ]) since the ] and the ].<ref>{{cite web|title=Chinese-controlled Kashmir|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2003/4/21/chinese-controlled-kashmir|access-date=2021-09-07|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> The Chinese-controlled areas of Kashmir remain subject to an Indian territorial claim, but are not claimed by Pakistan. | |||
| ] at the 2022 ] summit{{sfn|Embassy of the Russian Federation to the Republic of Malta|2022}}]] | |||
| ] in the ] is part of Pakistani-controlled Kashmir.]] | |||
| Located strategically in the world's major maritime oil supply lines and communication ], Pakistan also enjoys proximity to the natural resources of Central Asian countries.{{sfn|Shah|1997}} Pakistan actively participates in the United Nations with a ] representing its positions in international politics.{{sfn|Wasi|2005}} It has advocated for the concept of "]" in the Muslim world.{{sfn|Zahra|Bouckaert|Jadoon|Jabeen|2022}} Pakistan is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, ], ],{{sfn|Turner|2016}}{{sfn|Kemal|2004}} and the ].{{sfn|Hoekman|Kostecki|2009}} | |||
| India claims the entire Kashmir region on the basis of the ]—a legal agreement with the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir that was executed by ], the ] of the state, who agreed to cede the entire area to newly-independent India.<ref name="Commons">{{cite web |author=Paul Bowers |title=Kashmir (House of Commons Research Paper 04/28) |date=30 March 2004 |page=46 |publisher=House of Commons Library |url=http://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons/lib/research/rp2004/rp04-028.pdf |access-date=18 April 2012}}</ref> Pakistan claims most of Kashmir on the basis of its ]-majority population and of its geography, the same principles that were applied for the creation of the two independent states.<ref>{{cite book |author=Amita Shastri |title=The Post-Colonial States of South Asia: Democracy, Development and Identity |year=2001 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-312-23852-0 |page=289 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=du7xvBFpbg4C&pg=PA289}}<br />- {{cite book |author=Joseph J. Hobbs |title=World Regional Geography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yAgGHnENHjoC|year=2008 |publisher=Brooks Cole |isbn=978-0-495-38950-7 |page=314}}</ref> India referred the dispute to the ] on 1 January 1948.<ref>{{cite news |author=Auckland |title=A brief history of the Kashmir conflict |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1399992/A-brief-history-of-the-Kashmir-conflict.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1399992/A-brief-history-of-the-Kashmir-conflict.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=The Daily Telegraph |access-date=23 January 2012 |date=24 September 2001 |location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In a ] passed in 1948, the UN's ] asked Pakistan to remove most of its military troops to set the conditions for the holding of a ]. However, Pakistan failed to vacate the region and a ] was reached in 1949 establishing a ceasefire line known as the ] (LoC) that divided Kashmir between the two states as a '']'' border.<ref name="kash">{{cite web |author=International Court of Justice |year=2012 |title=Advisory Opinion on the Legal Status of Kashmir |url=http://imuna.org/nhsmun/committee/international-court-justice-2012 |archive-date=11 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011211119/http://imuna.org/nhsmun/committee/international-court-justice-2012 |publisher=]|access-date=23 January 2012}}</ref> India, fearful that the Muslim-majority populace of Kashmir would vote to secede from India, did not allow a plebiscite to take place in the region. This was confirmed in a statement by India's Defense Minister, ], who stated: "Kashmir would vote to join Pakistan and no Indian Government responsible for agreeing to plebiscite would survive."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1144&dat=19650908&id=9wwvAAAAIBAJ&pg=7266,2323319&hl=en |title=Kashmir Old Headache For U.N. |last=Endrst |first=Jeff |date=8 September 1965 |work=The Pittsburgh Press |quote=Former Indian Defense Minister Krishna Menon who for years influenced the decisions of late Prime Minister Nehru himself a Kashmiri-put it bluntly last March in an interview with an American newsman when he said India could never agree to a U.N. sponsored plebiscite because 'Kashmir would vote to join Pakistan, and no Indian government responsible for agreeing to the plebiscite could survive.'|access-date=15 January 2017}}</ref> | |||
| ] with US President ] in 1961{{sfn|Picone|2020}}|left]] | |||
| Pakistan claims that its position is for the right of the ] to determine their future through impartial elections as mandated by the United Nations,<ref>{{cite web |author=Talat Masood |title=Pakistan's Kashmir Policy |publisher=Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program |url=http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/CEF/Quarterly/November_2006/Masood.pdf |year=2006 |page=1 |access-date=19 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119210022/http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/CEF/Quarterly/November_2006/Masood.pdf}}</ref> while India has stated that Kashmir is an "]" of India, referring to the ] and to the fact that ] take place regularly.<ref name="unhcr2009in">{{cite web |date=16 July 2009 |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,ANNUALREPORT,IND,,4a6452aa2d,0.html |title=Freedom in the World 2009 – Kashmir (India) |publisher=] |access-date=1 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810222516/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country%2C%2C%2CANNUALREPORT%2CIND%2C%2C4a6452aa2d%2C0.html |archive-date=10 August 2011}}</ref> In recent developments, certain Kashmiri independence groups believe that Kashmir should be independent of both India and Pakistan.<ref name="k1">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Kashmir |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=19 December 2011 |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/312908/Kashmir/214223/The-Kashmir-problem#ref673547}}</ref> | |||
| Pakistan is designated as an "Iron Brother" by China, emphasizing the significance of their close and supportive ].{{sfn|Qingyan|2021}} In the 1950s, Pakistan opposed the ] for geopolitical reasons. During the ] in the 1980s, it was a close ally of the United States.{{sfn|Rizvi|2004}} Relations with Russia have improved since the end of the ],{{sfn|Clary|2022}} but Pakistan's relationship with the United States has been "on-and-off."{{sfn|Rizvi|2004}} Initially a close ally during the Cold War,{{sfn|Karat|2007}} Pakistan's relations with the US soured in the 1990s due to ] over its secretive nuclear program.{{sfn|Mazzetti|2013}} Since ], Pakistan has been a US ally on ], but their relationship has been strained due to diverging interests and mistrust during the ] and terrorism issues. Although Pakistan was granted ] status by the U.S. in 2004,{{sfn|Zaidi|Ahmad|2021}} it faced accusations of supporting the ] in Afghanistan.{{sfn|Yousafzai|2021}} | |||
| === Law enforcement === | |||
| {{Main|Law enforcement in Pakistan|Pakistani Intelligence Community}} | |||
| Pakistan does not have formal ] with ]; nonetheless, an exchange occurred between the two countries in 2005, with Turkey acting as an intermediary.{{sfn|Zelnick|2013}} | |||
| The ] is carried out by joint network of several federal and provincial police agencies. The ] and the ] (ICT) each have a civilian police force with jurisdiction extending only to the relevant province or territory.<ref name="ciafactbook" /> At the federal level, there are a number of civilian ] with nationwide jurisdictions including the ] (FIA) and the ] (IB), as well as several ] such as the ] (]), the ] (Punjab and Sindh), and the ] (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan). | |||
| ==== Relations with China ==== | |||
| The most senior officers of all the civilian police forces also form part of the ], which is a component of the ] of Pakistan. Namely, there is four provincial ] including the ], ], ], and the ]; all headed by the appointed senior ]. The ICT has its own police component, the ], to maintain ] in the capital. The ] bureaus are the ] unit and form a vital part in each provincial ]. | |||
| {{Main|China–Pakistan relations}} | |||
| ] with Chinese Premier ] signing the Treaty of Friendship Between China and Pakistan.{{sfn|van Tonder|2018}} Pakistan is host to China's largest embassy.{{sfn|Schuurmans|2023|page=73}}]] | |||
| Pakistan was among the first nations to establish formal diplomatic ties with the China,{{sfn|Cohen|2011}} forging a strong relationship since China's ] with India, culminating in a special bond.{{sfn|Schwinghammer|2018}} During the 1970s, Pakistan acted as an intermediary in U.S.-China rapprochement,{{sfn|Afridi|Bajoria|2010}} facilitating US President ]'s ] to China.{{sfn|Roos|2024}}{{sfn|Lord|Mastro|Naftali|Brinkley|2022}} Despite changes in Pakistani governance and regional/global dynamics, China's influence in Pakistan remains paramount.{{sfn|Afridi|Bajoria|2010}} In reciprocation, China stands as Pakistan's largest trading partner, with substantial investment in Pakistani infrastructure, notably the ].{{sfn|Raju|2021}} In 2015 alone, they inked 51 agreements and Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) for cooperative efforts.{{sfn|Rimmer|2020}} Both nations signed a ] in 2006,{{sfn|Zreik|2024}} with China making its largest investment in Pakistan's history through ].{{sfn|Dorsey|2018}} Pakistan acts as China's liaison to the Muslim world,{{sfn|Shih|2022}} and both nations support each other on sensitive issues like Kashmir, Taiwan, Xinjiang, and more.{{sfn|Pant|2011}} | |||
| The ] also has a ] which is responsible for enforcement of traffic and safety laws, security and recovery on Pakistan's inter-provincial ]. In each of provincial ], it also maintains a respective ] units led by the ]—a counter-terrorism police unit as well as providing VIP escorts. In the Punjab and Sindh, the ] are an internal security force with the prime objective to provide and maintain security in war zones and areas of conflict as well as maintaining law and order which includes providing assistance to the police.<ref name="npb1">{{cite web |url=http://www.npb.gov.pk/partners/ |title=Our Partners |publisher=National Police Bureau, Government of Pakistan|access-date=1 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118155449/http://www.npb.gov.pk/partners/ |archive-date=18 January 2012}}</ref> The ] serves the similar purpose in ], and the Balochistan.<ref name="npb1" /> | |||
| ==== Relations with the Muslim world ==== | |||
| ===Human rights=== | |||
| After Independence, Pakistan vigorously pursued bilateral relations with other Muslim countries.{{R|Pasha-2005-1}} The ] brothers sought to project Pakistan as the natural leader of the Islamic world, partly due to its significant manpower and military strength.{{R|Pasha-2005-2}} ], a prominent ] leader, declared Pakistan's ambition to unite all Muslim countries into ], a pan-Islamic entity.{{R|Dhulipala-2015-5}} | |||
| {{Main|Human rights in Pakistan|LGBT rights in Pakistan}} | |||
| Male ] is illegal in Pakistan and punishable with up to life in prison.<ref>{{cite news |title=The countries where homosexuality is still illegal |url=https://www.theweek.co.uk/96298/the-countries-where-homosexuality-is-still-illegal |work=The Week |date=12 June 2019 |access-date=22 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128203653/https://www.theweek.co.uk/96298/the-countries-where-homosexuality-is-still-illegal |archive-date=28 November 2019 |url-status=dead }}<br />- {{cite news |title=Home Office refused thousands of LGBT asylum claims, figures reveal |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/sep/02/home-office-refused-thousands-of-lgbt-asylum-claims-figures-reveal |work=The Guardian |date=2 September 2019}}</ref> In its 2018 ], ] ranked Pakistan number 139 out of 180 countries based on ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rsf.org/en/ranking|title=2018 World Press Freedom Index|access-date=3 May 2018|publisher=]}}</ref> Television stations and newspapers are routinely shut down for publishing any reports critical of the government or the military.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/06/pakistani-news-channel-geo-suspended-isi|title=Pakistani TV news channel ordered off air after criticising spy agency|author=Jon Boone|work=The Guardian|date=6 June 2014}}<br />- {{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2014/jun/09/press-freedom-pakistan|title=Intimidated journalists in Pakistan cannot exercise press freedom|author=Roy Greenslade|work=The Guardian|date=9 June 2014}}<br />- {{cite news |title=Redlining the News in Pakistan |url=https://www.voanews.com/press-freedom/redlining-news-pakistan |work=VOA News |date=22 September 2019}}</ref> | |||
| These developments, alongside Pakistan's creation, didn't receive approval from the United States, with British Prime Minister ] expressing a hope for India and Pakistan to reunite.{{R|Haqqani-2013-1}} However, due to a nationalist awakening in the Arab world at that time, there was little interest in Pakistan's Pan-Islamic aspirations.{{R|Haqqani-2013-2}} Some Arab countries perceived the 'Islamistan' project as Pakistan's bid to dominate other Muslim states.{{R|Roberts-2003}} | |||
| Pakistan's founder, ], consistently advocated for the ], shaping Pakistan's foreign policy to support Palestinian rights within the broader framework of Muslim solidarity.{{sfn|Jafri|Sultana|Ijaz|2021}} During the ], Pakistan supported the Arab states and played a key role in securing Iran's backing for the Arab cause both within the U.N. and beyond.{{sfn|Arora|Grover|1995}} | |||
| Pakistan's relations with Iran have been strained by sectarian tensions,{{R|Hunter-2010}} with both Iran and Saudi Arabia using Pakistan as a battleground for their proxy sectarian war.{{R|Pande-2011-2}} Since the early days of the ], President ] played an important mediatory role, with Pakistan actively engaging in efforts to end the conflict.{{sfn|Talbot|2020}}{{sfn|Rose|Husain|1985}} Pakistan provided support to Saudi Arabia during the ].{{sfn|Halladay|Matei|Bruneau|2021}} Pakistan chose to remain neutral during ], refraining from sending military support to Saudi Arabia in its offensive against ]. Instead, Pakistan aimed to play a proactive diplomatic role in resolving the crisis,{{sfn|Panda|2019}} which led to tensions between the two countries.{{sfn|Halladay|Matei|Bruneau|2021}} In 2016, Pakistan mediated between Saudi Arabia and Iran following the execution of Shia cleric ], with visits to both countries by then Prime Minister ] and the Chief of Army Staff, ].{{sfn|Basharat|2023}} | |||
| Pakistan provided refuge to millions of displaced Afghans after the ] and supported the ] in their efforts to expel Soviet forces from Afghanistan.{{sfn|Riedel|2010}} After the Soviets withdrew, ] over control of Afghanistan. Pakistan facilitated ] to help end the conflict.{{sfn|Visoka|Richmond|2022}} After four years of unresolved conflict between rival Mujahideen groups, Pakistan helped establish the Taliban as a stabilizing force.{{sfn|Maizland|2023}} Pakistan's support for the Sunni Taliban in Afghanistan challenged Shia-led Iran, which opposed a Taliban-controlled Afghanistan.{{R|Pande-2011-2}} | |||
| Pakistan vigorously advocated for self-determination among Muslims globally. Its efforts in supporting independence movements in countries like Indonesia, Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, and ] fostered strong ties.{{R|Pande-2011-1}} Due to its support for ] in the ], Pakistan has not established ] with ].{{sfn|Berg|Kursani|2021}}{{sfn|Babayev|Schoch|Spanger|2019}} | |||
| Pakistan and Bangladesh have experienced strained relations, particularly under the ] governments led by ], driven by her pro-India stance and historical grievances.{{sfn|Ahmed|Zahoor|2019}} | |||
| Pakistan, a prominent member of the ] (OIC), prioritizes maintaining cultural, political, social, and economic relations with Arab and other Muslim-majority nations in its foreign policy.{{sfn|Pande|2011}} | |||
| === Kashmir conflict === | |||
| {{Main|Kashmir conflict}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ], a Himalayan region at the northern tip of the ], was governed as the autonomous ] of ] during the ] before the ] in August 1947. This sparked a ] between India and Pakistan, resulting in ] over the region. India controls about 45.1% of Kashmir, including ] and ], while Pakistan controls roughly 38.2%, comprising ] and ]. Additionally, about 20% of the region, known as ] and the ], is under Chinese control.{{sfn|Kudaisya|Yong|2004}} India claims the entire Kashmir region based on the ] signed by the princely state's ruler, Maharaja Hari Singh,{{sfn|Zahoor|Rumi|2020}} while Pakistan argues for its Muslim-majority population,{{sfn|Bhattacharyya|2023}} and geographical proximity to Pakistan.{{sfn|Raghavan|2012}} The United Nations was involved in resolving the conflict, leading to a ceasefire in 1949 and the establishment of the ] (LoC) as a ''de facto'' border.{{sfn|Stone|2017}} India, fearing Kashmir's secession, did not hold the promised plebiscite, as it believed Kashmiris would vote to join Pakistan.{{R|Endrst-1965}} | |||
| ] in ] is part of Pakistani-controlled Kashmir.{{sfn|Ganguly|2019}}]] | |||
| Pakistan claims that its position is for the right of the ] to determine their future through impartial elections as mandated by the United Nations, while India has stated that Kashmir is an "]" of India, referring to the ] and to the fact that ] take place regularly.{{sfn|Khurshid|2016}} Certain Kashmiri independence groups believe that Kashmir should be independent of both India and Pakistan.{{sfn|Oldenburg|2019}} | |||
| {{Clear}} | |||
| == Military == | === Military === | ||
| {{Main|Pakistan Armed Forces}} | {{Main|Pakistan Armed Forces}} | ||
| <!--THIS SECTION IS A SUMMARY—PLEASE ADD NEW MATERIAL TO THE MAIN ARTICLE-->]'s ] flying in front of the {{convert|26660|ft|m|adj=mid|abbr=off|-high|order=flip}} ]]] | <!--THIS SECTION IS A SUMMARY—PLEASE ADD NEW MATERIAL TO THE MAIN ARTICLE-->]'s ] flying in front of the {{convert|26660|ft|m|adj=mid|abbr=off|-high|order=flip}} ]]] | ||
| The armed forces of Pakistan are the ] in the world in terms of numbers in full-time service, with about 651,800 personnel on active duty and 291,000 paramilitary personnel, as of tentative estimates in 2021.<ref name="Hackett">{{cite book|title=The Military Balance 2021|work=International Institute for Strategic Studies |editor-last1=Hackett |editor-first1=James|year=2021|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=9781032012278|pages=289–293}}</ref> They ] after independence in 1947, and the military establishment has frequently influenced the ] ever since.<ref name="military" /> ] of the military is kept under the control of the ]; all of the branches joint works, co-ordination, military logistics, and joint missions are under the ].<ref name="Diane Publishing Co.">{{cite book |last1=Blood |first1=Peter R. |title=Pakistan: A Country Study |date=1995 |publisher=Diane Publishing Co. |location=Washington, DC |isbn=978-0-7881-3631-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DRMTO7mn7hIC&pg=PA287|page=287}}</ref> The ] is composed of the ], ], and ] in the vicinity of the ].<ref name="Frankfort, IL">{{cite book |last=Singh |first=R.S.N. |title=The military factor in Pakistan |year=2008 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-0-9815378-9-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wCm2DFZblOYC&pg=PA409|page=409}}</ref> | |||
| The armed forces of Pakistan ] globally in personnel size, with about 660,000 on active duty and 291,000 paramilitary personnel as of 2024.{{sfn|IISS|2024}} ], they've wielded significant influence over ].{{sfn|Bartholomees|2008}} The main branches include the ], ], and ], supported by numerous ].{{sfn|DeRouen|Heo|2005}} | |||
| The ] is the highest ] in the armed forces, and the chief military adviser to the ] though the chairman has no authority over the three branches of armed forces.<ref name="Diane Publishing Co." /> The ] controls the military from the ] and maintains strategic communications between the military and the civilian government.<ref name="Diane Publishing Co." /> {{as of|2021}}, the ] is General ]<ref>{{cite news|title=Nadeem Raza takes charge as chairman joint chiefs of staff committee|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1519257|access-date=27 May 2021|newspaper=]|date=28 November 2019}}</ref> alongside ] General ],<ref>{{cite news|title=General Qamar Bajwa COAS, General Zubair Hayat CJCSC|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/168038-General-Qamar-Bajwa-COAS-General-Zubair-Hayat-CJCSC|access-date=9 January 2017|newspaper=]|date=27 November 2016}}</ref> ] ] ],<ref>{{cite news|title=Admiral Amjad Khan Niazi takes over command of Pakistan Navy as new chief|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/725948-admiral-amjad-khan-niazi-takes-over-command-of-pakistan-navy-as-its-new-chief|access-date=27 May 2021|newspaper=]|date=7 October 2020}}</ref> and ] ] ].<ref>{{cite news|title=Zaheer Ahmad takes over as air chief|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/807167-zaheer-ahmad-takes-over-as-air-chief|access-date=27 May 2021|newspaper=]|date=20 March 2021}}</ref> The main branches are the ], the ] and the ], which are supported by a large number of ] in the country.<ref name="china22">{{cite web |title=Pakistan Armed Forces |url=http://www.cdi.org/issues/Asia/PAKISTAN.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980210034847/http://www.cdi.org/issues/Asia/PAKISTAN.html |archive-date=10 February 1998 |publisher=Center For Defense Information|access-date=24 July 2010}}</ref> Control over the ], deployment, employment, development, ] and ] is a responsibility vested under the ] which oversaw the work on the ] as part of the credible ].<ref name="Stanford University Press" /> | |||
| The ] (CJCSC) is the highest-ranking military officer, advising the civilian government. However, they lack direct command over the branches and serve as intermediaries, ensuring communication between the military and civilian leadership. Overseeing the ], they coordinate inter-service cooperation and joint military missions.{{sfn|Blood|1996|page=287}} | |||
| The United States, Turkey, and China maintain close military relations and regularly export military equipment and ] to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/values.php |title=Importer/Exporter TIV Tables |publisher=Armstrade.sipri.org|access-date=16 April 2011}}</ref> Joint logistics and major ] are occasionally carried out by the militaries of China and Turkey.<ref name="china22" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan and China participate in drill |url=http://www.dawn.com/2011/11/26/pak-china-participate-in-anti-terrorist-drill.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127083338/http://www.dawn.com/2011/11/26/pak-china-participate-in-anti-terrorist-drill.html |archive-date=27 November 2011|access-date=11 March 2012 |newspaper=Dawn |date=26 November 2011}}<br />- {{cite news |author=Kamran Yousaf |title=Joint military exercise: Pakistan, China begin war games near Jhelum |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/292020/joint-military-exercise-pakistan-china-begin-war-games-near-jhelum/|access-date=11 March 2012 |newspaper=Tribune |date=15 November 2011}}</ref> Philosophical basis for the ] is introduced by the ] in times of emergency, but it has never been imposed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,CSCOAL,,PAK,,486cb123c,0.html |title=Child Soldiers Global Report 2008 – Pakistan |publisher=] |date=20 May 2008 |access-date=9 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119141137/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country%2C%2CCSCOAL%2C%2CPAK%2C%2C486cb123c%2C0.html |archive-date=19 January 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
| ] over Pakistan's ] development and employment is vested in the ], overseeing work on ] to maintain ].{{sfn|Khan|2012}} | |||
| === Military history === | |||
| Since 1947 Pakistan has been involved in ] ]. ] occurred in Kashmir with Pakistan gaining control of ], (Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan), and India retaining ] (Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh). Territorial problems eventually led to ] in 1965. The issue of ] led to another war in 1971 which resulted in Pakistan's ] in East Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web |title=War History |url=http://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=47&rnd=443 |website=Pakistan Army |access-date=24 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225060835/http://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=47&rnd=443 |archive-date=25 December 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tensions in Kargil brought the two countries at the ].<ref name="kargil" /> Since 1947 the unresolved ] with ] saw ] which were kept mostly at the ]. In 1961, the military and ] repelled the ] in the ] near the ] border.<ref>{{cite web |title=Daoud as Prime Minister, 1953–63 |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+af0025) |year=1997|access-date=6 November 2013}}<br />- {{cite book |author=Ian Talbot |title=The Armed Forces of Pakistan |year=1999 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-312-21606-1 |page= |url=https://archive.org/details/pakistanmodernhi00talb/page/99 }}</ref> | |||
| The United States, Turkey, and China maintain close military relations with ], regularly exporting military equipment and ].{{refn|name="Military relations"}} Pakistan was the 5th-largest recipient and importer of arms between 2019 and 2023.{{sfn|Wezeman et al.|2024}} | |||
| Rising tensions with neighbouring USSR in ] in Afghanistan, ], mostly the ], ] the ] to the ] and ] against the Soviet Union's presence in the region. Military reports indicated that the ] was in engagement with the ], supported by the ] during the course of the ]; one of which belonged to ].<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF PAF |url=http://www.paf.gov.pk/history.html |publisher=Pakistan Air Force |access-date=20 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111215075643/http://www.paf.gov.pk/history.html |archive-date=15 December 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Apart from its own conflicts, Pakistan has been an active ]. It played a major role in rescuing trapped American soldiers from ], Somalia, in 1993 in ].<ref name="israel" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defence.pk/pakistan-army/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822072041/http://www.defence.pk/pakistan-army/ |archive-date=22 August 2013 |title=Pakistan Army |publisher=Pakistan Defense|access-date=11 March 2009}}<br />- {{cite web |title=UN Peace Keeping Missions |url=http://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=408&rnd=497 |publisher=Pakistan Army |access-date=29 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111224160635/http://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=408&rnd=497 |archive-date=24 December 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to UN reports, the Pakistani military is the third largest troop contributor to UN ] after ] and India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Contributors to United Nations peacekeeping operations |url=https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/contributors/2016/dec16_1.pdf|access-date=10 February 2017 |publisher=United Nations}}<br />- {{Cite news |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1215166 |title=Pakistan's peacekeeping role highlighted |date=24 October 2015 |work=Dawn |quote=Pakistan has contributed more than 160,000 troops to-date in 41 missions spread over 23 countries in almost all continents, it said. The country has remained one of the largest troop contributing countries consistently for many years.|access-date=26 December 2016}}</ref> | |||
| ==== Military history ==== | |||
| Pakistan has ] in some ], providing defence, training, and playing advisory roles.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vJQ9AAAAIAAJ|title=Western Strategic Interests in Saudi Arabia |year=1986 |publisher=Croom Helm |isbn=978-0-7099-4823-0|pages=139–140 |author=Anthony H. Cordesman}}<br />- {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDoMlBd4dYsC&pg=PR2|title=Pakistan Islamisation|date=2005 |publisher=APH Publishing Corporation|isbn=978-81-7648-548-7|page=42|author=Bidanda M. Chengappa}}</ref> The ] and ]'s fighter pilots have voluntarily served in Arab nations' militaries against Israel in ] (1967) and in the ] (1973). Pakistan's ]s shot down ten Israeli planes in the Six-Day War.<ref name="israel">{{cite web |title=Pakistan Armed Forces |url=http://www.scramble.nl/pk.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011217224910/http://www.scramble.nl/pk.htm |archive-date=17 December 2001 |work=Scramble |access-date=24 July 2010}}</ref> In the 1973 war, one of the PAF pilots, Flt. Lt. ] (flying a MiG-21), shot down an Israeli Air Force Mirage and was honoured by the Syrian government.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDoMlBd4dYsC&pg=PA42 |title=Pakistan: Islamisation Army And Foreign Policy |year=2004 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-7648-548-7|page=42|author=Bidanda M. Chengappa}}<br />- {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1BYk_sXT6tsC&pg=PA39 |title=The Yom Kippur War 1973 (2): The Sinai |year=2003 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-84176-221-0 |page=39|author=Simon Dunstan}}<br />- {{cite book |author=P.R. Kumaraswamy |title=Revisiting the Yom Kippur War |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-32895-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g1TkFQgzp5cC&pg=PT75|year=2013 |page=75}}</ref> Requested by the ] in 1979, Pakistan's ] units, operatives, and commandos were rushed to assist ] in ] to ] of the ]. For almost two weeks Saudi Special Forces and Pakistani commandos fought the insurgents who had occupied the ]'s compound.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nZeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT63|title=The Audacious Ascetic: What the Bin Laden Tapes Reveal About Al-Qa'ida |last=Miller |first=Flagg |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-19-061339-6 |quote=Not since the tenth century had such a maverick crew occupied Islam's holiest sanctuary, and for nearly two weeks Saudi Special Forces assisted by Pakistani and French commandos fought pitched battles to reclaim the compound.}}<br />- {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rl9eCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT219|title=Force and Fanaticism: Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia and Beyond |last=Valentine |first=Simon Ross |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-84904-616-9 |page=219}}<br />- {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tNwzeQAHVJwC |title=Fatal Faultlines : Pakistan, Islam and the West |publisher=Arc Manor Publishers |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-60450-478-1 |location=Rockville, Maryland |page=129 |author=Irfan Husain}}</ref> In 1991, Pakistan became involved with the ] and sent 5,000 troops as part of a US-led coalition, specifically for the defence of ].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2002/09/24/MN168392.DTL&ao=all |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=24 September 2002 |title=The 1991 Gulf war|access-date=16 March 2009}}</ref> | |||
| {{Main|Military history of Pakistan}} | |||
| Since 1947, Pakistan has been involved in ] ] with India.{{sfn|Gates|Roy|2016}} The ] took place in Kashmir and ended in a United Nations-mediated ceasefire, with Pakistan gaining control of one-third of the region.{{sfn|Oetzel|Ting-Toomey|2006}} Territorial disputes led to ]. In 1971, India and Pakistan fought ] over ], with Indian forces aiding its independence, leading to the creation of ].{{sfn|Center for Preventive Action|2024}} Tensions in Kargil brought the two countries to the ].{{sfn|Busch|2014}} | |||
| During the ], Pakistan's intelligence community, mostly the ], ] ] to support ] and ] against Soviet presence.{{sfn|Rupert|1989}} The ] engaged with ] and ]s during the ].{{sfn|Withington|2005}} Pakistan has been an active ],{{sfn|de Coning|Aoi|Karlsrud|2017}} playing a major role in operations like the rescue mission in ], Somalia, in 1993.{{sfn|Stewart|2002}} According to UN reports, the Pakistani military is the third largest troop contributor to UN peacekeeping missions after ] and India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Contributors to United Nations peacekeeping operations |url=https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/contributors/2016/dec16_1.pdf|access-date=10 February 2017 |publisher=United Nations}}<br />- {{Cite news |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1215166 |title=Pakistan's peacekeeping role highlighted |date=24 October 2015 |work=Dawn |quote=Pakistan has contributed more than 160,000 troops to-date in 41 missions spread over 23 countries in almost all continents, it said. The country has remained one of the largest troop contributing countries consistently for many years.|access-date=26 December 2016}}</ref> | |||
| Despite the UN arms embargo on ], General ] of the ] airlifted anti-tank weapons and missiles to Bosnian mujahideen which turned the tide in favour of Bosnian Muslims and forced the Serbs to lift the siege. Under Nasir's leadership the ] was also involved in supporting Chinese Muslims in ] Province, rebel Muslim groups in the ], and some religious groups in Central Asia.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TINpAAAAMAAJ|title=Intelligence and the War in Bosnia, 1992–1995: Volume 1 of Studies in intelligence history |last=Wiebes |first=Cees |publisher=LIT Verlag |year=2003 |isbn=978-3-8258-6347-0|page=195 |quote=Pakistan definitely defied the United Nations ban on supply of arms to the Bosnian Muslims and sophisticated anti-tank guided missiles were airlifted by the Pakistani intelligence agency, ISI, to help Bosnians fight the Serbs.}}<br />- {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FHKsBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA148|title=Pakistan's Drift Into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America's War on Terror |last=Abbas |first=Hassan |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-317-46328-3|page=148 |quote=Javed Nasir confesses that despite the U.N. ban on supplying arms to the besieged Bosnians, he successfully airlifted sophisticated antitank guided missiles which turned the tide in favour of Bosnian Muslims and forced the Serbs to lift the siege. Under his leadership the ISI also got involved in supporting Chinese Muslims in Xinjiang Province, rebel Muslim groups in the Philippines, and some religious groups in Central Asia.}}</ref> | |||
| Pakistan has ] in some Arab countries, providing defense, training, and advisory roles.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vJQ9AAAAIAAJ|title=Western Strategic Interests in Saudi Arabia |year=1986 |publisher=Croom Helm |isbn=978-0-7099-4823-0|pages=139–140 |author=Anthony H. Cordesman}}<br />- {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDoMlBd4dYsC&pg=PR2|title=Pakistan Islamisation|date=2005 |publisher=APH Publishing Corporation|isbn=978-81-7648-548-7|page=42|author=Bidanda M. Chengappa}}</ref> The ] and ]'s fighter pilots served in Arab nations' militaries against Israel in the ] and the ].<ref name="israel">{{cite web |title=Pakistan Armed Forces |url=http://www.scramble.nl/pk.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011217224910/http://www.scramble.nl/pk.htm |archive-date=17 December 2001 |work=Scramble |access-date=24 July 2010}}</ref> Pakistani ] assisted ] in ] during the ].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nZeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT63|title=The Audacious Ascetic: What the Bin Laden Tapes Reveal About Al-Qa'ida |last=Miller |first=Flagg |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-19-061339-6 |quote=Not since the tenth century had such a maverick crew occupied Islam's holiest sanctuary, and for nearly two weeks Saudi Special Forces assisted by Pakistani and French commandos fought pitched battles to reclaim the compound.}}<br />- {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rl9eCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT219|title=Force and Fanaticism: Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia and Beyond |last=Valentine |first=Simon Ross |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-84904-616-9 |page=219}}<br />- {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tNwzeQAHVJwC |title=Fatal Faultlines : Pakistan, Islam and the West |publisher=Arc Manor Publishers |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-60450-478-1 |location=Rockville, Maryland |page=129 |author=Irfan Husain}}</ref> Pakistan also sent 5,000 troops as part of a US-led coalition for the defense of Saudi Arabia during the ].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2002/09/24/MN168392.DTL&ao=all |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=24 September 2002 |title=The 1991 Gulf war|access-date=16 March 2009}}</ref> | |||
| Since 2004, the military has been engaged in an ] in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, mainly against the ].<ref>{{cite news |last=Abbas |first=Zaffar |title=Pakistan's undeclared war|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3645114.stm |work=BBC News |date=10 September 2004 |access-date=19 October 2008}}<br />- {{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/24/AR2006012401528.html |title=The War in Pakistan |newspaper=] |date=25 January 2006|access-date=19 October 2008}}</ref> Major operations undertaken by the army include ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/04-jets-bomb-taliban-hideouts-swaziristan-qs-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090620145347/http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/04-jets-bomb-taliban-hideouts-swaziristan-qs-07 |archive-date=20 June 2009 |title=Troops make gains in Swat and South Waziristan |date=21 June 2009 |website=]|access-date=29 December 2011}}<br />- {{cite news |title=26 killed as troops hit Taliban hideouts in Dir |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\04\28\story_28-4-2009_pg1_3|access-date=29 December 2011 |newspaper=Daily Times |date=28 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502160940/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009%5C04%5C28%5Cstory_28-4-2009_pg1_3 |archive-date=2 May 2009}}</ref> | |||
| Despite the UN arms embargo on ], the ISI under General ] airlifted anti-tank weapons and missiles to Bosnian mujahideen, shifting the tide in favor of Bosnian Muslims. ISI, under Nasir's leadership, supported Chinese Muslims in ], rebel groups in the ], and religious groups in Central Asia.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TINpAAAAMAAJ|title=Intelligence and the War in Bosnia, 1992–1995: Volume 1 of Studies in intelligence history |last=Wiebes |first=Cees |publisher=LIT Verlag |year=2003 |isbn=978-3-8258-6347-0|page=195 |quote=Pakistan definitely defied the United Nations ban on supply of arms to the Bosnian Muslims and sophisticated anti-tank guided missiles were airlifted by the Pakistani intelligence agency, ISI, to help Bosnians fight the Serbs.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FHKsBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA148|title=Pakistan's Drift Into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America's War on Terror |last=Abbas |first=Hassan |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-317-46328-3|page=148 |quote=Javed Nasir confesses that despite the U.N. ban on supplying arms to the besieged Bosnians, he successfully airlifted sophisticated antitank guided missiles which turned the tide in favour of Bosnian Muslims and forced the Serbs to lift the siege. Under his leadership the ISI also got involved in supporting Chinese Muslims in Xinjiang Province, rebel Muslim groups in the Philippines, and some religious groups in Central Asia.}}</ref> | |||
| According to ], Pakistan was the 9th-largest recipient and importer of arms between 2012 and 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/toplist.php |title=TOP LIST TIV TABLES |website=SIPRI}}</ref> | |||
| Since 2004, the military has been engaged in an ] in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, primarily against ]. Major operations include ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite news |last=Abbas |first=Zaffar |title=Pakistan's undeclared war|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3645114.stm |work=BBC News |date=10 September 2004 |access-date=19 October 2008}}<br />- {{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/24/AR2006012401528.html |title=The War in Pakistan |newspaper=] |date=25 January 2006|access-date=19 October 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/04-jets-bomb-taliban-hideouts-swaziristan-qs-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090620145347/http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/04-jets-bomb-taliban-hideouts-swaziristan-qs-07 |archive-date=20 June 2009 |title=Troops make gains in Swat and South Waziristan |date=21 June 2009 |website=]|access-date=29 December 2011}}<br />- {{cite news |title=26 killed as troops hit Taliban hideouts in Dir |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\04\28\story_28-4-2009_pg1_3|access-date=29 December 2011 |newspaper=Daily Times |date=28 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502160940/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009%5C04%5C28%5Cstory_28-4-2009_pg1_3 |archive-date=2 May 2009}}</ref> | |||
| === Law enforcement === | |||
| {{Main|Law enforcement in Pakistan|Pakistani Intelligence Community}} | |||
| ] consists of federal and provincial police agencies. Each of the ] (], ], ], and ]) has its own police force, while the ] has the Islamabad Police.<ref name="ciafactbook">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/ |title=Pakistan |publisher=] |website=]|access-date=13 February 2008}}</ref> Provincial police forces are led by an Inspector-General of Police (IGP) appointed by provincial governments. However, top officers are from the ], ensuring national standards across provincial forces. | |||
| '''Specialized Units:''' | |||
| * ] (NHMP): Enforces traffic laws and ensures safety on Pakistan's inter-provincial motorway network. | |||
| * Elite Police Units: Each provincial police force, such as the Punjab Elite Force, focuses on counter-terrorism operations and high-risk situations. | |||
| The ] (CAF) support regular law enforcement agencies, aiding in tasks like riot control, counter-insurgency, and border security, enhancing Pakistan's law enforcement capabilities.<ref name="npb1">{{cite web |title=Our Partners |url=http://www.npb.gov.pk/partners/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118155449/http://www.npb.gov.pk/partners/ |archive-date=18 January 2012 |access-date=1 July 2008 |publisher=National Police Bureau, Government of Pakistan}}</ref> | |||
| The ] oversees intelligence activities at federal and provincial levels, including the ], ], ], ], Police, and ].<ref name="law">{{cite book |author=Asad Jamal |title=Police Organisations in Pakistan |publisher=CHRI and HRCP |year=2010 |isbn=978-81-88205-79-0 |pages=9–15}}</ref> Pakistan's primary intelligence agency, the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), was established within a year of Pakistan's independence in 1947.<ref>{{cite book |author=Manoj Shrivastava |title=Re-Energising Indian Intelligence |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |year=2013 |isbn=978-93-82573-55-5 |page=89}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 December 2014 |title=Top 10 Best Intelligence Agencies in The World 2016 |url=http://www.abcnewspoint.com/top-10-best-intelligence-agencies-in-the-world-2015/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105032641/http://www.abcnewspoint.com/top-10-best-intelligence-agencies-in-the-world-2015/ |archive-date=5 January 2015 |access-date=27 December 2016 |work=ABC News Point}}</ref> | |||
| ===Human rights=== | |||
| {{Main|Human rights in Pakistan|LGBT rights in Pakistan}} | |||
| In 2018, Pakistan ranked 139 out of 180 countries in the ] by ], highlighting restrictions on ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rsf.org/en/ranking|title=2018 World Press Freedom Index|date=30 January 2013 |access-date=3 May 2018|publisher=]}}</ref> Television stations and newspapers face closures for publishing reports critical of the government or military.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/06/pakistani-news-channel-geo-suspended-isi|title=Pakistani TV news channel ordered off air after criticising spy agency|author=Jon Boone|work=The Guardian|date=6 June 2014}}<br />- {{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2014/jun/09/press-freedom-pakistan|title=Intimidated journalists in Pakistan cannot exercise press freedom|author=Roy Greenslade|work=The Guardian|date=9 June 2014}}<br />- {{cite news |title=Redlining the News in Pakistan |url=https://www.voanews.com/press-freedom/redlining-news-pakistan |work=VOA News |date=22 September 2019}}</ref> Male ] is illegal in Pakistan, punishable with up to life in prison.<ref>{{cite news |title=The countries where homosexuality is still illegal |url=https://www.theweek.co.uk/96298/the-countries-where-homosexuality-is-still-illegal |work=The Week |date=12 June 2019 |access-date=22 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128203653/https://www.theweek.co.uk/96298/the-countries-where-homosexuality-is-still-illegal |archive-date=28 November 2019 |url-status=dead }}<br />- {{cite news |title=Home Office refused thousands of LGBT asylum claims, figures reveal |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/sep/02/home-office-refused-thousands-of-lgbt-asylum-claims-figures-reveal |work=The Guardian |date=2 September 2019}}</ref> | |||
| == Economy == | == Economy == | ||
| {{Main|Economy of Pakistan|Economic history of Pakistan}} | |||
| {{update|section|date=April 2020}} | |||
| {{See also|Pakistan and the International Monetary Fund}} | |||
| {{main|Economy of Pakistan|Economic history of Pakistan}} | |||
| {| class="floatright" style="font-size: 90%; border: 1px solid #999; float: right; margin-left: 1em; width:325px" | |||
| {{see also|Pakistan and the International Monetary Fund}} | |||
| {| class="infobox" style="font-size: 90%; border: 1px solid #999; float: right; margin-left: 1em; width:325px" | |||
| |- style="background:#f5f5f5" | |- style="background:#f5f5f5" | ||
| ! colspan="3" | Economic indicators | ! colspan="3" | Economic indicators | ||
| Line 435: | Line 422: | ||
| | Real GDP growth || 3.29% <small>(2019)</small> || style="text-align:right;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=PTI achieves lowest GDP rate of 3.29pc since 2010–11 |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/469254-pti-achieves-lowest-gdp-rate-of-3-29pc-since-2010-11 |website=www.thenews.com.pk}}</ref> | | Real GDP growth || 3.29% <small>(2019)</small> || style="text-align:right;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=PTI achieves lowest GDP rate of 3.29pc since 2010–11 |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/469254-pti-achieves-lowest-gdp-rate-of-3-29pc-since-2010-11 |website=www.thenews.com.pk}}</ref> | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| | ] inflation || 10.3% <small>(2019)</small> || style="text-align:right;" |<ref>{{ |
| ] inflation || 10.3% <small>(2019)</small> || style="text-align:right;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//price_statistics/monthly_price_indices/2019/Monthly%20Review%20July%2C%20%202019.pdf|title=Price statistics – Monthly_price}}</ref> | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| | ] || 5.7% <small>(2018)</small>|| style="text-align:right;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=PAKISTAN EMPLOYMENT TRENDS 2018 |url=http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//Pakistan%20Employment%20Trend%20%20Reprt%202018%20Final.pdf |website=www.pbs.gov.pk}}</ref> | | ] || 5.7% <small>(2018)</small>|| style="text-align:right;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=PAKISTAN EMPLOYMENT TRENDS 2018 |url=http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//Pakistan%20Employment%20Trend%20%20Reprt%202018%20Final.pdf |website=www.pbs.gov.pk |access-date=11 November 2019 |archive-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223130331/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//Pakistan%20Employment%20Trend%20%20Reprt%202018%20Final.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| | Labor force participation rate || 48.9% <small>(2018)</small> ||<ref>{{cite web |title=Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (national estimate) – Pakistan {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.EMP.TOTL.SP.NE.ZS?locations=PK&name_desc=true |website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref> | | Labor force participation rate || 48.9% <small>(2018)</small> ||<ref>{{cite web |title=Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (national estimate) – Pakistan {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.EMP.TOTL.SP.NE.ZS?locations=PK&name_desc=true |website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref> | ||
| Line 446: | Line 433: | ||
| |} | |} | ||
| Pakistan's economy ] globally by ] (PPP) and ]. Historically, Pakistan was part of the wealthiest ] in the first millennium CE, but lost ground to regions like China and Western Europe by the 18th century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Maddison |first=Angus |title=The World Economy. A Millennial Perspective (Vol. 1). Historical Statistics (Vol. 2) |publisher=OECD |year=2006 |pages=241, 261 |isbn=978-92-64-02261-4 }}</ref> Pakistan is a ],<ref>{{cite web |author=Faryal Leghari |url=http://www.grc.ae/?frm_module=contents&frm_action=detail_book&sec=Contents&override=Articles%20%3E%20GCC%20Investments%20in%20Pakistan%20and%20Future%20Trends&book_id=25458&op_lang=en |title=GCC investments in Pakistan and future trends |publisher=Gulf Research Center |date=3 January 2007 |access-date=12 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111131042/http://www.grc.ae/?frm_module=contents&frm_action=detail_book&sec=Contents&override=Articles%20%3E%20GCC%20Investments%20in%20Pakistan%20and%20Future%20Trends&book_id=25458&op_lang=en |archive-date=11 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}<br />- {{cite book |title=Contextualizing Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies and Developing Countries |date=2017 |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |isbn=978-1-78536-753-3 |page=133 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j3pHDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA133}}</ref> and part of the ], poised to become one of the world's largest economies in the 21st century, alongside the ].<ref>{{cite news |author=Tavia Grant |title=On 10th birthday, BRICs poised for more growth |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/economy/economy-lab/daily-mix/on-10th-birthday-brics-poised-for-more-growth/article2264208/|access-date=4 January 2012 |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |date=8 December 2011 |location=Toronto}}</ref> | |||
| In recent years, after decades of social instability, {{As of|2013|lc=y}}, serious deficiencies in ] and unbalanced ] in basic services such as ] and ] generation have developed.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan, Rusting in Its Tracks |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/19/world/asia/pakistans-railroads-sum-up-nations-woes.html|access-date=19 May 2013 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=18 May 2013 |author=Declan Walsh |quote=natural disasters and entrenched insurgencies, abject poverty and feudal kleptocrats, and an economy near meltdown}}</ref> The economy is considered to be semi-industrialized, with centres of growth along the Indus River.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Henneberry |first=S. |title=An analysis of industrial–agricultural interactions: A case study in Pakistan |url=http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/175305/files/agec2000v022i001a002.pdf |journal=Agricultural Economics |volume=22 |pages=17–27 |year=2000 |doi=10.1016/S0169-5150(99)00041-9}}</ref><ref name="siteresources.worldbank.org">{{cite web |title=World Bank Document |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/PAKISTANEXTN/Resources/293051-1241610364594/6097548-1257441952102/balochistaneconomicreportvol2.pdf |page=14 |year=2008 |access-date=2 January 2010}}</ref><ref name="raid">{{cite web |url=http://www.rad-aid.org/UploadedFiles/RAD-AID%20Pakistan%20Health%20Care%20Radiology%20Report%202011.pdf |title=Pakistan Country Report |website=RAD-AID |year=2010 |pages=3, 7|access-date=26 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112021042/http://www.rad-aid.org/UploadedFiles/RAD-AID%20Pakistan%20Health%20Care%20Radiology%20Report%202011.pdf |archive-date=12 January 2012}}</ref> The diversified economies of ] and ] coexist with less-developed areas in other parts of the country, particularly in Balochistan.<ref name="siteresources.worldbank.org" /> According to the ], Pakistan is the 67th-largest export economy in the world and the 106th most complex economy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan |url=http://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/pak/ |website=atlas.media.mit.edu |access-date=4 March 2017 |archive-date=18 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318001324/http://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/pak/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> During the fiscal year 2015–16, Pakistan's exports stood at US$20.81 billion and imports at US$44.76 billion, resulting in a negative trade balance of US$23.96 billion.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hamza |first1=Abrar |title=Pakistan's trade deficit widens to 35-year high in FY16 |url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/business/16-Jul-16/pakistans-trade-deficit-widens-to-35-year-high-in-fy16|access-date=14 February 2017 |work=]|location=Pakistan |date=16 July 2016}}</ref> | |||
| In recent years, Pakistan has faced social instability and ] imbalances, with deficiencies in services like ] and ] generation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan, Rusting in Its Tracks |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/19/world/asia/pakistans-railroads-sum-up-nations-woes.html|access-date=19 May 2013 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=18 May 2013 |author=Declan Walsh |quote=natural disasters and entrenched insurgencies, abject poverty and feudal kleptocrats, and an economy near meltdown}}</ref> The semi-industrialized economy has growth centers along the Indus River.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Henneberry |first=S. |title=An analysis of industrial–agricultural interactions: A case study in Pakistan |url=http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/175305/files/agec2000v022i001a002.pdf |journal=Agricultural Economics |volume=22 |pages=17–27 |year=2000 |doi=10.1016/S0169-5150(99)00041-9|doi-broken-date=24 December 2024 | issn = 0169-5150}}</ref><ref name="siteresources.worldbank.org">{{cite web |title=World Bank Document |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/PAKISTANEXTN/Resources/293051-1241610364594/6097548-1257441952102/balochistaneconomicreportvol2.pdf |page=14 |year=2008 |access-date=2 January 2010}}</ref><ref name="raid">{{cite web |url=http://www.rad-aid.org/UploadedFiles/RAD-AID%20Pakistan%20Health%20Care%20Radiology%20Report%202011.pdf |title=Pakistan Country Report |website=RAD-AID |year=2010 |pages=3, 7|access-date=26 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112021042/http://www.rad-aid.org/UploadedFiles/RAD-AID%20Pakistan%20Health%20Care%20Radiology%20Report%202011.pdf |archive-date=12 January 2012}}</ref> The diversified economies of ] and ] coexist with less-developed areas in other parts of the country, particularly in Balochistan.<ref name="siteresources.worldbank.org" /> Pakistan ranks as the 67th-largest export economy and the 106th-most complex economy globally, with a negative trade balance of US$23.96 billion in fiscal year 2015–16.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan |url=http://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/pak/ |website=atlas.media.mit.edu |access-date=4 March 2017 |archive-date=18 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318001324/http://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/pak/ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hamza |first1=Abrar |title=Pakistan's trade deficit widens to 35-year high in FY16 |url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/business/16-Jul-16/pakistans-trade-deficit-widens-to-35-year-high-in-fy16|access-date=14 February 2017 |work=]|location=Pakistan |date=16 July 2016}}</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| {{as of|2019}}, Pakistan's estimated ] is US$284.2 billion. The GDP by ] is US$1.254 trillion. The estimated nominal per capita GDP is US$1,388, the ] is US$6,016 (]s),<ref name="imf2" /> According to the ], Pakistan has important strategic endowments and development potential. The increasing proportion of Pakistan's youth provides the country with both a potential demographic dividend and a challenge to provide adequate services and employment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/pakistan/overview |title=Pakistan Overview |website=worldbank.org}}</ref> 21.04% of the population live below the international poverty line of US$1.25 a day. The unemployment rate among the aged 15 and over population is 5.5%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Human Development Indices |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDI_2008_EN_Tables.pdf |publisher=United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Reports |page=15 |access-date=6 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219191319/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDI_2008_EN_Tables.pdf |archive-date=19 December 2008}}</ref> Pakistan has an estimated 40 million middle class citizens, projected to increase to 100 million by 2050.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielrunde/2016/02/29/us-higher-education-partnership-development-pakistan/#11d078c1d7dd |title=How U.S. Higher Education Partnerships Can Promote Development In Pakistan |website=Forbes|access-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> A 2015 report published by the World Bank ranked Pakistan's economy at 24th-largest<ref>{{cite web |title=Gross domestic product 2015, PPP |url=http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/GDP_PPP.pdf |publisher=]|access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref> in the world by purchasing power and 41st-largest<ref>{{cite web |title=Gross domestic product 2015 |url=http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/GDP.pdf |publisher=]|access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref> in absolute terms. It is South Asia's second-largest economy, representing about 15.0% of regional GDP.<ref>{{cite web |title=Recent developments |url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTDECPROSPECTS/EXTGBLPROSPECTSAPRIL/0,,contentMDK:20394787~menuPK:659178~pagePK:2470434~piPK:4977459~theSitePK:659149,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120030342/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTDECPROSPECTS/EXTGBLPROSPECTSAPRIL/0%2C%2CcontentMDK%3A20394787~menuPK%3A659178~pagePK%3A2470434~piPK%3A4977459~theSitePK%3A659149%2C00.html |archive-date=20 January 2012 |publisher=The World Bank |date=June 2011 |access-date=30 December 2011 |url-status=dead }}<br />- {{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aJxFBbyVC_hs |title=Pakistan May Keep Key Rate Unchanged After Two Cuts This Year |publisher=Bloomberg |date=28 September 2009|access-date=2 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202102429/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aJxFBbyVC_hs |archive-date=2 December 2010}}</ref> | |||
| ], Islamabad, Pakistan]] | |||
| {| class="wikitable sortable infobox" | |||
| |- | |||
| !Fiscal Year!!GDP growth<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//tables/Table-1.pdf|title=MACRO ECONOMIC INDICATORS|website=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|access-date=19 May 2018|archive-date=29 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429221940/http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//tables/Table-1.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>!!Inflation rate<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_18/Economic_Indicators_2018.pdf|title=Macro economic Indicators|website=Ministry of Finance|access-date=19 May 2018}}</ref> | |||
| |- | |||
| |2013–14||{{increase}}4.05%|| {{IncreaseNegative|10}}8.6% | |||
| |- | |||
| |2014–15||{{increase}}4.06%||{{DecreasePositive|10}}4.5% | |||
| |- | |||
| |2015–16||{{increase}}4.56%||{{DecreasePositive|10}}2.9% | |||
| |- | |||
| |2016–17||{{increase}}5.37%||{{IncreaseNegative|10}}4.2% | |||
| |- | |||
| |2017–18 | |||
| |{{increase}}5.79% | |||
| |{{DecreasePositive|10}}3.8% | |||
| |} | |||
| {{as of|2022}}, Pakistan's estimated ] is US$376.493 billion.<ref name="imf.org">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October/weo-report?c=564,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PCPIEPCH,&sy=2020&ey=2022&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 | title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects }}</ref> The GDP by ] is US$1.512 trillion. The estimated nominal per capita GDP is US$1,658, the ] is US$6,662 (]s),<ref name="imf2" /> According to the ], Pakistan has important strategic endowments and development potential. The increasing proportion of Pakistan's youth provides the country with both a potential demographic dividend and a challenge to provide adequate services and employment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/pakistan/overview |title=Pakistan Overview |website=worldbank.org}}</ref> 21.04% of the population live below the international poverty line of US$1.25 a day. The unemployment rate among the aged 15 and over population is 5.5%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Human Development Indices |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDI_2008_EN_Tables.pdf |publisher=United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Reports |page=15 |access-date=6 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219191319/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDI_2008_EN_Tables.pdf |archive-date=19 December 2008}}</ref> Pakistan has an estimated 40 million middle class citizens, projected to increase to 100 million by 2050.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielrunde/2016/02/29/us-higher-education-partnership-development-pakistan/#11d078c1d7dd |title=How U.S. Higher Education Partnerships Can Promote Development In Pakistan |website=Forbes|access-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> A 2015 report published by the World Bank ranked Pakistan's economy at 24th-largest<ref>{{cite web |title=Gross domestic product 2015, PPP |url=http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/GDP_PPP.pdf |publisher=]|access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref> in the world by purchasing power and 41st-largest<ref>{{cite web |title=Gross domestic product 2015 |url=http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/GDP.pdf |publisher=]|access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref> in absolute terms. It is South Asia's second-largest economy, representing about 15.0% of regional GDP.<ref>{{cite web |title=Recent developments |url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTDECPROSPECTS/EXTGBLPROSPECTSAPRIL/0,,contentMDK:20394787~menuPK:659178~pagePK:2470434~piPK:4977459~theSitePK:659149,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120030342/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTDECPROSPECTS/EXTGBLPROSPECTSAPRIL/0%2C%2CcontentMDK%3A20394787~menuPK%3A659178~pagePK%3A2470434~piPK%3A4977459~theSitePK%3A659149%2C00.html |archive-date=20 January 2012 |publisher=World Bank |date=June 2011 |access-date=30 December 2011 |url-status=dead}}<br />- {{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aJxFBbyVC_hs |title=Pakistan May Keep Key Rate Unchanged After Two Cuts This Year |publisher=Bloomberg |date=28 September 2009|access-date=2 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202102429/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aJxFBbyVC_hs |archive-date=2 December 2010}}</ref> | |||
| Pakistan's economic growth since its inception has been varied. It has been slow during periods of democratic transition, but robust during the three periods of ], although the foundation for sustainable and equitable growth was not formed.<ref name="ChowdhuryMahmud2008" /> The early to middle 2000s was a period of ]; the government raised development spending, which reduced poverty levels by 10% and increased GDP by 3%.<ref name="ciafactbook" /><ref name="JohnWall2006">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldbank.org.pk/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/PAKISTANEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20918063~menuPK:293074~pagePK:2865066~piPK:2865079~theSitePK:293052,00.html |title=Concluding Remarks at the Pakistan Development Forum 2006 |author=John Wall |publisher=World Bank |access-date=30 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311081830/http://www.worldbank.org.pk/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/PAKISTANEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20918063~menuPK:293074~pagePK:2865066~piPK:2865079~theSitePK:293052,00.html |archive-date=11 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The economy cooled again from 2007.<ref name="ciafactbook" /> Inflation reached 25.0% in 2008,<ref>{{cite news |author=Sajid Chaudhry |title=Inflation Outlook 2008–09 |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\01\17\story_17-1-2009_pg5_2|access-date=30 December 2011 |newspaper=Daily Times |date=17 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111205343/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009%5C01%5C17%5Cstory_17-1-2009_pg5_2 |archive-date=11 January 2012}}</ref> and Pakistan had to depend on a fiscal policy backed by the ] to avoid possible bankruptcy.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financetopics/financialcrisis/3147266/Pakistan-facing-bankruptcy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007093145/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financetopics/financialcrisis/3147266/Pakistan-facing-bankruptcy.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 October 2008 |title=Pakistan facing bankruptcy—Telegraph|access-date=6 October 2008 |author=Isambard Wilkinson |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |date=6 October 2008}}<br />- {{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/columnists/concoughlin/3562715/If-Pakistan-goes-bust-the-Taliban-will-rule-the-roost-there-as-well.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/columnists/concoughlin/3562715/If-Pakistan-goes-bust-the-Taliban-will-rule-the-roost-there-as-well.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=If Pakistan goes bust, the Taliban will rule the roost there as well—Telegraph|access-date=10 October 2008 |author=Con Coughlin |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |date=10 October 2008}}{{cbignore}}</ref> A year later, the ] reported that Pakistan's economic crisis was easing.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://aaj.tv/2009/09/pakistans-economic-crisis-eases-in-2009-adb/ |title=Pakistan's economic crisis eases in 2009: ADB |work=AAJ News |agency=] |date=22 September 2009 |access-date=27 February 2017 |archive-date=22 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022193451/http://aaj.tv/2009/09/pakistans-economic-crisis-eases-in-2009-adb/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The inflation rate for the fiscal year {{nowrap|2010–11}} was 14.1%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Labour Force Survey 2010–11 |url=http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/Labour%20Force/publications/lfs2010_11/results.pdf |publisher=Federal Bureau of Statistics, Pakistan |year=2011 |page=12|access-date=2 July 2012}}</ref> Since 2013, as part of an ] program, Pakistan's economic growth has picked up. In 2014 ] predicted that Pakistan's economy would grow 15 times in the next 35 years to become the 18th-largest economy in the world by 2050.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/660936/global-ranking-pakistan-billed-to-become-18th-largest-economy-by-2050/ |title=Global ranking: Pakistan billed to become 18th largest economy by 2050 – The Express Tribune |website=The Express Tribune|access-date=4 March 2016|date=20 January 2014 }}</ref> In his 2016 book, ''The Rise and Fall of Nations'', ] termed Pakistan's economy as at a 'take-off' stage and the future outlook until 2020 has been termed 'Very Good'. Sharma termed it possible to transform Pakistan from a "low-income to a middle-income country during the next five years".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tns.thenews.com.pk/pakistans-economy-ready-takeoff/#.V9_EsZN95Z3 |title=Pakistan's economy ready for takeoff |work=] |access-date=7 November 2016|date=18 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806060828/http://tns.thenews.com.pk/pakistans-economy-ready-takeoff/#.V9_EsZN95Z3|archive-date=6 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
| {|class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px" | |||
| Pakistan's economic growth varied over time, with slow progress during democratic transitions but robust expansion under ], lacking sustainable foundations.{{sfn|Chowdhury|Mahmud|2008}} ] in the early to mid-2000s, including increased development spending, reduced poverty by 10% and boosted GDP by 3%.<ref name="ciafactbook" /><ref name="JohnWall2006">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldbank.org.pk/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/PAKISTANEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20918063~menuPK:293074~pagePK:2865066~piPK:2865079~theSitePK:293052,00.html |title=Concluding Remarks at the Pakistan Development Forum 2006 |author=John Wall |publisher=World Bank |access-date=30 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311081830/http://www.worldbank.org.pk/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/PAKISTANEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20918063~menuPK:293074~pagePK:2865066~piPK:2865079~theSitePK:293052,00.html |archive-date=11 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The economy cooled post-2007,<ref name="ciafactbook" /> with inflation peaking at 25.0% in 2008,<ref>{{cite news |author=Sajid Chaudhry |title=Inflation Outlook 2008–09 |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\01\17\story_17-1-2009_pg5_2|access-date=30 December 2011 |newspaper=Daily Times |date=17 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111205343/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009%5C01%5C17%5Cstory_17-1-2009_pg5_2 |archive-date=11 January 2012}}</ref> necessitating ] intervention to prevent bankruptcy.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financetopics/financialcrisis/3147266/Pakistan-facing-bankruptcy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007093145/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financetopics/financialcrisis/3147266/Pakistan-facing-bankruptcy.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 October 2008 |title=Pakistan facing bankruptcy—Telegraph|access-date=6 October 2008 |author=Isambard Wilkinson |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |date=6 October 2008}}</ref> The ] later noted easing economic strain in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://aaj.tv/2009/09/pakistans-economic-crisis-eases-in-2009-adb/ |title=Pakistan's economic crisis eases in 2009: ADB |work=AAJ News |agency=] |date=22 September 2009 |access-date=27 February 2017 |archive-date=22 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022193451/http://aaj.tv/2009/09/pakistans-economic-crisis-eases-in-2009-adb/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Inflation for fiscal year {{nowrap|2010–11}} stood at 14.1%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Labour Force Survey 2010–11 |url=http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/Labour%20Force/publications/lfs2010_11/results.pdf |publisher=Federal Bureau of Statistics, Pakistan |year=2011 |page=12 |access-date=2 July 2012 |archive-date=25 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425011532/http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/Labour%20Force/publications/lfs2010_11/results.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Since 2013, Pakistan's economy has seen growth under an IMF program. ] predicted Pakistan's economy could grow 15 times by 2050,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/660936/global-ranking-pakistan-billed-to-become-18th-largest-economy-by-2050/ |title=Global ranking: Pakistan billed to become 18th largest economy by 2050 – The Express Tribune |website=The Express Tribune|access-date=4 March 2016|date=20 January 2014 }}</ref> and ] in his 2016 book anticipated a transformation to a middle-income country by 2020.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tns.thenews.com.pk/pakistans-economy-ready-takeoff/#.V9_EsZN95Z3 |title=Pakistan's economy ready for takeoff |work=] |access-date=7 November 2016|date=18 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806060828/http://tns.thenews.com.pk/pakistans-economy-ready-takeoff/#.V9_EsZN95Z3|archive-date=6 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
| ! style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;" colspan="2" |Share of world GDP (PPP)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=1980&ey=2023&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=513%2C273%2C223%2C564%2C924%2C456%2C644%2C536%2C429%2C582&s=PPPSH&grp=0&a=&pr.x=25&pr.y=10|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|website=www.imf.org|access-date=19 September 2018}}</ref> | |||
| |- | |||
| ! style="background:#cfb;"|Year | |||
| ! style="background:#cfb;"|Share | |||
| |- | |||
| |style="text-align:left;"|1980 || style="text-align:right;" |0.54% | |||
| |- | |||
| |style="text-align:left;"|1990 || style="text-align:right;" |0.72% | |||
| |- | |||
| |2000 | |||
| | style="text-align:right;"|0.74% | |||
| |- | |||
| |2010 | |||
| | style="text-align:right;"|0.79% | |||
| |- | |||
| | style="text-align:left;" |2017 || style="text-align:right;" |0.83% | |||
| |} | |||
| Pakistan |
Pakistan's vast natural commodity production and 10th-largest ], along with a US$19.9 billion contribution from its 7-million-strong ] in 2015–16,<ref name="remit">{{cite news |last1=Iqbal |first1=Shahid |title=$20 billion remittances received in FY16 |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1271081|access-date=20 February 2017 |work=] |date=16 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="overseaspakistanis1">{{cite web |url=http://www.overseaspakistanis.net/category/op-news/page/2/ |title=OP News Discussions Archives |publisher=Overseaspakistanis.net |access-date=15 October 2013 |archive-date=11 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211070343/https://www.overseaspakistanis.net/category/op-news/page/2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sbp.org.pk/ecodata/Homeremit.pdf |title=Pakistan | State Bank of Pakistan |publisher=sbp.org|access-date=15 July 2011}}</ref> position it significantly. However, Pakistan's global export share is declining, accounting for just 0.13% in 2007 according to the ].<ref>{{cite web |author=Yasir kamal |title=Understanding Pakistan's Exports Flows: Results from Gravity Model Estimation |url=http://www.pitad.org.pk/indexP.php?type=completed-studies |publisher=Pakistan Institute of Trade and Development|access-date=30 December 2011}}</ref> | ||
| === Agriculture and |
=== Agriculture and mining sector === | ||
| {{Main|Agriculture in Pakistan|Fuel extraction in Pakistan|Mining in Pakistan}} | {{Main|Agriculture in Pakistan|Fuel extraction in Pakistan|Mining in Pakistan}} | ||
| ] in ]. Pakistan has been termed the 'Saudi Arabia of Coal' by '']''.<ref>{{cite web |title=US needs to look at Pakistan in a broader way, not just through security prism: Forbes report |website=] |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/03/04/city/islamabad/us-needs-to-look-at-pakistan-in-a-broader-way-not-just-through-security-prism-forbes-report/ |access-date=16 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100811/http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/03/04/city/islamabad/us-needs-to-look-at-pakistan-in-a-broader-way-not-just-through-security-prism-forbes-report/}}</ref>]] | ] in ]. Pakistan has been termed the 'Saudi Arabia of Coal' by '']''.<ref>{{cite web |title=US needs to look at Pakistan in a broader way, not just through security prism: Forbes report |website=] |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/03/04/city/islamabad/us-needs-to-look-at-pakistan-in-a-broader-way-not-just-through-security-prism-forbes-report/ |access-date=16 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100811/http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/03/04/city/islamabad/us-needs-to-look-at-pakistan-in-a-broader-way-not-just-through-security-prism-forbes-report/}}</ref>]] | ||
| The |
The Pakistani economy has shifted from ] to services, with agriculture contributing only 20.9% of the GDP as of 2015.<ref name="DSEC">{{cite web |title=Pakistan Economic Survey 2014–15 |url=http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_15/Highlights.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Finance |access-date=4 April 2017 |archive-date=17 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517015406/http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_15/Highlights.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Despite this, Pakistan's wheat production in 2005 surpassed Africa's and nearly matched South America's, highlighting its agricultural significance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sbp.org.pk/departments/stats/PakEconomy_HandBook/Chap-1.2.pdf |title=Sectoral Share in Gross Domestic Product |year=2010 |publisher=Federal Bureau of Statistics |page=10|access-date=30 December 2011}}</ref> The sector employs 43.5% of the labor force and is a major source of foreign exchange.<ref name="DSEC" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/agriculture-statistics |title=Agriculture Statistics {{!}} Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|website=www.pbs.gov.pk|access-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> | ||
| Manufactured exports, heavily reliant on agricultural raw materials like cotton and hides, face inflationary pressures due to supply shortages and market disruptions. Pakistan ranks fifth in cotton production, self-sufficient in sugarcane, and the fourth-largest milk producer globally. Though land and water resources haven't increased proportionately, productivity gains, especially from the ] in the late 1960s and 1970s, significantly boosted wheat and rice yields. Private tube wells and High Yielding Varieties (HYVs) further augmented crop yields.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ishrathusain.iba.edu.pk/speeches/New/AgricultureSector_Issues_n_Prospects.docx |title=AGRICULTURE SECTOR: ISSUES AND PROSPECTS|access-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Meat industry accounts for 1.4 percent of overall GDP.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapter_10/03_Manufacturing.pdf |title=Manufacturing in Pakistan |publisher=Government of Pakistan |access-date=4 March 2016 |archive-date=19 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419064503/http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapter_10/03_Manufacturing.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
| === Industry === | === Industry === | ||
| Line 504: | Line 458: | ||
| ]. Pakistan's industrial sector accounts for about 20.3% of the GDP, and is dominated by ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/industry |title=Industry |publisher= Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|website=www.pbs.gov.pk|access-date=23 October 2016}}</ref>]] | ]. Pakistan's industrial sector accounts for about 20.3% of the GDP, and is dominated by ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/industry |title=Industry |publisher= Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|website=www.pbs.gov.pk|access-date=23 October 2016}}</ref>]] | ||
| Industry |
Industry, constituting 19.74% of GDP and 24% of total employment, is the second-largest sector. Large-scale manufacturing (LSM) dominates, representing 12.2% of GDP, with cement production thriving due to demand from Afghanistan and the domestic real estate sector.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apcma.com/data_export.html |title=All Pakistan Cement Manufacturers Association Export Data |publisher=Apcma.com |access-date=15 October 2013 |archive-date=29 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829054410/http://www.apcma.com/data_export.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2013, Pakistan exported 7,708,557 metric tons of cement, with an installed capacity of 44,768,250 metric tons.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bhutta |first=Zafar |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/552042/cant-get-enough-soaring-profits-not-enough-for-cement-industry/ |title=Can't get enough: Soaring profits not enough for cement industry |publisher=Tribune.com.pk |date=21 May 2013|access-date=15 October 2013}}</ref> The ], a key player in Pakistan's manufacturing, contributes 9.5% to GDP and employs around 15 million people. Pakistan ranks fourth globally in cotton production, with substantial spinning capacity, making it a major exporter of textile products in Asia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Statistics on textile industry in Pakistan |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/522292/statistics-on-textile-industry-in-pakistan/|access-date=4 March 2017 |work=] |date=18 March 2013}}</ref> China is a significant buyer of Pakistani textiles, importing US$1.527 billion worth of textiles last fiscal year.<ref>{{cite news |last=Baig |first=Khurram |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/522293/anatomy-of-an-indispensable-sector-why-the-pakistan-textile-industry-cannot-die/ |title=Why the Pakistan textile industry cannot die |work=] |date=18 March 2013|access-date=15 October 2013}}</ref> | ||
| The ] has a pivotal position in the manufacturing sector of Pakistan. In Asia, Pakistan is the eighth-largest exporter of textile products, contributing 9.5% to the GDP and providing employment to around 15 million people (some 30% of the 49 million people in the workforce). Pakistan is the fourth-largest producer of cotton with the third-largest spinning capacity in Asia after China and India, contributing 5% to the global spinning capacity.<ref>{{cite news |title=Statistics on textile industry in Pakistan |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/522292/statistics-on-textile-industry-in-pakistan/|access-date=4 March 2017 |work=] |date=18 March 2013}}</ref> China is the second largest buyer of Pakistani textiles, importing US$1.527 billion of textiles last fiscal. Unlike the US, where mostly value-added textiles are imported, China buys only cotton yarn and cotton fabric from Pakistan. In 2012, Pakistani textile products accounted for 3.3% or US$1.07bn of all UK textile imports, 12.4% or $4.61bn of total Chinese textile imports, 3.0% of all US textile imports ($2,980 million), 1.6% of total German textile imports ($880 million) and 0.7% of total Indian textile imports ($888 million).<ref>{{cite news |last=Baig |first=Khurram |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/522293/anatomy-of-an-indispensable-sector-why-the-pakistan-textile-industry-cannot-die/ |title=Why the Pakistan textile industry cannot die |work=] |date=18 March 2013|access-date=15 October 2013}}</ref> | |||
| === Services === | === Services === | ||
| {{main|Real estate in Pakistan|Information technology in Pakistan|Banking in Pakistan}} | {{main|Real estate in Pakistan|Information technology in Pakistan|Banking in Pakistan}} | ||
| ] with several under construction skyscrapers |
], with several under construction skyscrapers|upright=1.3]] | ||
| As of 2014-15, the services sector makes up 58.8% of GDP<ref name="DSEC" /> and has emerged as the main driver of economic growth.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/483436/the-unparalleled-growth-of-the-services-sector/ |title=The unparalleled growth of the services sector |work=]|access-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Pakistani society like other developing countries is a consumption oriented society, having a high marginal propensity to consume. The growth rate of services sector is higher than the growth rate of agriculture and industrial sector. Services sector accounts for 54 percent of GDP in 2014 and little over one-third of total employment. Services sector has strong linkages with other sectors of economy; it provides essential inputs to agriculture sector and manufacturing sector.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/Working%20Paper/WorkingPaper-79.pdf |title=Contribution of Services Sector in the Economy of Pakistan |access-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Pakistan's I.T sector is regarded as among the fastest growing sector's in Pakistan. The ], assessing the development of Information and Communication Technology in the country ranked Pakistan 110th among 139 countries on the 'Networked Readiness Index 2016'.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan most affordable country in world for telecom, ICT services: WEF |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1219605/pakistan-affordable-country-world-telecom-ict-services-wef/|access-date=5 March 2017 |work=] |date=4 November 2016}}</ref> | |||
| {{ |
As of 2014–15, the services sector contributes 58.8% to GDP,<ref name="DSEC" /> serving as the main driver of economic growth in Pakistan,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/483436/the-unparalleled-growth-of-the-services-sector/ |title=The unparalleled growth of the services sector |work=]|access-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> with a consumption-oriented society. The sector's growth rate surpasses that of agriculture and industry, accounting for 54% of GDP and over one-third of total employment. It has strong linkages with other sectors, providing essential inputs to agriculture and manufacturing.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/Working%20Paper/WorkingPaper-79.pdf |title=Contribution of Services Sector in the Economy of Pakistan |access-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Pakistan's IT sector is one of the fastest-growing, ranked 110th for ICT development by the ].<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan most affordable country in world for telecom, ICT services: WEF |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1219605/pakistan-affordable-country-world-telecom-ict-services-wef/|access-date=5 March 2017 |work=] |date=4 November 2016}}</ref> With around 82 million internet users as of May 2020, Pakistan ] globally,<ref name="PTD">{{cite web |url=https://www.pta.gov.pk/en/telecom-indicators|title=Telecom Indicators |website=PTA}}</ref><ref name="GDI-2020">{{cite web|url=https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2020-pakistan|title=Digital 2020: Pakistan |website=DataReportal – Global Digital Insights|date=18 February 2020 }}</ref> and its ICT industry is projected to exceed $10 billion by 2020.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/738036/upward-move-pakistans-ict-sector-to-cross-10b-mark-says-psha/ |title=Upward move: Pakistan's ICT sector to cross $10b mark, says P@SHA |website=The Express Tribune |access-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> With 12,000 employees, Pakistan is among the top five freelancing nations,<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan: The Next Colombia Success Story? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielrunde/2015/08/03/pakistan-the-next-colombia-success-story/#2720446a3b60 |access-date=4 March 2016 |website=Forbes}}</ref> and its export performance in telecom, computer, and information services has notably improved.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhatti |first=Muhammad Umer Saleem |date=22 June 2015 |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1189624 |title=Services sector: domestic and outward growth |work=] |access-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> | ||
| === Tourism === | === Tourism === | ||
| {{main|Tourism in Pakistan}} | {{main|Tourism in Pakistan}} | ||
| ], located at the northern end of the ], near the town of ] in the ].|thumb]] | |||
| ] was commissioned by the ] in 1671. It is listed as a ].|thumb]] | |||
| With its diverse cultures, people, and landscapes, Pakistan attracted around 6.6 million foreign tourists in 2018,<ref>{{cite web |last=Junaidi |first=Ikram |title=Tourist traffic witnesses sharp increase in five years |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1508132 |work=] |date=30 September 2019}}</ref> which represented a significant decline since the 1970s when the country received unprecedented numbers of foreign tourists due to the popular ]. The trail attracted thousands of Europeans and Americans in the 1960s and 1970s who travelled via land through Turkey and Iran into India through Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Richard Gregory |website=www.richardgregory.org.uk |url=http://www.richardgregory.org.uk/history/hippie-trail.htm |access-date=17 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728045152/https://www.richardgregory.org.uk/history/hippie-trail.htm |archive-date=28 July 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The main destinations of choice for these tourists were the ], ], ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Paracha |first1=Nadeem F. |date=25 August 2011 |title=Karachi: The past is another city |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/654449/karachi-the-past-is-another-city|access-date=24 February 2017 |work=]}}</ref> The numbers following the trail declined after the ] and the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/christian-caryl/strange-rebels-excerpt_b_3427854.html |title=When Afghanistan Was Just a Stop on the 'Hippie Trail' |last=Caryl |first=Christian |date=12 June 2013 |website=The Huffington Post|access-date=17 June 2016}}</ref> | |||
| ] and adjoining resort in ]]] | |||
| Pakistan's tourist attractions range from the ] in the south to the Himalayan ] in the north-east. The country's tourist destinations range from the Buddhist ruins of ] and ], to the 5,000-year-old cities of the ] such as ] and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/76d57272-6764-11de-925f-00144feabdc0.html |title=The road between China and Pakistan |website=] |date=4 July 2009|access-date=27 September 2010}}</ref> Pakistan is home to several ] over {{convert|7,000|m|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=5 Pakistani peaks that are among world's highest |url=http://nation.com.pk/entertainment/11-Dec-2015/5-pakistani-peaks-that-are-among-world-s-highest|access-date=9 January 2017 |magazine=] |date=11 December 2015 |quote=Pakistan is home to 108 peaks above 7,000 metres and probably as many peaks above 6,000 m.}}</ref> The northern part of Pakistan has many old fortresses, examples of ancient architecture, and the ] and Chitral valleys, home to the small pre-Islamic ] community claiming descent from Alexander the Great.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/28439107.html|title=Pakistan's Forgotten Pagans Get Their Due|last=Bezhan|first=Frud|date=19 April 2017|website=]|access-date=11 July 2017|quote=About half of the Kalash practice a form of ancient Hinduism infused with old pagan and animist beliefs.}}</ref> Pakistan's cultural capital, Lahore, contains many examples of ] such as the ], the ], the ], and the ]. | |||
| With its diverse cultures, landscapes, and attractions, Pakistan drew around 6.6 million foreign tourists in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |last=Junaidi |first=Ikram |title=Tourist traffic witnesses sharp increase in five years |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1508132 |work=] |date=30 September 2019}}</ref> However, this was a decline from the peak of tourism in the 1970s driven by the popular ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Richard Gregory |website=www.richardgregory.org.uk |url=http://www.richardgregory.org.uk/history/hippie-trail.htm |access-date=17 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728045152/https://www.richardgregory.org.uk/history/hippie-trail.htm |archive-date=28 July 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Pakistan boasts attractions from ] in the south to Himalayan ] in the northeast, including ancient Buddhist ruins of ] and ], the 5,000-year-old ] sites such as ] and ],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/76d57272-6764-11de-925f-00144feabdc0.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/76d57272-6764-11de-925f-00144feabdc0.html |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |title=The road between China and Pakistan |website=] |date=4 July 2009|access-date=27 September 2010}}</ref> and numerous ] over {{convert|7,000|m|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=5 Pakistani peaks that are among world's highest |url=http://nation.com.pk/entertainment/11-Dec-2015/5-pakistani-peaks-that-are-among-world-s-highest|access-date=9 January 2017 |magazine=] |date=11 December 2015 |quote=Pakistan is home to 108 peaks above 7,000 metres and probably as many peaks above 6,000 m.}}</ref> The northern part of Pakistan boasts numerous old fortresses, showcasing ancient architecture. It encompasses the ] and Chitral valleys, where the small pre-Islamic ] community resides, claiming descent from Alexander the Great.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/28439107.html|title=Pakistan's Forgotten Pagans Get Their Due|last=Bezhan|first=Frud|date=19 April 2017|website=]|access-date=11 July 2017|quote=About half of the Kalash practice a form of ancient Hinduism infused with old pagan and animist beliefs.}}</ref> Lahore, Pakistan's cultural capital, showcases numerous examples of ], including the ], the ], the ], and the ]. Following the ], '']'' highlighted "The top five tourist sites in Pakistan" to boost tourism, featuring destinations like ], ], the ], ], and ].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2006/oct/17/pakistan?page=all |work=The Guardian |location=London |title=Out of the rubble |first=Antonia |last=Windsor |date=17 October 2006|access-date=25 May 2010}}</ref> Festivals and government initiatives aim to promote Pakistan's cultural heritage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tourism.gov.pk/fairs_festivals.html |title=Tourism Events in Pakistan in 2010 |publisher=Tourism.gov.pk |access-date=27 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209103944/http://www.tourism.gov.pk/fairs_festivals.html |archive-date=9 February 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2015, the ] ranked Pakistan 125th out of 141 countries in its Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2015 |url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/TT15/WEF_Global_Travel&Tourism_Report_2015.pdf |publisher=]|access-date=24 February 2017}}</ref> | |||
| == Infrastructure == | == Infrastructure == | ||
| {{See also|Water supply and sanitation in Pakistan}} | {{See also|Water supply and sanitation in Pakistan}} | ||
| Pakistan was |
Pakistan was lauded as the top nation for infrastructure development in South Asia during the 2016 annual meetings of the IMF and World Bank.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://embassyofpakistanusa.org/press-releases-10-09-2016/|title=Pakistan has been recognized as Best Country for Infrastructure Development in South Asia by the Emerging Markets, the newspaper of the IMF/World Bank Annual Meeting – Embassy of Pakistan, Washington D.C}}</ref> | ||
| === |
=== Power and energy === | ||
| {{Main|Nuclear power in Pakistan|Energy in Pakistan|Electricity sector in Pakistan}} | {{Main|Nuclear power in Pakistan|Energy in Pakistan|Electricity sector in Pakistan}} | ||
| ], the largest earth filled dam in the world, was constructed in 1968.]] | ], the largest earth filled dam in the world, was constructed in 1968.]] | ||
| As of May 2021, ] is provided by six licensed commercial ].<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan's largest Chinese-built nuclear plant to start operating|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/pakistans-largest-chinese-built-nuclear-plant-start-operating-2021-05-21/|access-date=18 June 2021 |newspaper=]|date=21 May 2021}}</ref> The ] (PAEC) is solely responsible for operating these power plants, while the ] regulates safe usage of the nuclear energy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paec.gov.pk/paec-np.htm |title=Nuclear Power Generation Programme |last=(PAEC) |first=Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission |author-link=Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission |publisher=PAEC |website=Government of Pakistan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050209020648/http://www.paec.gov.pk/paec-np.htm |archive-date=9 February 2005|access-date=15 January 2017}}</ref> The ] by commercial nuclear power plants constitutes roughly 5.8% of Pakistan's electrical energy, compared to 64.2% from ]s (] and natural gas), 29.9% from ], and 0.1% from ].<ref name="Express Tribune, 2014">{{cite news |last1=Kazmi |first1=Zahir |title=Pakistan's energy security |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/655573/pakistans-energy-security/|access-date=23 February 2015 |quote=Special report on Energy security efforts in Pakistan |work=Express Tribune |date=7 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Syed Yousaf |first=Raza |title=Current Picture of Electrical Energy In Pakistan |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:T4QW3douApsJ:www.iaea.org/INPRO/4th_Dialogue_Forum/DAY_3_01_August-ready/2._-_DG-C3-4-31-07-2012.pdf+pakistan+nuclear+power+program+2050&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjUcYBzrkzBdSSwbflDwBpLkLAkFaFROisP_jK3E3S97aqHY9tMS-It6gaYDd-q4lZP8BEuD6e4C5E91EnlkiSKIw-JbWuYsNwjNNC1f1Nxyw9D0Ib_V424k5ghsCazU80qDKfF&sig=AHIEtbRAsJSVdJ36dVxzvdggw_Xz16RLGg |website=Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission |publisher=Directorate-General for Nuclear Power Generation|access-date=28 November 2012 |date=31 July 2012}}<br />- {{cite news |last=Zulfikar |first=Saman |title=Pak-China energy cooperation |url=http://pakobserver.net/detailnews.asp?id=109910 |access-date=23 April 2012 |newspaper=Pakistan Observer |date=23 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927072914/http://pakobserver.net/detailnews.asp?id=109910 |archive-date=27 September 2013}}</ref> Pakistan is one of the four ] (along with India, Israel, and ]) that is not a party to the ], but it is a member in good standing of the ].<ref>{{cite press release |title=IAEA Publications: Pakistan Overview |url=http://ola.iaea.org/factSheets/CountryDetails.asp?country=PK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612063504/http://ola.iaea.org/factSheets/CountryDetails.asp?country=PK |archive-date=12 June 2007 |website=IAEA, P.O. Box 100, Wagramer Strasse 5, A-1400 Vienna, Austria |publisher=IAEA Membership states|access-date=17 April 2012}}<br />- {{cite news |last=Associate Press of Pakistan (APP) |title=IAEA declares nuclear energy programme safe |url=http://dawn.com/2011/04/25/iaea-declares-pakistan-nuclear-program-safe/ |access-date=17 April 2012 |newspaper=Dawn Newspapers, 25 April 2011 |date=25 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625232049/http://dawn.com/2011/04/25/iaea-declares-pakistan-nuclear-program-safe/ |archive-date=25 June 2012}}<br />- {{cite news |last=Dahl |first=Fredrik |title=Nuclear-armed Pakistan chairs board of U.N. atom body |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-51762220100927?edition-redirect=in|access-date=17 April 2012 |newspaper=Reuters, Vienna |date=27 September 2010 |quote="Pakistan is a long-standing and "very law-abiding" member of the IAEA, got no opposition from any side at all}}</ref> | |||
| As of May 2021, Pakistan operates six licensed commercial ].<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan's largest Chinese-built nuclear plant to start operating|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/pakistans-largest-chinese-built-nuclear-plant-start-operating-2021-05-21/|access-date=18 June 2021 |newspaper=]|date=21 May 2021}}</ref> The ] (PAEC) oversees these plants, while the ] ensures their safe operation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paec.gov.pk/paec-np.htm |title=Nuclear Power Generation Programme |last=(PAEC) |first=Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission |author-link=Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission |publisher=PAEC |website=Government of Pakistan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050209020648/http://www.paec.gov.pk/paec-np.htm |archive-date=9 February 2005|access-date=15 January 2017}}</ref> These plants contribute approximately 5.8% to Pakistan's electricity supply, while fossil fuels (crude oil and natural gas) provide 64.2%, ] provides 29.9%, and ] contributes 0.1%.<ref name="Express Tribune, 2014">{{cite news |last1=Kazmi |first1=Zahir |title=Pakistan's energy security |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/655573/pakistans-energy-security/|access-date=23 February 2015 |quote=Special report on Energy security efforts in Pakistan |work=Express Tribune |date=7 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Syed Yousaf |first=Raza |title=Current Picture of Electrical Energy In Pakistan |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:T4QW3douApsJ:www.iaea.org/INPRO/4th_Dialogue_Forum/DAY_3_01_August-ready/2._-_DG-C3-4-31-07-2012.pdf+pakistan+nuclear+power+program+2050&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjUcYBzrkzBdSSwbflDwBpLkLAkFaFROisP_jK3E3S97aqHY9tMS-It6gaYDd-q4lZP8BEuD6e4C5E91EnlkiSKIw-JbWuYsNwjNNC1f1Nxyw9D0Ib_V424k5ghsCazU80qDKfF&sig=AHIEtbRAsJSVdJ36dVxzvdggw_Xz16RLGg |website=Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission |publisher=Directorate-General for Nuclear Power Generation|access-date=28 November 2012 |date=31 July 2012}}<br />- {{cite news |last=Zulfikar |first=Saman |title=Pak-China energy cooperation |url=http://pakobserver.net/detailnews.asp?id=109910 |access-date=23 April 2012 |newspaper=Pakistan Observer |date=23 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927072914/http://pakobserver.net/detailnews.asp?id=109910 |archive-date=27 September 2013}}</ref> The ], Pakistan's first commercial nuclear power plant, was supplied by Canada in 1971. Sino-Pakistani nuclear cooperation began in the 1980s, leading to the establishment of CHASNUPP-I. In 2005, both countries proposed a joint energy security plan, aiming for a generation capacity exceeding 160,000 ] by 2030. Pakistan's Nuclear Energy Vision 2050 targets a capacity of 40,000 MWe,<ref>{{cite news |title=PAEC plans 40,000MW by 2050 using environment-friendly nuclear power |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/14698-paec-plans-40000mw-by-2050-using-environment-friendly-nuclear-power|access-date=30 April 2017 |work=] |date=17 September 2015}}</ref> with 8,900 MWe expected by 2030.<ref>{{cite news |last=Syed |first=Baqir Sajjad |title=8,900MW nuclear power generation planned |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1077816|access-date=30 April 2017 |work=] |date=2 January 2014}}<br />- {{cite journal |last=Ijaz |first=Muhammad, Director of Scientific Information and Public Relation (SIPR) |title=PAEC assigned 8,800 MWe nuclear power target by 2030:PAEC contributing to socio-economic uplift of the country |journal=PakAtom Newsletter |volume=49 |issue=1–2 |pages=1–8 |date=December 2010 |url=http://www.paec.gov.pk/newsletters/pkatm-n/p-nd10.pdf}} {{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> | |||
| Pakistan produced 1,135 megawatts of ] for the month of October 2016. Pakistan expects to produce 3,000 megawatts of renewable energy by the beginning of 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1218970/exclusive-club-nations-pakistan-producing-1000mw-clean-energy/ |title=Pakistan producing more than 1,000MW of clean energy |date=3 November 2016 |newspaper=The Express Tribune|access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref>]]In June 2008 the nuclear ] was expanded with the ground work of installing and operationalising the ] and ] reactors at ], ], each with 325–340 MWe and costing ] 129 billion; from which the ] 80 billion came from international sources, principally China. A further agreement for China's help with the project was signed in October 2008, and given prominence as a counter to the ] that shortly preceded it. The cost quoted then was US$1.7 billion, with a foreign loan component of US$1.07 billion. In 2013 Pakistan established a second commercial ] in ] with plans of additional reactors, similar to the one in ].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhutta |first1=Zafar |title=Govt to kick off work on 1,100MW nuclear power plant |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/559885/govt-to-kick-off-work-on-1100mw-nuclear-power-plant/|access-date=19 January 2015 |agency=Express Tribune |date=7 June 2013}}</ref> The ] is generated by various ] and evenly distributed by the ] (NEPRA) among the ]. However, the ]-based ] and the ] (WAPDA) generates much of the electrical energy used in Pakistan in addition to gathering revenue nationwide.<ref>{{cite web |title=Power Sector Situation in Pakistan |url=http://www.rural-electrification.com/cms/upload/pdf/Pakistan-GTZ-power-sector-overview.pdf|access-date=26 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124180708/http://www.rural-electrification.com/cms/upload/pdf/Pakistan-GTZ-power-sector-overview.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2011 |website=Alternate Energy Development Board and GTZ |year=2005 |page=1}}</ref> In 2014, Pakistan had an installed ] capacity of ~22,797{{small|]}}.<ref name="Express Tribune, 2014" /> | |||
| In June 2008, the nuclear complex at ] in Punjab Province expanded with the installation of ] and ] reactors, each with 325–340 MWe, costing ]129 billion, with ₨80 billion from international sources, mainly China. Another agreement for China's assistance was signed in October 2008, seen as a response to the ]. The project's cost was then US$1.7 billion, with a foreign loan of US$1.07 billion. In 2013, Pakistan established a second ] in Karachi with plans for additional reactors, similar to Chashma.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhutta |first1=Zafar |title=Govt to kick off work on 1,100MW nuclear power plant |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/559885/govt-to-kick-off-work-on-1100mw-nuclear-power-plant/|access-date=19 January 2015 |agency=Express Tribune |date=7 June 2013}}</ref> ] is generated by ] and distributed evenly among the ] by the ] (NEPRA). However, Karachi-based ] and ] (WAPDA) generate much of the electricity used in Pakistan and collect revenue nationwide.<ref>{{cite web |title=Power Sector Situation in Pakistan |url=http://www.rural-electrification.com/cms/upload/pdf/Pakistan-GTZ-power-sector-overview.pdf|access-date=26 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124180708/http://www.rural-electrification.com/cms/upload/pdf/Pakistan-GTZ-power-sector-overview.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2011 |website=Alternate Energy Development Board and GTZ |year=2005 |page=1}}</ref> In 2023, Pakistan's installed ] capacity was ~45,885 MWt.<ref>{{cite web |title=State of Industry Report 2023 |url=https://nepra.org.pk/publications/State%20of%20Industry%20Reports/State%20of%20Industry%20Report%202023.pdf |access-date=19 April 2024 |website=nepra.org.pk |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418211926/https://nepra.org.pk/publications/State%20of%20Industry%20Reports/State%20of%20Industry%20Report%202023.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Pakistan produced 1,135 megawatts of ] for the month of October 2016. Pakistan expects to produce 10,000 megawatts of renewable energy by 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1218970/exclusive-club-nations-pakistan-producing-1000mw-clean-energy/ |title=Pakistan producing more than 1,000MW of clean energy |date=3 November 2016 |newspaper=The Express Tribune|access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref> | |||
| === Transport === | === Transport === | ||
| {{ |
{{main|Transport in Pakistan}} | ||
| {{multiple image | |||
| The transport industry accounts for ~10.5% of the nation's GDP.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://go.worldbank.org/7CYYM39VG0 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20100816122426/http://go.worldbank.org/7CYYM39VG0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 August 2010 |title=Transportation in Pakistan |year=2011 |publisher=World Bank |access-date=25 January 2012 }}</ref> | |||
| | align = right | |||
| | width1 = 170 | |||
| | image1 = M2-Motorway.jpg | |||
| | caption1 = The motorway passes through the ] mountains. | |||
| | width2 = 170 | |||
| | image2 = PK Karachi asv2020-02 img54 Cantonment Railway Station.jpg | |||
| | caption2 = ] | |||
| }} | |||
| Pakistan boasts 2567 km of motorways and approximately 263,942 km of highways, which handle 92% of passengers and 96% of freight traffic. Despite constituting only 4.6% of the total road length, these north–south links manage 85% of the nation's traffic. They connect southern seaports such as ] and ] in Sindh, along with ] and ] in Balochistan, to populous provinces like Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa domestically, and neighboring countries like Afghanistan, ], and China through the ].<ref name="nation"/><ref name="pc">{{cite web |author=Ahmed Jamal Pirzada |title=Draft: Role of Connectivity in Growth Strategy of Pakistan |url=http://www.pc.gov.pk/feg/PDFs/role%20of%20connectivity%20in%20growth%20strategy%20of%20pakistan.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421064636/http://www.pc.gov.pk/feg/PDFs/role%20of%20connectivity%20in%20growth%20strategy%20of%20pakistan.pdf |archive-date=21 April 2012 |year=2011 |publisher=Planning Commission, Pakistan |pages=4, 7, 9|access-date=31 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=National Highway Development Sector Investment Program |url=http://www.adb.org/Documents/RRPs/PAK/37559-PAK-RRP.pdf |publisher=Asian Development Bank |year=2005 |pages=11, 12|access-date=31 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007150953/http://www.adb.org/Documents/RRPs/PAK/37559-PAK-RRP.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-document/81261/40075-pak-seia-0.pdf|title=Proposed Multitranche Financing Facility Pakistan: National Trade Corridor Highway Investment Program|publisher=]|date=April 2007|access-date=11 January 2021}}</ref> According to the ] Global Competitiveness Report, Pakistan's port infrastructure quality ratings rose from 3.7 to 4.1 between 2007 and 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=Quality of port infrastructure, WEF |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IQ.WEF.PORT.XQ|access-date=12 April 2017}}</ref> The railway's share of inland traffic is reduced to below 8% for passengers and 4% for freight.<ref name="DSEC" /> This shift led to a decrease in total rail track from {{convert|8,775|km|abbr=off}} in 1990–91 to {{convert|7,791|km|abbr=off}} in 2011.<ref name="pc" /><ref name="nation">{{cite web |title=PAKISTAN |url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Asia-and-the-Pacific/Pakistan.html |website=Encyclopedia Nation|access-date=31 December 2011}}</ref> | |||
| ====Motorways==== | |||
| {{Main|Motorways of Pakistan}} | |||
| ] mountains]] | |||
| Motorways of Pakistan are a network of multiple-lane, high-speed, ]s in Pakistan, which are owned, maintained, and operated federally by Pakistan's ]. As of 20 February 2020, 1882 km of motorways are operational, while an additional 1854 km are under construction or planned. All motorways in Pakistan are pre-fixed with the letter 'M' (for "Motorway") followed by the unique numerical designation of the specific highway (with a hyphen in the middle), e.g. "M-1".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nha.gov.pk/en/|title=National Highways Authority – Committed to Excellence|access-date=16 March 2020|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225171644/http://nha.gov.pk/en/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
| ], connecting Pakistan to China, is one of the highest paved roads in the world.]] | |||
| Pakistan's motorways are an important part of Pakistan's "National Trade Corridor Project",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-document/81261/40075-pak-seia-0.pdf|title=Proposed Multitranche Financing Facility Pakistan: National Trade Corridor Highway Investment Program|publisher=]|date=April 2007|access-date=11 January 2021}}</ref> which aims to link Pakistan's three ] ports (], ] and ]) to the rest of the country through its national highways and motorways network and further north with ], ] and China. The project was planned in 1990. The ] project aims to link ] and ] (China) using Pakistani motorways, ], and ]. | |||
| The transport landscape of Pakistan features various ] systems. The ] in Lahore, inaugurated in 2020,<ref>{{cite web|date=2014-05-23|title=Good news on track: Lahore to get Pakistan's first metro train|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/711864/good-news-on-track-lahore-to-get-pakistans-first-metro-train|access-date=2022-04-12|website=The Express Tribune}}</ref> spans {{convert|27.1|km|mi|1|abbr=on}},<ref>{{cite web|title=Norinco Technical Proposal|url=http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Norinco-Technical-Proposal.pdf|access-date=25 January 2017|date=January 2016|page=12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202022759/http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Norinco-Technical-Proposal.pdf|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> and includes both elevated and underground sections, accommodating over 250,000 passengers daily.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/25-Oct-2020/punjab-cm-inaugurates-lahore-s-much-delayed-orange-line-metro-train|title=Punjab CM inaugurates Lahore's much-delayed Orange Line Metro Train|date=25 October 2020|work=Daily Pakistan|access-date=25 October 2020}}</ref> Lahore also boasts the ], the first of its kind in Pakistan, operational since February 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pakvisit.com/pakistan/metrobus.html|title=Metro Bus Lahore Pakistan -Rapid Bus Transport|website=pakvisit.com|access-date=9 June 2018|archive-date=9 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609002127/http://www.pakvisit.com/pakistan/metrobus.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The ], stretching 48.1 km, commenced its first phase in June 2015, with subsequent extensions, and employs e-ticketing and an Intelligent Transportation System.<ref name="Orange line trial run">{{Cite news|url=https://www.incpak.com/national/islamabad-starts-trial-of-orange-line-metro-bus-service/|title=Islamabad Starts Trial of Orange Line Metro Bus Service|date=2022-04-16|work=INCPAK|access-date=2022-04-18|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="PM Shehbaz Sharif inaugurates metrobus service">{{Cite news|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/412136-pm-shehbaz-sharif-inaugurates-metrobus-service-from-peshawar-mor-to-islamabad|title=PM Shehbaz Sharif confident his 'speedy work' will frighten ex-premier Imran Khan|date=2022-04-18|work=GEO News|access-date=2022-04-18|language=en-US}}</ref> ], inaugurated in January 2017, serves ] with its rapid transit services.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nation.com.pk/national/06-Jun-2014/work-on-multan-metro-bus-to-begin-on-august-14 |title= Work on Multan Metro Bus to Begin on August 14|newspaper= The Nation|access-date= 30 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1310439/this-is-naya-pakistan-pm-inaugurates-rs29bn-metro-bus-project-in-multan|title= Prime Minister inaugurates Multan Metrobus|newspaper= Dawn News|date= 24 January 2017|access-date= 24 January 2018}}</ref> ], inaugurated in August 2020, marks the fourth BRT system in Pakistan. Karachi's ], operational since December 2021, is part of a larger metrobus project financed by the Government of Pakistan and initiated in February 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title=PM Imran inaugurates Karachi's much-awaited Green Line bus service |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1663004/pm-imran-inaugurates-karachis-much-awaited-green-line-bus-service |work=Dawn |date=10 December 2021|access-date=12 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1055243/ground-breaking-ceremony-green-line-brt-finally-gets-go-ahead/|title=Ground-breaking ceremony: Green Line BRT finally gets go-ahead – The Express Tribune|date=26 February 2016|website=The Express Tribune|access-date=11 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1241849|title=Karachi's Green Line bus will be more beautiful than Lahore metro: PM Nawaz|last=Dawn.com|date=26 February 2016|website=www.dawn.com|access-date=11 June 2016}}</ref> Meanwhile, ] awaits its proposed rapid transit project, the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/542890/special-shuttle-train-service-to-be-launched-for-workers-of-cpec-sez/|title=Special shuttle train service to be launched for workers of CPEC SEZ|date=20 January 2020|website=Daily Times|access-date=18 June 2020|archive-date=17 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517115358/https://dailytimes.com.pk/542890/special-shuttle-train-service-to-be-launched-for-workers-of-cpec-sez/|url-status=dead}}<br />- {{Cite news|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/17091/cm-to-take-metro-bus-to-faisalabad/|title=CM to take metro bus to Faisalabad – Daily Times|date=15 April 2017|work=Daily Times|access-date=9 June 2018}}</ref> ], partially revived in November 2020, offers public transit services in the Karachi metropolitan area.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://nation.com.pk/10-Aug-2020/chairman-railways-visits-kcr-track |title=Chairman Railways visits KCR track |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |date=10 August 2020 |work=] |access-date=12 January 2021}}<br />- {{cite news |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2260409/supreme-court-gives-four-more-months-to-overhaul-railways |title=Supreme Court gives four more months to overhaul railways |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |date=20 August 2020 |work=] |access-date=12 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1591237/karachi-circular-railway-begins-partial-operations-today |title=Karachi Circular Railway begins partial operations |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |date=19 November 2020 |work=] |access-date=12 January 2021}}</ref> Additionally, plans are underway to resurrect Karachi's ], which ceased operations in 1975, in collaboration with Austrian experts.<ref>{{cite news|title=OLMT project to face further delay|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1941286/1-olmt-project-face-delay/|access-date=2 April 2019|work=]|author=Adnan, Imran|date=1 April 2019|quote=As per the direction of the apex court, he said, the civil works of the project will be completed by end of July 2019. But the project will not enter into commercial operations by August or November 2019.}}<br />- {{cite news|title=Manufacturing of orange trains starts, says Kh Hassan|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/122738-Manufacturing-of-orange-trains-starts-says-Kh-Hassan|access-date=24 January 2017|agency=The News|date=26 May 2016|quote=Latest technology will be employed for fabricating these trains and the rolling-stock will be fully computerised, automatic and driverless.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://propakistani.pk/2019/01/02/karachi-is-planning-to-restart-tram-services/amp/|title=Karachi is Planning to Restart Tram Services|website=propakistani.pk|date=2 January 2019}}</ref> | |||
| ====Highways==== | |||
| {{See also|National Highways of Pakistan}} | |||
| Highways form the backbone of Pakistan's transport system; a total road length of {{convert|263,942|km|mi|abbr=off}} accounts for 92% of passengers and 96% of inland freight traffic. Road transport services are largely in the hands of the ]. The National Highway Authority is responsible for the maintenance of national highways and motorways. The highway and motorway system depends mainly on north–south links connecting the southern ports to the populous provinces of Punjab and ]. Although this network only accounts for 4.6% of total road length,<ref name="DSEC" /> it carries 85% of the country's traffic.<ref name="pc">{{cite web |author=Ahmed Jamal Pirzada |title=Draft: Role of Connectivity in Growth Strategy of Pakistan |url=http://www.pc.gov.pk/feg/PDFs/role%20of%20connectivity%20in%20growth%20strategy%20of%20pakistan.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421064636/http://www.pc.gov.pk/feg/PDFs/role%20of%20connectivity%20in%20growth%20strategy%20of%20pakistan.pdf |archive-date=21 April 2012 |year=2011 |publisher=Planning Commission, Pakistan |pages=4, 7, 9|access-date=31 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=National Highway Development Sector Investment Program |url=http://www.adb.org/Documents/RRPs/PAK/37559-PAK-RRP.pdf |publisher=Asian Development Bank |year=2005 |pages=11, 12|access-date=31 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007150953/http://www.adb.org/Documents/RRPs/PAK/37559-PAK-RRP.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2007}}</ref> | |||
| ] owned and operated by ] (PIA) at ]]] | |||
| ====Railways==== | |||
| {{See also|List of railway stations in Pakistan}}]|thumb]] | |||
| As of 2013, Pakistan boasts approximately 151 airports and airfields, encompassing both military and ] installations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/|title=Airports – The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=29 May 2021}}</ref> Despite ] serving as the primary international gateway, significant international traffic also flows through ], ], ], ], ], ], and ] airports. The civil aviation industry, deregulated in 1993, operates with a blend of ] and ] entities while ] ] (PIA) dominates, carrying 73% of domestic passengers and all domestic freight. | |||
| The ], under the ] (MoR), operates the railroad system. From 1947 until the 1970s the ] was the primary means of transport until the nationwide constructions of the national highways and the ] of the ]. Beginning in the 1990s there was a marked shift in traffic from rail to highways; dependence grew on roads after the introduction of ] in the country. Now the railway's share of inland traffic is below 8% for passengers and 4% for freight traffic.<ref name="DSEC" /> As personal transportation began to be dominated by the automobile, total rail track decreased from {{convert|8,775|km|abbr=off}} in 1990–91 to {{convert|7,791|km|abbr=off}} in 2011.<ref name="pc" /><ref name="nation">{{cite web |title=PAKISTAN |url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Asia-and-the-Pacific/Pakistan.html |website=Encyclopedia Nation|access-date=31 December 2011}}</ref> Pakistan expects to use the rail service to boost ] with China, Iran, and Turkey.<ref>{{cite news |author=Syed Fazl-e-Haider |title=China-Pakistan rail link on horizon |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/IB24Df02.html |access-date=31 December 2011|date=24 February 2007|url-status=unfit|archive-date=26 February 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070226192640/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/IB24Df02.html |newspaper=Asia Times Online}}<br/>- {{cite news |title=Pakistan-Turkey rail trial starts |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8201934.stm|access-date=13 March 2012 |date=14 August 2009}}</ref> | |||
| ====Airports==== | |||
| {{Main|List of airports in Pakistan}} | |||
| There are an estimated 151 airports and airfields in Pakistan as of 2013—including both the military and the mostly publicly owned ] airports.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/|title=Airports – The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=29 May 2021}}</ref> Although ] is the principal international gateway to Pakistan, the international airports in ], ], ], ], ], ], and ] also handle significant amounts of traffic. | |||
| The ] is mixed with ] and ] sectors, which was ] in 1993. While the ] ] (PIA) is the major and dominant air carrier that carries about 73% of domestic passengers and all domestic freight, the private airlines such as ] and ], also provide similar services at a ]. | |||
| ====Seaports==== | |||
| ] is one of ]'s largest and busiest deep-water ], handling about 60% of the nation's cargo (25 million tons per annum)|thumb]] | |||
| Major seaports are in ], Sindh (the ], ]).<ref name="pc" /><ref name="nation" /> Since the 1990s some seaport operations have been moved to ] with the construction of ], ] and ].<ref name="pc" /><ref name="nation" /> ] is the ] of the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=GWADAR PORT PAKISTAN |url=http://www.gwadarinfo.com/port.php |website=www.gwadarinfo.com |access-date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830064514/http://www.gwadarinfo.com/port.php |archive-date=30 August 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to the ] Global Competitiveness Report, quality ratings of Pakistan's port infrastructure increased from 3.7 to 4.1 between 2007 and 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=Quality of port infrastructure, WEF |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IQ.WEF.PORT.XQ|access-date=12 April 2017}}</ref> | |||
| ====Metro==== | |||
| {{Main|List of rapid transit systems in Pakistan}} | |||
| =====Metro Train===== | |||
| ], ]]] | |||
| ] with adjoining station]] | |||
| *The ] is an automated ] system in ].<ref>{{cite web|date=2014-05-23|title=Good news on track: Lahore to get Pakistan's first metro train|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/711864/good-news-on-track-lahore-to-get-pakistans-first-metro-train|access-date=2022-04-12|website=The Express Tribune|language=en}}</ref> The Orange line is the first of the three proposed rail lines part for the ]. The line spans {{convert|27.1|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} with {{convert|25.4|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} elevated and {{convert|1.72|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} underground and has a cost of 251.06 billion Rupees ($1.6 billion).<ref>{{cite web|title=Norinco Technical Proposal|url=http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Norinco-Technical-Proposal.pdf|access-date=25 January 2017|date=January 2016|page=12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202022759/http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Norinco-Technical-Proposal.pdf|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The line consists of 26 subway stations and is designed to carry over 250,000 passengers daily. The line became operational on 25 October 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/25-Oct-2020/punjab-cm-inaugurates-lahore-s-much-delayed-orange-line-metro-train|title=Punjab CM inaugurates Lahore's much-delayed Orange Line Metro Train|date=25 October 2020|work=Daily Pakistan|access-date=25 October 2020}}</ref> | |||
| =====Metro Bus and BRTs===== | |||
| *] is a ] service operating in the city of ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pakvisit.com/pakistan/metrobus.html|title=Metro Bus Lahore Pakistan -Rapid Bus Transport|website=pakvisit.com|access-date=9 June 2018|archive-date=9 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609002127/http://www.pakvisit.com/pakistan/metrobus.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Metrobus network's first phase was opened in February 2013. It was the first Metro bus system in Pakistan. | |||
| *] is a {{convert|48.1|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} ] system operating in the ]. The Metrobus network's first phase was opened on 4 June 2015, and stretches 22.5 kilometres between ], in ], and ] in ]. The second stage stretches 25.6 kilometres between the ] and ] and was inaugurated on 18 April 2022.<ref name="Orange line trial run">{{Cite news|url=https://www.incpak.com/national/islamabad-starts-trial-of-orange-line-metro-bus-service/|title=Islamabad Starts Trial of Orange Line Metro Bus Service|date=2022-04-16|work=INCPAK|access-date=2022-04-18|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="PM Shehbaz Sharif inaugurates metrobus service">{{Cite news|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/412136-pm-shehbaz-sharif-inaugurates-metrobus-service-from-peshawar-mor-to-islamabad|title=PM Shehbaz Sharif confident his 'speedy work' will frighten ex-premier Imran Khan|date=2022-04-18|work=GEO News|access-date=2022-04-18|language=en-US}}</ref> The system uses e-ticketing and an ] and is managed by the ]. | |||
| *] is a ] (BRT) system in ].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nation.com.pk/national/06-Jun-2014/work-on-multan-metro-bus-to-begin-on-august-14 |title= Work on Multan Metro Bus to Begin on August 14|newspaper= The Nation|access-date= 30 January 2018}}</ref> Construction on the line began in May 2015, while operations commenced on 24 January 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1310439/this-is-naya-pakistan-pm-inaugurates-rs29bn-metro-bus-project-in-multan|title= Prime Minister inaugurates Multan Metrobus|newspaper= Dawn News|access-date= 24 January 2018}}</ref> | |||
| *] (Peshawar BRT) is a ] system in ], capital of ] province. The construction of the project was started in October 2017 and was inaugurated on 13 August 2020, it is the fourth BRT system in Pakistan. | |||
| *] is the first phase of ] that has been operational since 25 December 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=PM Imran inaugurates Karachi's much-awaited Green Line bus service |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1663004/pm-imran-inaugurates-karachis-much-awaited-green-line-bus-service |work=Dawn |date=10 December 2021|access-date=12 February 2022}}</ref> The ] financed the majority of the project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1055243/ground-breaking-ceremony-green-line-brt-finally-gets-go-ahead/|title=Ground-breaking ceremony: Green Line BRT finally gets go-ahead – The Express Tribune|date=26 February 2016|website=The Express Tribune|access-date=11 June 2016}}</ref> Construction of the Green Line began on 26 February 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1241849|title=Karachi's Green Line bus will be more beautiful than Lahore metro: PM Nawaz|last=Dawn.com|date=26 February 2016|website=www.dawn.com|access-date=11 June 2016}}</ref> | |||
| *Faisalabad shuttle train service and ] are the proposed rapid transit projects in the city of ]. These projects are the part of a mega-project of ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/542890/special-shuttle-train-service-to-be-launched-for-workers-of-cpec-sez/|title=Special shuttle train service to be launched for workers of CPEC SEZ|date=20 January 2020|website=Daily Times}}<br />- {{Cite news|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/17091/cm-to-take-metro-bus-to-faisalabad/|title=CM to take metro bus to Faisalabad – Daily Times|date=15 April 2017|work=Daily Times|access-date=9 June 2018}}</ref> | |||
| =====Other Systems===== | |||
| *] is a partially active regional ] in Karachi, which serves the ]. KCR was fully operational between 1969 and 1999. Since 2001, restoration of the railway and restarting the system had been sought.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://nation.com.pk/10-Aug-2020/chairman-railways-visits-kcr-track |title=Chairman Railways visits KCR track |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |date=10 August 2020 |work=] |access-date=12 January 2021}}<br />- {{cite news |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2260409/supreme-court-gives-four-more-months-to-overhaul-railways |title=Supreme Court gives four more months to overhaul railways |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |date=20 August 2020 |work=] |access-date=12 January 2021}}</ref> In November 2020, the KCR partially revived operations.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1591237/karachi-circular-railway-begins-partial-operations-today |title=Karachi Circular Railway begins partial operations |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |date=19 November 2020 |work=] |access-date=12 January 2021}}</ref> | |||
| *A ] was started in 1884 in ] but was closed in 1975 due to various factors.<ref>{{cite news|title=OLMT project to face further delay|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1941286/1-olmt-project-face-delay/|access-date=2 April 2019|work=]|author=Adnan, Imran|date=1 April 2019|quote=As per the direction of the apex court, he said, the civil works of the project will be completed by end of July 2019. But the project will not enter into commercial operations by August or November 2019.}}<br />- {{cite news|title=Manufacturing of orange trains starts, says Kh Hassan|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/122738-Manufacturing-of-orange-trains-starts-says-Kh-Hassan|access-date=24 January 2017|agency=The News|date=26 May 2016|quote=Latest technology will be employed for fabricating these trains and the rolling-stock will be fully computerised, automatic and driverless.}}</ref> The ] is planning to restart the tramway services in the city, collaborating with Austrian experts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://propakistani.pk/2019/01/02/karachi-is-planning-to-restart-tram-services/amp/|title=Karachi is Planning to Restart Tram Services|website=propakistani.pk|date=2 January 2019}}</ref> | |||
| *In October 2019, a project for the construction of tramway service in ] has also been signed by the ]. This project will be launched under public-private partnership in a joint venture of European and Chinese companies along with the Punjab transport department.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1511430|title=MoU signed for tram service in Lahore|first=Khalid|last=Hasnain|date=18 October 2019|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref> | |||
| ====Flyovers and underpasses==== | |||
| {{Main|List of flyovers in Pakistan}} | |||
| ]|thumb]] | |||
| Many flyovers and underpasses are located in major urban areas of the country to segregate the flow of traffic. The highest number of flyovers and under passes are located in ], followed by ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1834123/1-work-begins-three-flyovers-karachi|title=Work begins on three more flyovers in Karachi|date=25 October 2018|website=The Express Tribune}}</ref> Other cities having flyovers and underpasses for the regulation of flow of traffic includes ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ] etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2013/01/09/cm-to-inaugurate-6th-road-flyover-today/|title=CM to inaugurate 6th road flyover today | Pakistan Today|website=Pakistan Today|access-date=22 June 2020|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625123246/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2013/01/09/cm-to-inaugurate-6th-road-flyover-today/|url-status=dead}}<br />- {{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1116986/infrastructure-jhal-flyover-near-completion-says-minister|title=Infrastructure: Jhal flyover near completion, says minister|date=5 June 2016|website=The Express Tribune}}<br />- {{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Flyover,+Sargodha,+Punjab,+Pakistan/@32.0811849,72.6671609,13z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x392177a4504530a1:0x9d3ee09ce7f9aa7f?hl=en-US&gl=pk|title=Flyover|website=Flyover}}<br />- {{cite web|url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/166170/flyover-in-bahawalpur|title=Flyover in Bahawalpur|date=19 November 2005|website=Dawn}}</ref> | |||
| Beijing Underpass, ] is the longest underpass of Pakistan with a length of about {{cvt|1.3|km}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/pakistans-longest-underpass-opens-in-lahore-1.2134973|title=Pakistan's longest underpass opens in Lahore|website=gulfnews.com}}</ref> ], ] is the longest flyover of the country with a length of about {{cvt|2.6|km}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2012/04/30/say-hello-to-the-country%E2%80%99s-largest-flyover/amp/|title=Say hello to the country's largest flyover! | Pakistan Today|website=www.pakistantoday.com.pk}}</ref> | |||
| === Science and technology === | === Science and technology === | ||
| {{Main|Science and technology in Pakistan|List of Pakistani inventions and discoveries}} | {{Main|Science and technology in Pakistan|List of Pakistani inventions and discoveries}} | ||
| {{multiple image | {{multiple image | ||
| |total_width=300 | | total_width = 300 | ||
| |align=right | | align = right | ||
| |image1=Abdus Salam 1987.jpg | | image1 = Abdus Salam 1987.jpg | ||
| |caption1=] won the 1979 ] for his contribution to ]. He was the first Muslim to win a Nobel prize in science. | | caption1 = ] won the 1979 ] for his contribution to ]. He was the first Muslim to win a Nobel prize in science. | ||
| |caption2=] won the ] for pioneering contributions in chemistry in 1999, the first Muslim to win it. | | caption2 = ] won the ] for pioneering contributions in chemistry in 1999, the first Muslim to win it. | ||
| |image2=Atta-Ur-Rahman (cropped).jpg | | image2 = Atta-Ur-Rahman (cropped).jpg | ||
| |caption3=] was a Pakistani organic chemist who pioneered research on pharmacology use of various domestic plants. He was a member of the ]. | | caption3 = ] was a Pakistani organic chemist who pioneered research on pharmacology use of various domestic plants. He was a member of the ]. | ||
| |image3=<!-- ] violation: Salimuzzaman.jpg --> | | image3 = <!-- ] violation: Salimuzzaman.jpg --> | ||
| |width4=120 | | width4 = 120 | ||
| |caption4=] was a Pakistani game theorist whose work led to the ]. He had a profound effect on the field of ]. | | caption4 = ] was a Pakistani game theorist whose work led to the ]. He had a profound effect on the field of ]. | ||
| |image4= | | image4 = | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| Developments in ] have played |
Developments in ] have played a significant role in Pakistan's infrastructure, linking the nation to the global community.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ministry of Science and Technology |title=National Science, Technology and Innovation Policy 2012 |url=http://most.comsatshosting.com/%5CPolicies%5CNational%20Science,%20Technology%20and%20Innovation%20Policy%202012.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Science and Technology|access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref> Each year, the ] and the government invite scientists worldwide to the ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Address by Prime Minister |website=Press Information Department (Government of Pakistan) |format=DOC |url=http://www.pid.gov.pk/pm%20address%20on%2027-6-2011.doc |access-date=24 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112161844/http://www.pid.gov.pk/pm%20address%20on%2027-6-2011.doc |archive-date=12 January 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2005, Pakistan hosted an international seminar on "Physics in Developing Countries" for the International Year of Physics.<ref>{{cite book |editor1=Hameed A. Khan |editor2=M. M. Qurashi |editor3=Tajammul Hussain |editor4=Irfan Hayee |date=April 2006 |title=Physics in Developing Countries – Past, Present & Future |series=COMSATS' Series of Publications on Science and Technology |volume=8 |publisher=Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South |url=http://www.comsats.org/Publications/Books_SnT_Series/08.%20Physics%20in%20Developing%20Countries%20-%20Past,%20Present%20and%20Future%20(April%202006).pdf |page=9 |access-date=1 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524011938/http://www.comsats.org/Publications/Books_SnT_Series/08.%20Physics%20in%20Developing%20Countries%20-%20Past,%20Present%20and%20Future%20(April%202006).pdf |archive-date=24 May 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Pakistani theoretical physicist ] won a ] for his work on the ].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=1979 Nobel Prize in Physics |journal=Science |volume=206 |issue=4424 |pages=1290–1292 |bibcode=1979Sci...206.1290C |last1=Coleman |first1=Sidney |year=1979 |doi=10.1126/science.206.4424.1290 |pmid=17799637}}</ref> Pakistani scientists have made notable contributions in mathematics, biology, economics, ], and ].<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Mian |editor-first1=Zia |editor-last2=Kothari |editor-first2=Smitu |title=Out of the nuclear shadow |date=2001 |publisher=Zed |location=London |isbn=978-1-84277-059-7}}</ref> | ||
| In ], ] |
In ], ] identified the medicinal properties of the ] tree's components.{{sfn|Muniapan|Shaikh|2007}}<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://technologytimes.pk/documents/mag/PDF_Old/Vol02-Issue11.pdf |title=The scientist who painted: Dr. Salimuzzaman Siddiqui |magazine=Technology Times |publisher=Mediaventures |location=Islamabad |date=14 March 2011 |volume=II |issue=11 |page=3 |access-date=18 March 2020 |archive-date=10 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710192902/http://technologytimes.pk/documents/mag/PDF_Old/Vol02-Issue11.pdf |url-status=dead }}<br />- {{cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Irshad |date=2013-10-29 |url=https://www.academia.edu/2425893 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130506031535/http://www.academia.edu/2425893/Using_RP_Model_to_Solve_the_Current_Challenges_of_PAKISTAN |archive-date=6 May 2013 |title=Using RP Model to solve Current Challenges of Pakistan by PHd Scholar Irshad Ahmed Sumra |via=Academia.edu |access-date=20 April 2013 }}</ref> ] developed the ] for treating brain conditions.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Leonidas C. Goudas |display-authors=etal |year=1999 |title=Decreases in Cerebrospinal Fluid Glutathione Levels after Intracerebroventricular Morphine for Cancer Pain |journal=Anesthesia & Analgesia |volume=89 |issue=5 |page=1209 |publisher=International Anesthesia Research Society |doi=10.1213/00000539-199911000-00023 |url=http://www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/cgi/content/full/89/5/1209|access-date=1 January 2012|doi-access=free }}</ref> Scientific research is integral to ], national laboratories, ]s, and the ].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Osama |first1=Athar |last2=Najam |first2=Adil |last3=Kassim-Lakha |first3=Shamsh |last4=Zulfiqar Gilani |first4=Syed |last5=King |first5=Christopher |title=Pakistan's reform experiment |journal=Nature |date=3 September 2009 |volume=461 |issue=7260 |pages=38–39 |doi=10.1038/461038a |pmid=19727184 |s2cid=205048760 |bibcode=2009Natur.461...38O}}</ref> ] spearheaded Pakistan's ]-based ] ] program for its ].<ref>{{cite web |last=(IISS) |first=International Institute for Strategic Studies |author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=Bhutto was father of Pakistan's Atom Bomb Program |publisher=International Institute for Strategic Studies |year=2006 |url=http://www.iiss.org/whats-new/iiss-in-the-press/press-coverage-2007/may-2007/bhutto-was-father-of-pakistani-bomb/?locale=en |access-date=24 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314025504/http://www.iiss.org/whats-new/iiss-in-the-press/press-coverage-2007/may-2007/bhutto-was-father-of-pakistani-bomb/?locale=en |archive-date=14 March 2012}}</ref> He established the ] (KRL) in 1976, serving as both its senior scientist and the Director-General until his retirement in 2001. Besides atomic bomb project, he made significant contributions in ], physical ], and their applications in ] and ].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/16/world/asia/16chron-khan.html?pagewanted=all |access-date=24 July 2015 |title=Chronology: A.Q. Khan |newspaper=The New York Times |date=16 April 2006}}</ref> | ||
| In 2010 Pakistan |
In 2010, Pakistan ranked 43rd globally in published scientific papers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Junaidi |first1=Ikram |title=Pakistan ranks 43rd in scientific research publication |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/683203/pakistan-ranks-43rd-in-scientific-research-publication-2|access-date=18 February 2015 |work=Dawn |date=25 December 2011}}</ref> The influential ] guides the government on science policies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paspk.org/Introduction-to-the-Academy-19 |title=Introduction to the Academy |publisher=Introduction of the Academy |access-date=16 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219233435/http://www.paspk.org/Introduction-to-the-Academy-19 |archive-date=19 February 2015}}</ref> Pakistan was ranked 91st in the ] by 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2024 : Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/ |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=www.wipo.int |language=en}}</ref> | ||
| The 1960s |
The 1960s marked the rise of Pakistan's space program, led by ], yielding advancements in ]ry, ], and ]. Notably, Pakistan launched its ] into space, pioneering South Asia's space exploration.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of SUPARCO |url=http://www.suparco.gov.pk/pages/history.asp |publisher=SUPARCO |access-date=24 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417192331/http://www.suparco.gov.pk/pages/history.asp |archive-date=17 April 2008}}</ref> In 1990, it successfully launched its ], becoming the first Muslim nation and second in South Asia to achieve this milestone.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chtAqyOp9OEC&pg=PA46|title=Asian Space Race: Rhetoric or Reality? |last=Lele |first=Ajey |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2012 |isbn=978-81-322-0733-7|page=46|quote=Headquartered in SUPARCO headquarters, Karachi, it has been responsible directly and indirectly for the fabrication, processing and launch of the Muslim Ummah's first experimental satellite, Badr-1. It was a historical event not only for the people of Pakistan but also for the entire Muslim Ummah as it was the first satellite built by any Islamic country based on indigenous resources and manpower.}}<br />- {{cite web |title=The Launching of Badr-I |website=Aero Space Guide |url=http://www.aerospaceguide.net/worldspace/pakistan.html |access-date=24 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202005559/http://www.aerospaceguide.net/worldspace/pakistan.html |archive-date=2 February 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
| {{quote box | |||
| |quote = Pakistan witnessed a fourfold increase in its scientific productivity in the past decade surging from approximately 2,000 articles per year in 2006 to more than 9,000 articles in 2015. Making Pakistan's cited article's higher than the ] countries put together. | |quote = Pakistan witnessed a fourfold increase in its scientific productivity in the past decade surging from approximately 2,000 articles per year in 2006 to more than 9,000 articles in 2015. Making Pakistan's cited article's higher than the ] countries put together. | ||
| |source = —]'s Another BRIC in the Wall 2016 report<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1183999/notch-pakistani-articles-cited-brics-put-together-says-report/ |title=Pakistani articles 'cited more than BRICs put together', says report |website=Tribune|access-date=September 19, 2016|date=2016-09-19 }}</ref> | |source = —]'s Another BRIC in the Wall 2016 report<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1183999/notch-pakistani-articles-cited-brics-put-together-says-report/ |title=Pakistani articles 'cited more than BRICs put together', says report |website=Tribune|access-date=September 19, 2016|date=2016-09-19 }}</ref> | ||
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| }}As an aftermath of the ], the clandestine ] developed ] partly motivated by fear and to prevent any ], while ushering in the ] in the ].<ref name="United Book Press.">{{cite book |title=Pakistan : between mosque and military |date=2005 |last1=Haqqani |first1=Husain |publisher=United Book Press. |location=Washington, DC |isbn=978-0-87003-214-1 |edition=1. print. |chapter=§Chapter 3 |quote=The trauma was extremely severe in Pakistan when the news of secession of East Pakistan as Bangladesh arrived—a psychological setback, complete and humiliating defeat that shattered the prestige of Pakistan Armed Forces. |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/pakistanbetweenm00haqq }}</ref> Competition with India and tensions eventually led to Pakistan's decision to ] ] in 1998, thus becoming the ] in the world to successfully develop ]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/nuke/guide/pakistan/nuke/index.html |title=Pakistan Nuclear Weapons |publisher=Federation of American Scientists|access-date=22 February 2007}}</ref> | |||
| Following the ], Pakistan hastily developed ] to deter foreign intervention and entered the ].<ref name="United Book Press.">{{cite book |title=Pakistan : between mosque and military |date=2005 |last1=Haqqani |first1=Husain |publisher=United Book Press. |location=Washington, DC |isbn=978-0-87003-214-1 |edition=1. print. |chapter=§Chapter 3 |quote=The trauma was extremely severe in Pakistan when the news of secession of East Pakistan as Bangladesh arrived—a psychological setback, complete and humiliating defeat that shattered the prestige of Pakistan Armed Forces. |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/pakistanbetweenm00haqq }}</ref> Tensions with India led to Pakistan's ] ], making it the ] to possess such weapons.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/nuke/guide/pakistan/nuke/index.html |title=Pakistan Nuclear Weapons |publisher=Federation of American Scientists|access-date=22 February 2007}}</ref> | |||
| Pakistan is the first and only Muslim country that maintains an ] in Antarctica.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sayar |first=M.A. |date=April–June 1995 |title=Should We Exploit The Last Wilderness? |url=http://www.fountainmagazine.com/Issue/detail/Should-We-Exploit-The-Last-Wilderness |journal=The Fountain Magazine |access-date=9 February 2016 |quote=Pakistan became the first Muslim country to send an official expedition to Antarctica. Pakistan in 1992, established its Jinnah Antarctic Research Station. |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215200726/http://www.fountainmagazine.com/Issue/detail/Should-We-Exploit-The-Last-Wilderness}}<br/>- {{Cite journal |year=1991 |title=Huge Oil Deposits Located Near Coast |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PMjsAAAAMAAJ|journal=Economic Review |volume=22|quote=To a question Dr. Farah said, Pakistan was the first country to carry out research and establish its station at the same time in Antarctica.}}<br />- {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kx1AAAAAIAAJ |title=Pakistan's Scientific Expeditions to Antarctica |last1=Farah |first1=Abul |last2=Rizvi |first2=S.H. Niaz |publisher=National Institute of Oceanography |year=1995|page=15 |quote=Pakistan's presence in Antarctica also appears imperative as none of the Muslim countries seem to be in a position to undertake research there.}}<br/>- {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kx1AAAAAIAAJ |title=Pakistan's Scientific Expeditions to Antarctica |last1=Farah |first1=Abul |last2=Rizvi |first2=S.H. Niaz |publisher=National Institute of Oceanography |year=1995|page=17 |quote=We have already taken the lead amongst the Muslim countries by launching our first expedition in 1990–1991 with an investment of large funds and national talent towards Antarctic research.}}<br/>- {{Cite journal |year=1992 |title=News Bulletin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vK0eAQAAIAAJ |journal=National Institute of Oceanography (Pakistan) |volume=7 |page=1 |quote=This makes Pakistan the first Muslim country to undertake Antarctic Expedition and to establish a research station in Antarctica.}}</ref> Since 1991 Pakistan has maintained two summer research stations and one weather observatory on the continent and plans to open another full-fledged permanent base in Antarctica.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.niopk.gov.pk/Antarctic.aspx |title=Antarctic Research |quote=Pakistan is maintaining two summer research stations and one weather observatory in the vicinity of SOR Rondane Mountain Range. Pakistan is also planning to build a full fledged permanent base at Antarctica. |website=National Institute of Geography|access-date=29 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217125703/http://www.niopk.gov.pk/Antarctic.aspx |archive-date=17 February 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
| Pakistan is the sole Muslim nation active in Antarctica research, maintaining its ] since 1992.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sayar |first=M.A. |date=April–June 1995 |title=Should We Exploit The Last Wilderness? |url=http://www.fountainmagazine.com/Issue/detail/Should-We-Exploit-The-Last-Wilderness |journal=The Fountain Magazine |access-date=9 February 2016 |quote=Pakistan became the first Muslim country to send an official expedition to Antarctica. Pakistan in 1992, established its Jinnah Antarctic Research Station. |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215200726/http://www.fountainmagazine.com/Issue/detail/Should-We-Exploit-The-Last-Wilderness}}<br />- {{Cite journal |year=1991 |title=Huge Oil Deposits Located Near Coast |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PMjsAAAAMAAJ|journal=Economic Review |volume=22|quote=To a question Dr. Farah said, Pakistan was the first country to carry out research and establish its station at the same time in Antarctica.}}<br />- {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kx1AAAAAIAAJ |title=Pakistan's Scientific Expeditions to Antarctica |last1=Farah |first1=Abul |last2=Rizvi |first2=S.H. Niaz |publisher=National Institute of Oceanography |year=1995|page=15 |quote=Pakistan's presence in Antarctica also appears imperative as none of the Muslim countries seem to be in a position to undertake research there.}}<br />- {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kx1AAAAAIAAJ |title=Pakistan's Scientific Expeditions to Antarctica |last1=Farah |first1=Abul |last2=Rizvi |first2=S.H. Niaz |publisher=National Institute of Oceanography |year=1995|page=17 |quote=We have already taken the lead amongst the Muslim countries by launching our first expedition in 1990–1991 with an investment of large funds and national talent towards Antarctic research.}}<br />- {{Cite journal |year=1992 |title=News Bulletin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vK0eAQAAIAAJ |journal=National Institute of Oceanography (Pakistan) |volume=7 |page=1 |quote=This makes Pakistan the first Muslim country to undertake Antarctic Expedition and to establish a research station in Antarctica.}}</ref> By May 2020, Pakistan had 82 million internet users, ranking ninth globally.<ref name="PTD"/><ref name="GDI-2020"/> The government invests heavily in ] projects, focusing on e-government and infrastructure.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/432124/govt-to-spend-rs4-6b-on-it-projects/ |title=Govt to spend Rs4.6b on IT projects |work=Express Tribune |date=6 September 2012|access-date=6 September 2012}}</ref> | |||
| Energy consumption by computers and usage has grown since the 1990s when ] were introduced; Pakistan has about 82 million Internet users and is ranked as one of the top countries that have registered a high growth rate in Internet penetration {{As of|2020|lc=y}}.<ref name="PTD"/> Key publications have been produced by Pakistan, and domestic software development has gained considerable international praise.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistani Computer Scientist wins global Supercomputer Design Award |url=http://www.techlahore.com/2010/05/10/pakistani-computer-scientist-wins-global-supercomputer-design-award/ |access-date=19 February 2015 |publisher=Lahore Tech |date=10 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219065435/http://www.techlahore.com/2010/05/10/pakistani-computer-scientist-wins-global-supercomputer-design-award/ |archive-date=19 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
| As of May 2020, Pakistan has about 82 million internet users, making it the ] of Internet users in the world.<ref name="PTD"/><ref name="auto2"/> Since the 2000s Pakistan has made a significant amount of progress in ], and various institutions offer research opportunities in ]. The ] reportedly spends ] 4.6 billion on ] projects, with emphasis on ], human resources, and infrastructure development.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/432124/govt-to-spend-rs4-6b-on-it-projects/ |title=Govt to spend Rs4.6b on IT projects |work=Express Tribune |date=6 September 2012|access-date=6 September 2012}}</ref> | |||
| === Education === | |||
| {{main|Education in Pakistan|Higher Education Commission (Pakistan)|Rankings of universities in Pakistan}} | |||
| The ] requires the state to provide ] primary and secondary education.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part2.ch1.html |title=Chapter 1: "Fundamental Rights" of Part II: "Fundamental Rights and Principles of Policy" |website=pakistani.org}}<br />- {{cite web |title=Right to Education in Pakistan |publisher=World Council of Churches |url=http://www.oikoumene.org/resources/documents/wcc-commissions/international-affairs/human-rights-and-impunity/the-right-to-education-in-pakistan.html |access-date=25 July 2010 |date=21 April 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313083147/http://www.oikoumene.org/resources/documents/wcc-commissions/international-affairs/human-rights-and-impunity/the-right-to-education-in-pakistan.html |archive-date=13 March 2012}}</ref> | |||
| ]]] | |||
| At the time of the ] of Pakistan as a state, the country had only one university, ] in ].{{cn|date=August 2022}} Very soon the ] established public universities in each of the ], including ] (1949), ] (1950), ] (1953), and ] (1970). Pakistan has a large network of both ] and ] universities, which includes collaboration between the ] aimed at providing research and ] opportunities in the country, although there is concern about the low quality of teaching in many of the newer schools.<ref>{{cite web |title=Number of universities rises while education standard falls |website=DailyTimes |date=10 September 2015 |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/islamabad/10-Sep-2015/number-of-universities-rises-while-education-standard-falls |access-date=11 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006074617/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/islamabad/10-Sep-2015/number-of-universities-rises-while-education-standard-falls |archive-date=6 October 2015}}</ref> It is estimated that there are 3,193 ] in Pakistan,<ref name="edu2">{{cite report |chapter=Education |title=Economic Survey 2009–10 |page=147 & Table 11.1 (p. 160) |chapter-url=http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapter_10/10_Education.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Finance, Pakistan |access-date=2 January 2012}}</ref> and there are also '']'' that provide free Islamic education and offer free board and lodging to students, who come mainly from the poorer strata of society.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistani madrassahs |publisher=United States Institute of Peace |url=http://www.uvm.edu/~envprog/madrassah.html#_ftn8 |access-date=21 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050214194645/http://www.uvm.edu/~envprog/madrassah.html#_ftn8 |archive-date=14 February 2005}}</ref> Strong public pressure and popular criticism over ]' usage of ''madrassahs'' for recruitment, the Pakistan government has made repeated efforts to ] the quality of education in the ''madrassahs''.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ron |last=Synovitz |title=Pakistan: Despite Reform Plan, Few Changes Seen At Most Radical Madrassahs |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1051650.html |publisher=Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty |date=24 February 2004 |access-date=21 February 2009}}<br/>- {{cite web |title=Policy Brief: Another Approach to Madrassa Reforms in Pakistan |publisher=Jinnah Institute of Peace |last1=Ali |first1=Syed Mohammad |url=http://jinnah-institute.org/policy-brief-another-approach-to-madrassa-reforms-in-pakistan-3/ |access-date=21 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518112052/http://jinnah-institute.org/policy-brief-another-approach-to-madrassa-reforms-in-pakistan-3/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 May 2015}}</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| ] is divided into six main levels: nursery (preparatory classes); primary (grades one through five); ] (grades six through eight); ] (grades nine and ten, leading to the ]); ] (grades eleven and twelve, leading to a ]); and university programmes leading to graduate and postgraduate degrees.<ref name="edu2"/> There is a network of ] that constitutes a parallel secondary education system based on a curriculum set and administered by the ] of the United Kingdom. Some students choose to take the ] and ] exams conducted by the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britishcouncil.org/pakistan-exams-gce.htm |title=GCE O and A level exams in Pakistan |publisher=]|access-date=13 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201090835/http://www.britishcouncil.org/pakistan-exams-gce.htm |archive-date=1 February 2008}}</ref> According to the International Schools Consultancy, Pakistan has 439 international schools.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iscresearch.com/information/isc-news.aspx |title=ISC News |publisher=International School Consultancy Group |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000123/http://www.iscresearch.com/information/isc-news.aspx}}</ref> | |||
| ] at the Women of the World festival in 2014.]] | |||
| As a result of initiatives taken in 2007, the ] has been made compulsory in all schools across the country.<ref>{{cite web |last=McNicoll |first=Kristen |title=English medium education improvement in Pakistan supported |publisher=British Council Pakistan Bureau |url=http://www.britishcouncil.org/organisation/press/english-medium-education-improvement-pakistan-supported |access-date=21 February 2015}}<br/>- {{cite web |url=http://www.moe.gov.pk/mediacell.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070105215406/http://www.moe.gov.pk/mediacell.htm |archive-date=5 January 2007 |title=Ministry of Education-Government of Pakistan |publisher=Moe.gov.pk|access-date=1 January 2012}}</ref> In 2012, ], a campaigner for ], was shot by a ] gunman in retaliation for her activism.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://gma.yahoo.com/72-hours-saved-malala-doctors-reveal-first-time-101347540--abc-news-topstories.html |title=The 72 Hours That Saved Malala: Doctors Reveal for the First Time How Close She Came to Death |website=gma.yahoo.com|access-date=20 April 2020|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023175300/https://gma.yahoo.com/72-hours-saved-malala-doctors-reveal-first-time-101347540--abc-news-topstories.html}}</ref> Yousafzai went on to become the youngest ever Nobel laureate for her global education-related advocacy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nobel Laureates by age |website=NobelPrize.org |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/nobel-laureates-by-age |access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref> Additional reforms enacted in 2013 required all educational institutions in Sindh to begin offering Chinese language courses, reflecting China's growing role as a superpower and its ] in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14787216 |title=Schools in Pakistan's Sindh province to teach Chinese |work=BBC News |date=5 September 2011 |access-date=23 October 2011}}</ref> The literacy rate of the population is 62.3% as of 2018. The rate of male literacy is 72.5% while the rate of female literacy is 51.8%.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan Economic Survey 2018–19 Chapter 10: Education |url=http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_19/10-Education.pdf |work=Dawn |date=10 June 2019 |access-date=7 July 2019}}</ref> Literacy rates vary by region and particularly by sex; as one example, in tribal areas female literacy is 9.5%,<ref>{{cite report |title=Multiple Indication Cluster Survey (MICS): Federally Administered Tribal Area (FATA) of Pakistan |year=2009 |publisher=Gevernment of Pakistan |url=http://fata.gov.pk/files/MICS.pdf |access-date=3 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816015355/http://fata.gov.pk/files/MICS.pdf |archive-date=16 August 2011}}</ref> while ] has a literacy rate of 74%.<ref>{{cite news |last=Tahir |first=Dr Pervez |title=Education spending in AJK |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1468026/education-spending-ajk/ |newspaper=The Express Tribune}}</ref> With the advent of computer literacy in 1995, the government launched a nationwide initiative in 1998 with the aim of eradicating ] and providing a basic education to all children.<ref>{{cite web |title=Education in Pakistan |publisher=UNICEF |url=http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/pakistan_pakistan_statistics.html#67 |access-date=25 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409134615/http://www.unicef.org/pakistan/#67 |archive-date=9 April 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Through various educational reforms, by 2015 the ] expected to attain 100% enrollment levels among children of primary school age and a literacy rate of ~86% among people aged over 10.<ref>{{cite web |format=ZIP |url=http://www.moe.gov.pk/npaEFA.zip |access-date=13 February 2008 |archive-date=17 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060517232352/http://www.moe.gov.pk/npaEFA.zip |title=National Plan of Action 2001–2015 |publisher=Ministry of Education, Government of Pakistan}}</ref> Pakistan is currently spending 2.3 percent of its GDP on education;<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan Economic Survey 2019–20 (Education) |url=http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapter_20/10_Education.pdf |access-date=25 May 2021}}</ref> which according to the ] is one of the lowest in South Asia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1254909/pakistans-education-spending-lowest-in-south-asia |title=Pakistan's education spending lowest in South Asia |date=28 April 2016 |publisher=Dawn}}</ref> | |||
| == Demographics == | == Demographics == | ||
| Line 658: | Line 558: | ||
| {{Excerpt|Demographics of Pakistan|files=0}} | {{Excerpt|Demographics of Pakistan|files=0}} | ||
| === Languages === | |||
| {{Main|Languages of Pakistan}} | |||
| {{bar box | |||
| |float = right | |||
| |title = First languages of Pakistan<ref name="2017 Census">{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1410447|access-date=26 April 2020|title=CCI defers approval of census results until elections|work=Dawn}}</ref> | |||
| |bars = | |||
| {{bar percent|]|DarkSlateGray|38.78}} | |||
| {{bar percent|]|DarkSlateGray|18.24}} | |||
| {{bar percent|]|DarkSlateGray|14.57}} | |||
| {{bar percent|]|DarkSlateGray|12.19}} | |||
| {{bar percent|]|DarkSlateGray|7.08}} | |||
| {{bar percent|]|DarkSlateGray|3.02}} | |||
| {{bar percent|]|DarkSlateGray|6.12}} | |||
| }} | |||
| More than sixty languages are spoken in Pakistan, including a number of ]. ]—the '']'' and a symbol of ] and national unity—is the national language and understood by over 75% of Pakistanis. It is the main medium of communication in the country, but the primary language of only 7% of the population.<ref name="2017 Census"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Language in South Asia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O2n4sFGDEMYC&pg=PA138|author=Braj B. Kachru |author2=Yamuna Kachru |author3=S.N. Sridhar |page=138 |isbn=978-1-139-46550-2 |date=27 March 2008}}- <br />{{cite web |url=http://nation.com.pk/editorials/31-Dec-2015/urdu-in-contempt |title=Urdu In Contempt |date=31 December 2015 |website=The Nation|access-date=12 January 2016}}</ref> Urdu and English are the ]s of Pakistan. English is primarily used in official business and government, and in legal contracts;<ref name="ciafactbook" /> the local variety is known as ]. ], the most common language and the ] of 38.78% of the population,<ref name="2017 Census"/> is mostly spoken in the Punjab. ] is mainly spoken in South Punjab, and ] is predominant in the ] of ]. ] is the provincial language of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. ] is commonly spoken in Sindh, while ] is dominant in Balochistan. ], a Dravidian language, is spoken by the ] who live in Balochistan.<ref name=":14">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Brahui |title=Brahui |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britishcouncil.org/pakistan-ette-english-language-report.pdf |title=Teaching and Learning in Pakistan: The Role of Language in Education |publisher=British Council |pages=13, 14, 15 |year=2010 |access-date=29 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304130317/http://www.britishcouncil.org/pakistan-ette-english-language-report.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2011}}</ref> There are also speakers of ] in Karachi.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rehman |first=Zia Ur |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/57104-with-a-handful-of-subberstwo-newspapers-barely-keeping-gujarati-alive-in-karachi |title=With a handful of subbers, two newspapers barely keeping Gujarati alive in Karachi |work=The News International |quote=In Pakistan, the majority of Gujarati-speaking communities are in Karachi including Dawoodi Bohras, Ismaili Khojas, Memons, Kathiawaris, Katchhis, Parsis (Zoroastrians) and Hindus, said Gul Hasan Kalmati, a researcher who authored "Karachi, Sindh Jee Marvi", a book discussing the city and its indigenous communities. Although there are no official statistics available, community leaders claim that there are three million Gujarati-speakers in Karachi – roughly around 15 percent of the city's entire population. |date=18 August 2015 |access-date=13 January 2017}}</ref> ], a Rajasthani language, is also spoken in parts of Sindh. Various languages such as ], ], and ] are spoken in ], whilst languages such as ], ], and ] are spoken by many in ]. | |||
| ] is officially recognised by the ]. It declares in article 31 No. 2 that "The State shall endeavour, as respects the Muslims of Pakistan (a) to make the teaching of the Holy Quran and Islamiat compulsory, to encourage and facilitate the learning of Arabic language ..."<ref>{{cite web|title=article 31 islamic way of life – Pakistanconstitutionlaw | Top Replica Rolex Swiss Made Direct | Fake Rolex Daytona, Submariner Watches|url=https://pakistanconstitutionlaw.com/article-31-islamic-way-of-life/|access-date=2022-04-12|language=en-US}}</ref> | |||
| === Ethnic groups === | |||
| {{main|Ethnic groups in Pakistan|Pakistanis}} | |||
| {{bar box | |||
| |title= ]<ref name="ciafactbook" /> | |||
| |titlebar=#ddd | |||
| |float=right | |||
| |bars= | |||
| {{bar percent|]|green|44.7}} | |||
| {{bar percent|] (Pathan)|blue|15.4}} | |||
| {{bar percent|]|red|14.1}} | |||
| {{bar percent|]|pink|8.4}} | |||
| {{bar percent|]|yellow|7.6}} | |||
| {{bar percent|]|cyan|3.6}} | |||
| {{bar percent|]|orange|6.3}} | |||
| }} | |||
| The major ethnic groups are ] (44.7% of the country's population), ], also known as Pathans (15.4%), ] (14.1%), ] (8.4%), ] (the ], mostly Urdu-speaking), who make up 7.6% of the population, and the ] with 3.6%.<ref name="ciafactbook" /> The remaining 6.3% consist of a number of ethnic minorities such as the ],<ref name=":14" /> the ], the various peoples of Gilgit-Baltistan, the Kashmiris, the ] (who are of African descent),<ref>{{cite news |last=Abbas |first=Zaffar |title=Pakistan's Sidi keep heritage alive |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1869876.stm |quote=One of the Pakistan's smallest ethnic communities is made up of people of African origin, known as Sidi. The African-Pakistanis live in Karachi and other parts of the Sindh and Baluchistan provinces in abject poverty, but they rarely complain of discrimination. Although this small Muslim community is not on the verge of extinction, their growing concern is how to maintain their distinct African identity in the midst of the dominating South Asian cultures. |work=BBC News |date=13 March 2002 |access-date=26 December 2016}}</ref> and the ].<ref>{{cite web |author1=Ian S. Livingston |author2=Michael O'Hanlon |title=Pakistan Index |url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/Programs/FP/pakistan%20index/index.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327044026/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/Programs/FP/pakistan%20index/index.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2010 |publisher=Brookings population 2010 |date=29 November 2011 |page=13|access-date=25 December 2011}}</ref> There is also a large ] worldwide, numbering over seven million,<ref>{{cite web |author=Nadia Mushtaq Abbasi |title=The Pakistani Diaspora in Europe and Its Impact on Democracy Building in Pakistan |url=http://www.idea.int/resources/analysis/upload/Abbasi_low_2-2.pdf |publisher=] |year=2010 |page=5|access-date=18 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821142808/http://www.idea.int/resources/analysis/upload/Abbasi_low_2-2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 August 2010}}</ref> which has been recorded as the sixth largest diaspora in the world.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/india-has-largest-diaspora-population-in-world-un/183731.html |title=India has largest diaspora population in world: UN |date=15 January 2016 |website=The Tribune|access-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> | |||
| === Immigration === | |||
| {{Main|Immigration to Pakistan}} | |||
| ]]] | |||
| Even after partition in 1947, Indian Muslims continued to migrate to Pakistan throughout the 1950s and 1960s, and these migrants settled mainly in Karachi and other towns of Sindh province.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khalidi |first=Omar |date=1 January 1998 |title=From torrent to trickle: Indian Muslim migration to Pakistan, 1947–97 |journal=Islamic Studies |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=339–352 |jstor=20837002}}</ref> The wars in neighboring Afghanistan during the 1980s and 1990s also forced millions of ] into Pakistan. The ] excludes the 1.41 million registered ],<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517061336/http://unhcrpk.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Factsheet-March-2017.pdf |date=17 May 2017 }} (UNHCR March 2017)</ref> who are found mainly in the ] and ], with small numbers residing in ] and ]. Pakistan is home to one of the world's largest ] populations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ten countries host half of world's refugees: report |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/ten-countries-host-world-refugees-report-161004042014076.html|access-date=30 April 2017 |work=] |date=4 October 2016}}</ref> In addition to Afghans, around 2 million ] and half a million other undocumented people live in Pakistan. They are claimed to be from other areas such as ], Iran, Iraq, and Africa.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/322325/five-million-illegal-immigrants-residing-in-pakistan/ |title=Five million illegal immigrants residing in Pakistan |date=16 January 2012 |newspaper=Express Tribune|access-date=26 December 2016}}</ref> | |||
| Experts say that the migration of both Bengalis and Burmese (]) to Pakistan started in the 1980s and continued until 1998. Shaikh Muhammad Feroze, the chairman of the Pakistani Bengali Action Committee, claims that there are 200 settlements of Bengali-speaking people in Pakistan, of which 132 are in Karachi. They are also found in various other areas of Pakistan such as Thatta, Badin, Hyderabad, Tando Adam, and Lahore.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/347968/fringe-pakistan-bengali-speaking-pakistanis-demand-right-to-vote/ |title=Fringe Pakistan: Bengali-speaking Pakistanis demand right to vote |date=10 March 2012 |work=Express Tribune|access-date=26 December 2016 |quote=Shaikh Muhammad Feroze, the chairman of the committee, said during a press conference on Friday that political parties and the government should acknowledge the sacrifices of their ancestors. 'We live in Sindh and feel proud to be called Sindhis rather than Bengalis. We appeal to Sindhi nationalists and Sindhis to help us in our struggle', he added. He said that Bengali-speaking people were not given educational rights as they did not possess national identity cards. 'Our children can't get an education after matriculation because colleges ask for the identity cards but the National Database Registration Authority has never accepted us as Pakistani citizens.' Shaikh said that over three million Bengalis and Biharis were grateful to the government for accepting them as Pakistani citizens. 'We postponed a hunger strike planned for March 25 after the government made decisions', he added. 'We can go on a hunger strike, if our rights are not given.' He claimed that there were 200 settlements of Bengali-speaking people across the country, including 132 in Karachi. They populate different parts of Pakistan, including Thatta, Badin, Hyderabad, Tando Adam and Lahore.}}</ref> Large-scale Rohingya migration to Karachi made that city one of the largest population centres of Rohingyas in the world after Myanmar.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1165299 |title=Identity issue haunts Karachi's Rohingya population |last=Rehman |first=Zia Ur |date=23 February 2015 |work=Dawn |quote=Their large-scale migration had made Karachi one of the largest Rohingya population centres outside Myanmar but afterwards the situation started turning against them.|access-date=26 December 2016}}</ref> The Burmese community of Karachi is spread out over 60 of the city's slums such as the Burmi Colony in Korangi, Arakanabad, Machchar colony, Bilal colony, Ziaul Haq Colony, and Godhra Camp.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/tft/the-rohingyas-of-karachi/ |title=The Rohingyas of Karachi |last=Khan |first=Naimat |date=12 June 2015}}</ref> | |||
| Thousands of ] Muslims have also migrated to the Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan, fleeing religious and cultural persecution in Xinjiang, China.<ref>{{Cite news |title=How the Uighurs keep their culture alive in Pakistan |last=Jaffrey |first=Shumaila |date=12 August 2015 |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-33775646 |quote=Insa is one of a few thousand Uighur Muslims who live in Gilgit. The community is a mix of generations. Some left Xinjiang and the thriving trading town of Kashgar in 1949, while others are later arrivals. All say they were forced to leave as they were the victims of cultural and religious oppression in China.|access-date=26 December 2016}}</ref> Since 1989 thousands of ] Muslim refugees have sought refuge in Pakistan, complaining that many of the refugee women had been raped by Indian soldiers and that they were forced out of their homes by the soldiers.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Istvan |first=Zoltan |date=13 March 2003 |work=National Geographic |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/03/0313_030313_tvpakirefugees_2.html |title=Refugee Crisis Worsening In Western Kashmir |quote=The refugees claim that Indian soldiers forced them out of their homes ... For Kashmiri Muslims, Pakistan appeared safer than Indian-held Kashmir ... "She was also raped by the soldiers," Ahmad said. "Many of the other female refugees were also raped."|access-date=15 January 2017}}</ref> | |||
| === Urbanisation === | === Urbanisation === | ||
| {{Main|Urbanisation in Pakistan}} | {{Main|Urbanisation in Pakistan}} | ||
| ], ]]] | |||
| Since ] |
Since ] due to the ], ] has surged for various reasons. In the south, ] stands as the most populous commercial hub along the ].<ref name="The Urban Frontier—Karachi">{{cite news |title=The Urban Frontier—Karachi |newspaper = NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=91009748 |publisher=National Public Radio |date=2 June 2008|access-date=2 July 2008}}</ref> In the east, west, and north, a dense population arc spans cities like ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. By 1990–2008, city dwellers constituted 36% of Pakistan's population, making it South Asia's most urbanized nation, with over 50% living in towns of 5,000+ inhabitants.<ref name="Jason Burke">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/aug/17/pakistan |work=The Guardian |location=London |title=Pakistan looks to life without the general |author=Jason Burke |date=17 August 2008|access-date=20 May 2010}}</ref> ], both domestic and international, significantly fuels urban growth. Migration from India, especially to Karachi, the largest metropolis, and from nearby countries, accelerates urbanization, posing new political and socio-economic challenges. Economic shifts like the green revolution and political developments also play crucial roles.<ref name="Clark">{{cite book |last=Clark |first=David |title=The Elgar Companion to Development Studies |year=2006 |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |isbn=978-1-84376-475-5 |page=668}}</ref> | ||
| During and after the independence period, ] from India migrated in large numbers to Pakistan, especially to the port city of ], which is today the largest metropolis in Pakistan. ], mainly from those nearby, has further accelerated the process of urbanisation in Pakistani cities. Inevitably, the rapid urbanisation caused by these large population movements has also created new political and socio-economic challenges. In addition to immigration, economic trends such as the green revolution and political developments, among a host of other factors, are also important causes of urbanisation.<ref name="Clark" /> | |||
| {{Largest cities | {{Largest cities | ||
| | name = Largest cities of Pakistan | | name = Largest cities of Pakistan | ||
| | country = Pakistan | | country = Pakistan | ||
| | stat_ref = According to the |
| stat_ref = According to the 2023 Census<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/Pakistan-100T.html|title = Pakistan: Provinces and Major Cities – Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information}}</ref> | ||
| | div_name = Province | | div_name = Province | ||
| | div_link = | | div_link = | ||
| | city_1 = Karachi | div_1 = Sindh | pop_1 = |
| city_1 = Karachi | div_1 = Sindh | pop_1 = 18,868,021 | img_1 = Karachi from above.jpg | ||
| | city_11 = Bahawalpur | div_11 = Punjab | pop_11 = 762,111 | |||
| | city_2 = Lahore | div_2 = Punjab | pop_2 = |
| city_2 = Lahore | div_2 = Punjab | pop_2 = 13,004,135 | img_2 = Badshahi Mosquee, Lahore.jpg | ||
| | city_12 = Sargodha | div_12 = Punjab | pop_12 = 659,862 | |||
| | city_3 = Faisalabad | div_3 = Punjab | pop_3 = 3, |
| city_3 = Faisalabad | div_3 = Punjab | pop_3 = 3,691,999 | img_3 = Clock Tower Faisalabad by Usman Nadeem.jpg | ||
| | city_13 = Sialkot | div_13 = Punjab | pop_13 = 655,852 | |||
| | city_4 = Rawalpindi | div_4 = Punjab | pop_4 = |
| city_4 = Rawalpindi | div_4 = Punjab | pop_4 = 3,357,612 | img_4 =Faizabad Interchange, Rawalpindi.jpg | ||
| | city_14 = Sukkur | div_14 = Sindh | pop_14 = 499,900 | |||
| | city_5 = Gujranwala | div_5 = Punjab | pop_5 = 2, |
| city_5 = Gujranwala | div_5 = Punjab | pop_5 = 2,511,118 | ||
| | city_15 = Larkana | div_15 = Sindh | pop_15 = 490,508 | |||
| | city_6 = |
| city_6 = Multan | div_6 = Punjab | pop_6 = 2,215,381 | ||
| | city_16 = Sheikhupura | div_16 = Punjab | pop_16 = 473,129 | |||
| | city_7 = |
| city_7 = Hyderabad, Sindh{{!}}Hyderabad | div_7 = Sindh | pop_7 = 1,921,275 | ||
| | city_17 = Rahim Yar Khan | div_17 = Punjab | pop_17 = 420,419 | |||
| | city_8 = |
| city_8 = Peshawar | div_8 = Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | pop_8 = 1,905,975 | ||
| | city_18 = Jhang | div_18 = Punjab | pop_18 = 414,131 | |||
| | city_9 = |
| city_9 = Quetta | div_9 = Balochistan | pop_9 = 1,565,546 | ||
| | city_19 = Dera Ghazi Khan | div_19 = Punjab | pop_19 = 399,064 | |||
| | city_10 = |
| city_10 = Islamabad | div_10 = Islamabad Capital Territory{{!}}Capital Territory | pop_10 = 1,108,872 | ||
| | city_20 = Gujrat, Pakistan{{!}}Gujrat | div_20 = Punjab | pop_20 = 390,533 | |||
| | city_11 = Sargodha | div_11 = Punjab | pop_11 = 975,886 | |||
| | city_12 = Sialkot | div_12 = Punjab | pop_12 = 911,817 | |||
| | city_13 = Bahawalpur | div_13 = Punjab | pop_13 = 903,795 | |||
| | city_14 = Jhang | div_14 = Punjab | pop_14 = 606,533 | |||
| | city_15 = Sheikhupura | div_15 = Punjab | pop_15 = 591,424 | |||
| | city_16 = Gujrat, Pakistan{{!}}Gujrat | div_16 = Punjab | pop_16 = 574,240 | |||
| | city_17 = Sukkur | div_17 = Sindh | pop_17 = 563,851 | |||
| | city_18 = Larkana | div_18 = Sindh | pop_18 = 551,716 | |||
| | city_19 = Sahiwal | div_19 = Punjab | pop_19 = 538,344 | |||
| | city_20 = Okara, Pakistan{{!}}Okara | div_20 = Punjab | pop_20 = 533,693 | |||
| }} | }} | ||
| === Ethnicity and languages === | |||
| {{Main|Languages of Pakistan|Ethnic groups of Pakistan}} | |||
| {{See also|Pakistanis}}{{Pie chart|thumb=right|caption=Languages of Pakistan (2023)<ref name="auto">https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/national/table_11.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2024}}</ref>|label1=]|value1=36.98|color1=Red|label2=]|value2=18.15|color2=Yellow|label3=]|value3=14.31|color3=Purple|label4=]|value4=12.00|color4=Orange|label5=]|value5=9.25|color5=Green|label6=]|value6=3.38|color6=Blue|label7=]|value7=2.32|color7=Lime|label8=]|value8=1.16|color8=Violet|label9=]|value9=0.46|color9=Black|value10=0.43|label10=]|value11=0.11|value12=0.05|label11=]|label12=]|value13=0.02|label13=]|value14=0.003|label14=]|value15=1.38|label15=Others|color10=Brown|color11=Aqua|color12=Pink|color14=White|color15=Grey}}Pakistan is a diverse society with estimates suggesting it has between 75 and 85 languages.<ref>{{cite web |year=2017 |title=Pakistan – Languages |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/PK/languages |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902143126/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/pk/languages |archive-date=2017-09-02 |work=Ethnologue: Languages of the World |edition=20th |editor-last1=Simons |editor-first1=Gary F. |editor-last2=Fennig |editor-first2=Charles D.}}</ref><ref name="GlottologPK">{{cite web |title=Languages of Pakistan |url=https://glottolog.org/glottolog/language.map.html?country=PK#4/33.01/73.28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512205543/https://glottolog.org/glottolog/language.map.html?country=PK#4/33.01/73.28 |archive-date=12 May 2022 |access-date=12 May 2022 |website=Glottolog 4.5 – Languages |publisher=Glottolog}}</ref> Urdu and English serve as the official languages, with Urdu being a unifying force among over 75% of Pakistanis.<ref name="2017 Census">{{cite news |title=CCI defers approval of census results until elections |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1410447 |access-date=26 April 2020 |work=Dawn}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Braj B. Kachru |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O2n4sFGDEMYC&pg=PA138 |title=Language in South Asia |author2=Yamuna Kachru |author3=S.N. Sridhar |date=27 March 2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-46550-2 |page=138}}- <br />{{cite web |date=31 December 2015 |title=Urdu In Contempt |url=http://nation.com.pk/editorials/31-Dec-2015/urdu-in-contempt |access-date=12 January 2016 |website=The Nation}}</ref> According to the ], the largest ]s include the ] (36.98%), ] (18.15%), ] (14.31%), ] (12%), ] (9.25%), ] (3.38%), ]/]s (2.32%), and ] (1.16%).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rana |first=Shahbaz |date=2024-07-19 |title=Pakistan 27th in global population growth |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2480881/pakistan-27th-in-global-population-growth |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en |quote=One of the questions in the population census was about the mother-tongue. The number of Urdu speaking people have increased to 9.3% by 2023. But Punjabi-origin people have reduced to 37%. There is also a reduction in the Sindh language speaking people from 14.6% to 14.3%. the Pashto speaking people reduced from 18.3% to 18.2% but Balochi-language people increased from 3% to 3.4%. The number of Saraiki-language people was reduced from 12.2% to 12%.}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> The remaining population consists of various ethnic minorities such as ], ], ], various peoples of ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]s.<ref name="EB-Online">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Brahui |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Brahui}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Abbas |first=Zaffar |date=13 March 2002 |title=Pakistan's Sidi keep heritage alive |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1869876.stm |access-date=26 December 2016}}</ref> The Pakistani diaspora, numbering over seven million, is the sixth largest in the world.<ref name="ribune-2016">{{cite web |date=15 January 2016 |title=India has largest diaspora population in world: UN |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/india-has-largest-diaspora-population-in-world-un/183731.html |access-date=3 March 2016 |website=The Tribune}}</ref> | |||
| === Immigration === | |||
| {{Main|Immigration to Pakistan}} | |||
| ] fetching water from water pump. (Pakistan hosts the second largest refugee population globally after Turkey.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1188585 |title=Pakistan hosts second largest refugee population globally |last=Rafi |first=Yumna |date=17 June 2015 |newspaper=DAWN.COM|access-date=29 October 2016}}</ref>)]] | |||
| Even post-1947 partition, Indian Muslims kept migrating to Pakistan, especially Karachi and Sindh province.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khalidi |first=Omar |date=1 January 1998 |title=From torrent to trickle: Indian Muslim migration to Pakistan, 1947–97 |journal=Islamic Studies |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=339–352 |jstor=20837002}}</ref> Wars in neighboring Afghanistan in the 1980s and 1990s pushed millions of ] into Pakistan, mainly in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and ], with some in Karachi and Quetta. Pakistan hosts one of the world's largest refugee populations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ten countries host half of world's refugees: report |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/ten-countries-host-world-refugees-report-161004042014076.html|access-date=30 April 2017 |work=] |date=4 October 2016}}</ref> Additionally, around 2 million ] and half a million undocumented individuals, purportedly from ], reside in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/322325/five-million-illegal-immigrants-residing-in-pakistan/ |title=Five million illegal immigrants residing in Pakistan |date=16 January 2012 |newspaper=Express Tribune|access-date=26 December 2016}}</ref> In October 2023, Pakistan ordered the deportation of thousands undocumented refugees, citing security concerns.<ref>{{cite news |title='What's wrong?': The silence of Pakistanis on expulsion of Afghan refugees |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/22/whats-wrong-the-silence-of-pakistanis-on-expulsion-of-afghan-refugees |work=Al Jazeera |date=22 November 2023}}</ref> | |||
| Migration of Bengalis and ] to Pakistan started in the 1980s and continued till 1998. Karachi hosts a significant number of Bengali settlements, and large Rohingya migration made it one of their largest populations outside Myanmar.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1165299 |title=Identity issue haunts Karachi's Rohingya population |last=Rehman |first=Zia Ur |date=23 February 2015 |work=Dawn |quote=Their large-scale migration had made Karachi one of the largest Rohingya population centres outside Myanmar but afterwards the situation started turning against them.|access-date=26 December 2016}}</ref> Karachi's ] community resides in various slums across the city.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/tft/the-rohingyas-of-karachi/ |title=The Rohingyas of Karachi |last=Khan |first=Naimat |date=12 June 2015}}</ref> | |||
| According to ], thousands of ] Muslims live in Gilgit-Baltistan, some left Xinjiang, China and the thriving trading town of Kashgar in 1949, while others are later arrivals, claiming to escape political oppression.<ref>{{Cite news |title=How the Uighurs keep their culture alive in Pakistan |last=Jaffrey |first=Shumaila |date=12 August 2015 |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-33775646 |quote=Insa is one of a few thousand Uighur Muslims who live in Gilgit. The community is a mix of generations. Some left Xinjiang and the thriving trading town of Kashgar in 1949, while others are later arrivals. All say they were forced to leave as they were the victims of cultural and religious oppression in China.|access-date=26 December 2016}}</ref> Since 1989, thousands of ] Muslim refugees fled to Pakistan, alleging rape and forced displacement by Indian soldiers.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Istvan |first=Zoltan |date=13 March 2003 |work=National Geographic |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/03/0313_030313_tvpakirefugees_2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305173913/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/03/0313_030313_tvpakirefugees_2.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 March 2010 |title=Refugee Crisis Worsening In Western Kashmir |quote=The refugees claim that Indian soldiers forced them out of their homes ... For Kashmiri Muslims, Pakistan appeared safer than Indian-held Kashmir ... "She was also raped by the soldiers," Ahmad said. "Many of the other female refugees were also raped."|access-date=15 January 2017}}</ref> | |||
| === Diaspora === | |||
| {{Main|Overseas Pakistani}} | |||
| ] is a ] Professor of Physics at ] who is known for her role in the first observation of gravitational waves.]] | |||
| According to the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Pakistan has the sixth-largest diaspora globally.<ref name="ribune-2016" /> Approximately 7 million Pakistanis reside abroad, mainly in the Middle East, Europe, and North America.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 February 2009 |title=Pride and the Pakistani Diaspora |url=http://archives.dawn.com/archives/142435 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015142319/http://archives.dawn.com/archives/142435 |archive-date=15 October 2013 |access-date=15 October 2013 |publisher=Archives.dawn.com}}</ref> Pakistan ranks 10th globally for remittances sent home.<ref name="overseaspakistanis1" /><ref name="worldbank1">{{cite web |year=2010 |title=Migration and Remittances: Top Countries |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPROSPECTS/Resources/334934-1199807908806/Top10.pdf |access-date=19 December 2013 |publisher=Siteresources.worldbank.org}}</ref> Saudi Arabia is the largest source of remittances, contributing $5.9 billion {{as of|2016|lc=y}}.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 July 2016 |title=Saudi Arabia remains largest source of remittances for Pakistan |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1142758/saudi-arabia-remains-largest-source-remittances/ |access-date=24 December 2016 |newspaper=The Express Tribune}}</ref> The term '']'' is officially recognized by the Government of Pakistan, with the ] addressing their needs, welfare, and issues. Overseas Pakistanis constitute the second-largest source of foreign exchange remittances to Pakistan, with remittances increasing by over 100% from US$8.9 billion in 2009–10 to US$19.9 billion in 2015–16.<ref name="remit" /><ref name="worldbank1" /> | |||
| === Religion === | === Religion === | ||
| {{Main|Religion in Pakistan}} | {{Main|Religion in Pakistan}} | ||
| {{bar box | {{bar box | ||
| |title=] (2023 Census) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/national/table_9.pdf|title=Religious Demographics of Pakistan 2023}}</ref> | |||
| |title=] (2017 Census)<ref name="2017 Census"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html#pk |title=Religions in Pakistan |publisher=] |access-date=9 July 2013 |archive-date=13 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613003300/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html#pk |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Curtis, Lisa; Mullick, Haider (4 May 2009). "Reviving Pakistan's Pluralist Traditions to Fight Extremism". The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 31 July 2011<br />- a b c "Religions: Islam 96.0%, other (includes Christian and Hindu, 2% Ahmadiyyah ) 3.6%". CIA. ''The World Factbook'' on Pakistan. 2010. Retrieved 28 August 2010.<br />- Rohan Bedi, "Have Pakistanis Forgotten Their Sufi Traditions?", International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, April 2006</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://pakistanhinducouncil.org.pk/?page_id=1592 |title=Hindu Population (PK) |website=] |access-date=14 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315003754/http://pakistanhinducouncil.org.pk/?page_id=1592 |archive-date=15 March 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.opendoorsusa.org/christian-persecution/world-watch-list/pakistan/|title=Christian Persecution in Pakistan |publisher=Open Doors USA}}</ref> | |||
| |titlebar=#ddd | |titlebar=#ddd | ||
| |left1=Religions | |left1=Religions | ||
| Line 757: | Line 641: | ||
| |float=right | |float=right | ||
| |bars= | |bars= | ||
| {{bar percent|]|green|96. |
{{bar percent|]|green|96.3}} | ||
| {{bar percent|]|orange|2. |
{{bar percent|]|orange|2.2}} | ||
| {{bar percent|]|blue|1. |
{{bar percent|]|blue|1.4}} | ||
| {{bar percent|]|purple|0. |
{{bar percent|]|purple|0.1}} | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| ] is the state religion,{{sfn|Munir|1975}} with freedom of religion guaranteed by the ].<ref name="CoP">{{cite web|title=Constitution of Pakistan|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/the-constitution-of-1973/|website=Story of Pakistan|date=June 2003|publisher=Nazaria-e-Pakistan, Part IV|access-date=6 October 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002225754/http://storyofpakistan.com/the-constitution-of-1973/|archive-date=2 October 2013}}<br />- {{cite web|title=Religions in Pakistan {{!}} PEW-GRF|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/pakistan#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020®ion_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2020|access-date=14 July 2021|website=www.globalreligiousfutures.org|archive-date=23 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123090234/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/pakistan#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020®ion_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2020|url-status=dead}}<br />- {{cite web|last=Refugees|first=United Nations High Commissioner for|title=World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Pakistan : Christians|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/5ba0ae0e7.html|access-date=2021-07-14|website=Refworld}}<br />- {{cite web|date=26 May 2018|title=Headcount finalised sans third-party audit|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1719994/headcount-finalised-sans-third-party-audit?amp=1|access-date=14 July 2021|website=The Express Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part2.ch1.html |title=The Constitution of Pakistan, Part II: Chapter 1: Fundamental Rights|publisher=Pakistani.org|access-date=22 August 2018}}</ref> The majority are Muslims (96.47%), followed by ] (2.14%) and ] (1.27%). Minorities include ], ], ], ] (]), and the unique ] who practice ].<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan's Forgotten Pagans Get Their Due |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/28439107.html |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=19 April 2017}}</ref> Additionally, a small percentage profess no faith, as seen in the 1998 census. | |||
| ==== Islam ==== | |||
| The majority of Pakistanis are Muslims (96.47%) followed by ] (2.14%) and ] (1.27%). There are also people in Pakistan who follow other religions, such as ], ], ] and the minority of ] (who follow ]). The ] maintain a unique identity and religion within Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan's Forgotten Pagans Get Their Due |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/28439107.html |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=19 April 2017}}</ref> | |||
| {{Main|Islam in Pakistan}} | |||
| {{See also|Sufism in Pakistan}} | |||
| ], built in 1986 by Turkish architect ] on behalf of ] ] of Saudi Arabia]] | |||
| Islam dominates in Pakistan, with about 96.5% of the population being Muslim.<ref>Muhammad Qasim Zaman, ''Islam in Pakistan: A History'' (Princeton UP, 2018) | |||
| Hinduism is mostly associated with ], and Pakistan hosts major events such as the ] pilgrimage. Hindu temples may be found ], where the dharma features prominently. Many Hindus in Pakistan complain about the prospect of religious violence against them and being treated like second-class citizens, and many have emigrated to India or further abroad.<ref name="bbc200703022">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6367773.stm |title=Hindus feel the heat in Pakistan |last=Sohail |first=Riaz |date=2 March 2007 |work=BBC News |quote=But many Hindu families who stayed in Pakistan after partition have already lost faith and migrated to India.|access-date=22 February 2011}}</ref> | |||
| </ref> Pakistan ranks second globally in Muslim population,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pbqfCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT5|title=Islam in India and Pakistan{{Snd}} A Religious History |last=Singh |first=Dr. Y P |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |year=2016 |isbn=978-93-85505-63-8 |quote=Pakistan has the second largest Muslim population in the world after Indonesia.}}<br />- see: ]</ref> and is home to 10.5% of the world's Muslims.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-exec/|title=The Global Religious Landscape|date=December 2012|publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=5 November 2018}}</ref> Karachi is the largest Muslim city in the world.<ref>{{cite book|title=Cityscapes of Violence in Karachi: Publics and Counterpublics|first=Nichola|last= Khan|year= 2016| isbn= 978-0-19-086978-6|publisher=Oxford University Press|quote= ... With a population of over 23 million Karachi is also the world's largest Muslim city, the world's seventh largest conurbation ... }}</ref> | |||
| The majority follow ], with a significant presence of ], while Shia Muslims constitute a minority.<ref name="LoC2">{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Pakistan.pdf |title=Country Profile: Pakistan |date=February 2005 |publisher=] |quote=Religion: The overwhelming majority of the population (96.4 percent) is Muslim, of whom approximately 95 percent are Sunni follows ] and 5 percent Shia.|website=] on Pakistan|access-date=1 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html?countryName=Pakistan&countryCode=pk®ionCode=sas&#pk |title=Religions: Muslim 96.4% (Sunni 75%, Shia 20%), other |year=2010 |publisher=] |department=Pakistan (includes Christian and Hindu) 5% |access-date=28 August 2010 |website=] |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226143549/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html?countryName=Pakistan&countryCode=pk®ionCode=sas&#pk |url-status=dead }}<br />- {{cite web |url=http://pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population%286%29.aspx |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population |date=7 October 2009 |publisher=] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327201319/http://pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population%286%29.aspx |archive-date=27 March 2010 |editor-first=Tracy |editor-last=Miller |access-date=9 June 2010 }}<br />- {{cite book |url=http://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population |date=October 2009 |publisher=] |editor-last=Miller |editor-first=Tracy |access-date=28 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113140829/http://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 January 2010 }}<br />- {{cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108505.htm |title=Pakistan – International Religious Freedom Report 2008 |publisher=] |date=19 September 2008 |access-date=28 August 2010 }}</ref> Shias represent between 5–25%.<ref name="LoC2"/><ref name="ciafactbook" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-executive-summary/ |title=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity |date=9 August 2012 |website=Pew Research Center |access-date=26 December 2016 |quote=On the other hand, in Pakistan, where 6% of the survey respondents identify as Shia, Sunni attitudes are more mixed: 50% say Shias are Muslims, while 41% say they are not. }}<br />- {{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html?countryName=Pakistan&countryCode=pk®ionCode=sas&#pk |title=Field Listing : Religions |year=2010 |publisher=] |access-date=24 August 2010 |website=] |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226143549/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html?countryName=Pakistan&countryCode=pk®ionCode=sas&#pk |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Shia population in Pakistan was estimated at 42 million in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|first=Ammar Ali|last=Qureshi|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1515823|title=Non-fiction: Pakistan's Shia dynamics |date=10 November 2019|website=Dawn}}</ref> {{As of|2012}}, 12% of Pakistani Muslims self-identify as ].<ref>{{cite web|date=2012-08-09|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/|access-date=2022-04-12|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|language=en-US}}</ref> | |||
| In addition, some Pakistanis also do not profess any faith (such as ] and ]) in Pakistan. According to the 1998 census, people who did not state their religion accounted for 0.5% of the population. | |||
| ==== Islam ==== | |||
| {{See also|Islam in Pakistan|Sufism in Pakistan}} | |||
| ], built in 1986 by Turkish architect ] on behalf of ] ] of Saudi Arabia]] | |||
| Islam is the dominant religion.<ref>Muhammad Qasim Zaman, ''Islam in Pakistan: A History'' (Princeton UP, 2018) | |||
| </ref> About 96.47% of ] are Muslim, according to the 2017 Census.<ref name="2017 Census"/> Pakistan has the second-largest number of ]s in the world after Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pbqfCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT5|title=Islam in India and Pakistan{{Snd}} A Religious History |last=Singh |first=Dr. Y P |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |year=2016 |isbn=978-93-85505-63-8 |quote=Pakistan has the second largest Muslim population in the world after Indonesia.}}<br />- see: ]</ref> and home for (10.5%) of the world's Muslim population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-exec/|title=The Global Religious Landscape|date=December 2012|publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=5 November 2018}}</ref> The majority of them are ] and mostly follow ] (estimated between 75 and 95%)<ref name="LoC2">{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Pakistan.pdf |title=Country Profile: Pakistan |date=February 2005 |publisher=] |quote=Religion: The overwhelming majority of the population (96.4 percent) is Muslim, of whom approximately 95 percent are Sunni follows ] and 5 percent Shia.|website=] on Pakistan|access-date=1 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html?countryName=Pakistan&countryCode=pk®ionCode=sas&#pk |title=Religions: Muslim 96.4% (Sunni 75%, Shia 20%), other |year=2010 |publisher=] |department=Pakistan (includes Christian and Hindu) 5% |access-date=28 August 2010 |website=] |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226143549/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html?countryName=Pakistan&countryCode=pk®ionCode=sas&#pk |url-status=dead }}<br />- {{cite web |url=http://pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population%286%29.aspx |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population |date=7 October 2009 |publisher=] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327201319/http://pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population%286%29.aspx |archive-date=27 March 2010 |editor-first=Tracy |editor-last=Miller |access-date=9 June 2010 }}<br />- {{cite book |url=http://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population |date=October 2009 |publisher=] |editor-last=Miller |editor-first=Tracy |access-date=28 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113140829/http://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 January 2010 }}<br />- {{cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108505.htm |title=Pakistan – International Religious Freedom Report 2008 |publisher=] |date=19 September 2008 |access-date=28 August 2010 }}</ref> while ] represent between 5–25%.<ref name="LoC2" /><ref name="ciafactbook" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-executive-summary/ |title=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity |date=9 August 2012 |website=Pew Research Center |access-date=26 December 2016 |quote=On the other hand, in Pakistan, where 6% of the survey respondents identify as Shia, Sunni attitudes are more mixed: 50% say Shias are Muslims, while 41% say they are not. }}<br />- {{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html?countryName=Pakistan&countryCode=pk®ionCode=sas&#pk |title=Field Listing : Religions |year=2010 |publisher=] |access-date=24 August 2010 |website=] |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226143549/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html?countryName=Pakistan&countryCode=pk®ionCode=sas&#pk |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2019, the Shia population in Pakistan was estimated to be 42 million out of total population of 210 million.<ref>{{cite web|first=Ammar Ali|last=Qureshi|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1515823|title=Non-fiction: Pakistan's Shia dynamics |date=10 November 2019|website=Dawn}}</ref> Pakistan also has the largest Muslim city in the world (]).<ref>{{cite book|title=Cityscapes of Violence in Karachi: Publics and Counterpublics|first=Nichola|last= Khan|year= 2016| isbn= 978-0-19-086978-6|publisher=Oxford University Press|quote= ... With a population of over 23 million Karachi is also the world's largest Muslim city, the world's seventh largest conurbation ... }}</ref> | |||
| The ] |
The ] are a minority, officially considered non-Muslims.<ref>The 1998 Pakistani census states that there are 291,000 (0.22%) Ahmadis in Pakistan. However, the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has boycotted the census since 1974 which renders official Pakistani figures to be inaccurate. Independent groups have estimated the Pakistani Ahmadiyya population to be somewhere between 2 million and 4 million Ahmadis. However, the 4 million figure is the most quoted figure and is approximately 2.2% of the country. See: | ||
| * over 2 million: {{cite web |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/49913b5f2c.html |title=Pakistan: The situation of Ahmadis, including legal status and political, education and employment rights; societal attitudes toward Ahmadis (2006 – Nov. 2008) |date=4 December 2008 |author=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada|access-date=28 June 2012}} | * over 2 million: {{cite web |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/49913b5f2c.html |title=Pakistan: The situation of Ahmadis, including legal status and political, education and employment rights; societal attitudes toward Ahmadis (2006 – Nov. 2008) |date=4 December 2008 |author=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada|access-date=28 June 2012}} | ||
| * 3 million: International Federation for Human Rights: ''International Fact-Finding Mission. Freedoms of Expression, of Association and of Assembly in Pakistan.'' Ausgabe 408/2, January 2005, S. 61 () | * 3 million: International Federation for Human Rights: ''International Fact-Finding Mission. Freedoms of Expression, of Association and of Assembly in Pakistan.'' Ausgabe 408/2, January 2005, S. 61 () | ||
| * 3–4 million: Commission on International Religious Freedom: ''Annual Report of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom.'' 2005, S. 130 | * 3–4 million: Commission on International Religious Freedom: ''Annual Report of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom.'' 2005, S. 130 | ||
| * {{cite web |url=http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=&publisher=IRBC&type=QUERYRESPONSE&coi=PAK&rid=&docid=45f1478f20&skip=0 |title=Pakistan: Situation of members of the Lahori Ahmadiyya Movement in Pakistan|access-date=30 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108505.htm |title=International Religious Freedom Report 2008: Pakistan |date=19 September 2008 |publisher=]|access-date=24 June 2010}}</ref> Ahmadis face persecution, banned from calling themselves Muslims since 1974.<ref>New Approaches to the Analysis of Jihadism: Online and Offline, p. 38, Rüdiger Lohlker{{Snd}} 2012</ref> | |||
| * 4.910.000: James Minahan: Encyclopedia of the stateless nations. Ethnic and national groups around the world. Greenwood Press. Westport 2002, p. 52 | |||
| * {{cite web |url=http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=&publisher=IRBC&type=QUERYRESPONSE&coi=PAK&rid=&docid=45f1478f20&skip=0 |title=Pakistan: Situation of members of the Lahori Ahmadiyya Movement in Pakistan|access-date=30 April 2014}}</ref> are officially considered non-Muslims by virtue of the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108505.htm |title=International Religious Freedom Report 2008: Pakistan |date=19 September 2008 |publisher=]|access-date=24 June 2010}}</ref> The ] are particularly persecuted, especially since 1974 when they were ] from calling themselves Muslims. In 1984, Ahmadiyya places of worship were banned from being called "mosques".<ref>New Approaches to the Analysis of Jihadism: Online and Offline, p. 38, Rüdiger Lohlker{{Snd}} 2012</ref> {{As of|2012}}, 12% of Pakistani Muslims self-identify as ].<ref>{{cite web|date=2012-08-09|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/|access-date=2022-04-12|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|language=en-US}}</ref> There are also several ] communities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.southasianmedia.net/profile/pakistan/pk_leadingpersonalities_literature.cfm#gap |title=South Asian Media Net |publisher=South Asian Free Media Association |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518210117/http://www.southasianmedia.net/profile/pakistan/pk_leadingpersonalities_literature.cfm#gap |archive-date=18 May 2011|access-date=31 October 2010}}<br />- {{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7896943.stm |title=Can Sufi Islam counter the Taleban? |date=24 February 2009 |work=BBC|access-date=20 May 2010}}</ref> They are mainly concentratd in the ], ], where approximately 13% of the population.<ref name="Districtwise"/> | |||
| [[File:Qadiani Proportion by Pakistani District - 2017 Census.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.35| | |||
| <div style="text-align: center">Ahmadiyya Proportion of each Pakistani District in 2017 according to the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics</div>]] | |||
| ], a mystical Islamic tradition, has a long history and a large following among the Sunni Muslims in Pakistan, at both the academic and popular levels. Popular Sufi culture is centered around gatherings and celebrations at the shrines of saints and annual festivals that feature Sufi music and dance. Two Sufis whose shrines receive much national attention are ] in ] (c. 12th century)<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WO-5e-HSdOoC&pg=PA47 |title=Producing Islamic Knowledge: Transmission and Dissemination in Western Europe |publisher=Routledge |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-415-35592-6 |page=47 |chapter=An emerging European Islam: The case of the Minhaj ul Quran in the Netherlands |author=Amer Morgahi|access-date=30 July 2013 |editor=Martin van Bruinessen, Stefano Allievi}}</ref> and ] in ], Sindh (c. 12th century).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1136858 |title=Sehwan: The undisputed throne of Lal Shahbaz Qalandar |author=Farooq Soomro |website=dawn.com|access-date=13 January 2016|date=10 October 2014 }}</ref> | |||
| There are two levels of ] in Pakistan. The first is the 'populist' Sufism of the rural population. This level of Sufism involves belief in intercession through saints, veneration of their shrines, and forming bonds (Mureed) with a ''pir'' (saint). Many rural Pakistani Muslims associate with ] and seek their intercession.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0616 |title=Pakistan |last=Hussain |first=Rizwan |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |quote=Sūfī Islam in Pakistan is represented at two levels. The first is the populist Sufism of the rural masses, associated with unorthodox religious rituals and practices, belief in the intercessory powers of saints, pilgrimage and veneration at their shrines, and a binding spiritual relationship between the shaykh or pir (master) and murīd (disciple). Many Muslims in rural areas of Pakistan, where orthodox Islam has yet to penetrate effectively, identify themselves with some pir, living or dead, and seek his intercession for the solution of their worldly problems and for salvation in the hereafter.}}</ref> The second level of Sufism in Pakistan is 'intellectual Sufism', which is growing among the urban and educated population. They are influenced by the writings of Sufis such as the medieval theologian ], the Sufi reformer ], and ].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0616 |title=Pakistan |last=Hussain |first=Rizwan |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |quote=The other strain is that of scholastic or intellectual Sufism, a recent phenomenon based in urban areas and becoming increasingly popular in educated circles. Influenced by the writings of the medieval theologian al-Ghazālī (d. 1111), the Sūfī reformer Shaykh Aḥmad Sirhindī (d. 1624), and Shāh Walī Allāh (d. 1762), and by the spiritual experiences of the masters of the Suhrawardī and Naqshbandī orders, these modern Sūfīs are rearticulating Islamic metaphysics as an answer to Western materialism.}}</ref> Contemporary Islamic fundamentalists criticise Sufism's popular character, which in their view does not accurately reflect the teachings and practice of ] and his companions.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://video.nytimes.com/video/2011/01/06/world/asia/1248069532117/sufism-under-attack-in-pakistan.html |title=Sufism Under Attack in Pakistan |newspaper=The New York Times |format=video |access-date=21 May 2012 |author=Produced by Charlotte Buchen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528051803/http://video.nytimes.com/video/2011/01/06/world/asia/1248069532117/sufism-under-attack-in-pakistan.html |archive-date=28 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
| ==== Hinduism ==== | ==== Hinduism ==== | ||
| {{ |
{{Main|Hinduism in Pakistan}} | ||
| [[File:Hindu Proportion by Pakistani District - 2017 Census.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.35| | [[File:Hindu Proportion by Pakistani District - 2017 Census.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.35| | ||
| <div style="text-align: center">Hindu |
<div style="text-align: center">Hindu proportion of each Pakistani District in 2017 according to the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics</div>]] | ||
| ] is the second-largest religion |
] is the second-largest religion, followed by 2.14% of the population according to 2017 census.<ref name=2017Census>{{cite web |title=SALIENT FEATURES OF FINAL RESULTS CENSUS-2017 |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/sailent_feature_%20census_2017.pdf |access-date=20 May 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407233606/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/sailent_feature_%20census_2017.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/other/yearbook2011/Population/16-16.pdf |title=Population Distribution by Religion, 1998 Census |publisher=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics |access-date=26 December 2016 |archive-date=26 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226023307/http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/other/yearbook2011/Population/16-16.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Pakistan had the fifth-largest Hindu population globally in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/hindus/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables96/ |title=10 Countries With the Largest Hindu Populations, 2010 and 2050 |date=2 April 2015 |website=Pew Research Center |access-date=13 January 2017 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226143905/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/hindus/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables96/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2017, Hindus numbered 4,444,437.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tribune.com.pk/story/1719994/headcount-finalised-sans-third-party-audit%3famp=1|title=Headcount finalised sans third-party audit|author=Riazul Haq and Shahbaz Rana|date=27 May 2018|access-date=11 June 2021}}</ref> They reside across Pakistan but are concentrated in ], where they make up 8.73% of the population.<ref name=2017Census/> ] is the only Hindu majority area. ] hosts the largest Hindu population. Four districts – Umerkot, Tharparkar, ], and ] – have over half of Pakistan's Hindus.<ref name="Districtwise">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/district-wise-census-2017-results|title=District wise census|access-date=12 August 2021|archive-date=4 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804025540/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/district-wise-census-2017-results|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
| At |
At Pakistan's inception, the 'hostage theory' suggested fair treatment of Hindus to safeguard Muslims in India.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n5c9ta97GeoC&pg=PA72 |title=The Long Partition and the Making of Modern South Asia: Refugees, Boundaries, Histories |last=Zamindar |first=Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-231-13847-5 |page=72 |quote=The logic of the ''hostage theory'' tied the treatment of Muslim minorities in India to the treatment meted out to Hindus in Pakistan.}}</ref>{{R|Dhulipala-2015-6}} However, some Pakistani Hindus felt marginalized, leading to emigration to India.<ref name="bbc200703022">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6367773.stm |title=Hindus feel the heat in Pakistan |last=Sohail |first=Riaz |date=2 March 2007 |work=BBC News |quote=But many Hindu families who stayed in Pakistan after partition have already lost faith and migrated to India.|access-date=22 February 2011}}</ref> They faced violence post the ],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE2DD113BF93BA35751C1A964958260&sec=&spon= |title=Pakistanis Attack 30 Hindu Temples |date=7 December 1992 |newspaper=The New York Times |quote=Muslims attacked more than 30 Hindu temples across Pakistan today, and the Government of this overwhelmingly Muslim nation closed offices and schools for a day to protest the destruction of a mosque in India.|access-date=15 April 2011}}</ref> enduring ] and abductions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan: 25 Hindu girls abducted every month; forcibly converted to Islam | Responsible for Equality And Liberty (R.E.A.L.)|url=http://www.realcourage.org/2010/03/pakistan-25-hindu-girls-abducted-every-month/|access-date=2022-04-12|website=www.realcourage.org}}</ref> | ||
| ==== Christianity and other religions ==== | ==== Christianity and other religions ==== | ||
| {{ |
{{Main|Christianity in Pakistan}} | ||
| [[File:Christian Proportion by Pakistani District - 2017 Census.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.35| | [[File:Christian Proportion by Pakistani District - 2017 Census.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.35| | ||
| <div style="text-align: center">Christian |
<div style="text-align: center">Christian proportion of each Pakistani District in 2017 according to the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics</div>]] | ||
| Christians |
Christians are the next largest religious minority after Hindus, constituting 1.27% of the population.<ref name="2017 Census"/> They are concentrated in ] (5%) and ] (over 4%). Karachi hosts a historic ] community established by ]n and ] migrants during British colonial rule.<ref name="Districtwise"/> | ||
| Following Christianity, the ] had 30,000 followers in 2008, followed by Sikhism, Buddhism, and ], each with around 20,000 adherents in 2008,<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan—International Religious Freedom Report 2008 |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108505.htm |access-date=28 August 2010 |quote=The majority of Muslims in the country are Sunni, with a Shi'a minority ranging between 10 to 20 percent.|year=2008 |publisher=]}}</ref> alongside a small ]. | |||
| 1 |
In 2005, 1% of the population identified as atheist. By 2012, this figure had risen to 2.0% according to ].<ref>{{cite news |last=Husain |first=Irfan |title=Faith in decline |url=http://dawn.com/2012/08/27/faith-in-decline/|access-date=16 December 2012 |newspaper=Dawn, Irfan |date=27 August 2012 |quote=Interestingly, and somewhat intriguingly, 2 per cent of the Pakistanis surveyed see themselves as atheists, up from 1pc in 2005. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121204113125/http://dawn.com/2012/08/27/faith-in-decline/ |archive-date=4 December 2012}}</ref> | ||
| == |
=== Education === | ||
| {{Main|Education in Pakistan}} | |||
| {{See also|Higher Education Commission (Pakistan)|Rankings of universities in Pakistan}} | |||
| ] in Islamabad is a top ranked Engineering University.]] | |||
| Pakistan's ] mandates ] primary and secondary education,<ref>{{cite web |title=Chapter 1: "Fundamental Rights" of Part II: "Fundamental Rights and Principles of Policy" |url=http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part2.ch1.html |website=pakistani.org}}<br />- {{cite web |date=21 April 2006 |title=Right to Education in Pakistan |url=http://www.oikoumene.org/resources/documents/wcc-commissions/international-affairs/human-rights-and-impunity/the-right-to-education-in-pakistan.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313083147/http://www.oikoumene.org/resources/documents/wcc-commissions/international-affairs/human-rights-and-impunity/the-right-to-education-in-pakistan.html |archive-date=13 March 2012 |access-date=25 July 2010 |publisher=World Council of Churches}}</ref> with public universities established in each province, including ], ], ], ], and ]. The country's educational landscape encompasses both ] and ] universities, fostering collaboration to enhance research and ] opportunities, albeit with concerns regarding teaching quality in newer institutions.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 September 2015 |title=Number of universities rises while education standard falls |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/islamabad/10-Sep-2015/number-of-universities-rises-while-education-standard-falls |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006074617/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/islamabad/10-Sep-2015/number-of-universities-rises-while-education-standard-falls |archive-date=6 October 2015 |access-date=11 September 2015 |website=DailyTimes}}</ref> ] in Pakistan number approximately 3,193,<ref name="edu2">{{cite report |title=Economic Survey 2009–10 |publisher=Ministry of Finance, Pakistan |page=147 & Table 11.1 (p. 160) |access-date=2 January 2012 |chapter=Education |chapter-url=http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapter_10/10_Education.pdf |archive-date=13 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113072252/http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapter_10/10_Education.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> complemented by '']'' providing free Islamic education to students,<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistani madrassahs |url=http://www.uvm.edu/~envprog/madrassah.html#_ftn8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050214194645/http://www.uvm.edu/~envprog/madrassah.html#_ftn8 |archive-date=14 February 2005 |access-date=21 February 2009 |publisher=United States Institute of Peace}}</ref> with government efforts to ] their quality amidst concerns over extremists recruitment.<ref>{{cite web |last=Synovitz |first=Ron |date=24 February 2004 |title=Pakistan: Despite Reform Plan, Few Changes Seen At Most Radical Madrassahs |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1051650.html |access-date=21 February 2009 |publisher=Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty}}<br />- {{cite web |last1=Ali |first1=Syed Mohammad |title=Policy Brief: Another Approach to Madrassa Reforms in Pakistan |url=http://jinnah-institute.org/policy-brief-another-approach-to-madrassa-reforms-in-pakistan-3/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518112052/http://jinnah-institute.org/policy-brief-another-approach-to-madrassa-reforms-in-pakistan-3/ |archive-date=18 May 2015 |access-date=21 February 2015 |publisher=Jinnah Institute of Peace}}</ref> ] is divided into six main levels, including nursery, primary, ], ], ], and university programs.<ref name="edu2" /> Additionally, ] offer a parallel secondary education system based on the curriculum set by the ],<ref>{{cite web |title=GCE O and A level exams in Pakistan |url=http://www.britishcouncil.org/pakistan-exams-gce.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201090835/http://www.britishcouncil.org/pakistan-exams-gce.htm |archive-date=1 February 2008 |access-date=13 February 2008 |publisher=]}}</ref> with 439 international schools reported in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web |title=ISC News |url=http://www.iscresearch.com/information/isc-news.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000123/http://www.iscresearch.com/information/isc-news.aspx |archive-date=4 March 2016 |publisher=International School Consultancy Group}}</ref> | |||
| ] was awarded the ] in 2014, alongside ] of India, for her advocacy of educational initiatives, particularly girls' education worldwide.|left]] | |||
| Initiatives since 2007 made ] mandatory nationwide. Following a 2012 attack on activist ] by the ], she became the youngest Nobel laureate for her education advocacy.<ref>{{cite web |last=McNicoll |first=Kristen |title=English medium education improvement in Pakistan supported |url=http://www.britishcouncil.org/organisation/press/english-medium-education-improvement-pakistan-supported |access-date=21 February 2015 |publisher=British Council Pakistan Bureau}}<br />- {{cite web |title=Ministry of Education-Government of Pakistan |url=http://www.moe.gov.pk/mediacell.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070105215406/http://www.moe.gov.pk/mediacell.htm |archive-date=5 January 2007 |access-date=1 January 2012 |publisher=Moe.gov.pk}}</ref> Reforms in 2013 mandated Chinese language courses in Sindh, reflecting China's growing influence. As of 2018, Pakistan's literacy rate stands at 62.3%, with significant regional and gender disparities.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 June 2019 |title=Pakistan Economic Survey 2018–19 Chapter 10: Education |url=http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_19/10-Education.pdf |access-date=7 July 2019 |work=Dawn |archive-date=7 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707005708/http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_19/10-Education.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Government initiatives, including computer literacy since 1995, aim to eradicate illiteracy, targeting 100% enrollment among primary school-age children and an ~86% literacy rate by 2015.<ref>{{cite web |title=National Plan of Action 2001–2015 |url=http://www.moe.gov.pk/npaEFA.zip |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060517232352/http://www.moe.gov.pk/npaEFA.zip |archive-date=17 May 2006 |access-date=13 February 2008 |publisher=Ministry of Education, Government of Pakistan |format=ZIP}}</ref> Pakistan allocates 2.3% of its GDP to education,<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan Economic Survey 2019–20 (Education) |url=http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapter_20/10_Education.pdf |access-date=25 May 2021 |archive-date=21 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621162712/https://finance.gov.pk/survey/chapter_20/10_Education.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> among the lowest in South Asia.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 April 2016 |title=Pakistan's education spending lowest in South Asia |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1254909/pakistans-education-spending-lowest-in-south-asia |publisher=Dawn}}</ref> | |||
| {{Clear}} | |||
| == Culture == | |||
| {{Main|Culture of Pakistan|British heritage of Pakistan|Public holidays in Pakistan}} | {{Main|Culture of Pakistan|British heritage of Pakistan|Public holidays in Pakistan}} | ||
| ] on the ceiling of ]. Having painted around 15,000 paintings, Sadequain is considered one of the finest painters and calligraphers Pakistan has ever produced.]] | |||
| ] is a distinctive feature of Pakistani culture.]] | |||
| ] in Pakistan is largely hierarchical, emphasising ] and traditional Islamic values that govern personal and political life. The basic family unit is the ],<ref name="nuclear">{{cite web |url=http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/pakistan.html |title=Pakistan- Language, Religion, Culture, Customs and Etiquette |publisher=Kwint Essential|access-date=17 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090323000308/http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/pakistan.html |archive-date=23 March 2009 }}</ref> although for socio-economic reasons there has been a growing trend towards ].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Anwar Alam |title=Factors and Consequences of Nuclearization of Family at Hayatabad Phase-II, Peshawar |journal=Sarhad J. Agric. |year=2008 |volume=24 |url=http://www.aup.edu.pk/sj_pdf/FACTORS%20AND%20CONSEQUENCES%20OF%20NUCLEARIZATION.pdf|access-date=21 April 2012 |issue=3}}</ref> The traditional dress for both men and women is the '']''; trousers, ], and shirts are also popular among men.<ref name="taxila" /> In recent decades, the middle class has increased to around 35 million and the upper and upper-middle classes to around 17 million, and power is shifting from rural landowners to the urbanised elites.<ref>{{cite web |title=The rise of Mehran man |url=http://archives.dawn.com/archives/19124 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125011513/http://news.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/columnists/irfan-husain-the-rise-of-mehran-man-740 |archive-date=25 November 2010 |website=Dawn |location=Pakistan News |author=Irfan Husain |date=17 April 2010|access-date=25 July 2010}}</ref> Pakistani festivals, including ], ], ], Christmas, Easter, ], and ], are mostly religious in origin.<ref name="nuclear" /> Increasing globalisation has resulted in Pakistan ranking 56th on the ]/FP ].<ref>{{cite web |title=A.T. Kearney/Foreign Policy Magazine Globalization Index 2006 |url=http://www.atkearney.com/images/global/pdf/Globalization-Index_FP_Nov-Dec-06_S.pdf |publisher=A.T. Kearney |date=Nov–Dec 2006 |page=4|access-date=1 January 2012}} {{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> | |||
| ] in Pakistan is hierarchical, emphasizing ] and traditional Islamic values. The primary family unit is the ], but there's a rising trend towards ] due to socio-economic factors.<ref name="nuclear">{{cite web |url=http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/pakistan.html |title=Pakistan- Language, Religion, Culture, Customs and Etiquette |publisher=Kwint Essential|access-date=17 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090323000308/http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/pakistan.html |archive-date=23 March 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Anwar Alam |title=Factors and Consequences of Nuclearization of Family at Hayatabad Phase-II, Peshawar |journal=Sarhad J. Agric. |year=2008 |volume=24 |url=http://www.aup.edu.pk/sj_pdf/FACTORS%20AND%20CONSEQUENCES%20OF%20NUCLEARIZATION.pdf |access-date=21 April 2012 |issue=3 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411211512/http://www.aup.edu.pk/sj_pdf/FACTORS%20AND%20CONSEQUENCES%20OF%20NUCLEARIZATION.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Both men and women typically wear '']''; men also favor trousers, jeans, and shirts.<ref name="taxila">{{cite book |author1=Sarina Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zn8I4qEew9oC |title=Pakistan & the Karakoram Highway |author2=Lindsay Brow |author3=Paul Clammer |author4=Rodney Cocks |author5=John Mock |publisher=Lonely Planet |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-74104-542-0 |pages=60, 128, 376}}</ref> The middle class has grown to about 35 million, with another 17 million in the upper and upper-middle classes, leading to a shift in power from rural landowners to urban elites.<ref>{{cite web |title=The rise of Mehran man |url=http://archives.dawn.com/archives/19124 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125011513/http://news.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/columnists/irfan-husain-the-rise-of-mehran-man-740 |archive-date=25 November 2010 |website=Dawn |location=Pakistan News |author=Irfan Husain |date=17 April 2010|access-date=25 July 2010}}</ref> Festivals like ], ], Ramadan, Christmas, ], ], and Diwali are primarily religious.<ref name="nuclear" /> Pakistan ranks 56th on the ]/FP ] due to increasing globalization.<ref>{{cite web |title=A.T. Kearney/Foreign Policy Magazine Globalization Index 2006 |url=http://www.atkearney.com/images/global/pdf/Globalization-Index_FP_Nov-Dec-06_S.pdf |publisher=A.T. Kearney |date=Nov–Dec 2006 |page=4|access-date=1 January 2012}} {{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> | |||
| === Clothing, arts, and fashion === | |||
| {{Main|Pakistani clothing|Shalwar kameez|Sherwani|Jinnah cap|Peshawari chappal}} | |||
| ]]] | |||
| The ] is the ] of Pakistan and is worn by both men and women in all ]: ], Sindh, Balochistan, and ], and ]. Each province has its own style of ''Shalwar Kameez''. Pakistanis wear clothes in a range of exquisite colours and designs and in type of fabric (silk, ], cotton, etc.). Besides the national dress, domestically tailored ] and neckties are often worn by men, and are customary in offices, schools, and social gatherings.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Stephanie Koerner|author2=Ian Russell|title=Unquiet Pasts: Risk Society, Lived Cultural Heritage, Re-designing Reflexivity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7li2jpQgYvAC&pg=PA382|year=2010|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-7548-8|page=382}}</ref> | |||
| === Architecture === | |||
| The ] has flourished in the changing environment of the fashion world. Since Pakistan came into being, its fashion has evolved in different phases and developed a unique identity. Today, Pakistani fashion is a combination of traditional and modern dress and has become a mark of Pakistani culture. Despite modern trends, regional and traditional forms of dress have developed their own significance as a symbol of native tradition. This regional fashion continues to evolve into both more modern and purer forms. The Pakistan Fashion Design Council based in ] organizes ] and the Fashion Pakistan Council based in ] organizes ]. Pakistan's first fashion week was held in November 2009.<ref>{{cite news |author=Michele Langevine Leiby |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/in-pakistan-fashion-weeks-thrive-beyond-the-style-capitals-of-the-world/2012/04/24/gIQAt3qcgT_story.html |title=In Pakistan, fashion weeks thrive beyond the style capitals of the world |newspaper=] |date=25 April 2012|access-date=20 April 2013}}</ref> | |||
| {{Main|Pakistani architecture|Hindu, Jain and Buddhist architectural heritage of Pakistan}} | |||
| ], a landmark built during the Mughal era, is a ]|left]] | |||
| Four periods define Pakistani architecture: ], ], ], and ]. The onset of the ] around the mid-3rd millennium BCE heralded an urban culture, evidenced by surviving large structures.<ref>{{cite web |author=Vidja Dehejia |title=South Asian Art and Culture |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/sasa/hd_sasa.htm |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|access-date=10 February 2008}}</ref> Notable pre-Islamic settlements include ], ], and ].<ref name="mountains">{{cite web |url=http://www.tourism.gov.pk/mountain.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110014044/http://www.tourism.gov.pk/mountain.html |archive-date=10 November 2006 |title=PTDC page on mountaineering |publisher=Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation|access-date=10 November 2006}}</ref> The fusion of Buddhism and ] influences birthed a distinctive ] style from the 1st century CE, exemplified by the renowned ].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Maity|first=Sachindra Kumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x8Iz5C5auqEC&pg=PA46|title=Cultural Heritage of Ancient India|date=1983|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-0-391-02809-8}}</ref> Notable ] remnants include the ] monastery in ].<ref>{{cite web |title=UNESCO Advisory Body Evaluation of Takht Bhai |publisher=International Council on Monuments and Sites |pages=1–2 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/140.pdf |date=29 December 1979|access-date=25 July 2010}}</ref> | |||
| === Media and entertainment === | |||
| {{Main|Media of Pakistan|Cinema of Pakistan|Music of Pakistan|History of Pakistani pop music|Theatre of Pakistan|Pakistani dramas}} | |||
| The private ], state-owned ] (PTV), and ] (PBC) for ] were the dominant media outlets until the beginning of the 21st century. Pakistan now has a large network of domestic, privately owned 24-hour ] and ].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.mediasupport.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/ims-media-pakistan-radicalisation-2009.pdf |title=Media in Pakistan |publisher=International Media Support |pages=14–16, 21 |access-date=10 August 2020 |date=July 2009}}</ref> A 2016 report by the ] ranked Pakistan 147th on the ], while at the same time terming the Pakistani media "among the freest in Asia when it comes to covering the squabbling among politicians."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1089039/press-freedom-index-pakistani-media-targeted-on-all-sides-says-report/ |title=Pakistani media targeted on all sides, says report |website=The Express Tribune|access-date=23 April 2016|date=20 April 2016}}</ref> The ] terms the Pakistani media "among the most outspoken in South Asia".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12965785 |title=Pakistan profile{{Snd}} Media |work=BBC News |access-date=23 April 2016|date=2 March 2017}}</ref> Pakistani media has also played a vital role in exposing corruption.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mediasupport.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/ims-media-pakistan-radicalisation-2009.pdf |title={{Not a typo|Between radicalisation and democratisation in an unfolding conflict: Media in Pakistan}}|publisher=International Media Support|date=July 2009|access-date=10 August 2020}}</ref> | |||
| The advent of Islam in present-day Pakistan marked the cessation of Buddhist architecture, ushering in ]. The notable ] structure, the ] in Multan, remains significant. During the Mughal era, Persian-Islamic design merged with Hindustani art, seen in Lahore's architectural gems like the ] and the ] with the iconic ]. Lahore also boasts the vibrant ],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Valentine|first=Simon Ross|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MdRth02Q6nAC&pg=PA63|title=Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jama'at: History, Belief, Practice|date=2008|publisher=Hurst & Company|isbn=978-1-85065-916-7}}</ref> and the lush ]. In the British colonial period, Indo-European buildings emerged, blending European and Indian-Islamic styles. Post-colonial identity shines through modern landmarks like the ], ], and ]. ] influence persists in structures across Lahore, Peshawar, and Karachi.<ref>{{cite book |author=Kamil Khan Mumtaz |title=Architecture in Pakistan |year=1985 |publisher=Concept Media Pte Ltd |isbn=978-9971-84-141-6 |pages=32, 51, 160}}</ref> | |||
| The ], ], Punjabi and ] film industry is based in Karachi, Lahore and Peshawar. While ] films were banned from public cinemas from 1965 until 2008, they have remained an important part of popular culture.<ref>{{cite news |last=Randhava |first=Naseem |title=Bollywood films may be banned in Pakistan |url=http://sg.news.yahoo.com/bollywood-films-may-banned-pakistan-094000464.html |publisher=] |date=11 October 2011 |access-date=31 October 2011}}<br />- {{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4639216.stm |title=Pakistan to show Bollywood film |work=BBC News |date=23 January 2006 |access-date=13 February 2008}}</ref> In contrast to the ailing Pakistani film industry, Urdu ] and theatrical performances continue to be popular, as many ] air them regularly.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.browngirlmagazine.com/2015/01/evolving-world-pakistani-dramas-builds-stronger-relations-india/ |title=The Evolving World of Pakistani Dramas Builds Stronger Relations With India |date=21 January 2015 |publisher=Brown Girl |last1=Shaikh |first1=Naila |access-date=25 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428110047/http://www.browngirlmagazine.com/2015/01/evolving-world-pakistani-dramas-builds-stronger-relations-india/ |archive-date=28 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ] dominate the ], which has launched critically acclaimed ] and featured popular actors and actresses since the 1990s.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistani dramas contribute to the evolution of Indian television |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/entertainment/25-Dec-2014/pakistani-dramas-contribute-to-the-evolution-of-indian-television |access-date=25 May 2015 |work=Daily Times|date=25 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150719082117/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/entertainment/25-Dec-2014/pakistani-dramas-contribute-to-the-evolution-of-indian-television |archive-date=19 July 2015}}</ref> In the 1960s–1970s, ] and ] (1970s) dominated the country's music industry. In the 1980s–1990s, ] ] appeared and jolted the country's entertainment industry.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nadeem F. Paracha |title=Times of the Vital Sign |url=http://dawn.com/2013/03/28/times-of-the-signs/|access-date=3 April 2013 |newspaper=Dawn News|date=28 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402133212/http://dawn.com/2013/03/28/times-of-the-signs/ |archive-date=2 April 2013}}</ref> In the 2000s, ] gained popular and critical acclaim.<ref>{{cite news |last=Reza Sayah |title=Underground musicians aim to change Pakistan's image |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/04/12/pakistan.music/|access-date=5 April 2013 |newspaper=CNN Pakistan |date=12 April 2012}}</ref> | |||
| === Clothing, arts, and fashion === | |||
| Pakistani music ranges from diverse forms of provincial folk music and traditional styles such as ] and ] Gayaki to modern musical forms that fuse traditional and western music.<ref>{{cite news |date=6 September 1997 |title=The stilled voice |work=] |url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1418/14181230.htm |access-date=30 June 2011 |author1=Amit Baruah |author2=R. Padmanabhan |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927003536/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1418/14181230.htm}}</ref><!--<ref>{{cite web |author=Adam Nayyar |author-link=Adam Nayyar |title=Origin and History of the Qawwali |year=1988 |publisher=University of Toronto |page=1 |url=https://www.utoronto.ca/jkcourses/mus200/Nayyar_Qawwali.pdf |access-date=20 January 2012 |url-status=live |archive-date=25 July 2022 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/query.php?url=http://www.utoronto.ca/jkcourses/mus200/Nayyar_Qawwali.pdf}}</ref>--> Pakistan has many famous folk singers. The arrival of Afghan refugees in the western provinces has stimulated interest in Pashto music, although there has been intolerance of it in some places.<ref>{{cite news |author=Owais Tohid |date=7 June 2005 |title=Music soothes extremism along troubled Afghan border |newspaper=The Christian Science Monitor |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0607/p07s01-wosc.html |access-date=20 January 2012}}</ref> | |||
| {{Main|Pakistani clothing|Shalwar kameez|Sherwani|Jinnah cap|Peshawari chappal|Pakol|Sindhi topi|Sindhi topi = }} | |||
| ]]] | |||
| === Diaspora === | |||
| The ] is Pakistan's ], worn in all provinces: Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Azad Kashmir. Each province has its own style. Pakistanis wear a variety of fabrics like silk, ], and cotton. In addition to the national dress, men often wear domestically tailored suits and ]s, especially in offices, schools, and social gatherings.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Stephanie Koerner|author2=Ian Russell|title=Unquiet Pasts: Risk Society, Lived Cultural Heritage, Re-designing Reflexivity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7li2jpQgYvAC&pg=PA382|year=2010|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-7548-8|page=382}}</ref> | |||
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| {{Main|Overseas Pakistani}}According to the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Pakistan has the sixth-largest diaspora in the world.<ref name=":3"/> Statistics gathered by the Pakistani government show that there are around 7 million ] residing abroad, with the vast majority living in the Middle East, Europe, and North America.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archives.dawn.com/archives/142435 |title=Pride and the Pakistani Diaspora |publisher=Archives.dawn.com |date=14 February 2009 |access-date=15 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015142319/http://archives.dawn.com/archives/142435 |archive-date=15 October 2013}}</ref> Pakistan ranks 10th in the world for remittances sent home.<ref name="overseaspakistanis1"/><ref name="worldbank1">{{cite web |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPROSPECTS/Resources/334934-1199807908806/Top10.pdf |title=Migration and Remittances: Top Countries |publisher=Siteresources.worldbank.org |year=2010|access-date=19 December 2013}}</ref> The largest inflow of remittances, {{as of|2016|lc=y}}, is from Saudi Arabia, amounting to $5.9 billion.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1142758/saudi-arabia-remains-largest-source-remittances/ |title=Saudi Arabia remains largest source of remittances for Pakistan |date=16 July 2016 |newspaper=The Express Tribune|access-date=24 December 2016}}</ref> The term '']'' is officially recognised by the ]. The ] was established in 2008 to deal exclusively with all matters of overseas Pakistanis such as attending to their needs and problems, developing projects for their welfare, and working for resolution of their problems and issues. Overseas Pakistanis are the second-largest source of foreign exchange remittances to Pakistan after exports. Over the last several years, home remittances have maintained a steadily rising trend, with a more than 100% increase from US$8.9 billion in 2009–10 to US$19.9 billion in 2015–16.<ref name="remit"/><ref name="worldbank1" /> | |||
| Pakistan's ] has thrived, blending traditional and modern styles to create a unique cultural identity. Regional and traditional dress remain significant symbols of native tradition, evolving into both modern and purer forms. Organizations like the Pakistan Fashion Design Council in ] and the Fashion Pakistan Council in ] host events like ] and ]. Pakistan's inaugural fashion week took place in November 2009.<ref>{{cite news |author=Michele Langevine Leiby |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/in-pakistan-fashion-weeks-thrive-beyond-the-style-capitals-of-the-world/2012/04/24/gIQAt3qcgT_story.html |title=In Pakistan, fashion weeks thrive beyond the style capitals of the world |newspaper=] |date=25 April 2012|access-date=20 April 2013}}</ref> | |||
| The Overseas Pakistani Division (OPD) was created in September 2004 within the ] (MoL). It has since recognised the importance of overseas Pakistanis and their contribution to the nation's economy. Together with Community Welfare Attaches (CWAs) and the Overseas Pakistanis Foundation (OPF), the OPD is making efforts to improve the welfare of Pakistanis who reside abroad. The division aims to provide better services through improved facilities at airports, and suitable schemes for housing, education, and health care. It also facilitates the reintegration into society of returning overseas Pakistanis. Notable members of the Pakistani diaspora include the ] ], the UK cabinet member ], the former ] chair ], the singers ] and ], ] physics Professor ], the actors ] and ], the businessmen ] and ], Boston University professors ] and ], ] professor ], ] professor ], ] professor ] and the historian ]. | |||
| === Literature and philosophy === | === Literature and philosophy === | ||
| {{Main|Literature of Pakistan|Urdu poetry|Pakistani philosophy}} | {{Main|Literature of Pakistan|Urdu poetry|Pakistani philosophy}} | ||
| ], Pakistan's national poet who conceived the ] of Pakistan]] | ], Pakistan's national poet who conceived the ] of Pakistan]] | ||
| Pakistan has literature in ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and many other languages.<ref>{{cite book |author=Alamgir Hashmi |editor=Radhika Mohanram |others=Gita Rajan |title=English postcoloniality: literatures from around the world |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H_uwA78YZDoC&pg=PA107|year=1996 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-28854-8 |pages=107–112}}</ref> The ] is a large literary community that promotes literature and poetry in Pakistan and abroad.<ref>Official website in English {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306135947/http://pal.gov.pk/home/ |date=6 March 2013}}</ref> The ] publishes and promotes literature in the country. Before the 19th century, Pakistani literature consisted mainly of ] and ] and mystical and ] works. During the colonial period, native literary figures were influenced by western ] and took up increasingly varied topics and narrative forms. Prose fiction is now very popular.<ref>{{cite web |author=Gilani Kamran |title=Pakistani Literature{{Snd}} Evolution & trends |url=http://www.the-south-asian.com/Jan2002/Pakistani-Literature3-the-Novel.htm |publisher=The South Asian Magazine |date=January 2002|access-date=24 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="granta">{{cite web |author=Huma Imtiaz |title=Granta: The global reach of Pakistani literature |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/53272/granta-the-global-reach-of-pakistani-literature/ |website=The Express Tribune |date=26 September 2010|access-date=24 December 2011}}</ref> | |||
| Pakistan boasts literature in various languages including ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and more.<ref>{{cite book |author=Alamgir Hashmi |editor=Radhika Mohanram |others=Gita Rajan |title=English postcoloniality: literatures from around the world |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H_uwA78YZDoC&pg=PA107|year=1996 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-28854-8 |pages=107–112}}</ref> The ] actively promotes literature and poetry both domestically and internationally.<ref>Official website in English {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306135947/http://pal.gov.pk/home/ |date=6 March 2013}}</ref> ] contributes to literary dissemination. Historically, Pakistani literature consisted mainly of ], ], and ] works, later diversifying under colonial influence into prose fiction, now widely embraced.<ref>{{cite web |author=Gilani Kamran |title=Pakistani Literature{{Snd}} Evolution & trends |url=http://www.the-south-asian.com/Jan2002/Pakistani-Literature3-the-Novel.htm |publisher=The South Asian Magazine |date=January 2002|access-date=24 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="granta">{{cite web |author=Huma Imtiaz |title=Granta: The global reach of Pakistani literature |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/53272/granta-the-global-reach-of-pakistani-literature/ |website=The Express Tribune |date=26 September 2010|access-date=24 December 2011}}</ref> | |||
| The ] of Pakistan, ], wrote poetry in Urdu and Persian. He was a strong proponent of the political and spiritual revival of Islamic civilisation and encouraged Muslims all over the world to bring about a successful revolution.{{clarify|date=April 2017<!--What kind of revolution? Political, literary, cultural?-->}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Annemarie Schimmel |title=Iqbal, Muhammad |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |date=15 December 2004 |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iqbal-muhammad |access-date=1 January 2012}}<br/>- {{cite web |first=Nadeem |last=Shafique |title=Global Apprecaition of Allama Iqbal |work=Journal of Research, Faculty of Languages and Islamic Studies |pages=47–49 |publisher=Bahauddin Zakariya University |url=http://www.bzu.edu.pk/jrlanguages/Vol-1%202001/Nadeem%20Shafiq-3.pdf |access-date=1 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118104825/http://www.bzu.edu.pk/jrlanguages/Vol-1%202001/Nadeem%20Shafiq-3.pdf |archive-date=18 January 2012}}<br />- {{cite web |author=Iqbal Academy |date=26 May 2006 |url=http://www.allamaiqbal.com/person/biography/biotxtread.html |title=Allama Iqbal{{Snd}} Biography |format=PHP|access-date=7 January 2011}}</ref> Well-known figures in contemporary Pakistani Urdu literature include ] ] and ]. ] and ] are known for their calligraphy and paintings.<ref name="granta" /> The Sufi poets ], ], ], and ] enjoy considerable popularity in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Muhammad Zahid Rifat |title=Paying tributes to popular Sufi poets |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-268638505.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117074308/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-268638505.html |archive-date=17 January 2013 |newspaper=The Nation|date=3 October 2011|access-date=25 December 2011}}</ref> ] has been termed the father of modern Sindhi prose.<ref>{{cite book |title=L.H. Ajwani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dL5owdAV5TcC&pg=PA50 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi|author=Chetan Karnani |year=2003 |isbn=978-81-260-1664-8 |page=50}}</ref> Historically, philosophical development in the country was dominated by ], Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, ], ], and ].<ref>Javed, Kazi. Philosophical Domain of Pakistan (Pakistan Main Phalsapiana Rojhanat) (in Urdu). Karachi: Karachi University Press, 1999.</ref> | |||
| The ] of Pakistan, ], wrote influential poetry in Urdu and Persian, advocating for Islamic civilizational revival.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Annemarie Schimmel |title=Iqbal, Muhammad |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |date=15 December 2004 |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iqbal-muhammad |access-date=1 January 2012}}</ref> Notable figures in contemporary Urdu literature include ], ], and ].<ref name="granta" /> Popular Sufi poets like ] and ] are revered.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Muhammad Zahid Rifat |title=Paying tributes to popular Sufi poets |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-268638505.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117074308/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-268638505.html |archive-date=17 January 2013 |newspaper=The Nation|date=3 October 2011|access-date=25 December 2011}}</ref> ] is hailed as the father of modern Sindhi prose.<ref>{{cite book |title=L.H. Ajwani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dL5owdAV5TcC&pg=PA50 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi|author=Chetan Karnani |year=2003 |isbn=978-81-260-1664-8 |page=50}}</ref> Pakistani philosophy has been shaped by influences from British and American philosophy, with notable figures like ] contributing to its development.<ref>{{cite web |display-authors=etal |author=Richard V. DeSemet |title=Philosophical Activities in Pakistan:1947–1961 |url=http://www.crvp.org/book/Series02/IIA-3/appendix.htm |website=Work published by Pakistan Philosophical Congress |access-date=25 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509105450/http://www.crvp.org/book/Series02/IIA-3/appendix.htm |archive-date=9 May 2013}}</ref> Post-1971, Marxist thought gained prominence in Pakistani philosophy through figures like ].<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Ahmad |editor-first1=Naeem |title=Philosophy in Pakistan |date=1998 |publisher=Council for Research in Values and Philosophy |location=Washington, DC |isbn=978-1-56518-108-3}}</ref> | |||
| Ideas from ] and ] greatly shaped ] in Pakistan. Analysts such as ] and ] established the first major Pakistani philosophical movement in 1947.{{clarify|date=April 2017}}<!--Did this movement have a name?--><ref>{{cite web |display-authors=etal |author=Richard V. DeSemet |title=Philosophical Activities in Pakistan:1947–1961 |url=http://www.crvp.org/book/Series02/IIA-3/appendix.htm |website=Work published by Pakistan Philosophical Congress |publisher=Work published by Pakistan Philosophical Congress |access-date=25 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509105450/http://www.crvp.org/book/Series02/IIA-3/appendix.htm |archive-date=9 May 2013}}</ref> After the 1971 war, philosophers such as ], ], and ] incorporated ] into Pakistan's philosophical thinking. Influential work by ], ], ], and Abdul Khaliq brought mainstream ], ], and ] to the fore in academia.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Ahmad |editor-first1=Naeem |title=Philosophy in Pakistan |date=1998 |publisher=Council for Research in Values and Philosophy |location=Washington, DC |isbn=978-1-56518-108-3}}</ref> Works by ] have influenced philosophical ideas in various fields of social and political philosophy.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mallick |first=Ayyaz |title=Exclusive interview with Noam Chomsky on Pakistan elections |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/812481/exclusive-interview-with-noam-chomsky-on-pakistan-elections|access-date=21 February 2015 |agency=Dawn news election cells |publisher=Dawn news election cells |date=7 May 2013}}<br />- {{cite web |last=Hoodbhoy |first=Pervez |title=Noam Chomsky interviewed by Pervez Hoodbhoy |url=http://www.chomsky.info/interviews/20011127.htm |url-status=dead |publisher=PTV archives |access-date=21 February 2015 |archive-date=16 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916002032/http://www.chomsky.info/interviews/20011127.htm}}</ref> | |||
| === |
=== Media and entertainment === | ||
| {{Main|Mass media in Pakistan|Cinema of Pakistan|Music of Pakistan|History of Pakistani pop music|Theatre of Pakistan|Pakistani dramas}} | |||
| {{Main|Pakistani architecture|Hindu, Jain and Buddhist architectural heritage of Pakistan}} | |||
| ] is part of Pakistan's Sufi heritage.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://historyofislam.com/contents/the-post-mongol-period/the-sufis-of-india-and-pakistan/ |title=The Sufis of India and Pakistan |date=22 December 2009 |newspaper=History of Islam|access-date=12 October 2016}}</ref>]] | |||
| The private ], state-owned ] (PTV), and ] (PBC) dominated media until the 21st century. Pakistan now boasts a vast network of domestic, privately owned 24-hour ] and ].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.mediasupport.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/ims-media-pakistan-radicalisation-2009.pdf |title=Media in Pakistan |publisher=International Media Support |pages=14–16, 21 |access-date=10 August 2020 |date=July 2009}}</ref> A 2021 report by the ] ranked Pakistan 157th among 180 nations on the ], citing pressures faced by Pakistani reporters, particularly when reporting against the army or government.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Pakistan slips further on World Press Freedom Index|url=https://theprint.in/world/pakistan-slips-further-on-world-press-freedom-index/942403/ |website=The Print|date=4 May 2022 }}</ref> The BBC describes Pakistani media as "among the most outspoken in South Asia".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12965785 |title=Pakistan profile{{Snd}} Media |work=BBC News |access-date=23 April 2016|date=2 March 2017}}</ref> Pakistani media has been instrumental in exposing corruption.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mediasupport.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/ims-media-pakistan-radicalisation-2009.pdf |title={{Not a typo|Between radicalisation and democratisation in an unfolding conflict: Media in Pakistan}}|publisher=International Media Support|date=July 2009|access-date=10 August 2020}}</ref> | |||
| Four periods are recognised in Pakistani architecture: ], ], ], and ]. With the beginning of the ] around the middle of the 3rd millennium BCE,<ref>{{cite web |author=Vidja Dehejia |title=South Asian Art and Culture |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/sasa/hd_sasa.htm |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|access-date=10 February 2008}}</ref> an advanced urban culture developed for the first time in the region, with large buildings, some of which survive to this day.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Indus Valley And The Genesis Of South Asian Civilization |url=http://history-world.org/indus_valley.htm |website=History World International |access-date=6 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610205538/http://history-world.org/indus_valley.htm |archive-date=10 June 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ], Harappa, and ] are among the pre-Islamic settlements that are now tourist attractions.<ref name="mountains" /> The rise of ] and the influence of ] civilisation led to the development of a ] style,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Maity|first=Sachindra Kumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x8Iz5C5auqEC&pg=PA46|title=Cultural Heritage of Ancient India|date=1983|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-0-391-02809-8|language=en}}</ref> starting from the 1st century CE. The high point of this era was the ]. An example of Buddhist architecture is the ruins of the Buddhist monastery ] in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa.<ref>{{cite web |title=UNESCO Advisory Body Evaluation of Takht Bhai |publisher=International Council on Monuments and Sites |pages=1–2 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/140.pdf |date=29 December 1979|access-date=25 July 2010}}</ref> | |||
| ] is a national monument marking Pakistan's independence movement.]] | |||
| The arrival of Islam in what is today Pakistan meant the sudden end of Buddhist architecture in the area and a smooth transition to the predominantly pictureless ]. The most important ]-style building still standing is the ] in Multan. During the Mughal era, design elements of Persian-Islamic architecture were fused with and often produced playful forms of Hindustani art. Lahore, as the occasional residence of Mughal rulers, contains many important buildings from the empire. Most prominent among them are the ], the ] with the famous ], the colourful, ]-style ],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Valentine|first=Simon Ross|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MdRth02Q6nAC&pg=PA63|title=Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jama'at: History, Belief, Practice|date=2008|publisher=Hurst & Company|isbn=978-1-85065-916-7|language=en}}</ref> the ] in Lahore, and the ] in ]. In the British colonial period, predominantly functional buildings of the Indo-European representative style developed from a mixture of European and Indian-Islamic components. Post-colonial national identity is expressed in modern structures such as the ], the ], and the ]. Several examples of architectural infrastructure demonstrating the influence of ] can be found in ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite book |author=Kamil Khan Mumtaz |title=Architecture in Pakistan |year=1985 |publisher=Concept Media Pte Ltd |isbn=978-9971-84-141-6 |pages=32, 51, 160}}</ref> | |||
| The ], Punjabi, and ] film industry is centered in Karachi, Lahore, and Peshawar. Although Bollywood films were banned from public cinemas from 1965 to 2008, they remained influential in Pakistani popular culture.<ref>{{cite news |last=Randhava |first=Naseem |title=Bollywood films may be banned in Pakistan |url=http://sg.news.yahoo.com/bollywood-films-may-banned-pakistan-094000464.html |publisher=] |date=11 October 2011 |access-date=31 October 2011}}<br />- {{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4639216.stm |title=Pakistan to show Bollywood film |work=BBC News |date=23 January 2006 |access-date=13 February 2008}}</ref> However, in 2019, the screening of Bollywood movies faced an indefinite ban.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zeb |first=Parkha |date=2023-02-22 |title=Pakistan is (finally) getting over its Bollywood mania |url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1191547 |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=Images |language=en}}</ref> Despite challenges faced by the Pakistani film industry, Urdu ] and theatrical performances remain popular, frequently broadcast by many entertainment media outlets.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.browngirlmagazine.com/2015/01/evolving-world-pakistani-dramas-builds-stronger-relations-india/ |title=The Evolving World of Pakistani Dramas Builds Stronger Relations With India |date=21 January 2015 |publisher=Brown Girl |last1=Shaikh |first1=Naila |access-date=25 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428110047/http://www.browngirlmagazine.com/2015/01/evolving-world-pakistani-dramas-builds-stronger-relations-india/ |archive-date=28 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Urdu dramas dominate the television entertainment industry, renowned for their quality since the 1990s.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistani dramas contribute to the evolution of Indian television |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/entertainment/25-Dec-2014/pakistani-dramas-contribute-to-the-evolution-of-indian-television |access-date=25 May 2015 |work=Daily Times|date=25 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150719082117/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/entertainment/25-Dec-2014/pakistani-dramas-contribute-to-the-evolution-of-indian-television |archive-date=19 July 2015}}</ref> Pakistani music encompasses diverse forms, from provincial folk music and traditional styles like ] and ] Gayaki to modern fusions of traditional and western music.<ref>{{cite news |date=6 September 1997 |title=The stilled voice |work=] |url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1418/14181230.htm |access-date=30 June 2011 |author1=Amit Baruah |author2=R. Padmanabhan |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927003536/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1418/14181230.htm}}</ref><!--<ref>{{cite web |author=Adam Nayyar |author-link=Adam Nayyar |title=Origin and History of the Qawwali |year=1988 |publisher=University of Toronto |page=1 |url=https://www.utoronto.ca/jkcourses/mus200/Nayyar_Qawwali.pdf |access-date=20 January 2012 |url-status=live |archive-date=25 July 2022 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/query.php?url=http://www.utoronto.ca/jkcourses/mus200/Nayyar_Qawwali.pdf}}</ref>--> Pakistan boasts numerous renowned folk singers, and the arrival of Afghan refugees in western provinces has sparked interest in Pashto music, despite occasional intolerance.<ref>{{cite news |author=Owais Tohid |date=7 June 2005 |title=Music soothes extremism along troubled Afghan border |newspaper=The Christian Science Monitor |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0607/p07s01-wosc.html |access-date=20 January 2012}}</ref> | |||
| === Food and drink === | |||
| === Cuisine === | |||
| {{Main|Pakistani cuisine}} | {{Main|Pakistani cuisine}} | ||
| ]s served with various side dishes are considered a staple food in Pakistan|thumb]] | |||
| ] in ], ] is one of the largest food streets of Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tripadvisor.co.uk/Attraction_Review-g295414-d2419975-Reviews-or320-Port_Grand-Karachi_Sindh_Province.html|title=Port Grand – 2021 Tours & Tickets | All You Need to Know Before You Go (with Photos) – Karachi, Pakistan|website=Tripadvisor}}</ref>|thumb]] | |||
| ====Traditional food==== | |||
| Pakistani cuisine is similar to that of other regions of South Asia, with some of it being originated from the royal kitchens of 16th-century Mughal emperors.<ref>{{cite book|last=Goodwin|first=William |title=Pakistan|year=2002 |publisher=Lucent Books|isbn=978-1-59018-218-5|page=79|quote=Pakistani food is similar to that of northern India, with a splash of Middle Eastern influence derived from other Muslim cultures over the centuries.}}</ref> Most of those dishes have their roots in ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lee|first1=Jonathan H.X.|last2=Nadeau |first2=Kathleen M.|title=Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-35066-5|page=|quote=Pakistani cuisine—a fusion of Central Asian, Middle Eastern, Persian, and Indian traditions—is known for being spicy and for its aromatic and flavorful richness.|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofas00leej/page/973}}</ref> Unlike Middle Eastern cuisine, Pakistani cooking uses large quantities of spices, herbs, and seasoning. Garlic, ], ], red ], and ] are used in most dishes, and home cooking regularly includes curry, ], a thin flatbread made from wheat, is a staple food, usually served with curry, meat, vegetables, and lentils. Rice is also common; it is served plain, fried with spices, and in sweet dishes.<ref name="yasmeen"/><ref>{{cite book |author=Kathleen W. Deady |title=Countries of the world :Pakistan |year=2001 |publisher=Capstone Press |isbn=978-0-7368-0815-6 |pages=13–15}}<br />- {{cite book |author=American Geriatrics Society. Ethnogeriatrics Committee |title=Doorway thoughts: cross-cultural health care for older adults |year=2006 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning |isbn=978-0-7637-4355-0 |pages=119–120}}</ref> | |||
| ] is a traditional drink |
Pakistani cuisine, rooted in the royal kitchens of 16th-century Mughal emperors, blends influences from ], ], ], and ] culinary traditions.<ref>{{cite book|last=Goodwin|first=William |title=Pakistan|year=2002 |publisher=Lucent Books|isbn=978-1-59018-218-5|page=79|quote=Pakistani food is similar to that of northern India, with a splash of Middle Eastern influence derived from other Muslim cultures over the centuries.}}</ref> Unlike Middle Eastern fare, Pakistani dishes are heavily spiced with garlic, ginger, turmeric, ], and ]. ], a wheat-based flatbread, accompanies most meals, alongside ], meat, vegetables, and lentils. Rice is also common, served plain, spiced, or in sweet dishes.{{sfn|Mohiuddin|2007|page=3, 317, 323–324}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Kathleen W. Deady |title=Countries of the world :Pakistan |year=2001 |publisher=Capstone Press |isbn=978-0-7368-0815-6 |pages=13–15}}</ref> ], a traditional drink from the ], and ] are popular beverages enjoyed nationwide.<ref name="taxila"/><ref>{{cite book |author=Tarla Dalal |title=Punjabi Khana |year=2007 |publisher=Sanjay & Co |isbn=978-81-89491-54-3 |page=8}}</ref> ], a beloved sweet dish from southern Punjab, is savored across Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1074194/sohan-halwa-a-gift-of-saints-city |title=Sohan Halwa a gift of saints' city |date=16 December 2013 |publisher=Dawn.com|access-date=28 February 2014}}</ref> | ||
| === Sports === | === Sports === | ||
| {{Main|Sport in Pakistan}} | {{Main|Sport in Pakistan}} | ||
| {{multiple image | |||
| Most sports played in Pakistan originated and were substantially developed by athletes and sports fans from the United Kingdom who introduced them during the ]. ] is the ] of Pakistan; it has won three gold medals in the ] held in ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite book |author=Bill Mallon |title=Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement |year=2011 |publisher=Scarecrow |isbn=978-0-8108-7249-3 |edition=4th revised |author2=Jeroen Heijmans |page=291}}</ref> Pakistan has also won the ] a record four times, held in ], ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0mjae1kdYUC&pg=PA771|title=Basic Facts of General Knowledge |author=V.V.K.Subburaj |date=30 August 2004 |publisher=Sura College of Competition|isbn=978-81-7254-234-4 |page=771}}</ref> | |||
| | align = right | |||
| | width1 = 170 | |||
| ], ] is the 3rd largest cricket stadium in Pakistan with a ] of 27,000 spectators.]] | |||
| | image1 = Cricket in Iqbal Park (Lahore) and Badshahi Mosque.jpg | |||
| | caption1 = Locals playing ] cricket near ], Lahore | |||
| | width2 = 170 | |||
| | image2 = Pakvaus.jpg | |||
| | caption2 = A cricket match between Pakistan and Australia at ]. | |||
| }} | |||
| ] is the most popular sport in Pakistan, followed by ]. ] is the national sport. Other sports like ], ], and ] are also enjoyed. | |||
| ], however, is the most popular game across the country.<ref>{{cite news |author=Khan |first=Saad |date=15 March 2010 |title=The Death of Sports in Pakistan |work=] |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/saad-khan/the-death-of-sports-in-pa_b_498758.html |access-date=8 July 2010}}</ref> The country has had an array of success in the sport over the years, and has the distinct achievement of having won each of the major ] international cricket tournaments: ], ], and ];<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narayanan |first=Deepu |date=19 June 2017 |title=CT17 final stats: Pakistan become fourth team to win all three ICC crowns |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/95302/ct17-final-stats-pakistan-become-fourth-team-to-win-all-three-icc-crowns |access-date=2022-08-21 |website=] |language=en}}</ref> as well as the ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2016 |title=David Richardson presents ICC Test Championship mace to Misbah-ul-Haq |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/183562 |access-date=2022-08-21 |website=] |language=en}}</ref> The ] (known as ]) won the ] held in ]; it was runner-up once, in ]. Pakistan was runner-up in the inaugural ] (2007) in South Africa and won the ] in England. In March 2009, militants ] the touring ],<ref>{{cite news |date=4 March 2009 |title=Pakistan cricket future in doubt |work=] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/low/cricket/7921384.stm |access-date=1 January 2012}}</ref> after which no international cricket was played in Pakistan until May 2015, when the ]. Pakistan also won the ] by defeating arch-rivals ] in the ]. | |||
| ] |
In cricket, Pakistan boasts victories in all major ] tournaments, including the ], ], and ]. The ] ranks among the top ] globally.<ref>{{cite web |last=Narayanan |first=Deepu |date=19 June 2017 |title=CT17 final stats: Pakistan become fourth team to win all three ICC crowns |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/95302/ct17-final-stats-pakistan-become-fourth-team-to-win-all-three-icc-crowns |access-date=2022-08-21 |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 February 2019 |title=PSL's brand value stands at $230m or Rs 32.258 bn |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/431453-n-a |website=The News International}}</ref> | ||
| In football, Pakistan established the ] soon after its creation, and it is known for producing FIFA World Cup balls.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ahsan |first=Ali |date=23 December 2010 |title=A history of football in Pakistan — Part I |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/593095/a-history-of-football-in-pakistan-part-i |access-date=22 August 2022 |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2018-01-28 |title=Footballs made in Pakistan to be used in FIFA World Cup 2018 |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1620487/7-footballs-made-pakistan-used-fifa-world-cup-2018 |access-date=2022-08-21 |website=]}}</ref> | |||
| In field hockey, Pakistan boasts four ] wins, eight ] gold medals, and three ] gold medals. Squash player ] holds the record for the longest winning streak in professional sport history, winning 555 consecutive matches.<ref>{{cite book |author=Bill Mallon |title=Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement |author2=Jeroen Heijmans |publisher=Scarecrow |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-8108-7249-3 |edition=4th revised |page=291}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jahangir Khan recognised as greatest squash player of all time |url=https://unsquashable.com/en-us/blogs/world-tour-highlights/jahangir-khan-recognised-as-greatest-squash-player-of-all-time |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=UNSQUASHABLE |language=en}}</ref> Pakistan has hosted various international events, including Cricket and Hockey World Cups and Asian Games.<ref name="ICC-2021">{{cite web |date=16 November 2021 |title=USA to stage T20 World Cup: 2024–2031 ICC Men's tournament hosts confirmed |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2354682 |access-date=2022-08-21 |website=]}}</ref> | |||
| Pakistan has hosted or co-hosted several international sporting events: the ] and ]; the ], ], ] and ];<ref>{{cite web |title=Men's World Opens |url=http://www.worldsquash.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Mens-World-Open.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322112800/http://www.worldsquash.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Mens-World-Open.pdf |archive-date=22 March 2019 |access-date=28 April 2019 |work=Championship Records |publisher=] |pages=1–17}}</ref> the ] and ];<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathur |first=Amrit |date=22 December 2014 |title=The World Cup leaves England |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/amrit-mathur-on-the-1987-world-cup-the-world-cup-leaves-england-812593 |access-date=2022-08-21 |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2022 |title=Schedule announced for England's first tour of Pakistan in 17 years |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2709253 |access-date=2022-08-21 |website=] |language=en}}</ref> and the ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hockey World Cup Lahore 1990 {{!}} FIH |url=https://fih.ch/events/world-cup/hockey-world-cup-lahore-1990-m/ |access-date=2022-08-21 |website=]}}</ref> Pakistan is set to host the ],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yaqoob |first=Mohammad |date=2021-01-15 |title=Pakistan to host 2023 SAF Games after prime minister's approval: POA |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1601528 |access-date=2022-08-21 |website=] |language=en}}</ref> the ],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ali |first=Mir Shabbar |date=2022-08-18 |title=PCB unconcerned by PSL-IPL clash in 2025 as ICC announces new FTP cycle |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1705416 |access-date=2022-08-21 |website=] |language=en}}</ref> and the ].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=16 November 2021 |title=USA to stage T20 World Cup: 2024-2031 ICC Men's tournament hosts confirmed |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2354682 |access-date=2022-08-21 |website=] |language=en}}</ref> | |||
| == See also == | == See also == | ||
| {{Portal|Pakistan|Asia}} | {{Portal|Pakistan|Asia}} | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | |||
| {{-}} | |||
| {{Clear}} | |||
| == Notes == | == Notes == | ||
| {{notelist |refs= | |||
| {{efn|name="RSCT"|In the framework of their regional security complex theory (RSCT), Barry Buzan and Ole Waever differentiate between superpowers and great powers which act and influence the global level (or system level) and regional powers whose influence may be large in their regions but have less effect at the global level. This category of regional powers includes Brazil, Egypt, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Nigeria, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, South Africa and Turkey.}} | |||
| {{efn|name="Rigveda"|The precise time span of the period is uncertain. ] and ] evidence indicates that the ], the oldest of the Vedas, was composed roughly between 1700 and 1100 BCE, also referred to as the early Vedic period. Oberlies gives an estimate of 1200–1100 BCE for the youngest hymns in book ten. Estimates for a ''terminus post quem'' of the earliest hymns are more uncertain. Other 'cumulative evidence' sets a wide range of 1700–1100.}} | |||
| }}<!--end LDR notes--> | |||
| {{notelist}} | {{notelist}} | ||
| == References == | == References == | ||
| {{reflist |refs= | |||
| <ref name="Ahmed-1997">{{harvtxt|Ahmed|1997}} "Mountbatten's partiality was apparent in his own statements. He tilted openly and heavily towards Congress. While doing so he clearly expressed his lack of support and faith in the Muslim League and its Pakistan idea."</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Allchin-1982">{{harvtxt|Allchin|Allchin|1982}} "During the second half of the fourth and early part of the third millennium B.C., a new development begins to become apparent in the greater Indus system, which we can now see to be a formative stage underlying the Mature Indus of the middle and late third millennium. This development seems to have involved the whole Indus system, and to a lesser extent the Indo-Iranian borderlands to its west, but largely left untouched the subcontinent east of the Indus system."</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Cochrane-2009">{{harvtxt|Cochrane|2009}} "The social scientist, Nasim Ahmad Jawed has conducted a survey of nationalism in pre-divided Pakistan and identifies the links between religion, politics and nationalism in both wings of Pakistan. His findings are fascinating and go some way to explain the differing attitudes of West and East Pakistan to the relationship between Islam and Pakistani nationalism and how this affected the views of people in both wings, especially the views of the peoples of both wings towards each other. In 1969, Jawed conducted a survey on the type of national identity that was used by educated professional people. He found that just over 60% in the East wing professed to have a secular national identity. However, in the West wing, the same figure professed an Islamic and not a secular identity. Furthermore, the same figure in the East wing described their identity in terms of their ethnicity and not in terms of Islam. He found that the opposite was the case in the West wing where Islam was stated to be more important than ethnicity."</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Coningham-Young-2015">{{harvtxt|Coningham|Young|2015}} "Mehrgarh remains one of the key sites in South Asia because it has provided the earliest known undisputed evidence for farming and pastoral communities in the region, and its plant and animal material provide clear evidence for the ongoing manipulation, and domestication, of certain species. Perhaps most importantly in a South Asian context, the role played by zebu makes this a distinctive, localised development, with a character completely different from other parts of the world. Finally, the longevity of the site, and its articulation with the neighbouring site of Nausharo (c. 2800—2000 BCE), provides a very clear continuity from South Asia's first farming villages to the emergence of its first cities (Jarrige, 1984)."</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Copland-2001">{{harvtxt|Copland|2001}} "However, the real turning point for the new Muslim League came with the general election of December 1945 and January 1946. Despite facing a rejuvenated Congress, the League won four-fifths of all the Muslim-reserved seats ... The result left no one, not least the British, in doubt about where the locus of power within the Muslim community now lay ... In most respects, therefore, the League's success in the elections of 1945–46 can be interpreted as a clear Muslim mandate for Pakistan. (p 72)"</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Dhulipala-2015-1">{{harvtxt|Dhulipala|2015|page=496}} "The idea of Pakistan may have had its share of ambiguities, but its dismissal as a vague emotive symbol hardly illuminates the reasons as to why it received such overwhelmingly popular support among Indian Muslims, especially those in the 'minority provinces' of British India such as U.P."</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Dhulipala-2015-2">{{harvtxt|Dhulipala|2015|page=497}} "As the book has demonstrated, local ML functionaries, (U.P.) ML leadership, Muslim modernists at Aligarh, the ulama and even Jinnah at times articulated their vision of Pakistan in terms of an Islamic state."</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Dhulipala-2015-3">{{harvtxt|Dhulipala|2015|page=489}} "But what is undeniable is the close association he developed with the ulama, for when he died a little over a year after Pakistan was born, Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, in his funeral oration, described Jinnah as the greatest Muslim after the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb."……"Similarly, Usmani asked Pakistanis to remember the Qaid's ceaseless message of Unity, Faith and Discipline and work to fulfil his dream to create a solid bloc of all Muslim states from Karachi to Ankara, from Pakistan to Morocco. He wanted to see the Muslims of the world united under the banner of Islam as an effective check against the aggressive designs of their enemies."</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Dhulipala-2015-4">{{harvtxt|Dhulipala|2015|page=491}} "Khaliq drew a sharp distinction between this Islamic state and a Muslim state. He claimed that as of now Pakistan was only a Muslim state in view of the majority of its population being Muslim, and indeed could never be an Islamic state by itself. It could certainly fulfill its promise and destiny by bringing together all the believers of Islam into one political unit and it is only then that an Islamic state would be achieved."</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Dhulipala-2015-5">{{harvtxt|Dhulipala|2015|page=18}} "As a top ranking ML leader Khaliquzzaman declared, 'Pakistan would bring all Muslim countries together into Islamistan – a pan-Islamic entity'."</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Dhulipala-2015-6">{{harvtxt|Dhulipala|2015|page=19}} "Within the subcontinent, ML propaganda claimed that besides liberating the 'majority provinces' Muslims it would guarantee protection for Muslims who would be left behind in Hindu India. In this regard, it repeatedly stressed the hostage population theory that held that 'hostage' Hindu and Sikh minorities inside Pakistan would guarantee Hindu India's good behaviour towards its own Muslim minority."</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Diamantides-Gearey-2011-1">{{harvtxt|Diamantides|Gearey|2011|page=196}} "The Constitution of 1973 was created by a parliament that was elected in the 1970 elections. In this first ever general elections ..."</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Diamantides-Gearey-2011-2">{{harvtxt|Diamantides|Gearey|2011|page=198}} "The 1973 constitution also created certain institutions to channel the application and interpretation of Islam: the Council of Islamic Ideology and the Shariat Court."</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Diamantides-Gearey-2011-3">{{harvtxt|Diamantides|Gearey|2011|page=198}} "The Shariat judicial courts were not present in the original Constitution of 1973 and were later inserted in 1979 by General Zia-ul Haq ..."</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Dyson-2018">{{harvtxt|Dyson|2018}} "The subcontinent's people were hunter-gatherers for many millennia. There were very few of them. Indeed, 10,000 years ago there may only have been a couple of hundred thousand people, living in small, often isolated groups, the descendants of various 'modern' human incomers. Then, perhaps linked to events in Mesopotamia, about 8,500 years ago agriculture emerged in Baluchistan."</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Endrst-1965">{{harvtxt|Endrst|1965}} "Former Indian Defense Minister Krishna Menon who for years influenced the decisions of late Prime Minister Nehru himself a Kashmiri-put it bluntly last March in an interview with an American newsman when he said India could never agree to a U.N. sponsored plebiscite because 'Kashmir would vote to join Pakistan, and no Indian government responsible for agreeing to the plebiscite could survive.'"</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Fisher-2018">{{harvtxt|Fisher|2018}} "The earliest discovered instance in India of well-established, settled agricultural society is at Mehrgarh in the hills between the Bolan Pass and the Indus plain (today in Pakistan) (see Map 3.1). From as early as 7000 BCE, communities there started investing increased labor in preparing the land and selecting, planting, tending, and harvesting particular grain-producing plants. They also domesticated animals, including sheep, goats, pigs, and oxen (both humped zebu and unhumped ). Castrating oxen, for instance, turned them from mainly meat sources into domesticated draft-animals as well."</ref> | |||
| {{refn|name="Geology"|Geology: multiple sources: | |||
| * {{harvtxt|Hibbert|2015}} | |||
| * {{harvtxt|DeVivo|Laor|Panza|Kossobokov|2021}} | |||
| * {{harvtxt|Alisibramulisi et al.|2022}} | |||
| * {{harvtxt|Britannica (Azad Kashmir)|2024}} | |||
| }}<!--end refn--> | |||
| <ref name="Haqqani-2010-1">{{harvtxt|Haqqani|2010|page=16}} "The first formal step toward transforming Pakistan into an Islamic ideological state was taken in March 1949 when the country's first prime minister, Liaquat Ali Khan, presented the Objectives Resolution in the constituent assembly."</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Haqqani-2010-2">{{harvtxt|Haqqani|2010|page=18}} "One of the earliest Western scholars of Pakistani politics, Keith Callard, observed that Pakistanis seemed to believe in the essential unity of purpose and outlook in the Muslim world: Pakistan was founded to advance the cause of Muslims. Other Muslims might have been expected to be sympathetic, even enthusiastic. But this assumed that other Muslim states would take the same view of the relation between religion and nationality."</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Haqqani-2010-3">{{harvtxt|Haqqani|2010|page=18}} "Pakistan's pan-Islamic aspirations, however, were neither shared nor supported by the Muslim governments of the time. Nationalism in other parts of the Muslim world was based on ethnicity, language, or territory."</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Haqqani-2010-4">{{harvtxt|Haqqani|2010|page=19}} "Although Muslim governments were initially unsympathetic to Pakistan's pan-Islamic aspirations, Islamists from the world over were drawn to Pakistan. Controversial figures such as the pro-Nazi former grand mufti of Palestine, Al-Haj Amin al-Husseini, and leaders of Islamist political movements like the Arab Muslim Brotherhood became frequent visitors to the country."</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Haqqani-2013-1">{{harvtxt|Haqqani|2013|pages=20–21}} "Within a few years the president of the Muslim League, Chaudhry Khaliq-uz-Zaman, announced that Pakistan would bring all Muslim countries together into Islamistan – a pan-Islamic entity. None of these developments within the new country elicited approval among Americans for the idea of India's partition ... British Prime Minister Clement Attlee voiced the international consensus at the time when he told the House of Commons of his hope that 'this severance may not endure.' He hoped that the proposed dominions of India and Pakistan would in course of time, come together to form one great Member State of the British Commonwealth of Nations."</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Haqqani-2013-2">{{harvtxt|Haqqani|2013|page=22}} "During this time most of the Arab world was going through a nationalist awakening. Pan-Islamic dreams involving the unification of Muslim countries, possibly under Pakistani leadership, had little attraction."</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Hardy-1972">{{harvtxt|Hardy|1972}} "Much has been made' of the failure of Congress and the Muslim parties to agree over the Nehru Report and of the rejection of Jinnah's 'Fourteen Points' as a significant milestone along the way to the partition of India. A great opportunity was lost, it is thought, for the abandonment of separate electorates by voluntary Muslim agreement."</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Hasan-Raza-2009">{{harvtxt|Hasan|Raza|2009|page=12}} "When the British Indian Empire was partitioned in 1947, 4.7 million Sikhs and Hindus left what is today Pakistan for India, and 6.5 million Muslims migrated from India to Pakistan."</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Hunter-2010">{{harvtxt|Hunter|2010}} "Since then, Pakistan's sectarian tensions have been a major irritant in Iranian-Pakistan relations."</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Hussain-2008-1">{{harvtxt|Hussain|2008}} "Mawlānā Shabbīr Ahmad Usmānī, a respected Deobandī ʿālim (scholar) who was appointed to the prestigious position of Shaykh al-Islām of Pakistan in 1949, was the first to demand that Pakistan become an Islamic state. But Mawdūdī and his Jamāʿat-i Islāmī played the central part in the demand for an Islamic constitution. Mawdūdī demanded that the Constituent Assembly make an unequivocal declaration affirming the "supreme sovereignty of God" and the supremacy of the sharīʿah as the basic law of Pakistan."</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Hussain-2008-2">{{harvtxt|Hussain|2008}} "The first important result of the combined efforts of the Jamāʿat-i Islāmī and the ʿulamāʿ was the passage of the Objectives Resolution in March 1949, whose formulation reflected compromise between traditionalists and modernists. The resolution embodied "the main principles on which the constitution of Pakistan is to be based". It declared that "sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to God Almighty alone and the authority which He has delegated to the State of Pakistan through its people for being exercised within the limits prescribed by Him is a sacred trust", that "the principles of democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance and social justice, as enunciated by Islam shall be fully observed", and that "the Muslims shall be enabled to order their lives in the individual and collective spheres in accord with the teaching and requirements of Islam as set out in the Holy Qurʿan and Sunna". The Objectives Resolution has been reproduced as a preamble to the constitutions of 1956, 1962, and 1973."</ref> | |||
| {{refn|name="Iqbal"|Iqbal (two-nation theory): multiple sources: | |||
| * {{harvtxt|N. Khan|2012}} | |||
| * {{harvtxt|Basu|Miroshnik|2023}} "Mohammed Iqbal was credited with coming up with the two-nation theory in his speech at Allahabad in 1930 to the Muslim League in a very formal way by saying: "I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sind, and Baluchistan amalgamated into a single State. Self-government within the British Empire or without the British Empire, the formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Moslem State appears to me to be the final destiny of the Moslems, at least of NorthWest India" (Zaidi, 1993; Ahmed, 1970)." | |||
| * {{harvtxt|Hussain|2018}} "After repeated demands for stronger constitutional safeguards to protect the rights of minorities, Iqbal eventually opted for a separate Islamic Republic instead. As opposed to putting the free and rational individual at the centre of his democratic theory, Iqbal’s republic primarily required Muslims endowed with a specific character and smelted together by a peculiar vision of individuality. Like a number of his contemporaries, Iqbal warmed up to the two nation-theory. Unlike the mainstream view, however, which read an eternal struggle of Hindus and Muslims back into Indian history, Iqbal’s concept of the Muslim nation was something to be striven towards, not something to be replanted from the past. Iqbal believed that the best way to actualize this national sentiment in the present, was through individual political action." | |||
| }}<!--end refn--> | |||
| <ref name="Kulke-Rothermund-2016">{{harvtxt|Kulke|Rothermund|2016}} "In the early centuries the centre of Buddhist scholarship was the University of Taxila."</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Kumarasingham-2013">{{harvtxt|Kumarasingham|2013}} "Few today, including those who work on the subcontinent, recollect that India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka did not become republics the day British rule ended. Even distinguished scholars of Empire like Perry Anderson and A. G. Hopkins have made the common assumption that India naturally became a republic upon independence on 15 August 1947. Instead, all three of these South Asian states began their independent life as Realms within the British Commonwealth and mirrored the style and institutions of the Dominions of Canada, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand. Though their sovereignty was in no way impaired by this seemingly ambiguous position they all held the British sovereign as their head of state who was represented in each capital by a governor- general appointed on the advice of the local prime minister. India, Pakistan and Ceylon were Realms from 1947 to 1950, 1947 to 1956 and 1948 to 1972 respectively."</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Lapierre-Collins-2015">{{harvtxt|Lapierre|Collins|2015}} "Not only was I not aware, but nobody was aware. Nobody had a clue. I'm glad I didn't because I just don't know what I would have done if I'd known that. | |||
| You see, Jinnah was so much of a one-man band. If somebody had told me he's going to be dead in x months would I then | |||
| -I am asking myself this question now-would I have said, Let's hold India together and not divide it? Would I have put back the clock, and held the position? Most probably. I have a feeling Jinnah may not have known himself he had tuberculosis. He was a very severe, cold and repressed person. Nothing would have surprised me about him. He was an extraordinary creature."</ref> | |||
| <ref name="McGrath-1996">{{harvtxt|McGrath|1996}} "Undivided India, their magnificent imperial trophy, was besmirched by the creation of Pakistan, and the division of India was never emotionally accepted by many British leaders, Mountbatten among them."</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Metcalf-2006">{{harvtxt|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006}} "The loss of life was immense, with estimates ranging from several hundred thousand up to a million. But, even for those who survived, fear generated a widespread perception that one could be safe only among members of one's own community; and this in turn helped consolidate loyalties towards the state, whether India or Pakistan, in which one might find a secure haven. This was especially important for Pakistan, where the succour it offered to Muslims gave that state for the first time a visible territorial reality. Fear too drove forward a mass migration unparalleled in the history of South Asia. ... Overall, partition uprooted some 12.5 million of undivided India's people."</ref> | |||
| {{refn|name="Middle power nation"|Middle power: multiple sources: | |||
| * {{harvtxt|Buzan|2004}} | |||
| * {{harvtxt|Solomon|1997}} | |||
| * {{harvtxt|Rajagopalan|2011}} | |||
| * {{harvtxt|Buzan|Waever|2003}} | |||
| * {{harvtxt|Paul|2012|p=11}} "The regional powers such as Israel or Pakistan are not simple bystanders of great power politics in their regions; they attempt to asymmetrically influence the major power system often in their own distinct ways." | |||
| * {{harvtxt|Vandamme|2014|p=14}} "Countries like Saudi Arabia and Pakistan have enough influence to not be considered small, but not enough to be major powers. Within the limits of their regions, they play a significant political role. Thus instinctively, they would qualify as middle powers. While it is not the objective here to question the characteristics of Jordan's definition of middle powers, we argue that Pakistan is in fact a middle power despite its being nuclear-armed. When looking at the numbers, for instance, it appears that Saudi Arabia and Pakistan can be classified as middle powers." | |||
| }}<!--end refn--> | |||
| {{refn|name="Military relations"|Military relations: multiple sources: | |||
| * {{harvtxt|Yadav|2024}} | |||
| * {{harvtxt|Lalwani|2023}} | |||
| * {{harvtxt|Kronstadt|2023}} | |||
| * {{harvtxt|Bruno|Bajoria|2008}} | |||
| }}<!--end refn--> | |||
| <ref name="Mohiuddin-2007-1">{{harvtxt|Mohiuddin|2007|page=70}} "In the elections of 1946, the Muslim League won 90 percent of the legislative seats reserved for Muslims. It was the power of the big zamindars in Punjab and Sindh behind the Muslim League candidates that led to this massive landslide victory (Alavi 2002, 14). Even Congress, which had always denied the League's claim to be the only true representative of Indian Muslims had to concede the truth of that claim. The 1946 election was, in effect, a plebiscite among Muslims on Pakistan."</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Mohiuddin-2007-2">{{harvtxt|Mohiuddin|2007|page=71}} "Despite the League's victory in the elections, the British did not want the partition of British India. As a last attempt to avoid it, Britain put forward the Cabinet Mission Plan, according to which India would become a federation of three large, self-governing provinces and the central government would be limited to power over foreign policy and defense, implying a weak center."</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Needham-1994">{{harvtxt|Needham|1994}} "When the men of Alexander the Great came to Taxila in India in the fourth century BCE they found a university there the like of which had not been seen in Greece, a university which taught the three Vedas and the eighteen accomplishments and was still existing when the Chinese pilgrim Fa-Hsien went there about CE 400."</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Pande-2011-1">{{harvtxt|Pande|2011|page=178}} "The belief that the creation of Pakistan made Pakistan the true leader of Muslim causes around the world led Pakistan's diplomats to vigorously champion the cause of self-determination for fellow Muslims at the United Nations. Pakistan's founders, including Jinnah, supported anti-colonial movements: "Our heart and soul go out in sympathy with those who are struggling for their freedom ... If subjugation and exploitation are carried on, there will be no peace and there will be no end to wars." Pakistani efforts on behalf of Indonesia (1948), Algeria (1948–1949), Tunisia (1948–1949), Morocco (1948–1956) and Eritrea (1960–1991) were significant and initially led to close ties between these countries and Pakistan."</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Pande-2011-2">{{harvtxt|Pande|2011|page=159}} "Both Saudi Arabia and Iran used Pakistan as a battleground for their proxy war for the 'hearts and minds' of Pakistani Sunnis and Shias with the resultant rise in sectarian tensions in Pakistan. The rise of the Taliban in Afghanistan in the 1990s further strained Pakistan-Iran relations. Pakistan's support of the Sunni Pashtun organization created problems for Shia Iran for whom a Taliban-controlled Afghanistan was a nightmare."</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Pasha-2005-1">{{harvtxt|Pasha|2005|page=225}} "Pakistan's expression of solidarity was followed, after Independence, by a vigorous pursuit of bilateral relations with Muslim countries like Iran and Turkey."</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Pasha-2005-2">{{harvtxt|Pasha|2005|page=226}} "Following Khaliquzzaman, the Ali brothers had sought to project Pakistan, with its comparatively larger manpower and military strength, as the natural leader of the Islamic world."</ref> | |||
| {{refn|name="Riots-1"|Casualties/Genocide: multiple sources: | |||
| * {{harvtxt|Sikand|2004}} | |||
| * {{harvtxt|Butalia|2000}} | |||
| * {{harvtxt|Isaacs|1975}} "2,000,000 killed in the Hindu-Muslim holocaust during the partition of British-India and the creation of India and Pakistan" | |||
| * {{harvtxt|Basrur|2008}} "An estimated 12–15 million people were displaced, and some 2 million died. The legacy of Partition (never without a capital P) remains strong today ..." | |||
| * {{harvtxt|D'Costa|2011}} "Estimates of the dead vary from 200,000 (the contemporary British figure) to 2 million (a subsequent Indian speculation). Today, however, it is widely accepted that nearly a million people died during Partition (Butalia, 1997)." | |||
| * {{harvtxt|Brass|2003}} "In the event, largely but not exclusively as a consequence of their efforts, the entire Muslim population of the eastern Punjab districts migrated to West Punjab and the entire Sikh and Hindu populations moved to East Punjab in the midst of widespread intimidation, terror, violence, abduction, rape, and murder." | |||
| }}<!--end refn--> | |||
| {{refn|name="Riots-2"|Rape figures: multiple sources: | |||
| * {{harvtxt|Visweswaran|2011}} | |||
| * {{harvtxt|Daiya|2011}} "The official estimate of the number of abducted women during Partition was placed at 33,000 non-Muslim (Hindu or Sikh predominantly) women in Pakistan, and 50,000 Muslim women in India." | |||
| * {{harvtxt|Abraham|2002}} "In addition thousands of women on both sides of the newly formed borders (estimated range from 29,000 to 50,000 Muslim women and 15,000 to 35,000 Hindu and Sikh women) were abducted, raped, forced to convert, forced into marriage, forced back into what the two States defined as 'their proper homes', torn apart from their families once during partition by those who abducted them, and again, after partition, by the State which tried to 'recover' and 'rehabilitate' them." | |||
| * {{harvtxt|Singh|Iyer|Gairola|2016}} "The horrific statistics that surround women refugees-between 75,000–100,000 Hindu, Muslim and Sikh women who were abducted by men of the other communities, subjected to multiple rapes, mutilations, and, for some, forced marriages and conversions-is matched by the treatment of the abducted women in the hands of the nation-state. In the Constituent Assembly in 1949 it was recorded that of the 50,000 Muslim women abducted in India, 8,000 of then were recovered, and of the 33,000 Hindu and Sikh women abducted, 12,000 were recovered." | |||
| }}<!--end refn--> | |||
| <ref name="Roberts-2003">{{harvtxt|Roberts|2003}} "The following year, Choudhry Khaliquzzaman toured the Middle East, pleading for the formation of an alliance or confederation of Muslim states. The Arab states, often citing Pakistan's inability to solve its problems with Muslim neighbor Afghanistan, showed little enthusiasm ... Some saw the effort to form 'Islamistan' as a Pakistani attempt to dominate other Muslim states."</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Sengupta-2023">{{harvtxt|Sengupta|2023}} "Syed Ahmad Khan, the founder of the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College (which later became Aligarh Muslim University), had declared in a speech in Meerut what would become famous as the "two nation theory.""......"Is it possible that under these circumstances two nations — the Mahomedans and the Hindus — could sit on the same throne and remain equal in power? Most certainly not."</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Singh-Shani-2021">{{harvtxt|Singh|Shani|2021}} "Jinnah's famous 'fourteen points' as a condition for support for India's unity, with strong provinces within a weak Indian federation, marked the parting of ways between the Congress and the Muslim national leadership (Jalal 1994, 10–11). At the 1930 session of the All-Indian Muslim Conference, Sir Mohammed Iqbal proposed a Muslim homeland that would serve 'as a symbolic cultural expression of the common striving of Muslim fulfilment – a political manifestation of a common mission' (Gilmartin 1988, 167). The idea of self-determination for India's Muslims was constructed mainly in fear of the majoritarian 'secular' (Hindu) nationalism of the Congress."</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Stubbs-Thomson-2016">{{harvtxt|Stubbs|Thomson|2016}} "Perhaps best known as home to Asia's earliest cities, the Harappan sites of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, Pakistan's rich history includes contributions from prominent Buddhist, Hindu, Hellenistic, Jain and Zoroastrian civilizations, as well as those connected to its Islamic heritage."</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Syed-Pio-Kamran-Zaidi-2016-1">{{harvtxt|Syed|Pio|Kamran|Zaidi|2016|page=379}} "... the military dictator Zia ul Haq (1977–1988) forged a strong alliance between the military and Deobani institutions and movements (e.g. the TJ)."</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Syed-Pio-Kamran-Zaidi-2016-2">{{harvtxt|Syed|Pio|Kamran|Zaidi|2016|page=346}} "The grave impact of that legacy was compunded by the Iranian Revolution, and Zia-ul Haq's anti-Shia policies, which added the violence and regimentation of the organization."</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Tucker-2020">{{harvtxt|Tucker|2020}} "Gandhi's decision played directly into the hands of Jinnah. Jinnah's Muslim League strongly supported the Allied war effort and thereby greatly advanced the possibility of the creation of a separate Muslim state in the Indian subcontinent after the war."</ref> | |||
| {{refn|name="Vedic period"|Vedic period: multiple sources: | |||
| * {{harvtxt|Ninan|2018}} | |||
| * {{harvtxt|Parmar|2018}} | |||
| * {{harvtxt|Consiglio|2015}} | |||
| * {{harvtxt|Carmichael|2022}} | |||
| }}<!--end refn--> | |||
| <ref name="Wolpert-1984">{{harvtxt|Wolpert|1984|page=17}} "Barrister Jinnah of Bombay remained as remote from such feelings, as out of tune with such reasoning, as he had been in London in 1893, when Sir Sayyid first spoke of Hindus and Muslims as "different nationalities.""</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Wolpert-2009">{{harvtxt|Wolpert|2009}} "Mountbatten tried to convince Jinnah of the value of accepting him, Mountbatten, as Pakistan's first governor-general, but Jinnah refused to be moved from his determination to take that job himself."</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Wright-2009">{{harvtxt|Wright|2009}} "The Indus civilisation is one of three in the 'Ancient East' that, along with Mesopotamia and Pharaonic Egypt, was a cradle of early civilisation in the Old World (Childe, 1950). Mesopotamia and Egypt were longer lived, but coexisted with Indus civilisation during its florescence between 2600 and 1900 B.C. Of the three, the Indus was the most expansive, extending from today's northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and India."</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Wuthnow-2013">{{harvtxt|Wuthnow|2013}} "To satisfy Muslims' determination to have guaranteed rights in the future political system of India and to maintain territorial unity of the Indian state, by 1929 Jinnah produced the formula known as the Fourteen Points of Mr. Jinnah. | |||
| The Fourteen Points included separate electorates for Muslims in the provinces of India, parity of electoral representation in the Punjab and Bengal, and electoral considerations for Muslims in those provinces in which they were a minority, although they would retain clear majority in the Northwest Frontier Province, Baluchistan, and Sind."</ref> | |||
| <ref name="Wynbrandt-2009">{{harvtxt|Wynbrandt|2009|pp=216–217}} "Zia, however, tried to bolster the influence of Islamic parties and the ulama on government and society."</ref> | |||
| }}<!-- end LDR refs--> | |||
| {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} | {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} | ||
| {{reflist|group=note}} | |||
| == Bibliography == | == Bibliography == | ||
| {{See also|Bibliography of Pakistan}} | {{See also|Bibliography of Pakistan}} | ||
| ===Overview=== | |||
| {{refbegin}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Ayres|first1=Alyssa|author-link1=Alyssa Ayres|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FddJQi1dQ30C&pg=PA38|title=Speaking Like a State: Language and Nationalism in Pakistan|date=23 July 2009|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=]|page=38|isbn=978-0-521-51931-1}} | |||
| * {{cite journal|last1=Badian|first1=Ernst|author-link1=Ernst Badian|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/639350|title=Alexander at Peucelaotis|journal=]|volume=37|pages=117–128|number=1|year=1987|jstor=639350|doi=10.1017/S0009838800031712|s2cid=246878679}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Baqir|first1=Fayyaz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwtpDwAAQBAJ|title=Poverty Alleviation and Poverty of Aid: Pakistan|date=6 August 2018|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=]|page=|isbn=978-0-429-87153-5}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last=Bhandari|first=Medani P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w_iGEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT241|title=Getting the Climate Science Facts Right: The Role of the IPCC|date=September 2022|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=River Publishers|isbn=978-1-000-79720-6}} | |||
| * {{Cite book|last1=Buzan|first1=Barry|last2=Waever|first2=Ole|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N3LfkrrNM4QC&pg=PA55|title=Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=]|isbn=978-0-521-89111-0|page=55}} | |||
| * {{cite book |last=Buzan |first=Barry |year=2004 |title=The United States and the great powers: world politics in the twenty-first century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XvtS5hKg9jYC&pg=PR8 |access-date=30 April 2024 |publisher=Polity |isbn=978-0-7456-3374-9 |pages=71, 99 }} | |||
| * {{cite book|last=Copland|first=Ian|title=India, 1885–1947: The Unmaking of an Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dw1uAAAAMAAJ|series=Seminar Studies in History|year=2001|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-0-582-38173-5}} | |||
| * {{cite book|editor-last1=Cornwall|editor-first1=Andrea|editor-last2=Edwards|editor-first2=Jenny|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JOViDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT176|title=Feminisms, Empowerment and Development: Changing Womens Lives|date=13 March 2014|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=978-1-78032-586-6}} | |||
| * {{cite encyclopedia|editor-last1=Eberhard|editor-first1=David M.|editor-last2=Simons|editor-first2=Gary F.|editor-last3=Fennig|editor-first3=Charles D.|year=2022|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=25|place=Dallas, Texas|publisher=SIL International|chapter=Pakistan|chapter-url=https://ethnologue.com/country/PK|access-date=2 January 2023|archive-date=9 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309065841/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/PK/|url-status=dead}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last=Haleem|first=Safia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AcA-AQAAQBAJ|title=Pakistan – Culture Smart!: The Essential Guide to Customs & Culture|chapter=1, 7|date=May 2013|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=Kuperard|isbn=978-1-85733-678-8}} | |||
| * {{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=564,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (Pakistan)|publisher=]|date=22 October 2024|access-date=29 October 2024|ref={{harvid|IMF|2024}}}} | |||
| * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0pbMEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA54|title=Pakistan: Request for a Stand-by Arrangement-Press Release; Staff Report; Staff Statement; and Statement by the Executive Director for Pakistan|date=18 July 2023|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=]|page=54|isbn=979-8-4002-4851-1|ref={{harvid|IMF|2023}}}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last=James|first=Orpha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u2WkEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT14|title=Faith Restored: "A Pakistani Women's Journey from Land of Islam to a Nation Under God' a Christian Perspective|date=22 December 2022|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=WestBow Press|isbn=978-1-6642-8702-0}} | |||
| *<!--Joseph-->{{cite book|author=Mathew Joseph C.|title=Understanding Pakistan: Emerging Voices from India|publisher=]|year=2016|page=337|isbn=978-1-351-99725-6|oclc=958566633|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6iUlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA337|ref={{harvid|Joseph|2016}}}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Metcalf|first1=Barbara D.|last2=Metcalf|first2=Thomas R.|title=A Concise History of Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjIfqyY7jlsC&pg=PA221|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=]|year=2006|page=221|isbn=978-1-139-45887-0}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last=Minahan|first=James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D7rOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PR19|title=The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems |access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2009|page=141|isbn=978-0-313-34497-8}} | |||
| * {{cite book |last1=Paul |first1=T. V. |date=2012 |title=International Relations Theory and Regional Transformation |publisher=] |isbn=978-1-107-02021-4 |page=11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ofzH6pFO9iUC&pg=PA11 |access-date=3 February 2017 }} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Rais|first1=Rasul Bakhsh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXwzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA191|title=Imagining Pakistan: Modernism, State, and the Politics of Islamic Revival|date=30 August 2017|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=Lexington Books|page=191|isbn=978-1-4985-5396-4}} | |||
| * {{cite book |last=Rajagopalan |first=Rajesh |year=2011 |chapter=Pakistan: regional power, global problem? |editor1=Nadine Godehardt |editor2=Dirk Nabers |title=Regional Orders and Regional Powers |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l2WrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA193 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-71891-5 |pages=193–208 }} | |||
| * {{cite web |author=SATP |date=2024 |title=Pakistan: Assessment-2024 |url=https://www.satp.org/terrorism-assessment/pakistan |website=South Asian Terrorism Portal |access-date=25 April 2024 }} | |||
| * {{cite web |last=Solomon |first=Hussein |date=May 1997 |title=South African Foreign Policy and Middle Power Leadership |url=http://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/Monographs/No13/Solomon.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020624231948/http://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/Monographs/No13/Solomon.html |archive-date=24 June 2002 |access-date=27 December 2011 }} | |||
| * {{cite book|last=Spuler|first=Bertold|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E2DGzwEACAAJ|title=The Muslim World: a Historical Survey|year=1969|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=E.J. Brill|location=Leiden, Netherlands|isbn=978-90-04-02104-4}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last=Talbot|first=Ian|title=A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sXsmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA227|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=]|year=2016|pages=227–240|isbn=978-0-300-21659-2}} | |||
| * {{cite web|last1=Vandamme|first1=Dorothee|date=August 2014|title="Pakistan and Saudi Arabia: Towards Greater Independence in their Afghan Foreign Policy"|url=https://dial.uclouvain.be/downloader/downloader.php?pid=boreal%3A180961&datastream=PDF_01&disclaimer=f0803a73d3d99903e058788b0845d39f9edf476c234aeb6ad3791b5875fa57bd|publisher=]|access-date=16 November 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last=Wright|first=Rita P.|title=The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MG2ztAEACAAJ&pg=PA1|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=]|date=26 October 2009|pages=1–2|isbn=978-0-521-57219-4}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last=Wynbrandt|first=James|title=A Brief History of Pakistan|url=https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofpa0000wynb|url-access=registration|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=2009|isbn=978-0-8160-6184-6}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Zia|first1=Nadeem|last2=Burton|first2=Bruce|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1hzTEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA2002|title=Corporate Governance Challenges in Pakistan: Perceptions and Potential Routes Forward|date=24 October 2023|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=De Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-077306-4}} | |||
| {{refend}} | |||
| ===Etymology=== | |||
| {{refbegin}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Anand|first1=Sugam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aRgcAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA178|title=Modern Indian Historiography: From Pillai to Azad | |||
| |year=1991|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=MG Publishers|page=178|isbn=978-81-85532-09-7}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Aziz|first1=Khursheed Kamal|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jB5uAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA88|title=Rahmat Ali: A Biography|year=1987|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=Vanguard|page=88|isbn=978-3-515-05051-7}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Lahiri|first1=Ashok|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=NS6iEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT74|title=India in Search of Glory: Political Calculus and Economy | |||
| |date=23 January 2023|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-5492-837-6}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Saqib|first1=Muhammad Amjad|last2=Malik|first2=Aneeqa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mEBvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT100|title=Integral Finance – Akhuwat: A Case Study of the Solidarity Economy|date=21 September 2018|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-72767-9}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Tummala|first1=Krishna K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HSQZj1_FrosC&pg=PA42|title=Public Administration in India|year=1996|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=Allied Publishers (P) Limited|page=42|isbn=978-81-7023-590-3}} | |||
| {{refend}} | |||
| ===History=== | |||
| {{refbegin}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Abraham|first1=Taisha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cm4PBNdaFjYC&pg=PA131|title=Women and the Politics of Violence|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|year=2002|isbn=978-81-241-0847-5|page=131}} | |||
| * {{cite web|last1=Afzal|first1=Madiha|url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/pakistans-surprising-and-marred-2024-election-and-what-comes-next/|title=Pakistan's surprising and marred 2024 election, and what comes next|date=29 February 2024|website=]|access-date=21 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Agha|first1=Karrar Ali|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WbNrzgEACAAJ|title=Fall of East Pakistan: The Forgotten War: Forgotten Yet Never Forgiven|date=8 May 2021|publisher=] – KDP Print US|isbn=978-969-23257-0-7|access-date=16 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Ahmad|first1=Samir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qyHcEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT66|title=Track Two Diplomacy Between India and Pakistan: Peace Negotiations and Initiatives|date=23 November 2023|publisher=]|isbn=978-1-000-99914-3|access-date=19 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Ahmed|first1=Akbar S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YGdiqF6V8wYC&pg=PA136|title=Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin|publisher=Psychology Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-415-14966-2|page=136|access-date=13 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Ahmed|first1=Mukhtar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qLTBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA113|title=Ancient Pakistan - An Archaeological History: Volume I: The Stone Age|date=29 May 2014|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform|page=113|isbn=978-1-4954-9047-7}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Akbar|first1=M. J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qaohEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT55|title=India: The Siege Within|date=8 February 2018|publisher=]|isbn=978-81-936009-7-9|access-date=26 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|editor-last1=Akbarzadeh|editor-first1=Shahram| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bpoMEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT378|title=Routledge Handbook of Political Islam|date=29 December 2020|publisher=]|isbn=978-0-429-75717-4|access-date=8 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Allchin |first1=Bridget |last2=Allchin |first2=Raymond |author-link1=Bridget Allchin|author-link2=Raymond Allchin|title=The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4s-YsP6vcIC&pg=PA131|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=]|year=1982 |page=131|isbn=978-0-521-28550-6}} | |||
| * {{cite book|editor-last1=Allchin|editor-first1=Bridget|editor-last2=Petraglia|editor-first2=Michael D.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm9GfjNlnRwC&pg=PA5|title=The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia: Inter-disciplinary Studies in Archaeology, Biological Anthropology, Linguistics and Genetics|date=22 May 2007|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=Springer Netherlands|page=5|isbn=978-1-4020-5562-1}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Banerjee|first1=Kanchan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Em17EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT69|title=The Crash Of A Civilization|date=20 May 2022|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=978-93-5521-240-5}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Basrur|first1=Rajesh M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yqAGKpOe9xMC&pg=PA36|title=South Asia's Cold War: Nuclear Weapons and Conflict in Comparative Perspective|publisher=Routledge|year=2008 |isbn=978-1-134-16531-5|page=36|access-date=9 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Basu|first1=Dipak|last2=Miroshnik|first2=Victoria| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lhUwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA158|title=India as an Organization: Volume One: A Strategic Risk Analysis of Ideals, Heritage and Vision · Volume 1|date=16 August 2017|publisher=]|page=158|isbn=978-3-319-53371-1|access-date=7 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Basu|first1=Dipak|last2=Miroshnik|first2=Victoria W.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a1mjEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA125|title=How Pakistan Was Formed: The Economic Rationale for Partition|date=9 January 2023|publisher=]|page=125|isbn=978-1-6669-1745-1|access-date=7 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Beachler|first1=Donald W.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gStdAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT31|title=The Genocide Debate: Politicians, Academics, and Victims|date=14 August 2011|publisher=]|page=16|isbn=978-0-230-33763-3|access-date=16 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Behrendt|first1=Kurt A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJ3eCZVlT48C|title=The Art of Gandhara in the Metropolitan Museum of Art|year=2007|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|location=]|pages=4–5, 91|isbn=978-1-58839-224-4}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Bhaumik|first1=Subir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iftjFki3fhYC&pg=PA6|title=Insurgent Crossfire: North-East India|publisher=Lancer Publishers|access-date=12 May 2024|year=1996|isbn=978-1-897829-12-7|page=6}} | |||
| * {{cite journal|last1=Bose|first1=Sarmila|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4417267|title=Anatomy of Violence: Analysis of Civil War in East Pakistan in 1971|journal=]|volume=40|issue=41|pages=4463–4471|year=2005|jstor=4417267|issn=2349-8846}} | |||
| * {{cite journal|last1=Brass|first1=Paul R.|author-link=Paul Brass|url=http://faculty.washington.edu/brass/Partition.pdf|title=The partition of India and retributive genocide in the Punjab, 1946–47: means, methods, and purposes|year=2003|publisher=]|pages=81–82|journal=]|volume=5|number=1|doi=10.1080/14623520305657|access-date=16 August 2014|archive-date=14 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414153300/http://faculty.washington.edu/brass/Partition.pdf|url-status=dead }} | |||
| * {{cite book|editor-last1=Burnett|editor-first1=M. Troy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=METPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA566|title=Nationalism Today: Extreme Political Movements Around the World |date=4 August 2020|publisher=]|page=566|isbn=978-1-4408-5000-4|access-date=21 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Burrison|first1=John A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QtgyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA110|title=Global Clay: Themes in World Ceramic Traditions|date=16 June 2017|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=]|page=110|isbn=978-0-253-03189-1}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Busch|first1=Nathan E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NZsfBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA184|title=No End in Sight: The Continuing Menace of Nuclear Proliferation|date=17 October 2014|publisher=]|page=184|isbn=978-0-8131-5662-0|access-date=19 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Butalia|first1=Urvashi|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/b/butalia-silence.html|title=The Other Side of Silence: Voices From the Partition of British India|publisher=]|year=2000|isbn=978-0-8223-2494-2}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last=Canfield|first=Robert L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3JhKNSk8tQC&pg=PA4|title=Turko-Persia in historical perspective|publisher=]|pages=4–21|year=2002|access-date=30 April 2024|isbn=978-0-521-52291-5}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Carmichael|first1=A. J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7WOjEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT53|title=Ancient India, Rise and Fall: Exploring the Greatest Dynasties and Legacy of Empire in South Asia|date=22 December 2022|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=Draft2digital|page=|isbn=979-8-215-06793-2}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Cavendish|first1=Marshall|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j894miuOqc4C|title=World and Its Peoples: Volume 1|date=September 2006|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=]|isbn=978-0-7614-7571-2}} | |||
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| * {{cite book|last1=Mazari|first1=Shireen M.|author-link1=Shireen Mazari|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OwFvAAAAMAAJ|title=The Kargil Conflict, 1999: Separating Fact from Fiction|year=2003|publisher=]|isbn=978-969-8772-00-0|access-date=19 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=McGrath|first1=Allen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a0FuAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA38|title=The Destruction of Pakistan's Democracy|publisher=]|year=1996|isbn=978-0-19-577583-9|page=38}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Mohiuddin|first1=Yasmin Niaz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OTMy0B9OZjAC|title=Pakistan: A Global Studies Handbook|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2007|isbn=978-1-85109-801-9}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Mookerji|first1=Radhakumud|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=mjFfqpq7HhkC&pg=PA478|title=Ancient Indian Education: Brahmanical and Buddhist|year=1989|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|pages=478–479|isbn=978-81-208-0423-4}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last=Mufti |first=Shahan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jb9vDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA134|title=The Faithful Scribe: A Story of Islam, Pakistan, Family and War|date=2013|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=Other Press|page=124|isbn=978-1-59051-505-1}} | |||
| * {{cite journal|last1=Muniapan|first1=Balakrishnan|last2=Shaikh|first2=Junaid M.|url=https://www.inderscienceonline.com/doi/abs/10.1504/WREMSD.2007.012130?journalCode=wremsd#|title=Lessons in corporate governance from Kautilya's Arthashastra in ancient India|journal= World Review of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development|date=February 2007|volume=3|issue=1|page=50|doi=10.1504/WREMSD.2007.012130}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Needham|first1=Joseph|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=taweAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA24|title=A selection from the writings of Joseph Needham|year=1994|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=McFarland & Company|page=24|isbn=978-0-89950-903-7}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Ninan|first1=M M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3ZvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54|title= Brahman: The Discovery of the God of Abraham|date=13 September 2018|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=Lulu.com|page=54|isbn=978-0-359-08707-5}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Oberlies|first1=Thomas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e6zpEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA25|title=The Religion of the Rigveda|date=12 December 2023|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=OUP Oxford|page=25|isbn=978-0-19-269432-4}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Oldenburg|first1=Philip|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oLsuCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA226|title=India, Pakistan, and Democracy: Solving the Puzzle of Divergent Paths|date=13 September 2010|publisher=]|page=226|isbn=978-1-136-93930-3|access-date=17 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Oursel|first1=Paul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_qvWzgEACAAJ|title=Ancient India and Indian Civilization: Volume I|date=19 December 2015|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=Independently Published|isbn=979-8-7737-7381-8}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Pandeya|first1=Visva Mohana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vu2lu-ZI-vQC&pg=PA37|title=Historiography of India's Partition: An Analysis of Imperialist Writings|year=2003|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors|page=37|isbn=978-81-269-0314-6|access-date=7 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Parker|first1=Philip|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObbjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA75|title= World History: From the Ancient World to the Information Age|date=3 October 2017|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=DK|page=75|isbn=978-0-7440-3345-8}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Parmar|first1=Manish Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hutUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP4|title=Ancient India: A Glimpse of Indias' Glorious Ancient Past|date=10 April 2018|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=BookRix|isbn=978-3-7438-6452-8}} | |||
| * {{cite book|editor-last1=Paxton|editor-first1=John|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QunIDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA949|title=The Statesman's Year-Book 1986-87|date=22 December 2016|publisher=]|page=949|isbn=978-0-230-27115-9|access-date=17 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Pirbhai|first1=M. Reza|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jEOCeD7ntzUC&pg=PR21|title=Reconsidering Islam in a South Asian Context|year=2009|publisher=]|isbn=978-90-04-17758-1|access-date=3 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Pollitt|first1=Jerome Jordan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vt9JwsNcKzwC&pg=PA285|title=Art in the Hellenistic Age|date=12 June 1986|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=]|page=285|isbn=978-0-521-27672-6}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Quintanilla|first1=Sonya Rhie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rtqvCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA9|title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura, Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE|date=15 March 2007|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=Brill|page=9|isbn=978-90-474-1930-3}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Rahmaan|first1=Anis Ur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=diREDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT26|title=Evolution of Town Planning in Pakistan: With a Specific Reference to Punjab Province|date=16 October 2017|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=Xlibris US|isbn= | |||
| 978-1-5245-8482-5}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Riggs|first1=Erin P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qZ1Z0AEACAAJ|title=A Contemporary Archaeology of Post-Displacement Resettlement: Delhi's 1947 Partition Refugee Homescapes|year=2024|publisher=]|isbn=978-1-003-24714-2|access-date=10 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Ruhland|first1=Heike|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7uC_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA49|title=Peacebuilding in Pakistan: A Study on the Religious Minorities and Initiatives for Interfaith Harmony|year=2019|publisher=Waxmann Verlag GmbH|page=49|isbn=978-3-8309-9121-2|access-date=21 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Rummel|first1=Rudolph J.|author-link1=R. J. Rummel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LFDWp7O9_dIC&pg=PA153|title=Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900|year=1998|publisher=]|page=153|isbn=978-3-8258-4010-5|access-date=16 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Rustomji|first1=Behram Sohrab H. J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-wprhxyyPIC|title=Karachi, 1839-1947 (a Short History of the Foundation and Growth of Karachi)|year=1952|publisher=Excelsior Electric Printing Works|access-date=3 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Sadasivan|first1=Balaji|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=980SAvbmpUkC&pg=PT55|title=The Dancing Girl: A History of Early India|year=2011|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=978-981-4311-67-0}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Samad|first1=Rafi U.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PMEd8Cqh-YQC&pg=PA275|title=The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys|year=2011|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=Algora Pib.|page=275|isbn=978-0-87586-860-8}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Sengupta|first1=Hindol|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RcT3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53|title= Soul and Sword: The Endless Battle Over Political Hinduism|date=December 2023|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|page=53|isbn=978-1-5381-2684-4|access-date=3 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|editor-last1=Sharma|editor-first1=Anamika|editor-last2=D'Angelo|editor-first2=James|editor-last3=Giri|editor-first3=Ram Ashish|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FRP9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA130|title=Functional Variations in English: Theoretical Considerations and Practical Challenges|date=14 September 2020|publisher=Springer International Publishing|page=130|isbn=978-3-030-52225-4|access-date=3 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Sikand|first1=Yoginder|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yf5aJi2loLcC&pg=PA5|title=Muslims in India Since 1947: Islamic Perspectives on Inter-Faith Relations|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=978-1-134-37825-8|page=5|access-date=9 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Simpson|first1=Andrew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3XvBbdWCKYC&pg=PA102|title=Language and National Identity in Asia|date=30 August 2007|publisher=OUP Oxford|page=102|isbn=978-0-19-153308-2|access-date=2 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Amritjit|last2=Iyer|first2=Nalini|last3=Gairola|first3=Rahul K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tmA0DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA14|title=Revisiting India's Partition: New Essays on Memory, Culture, and Politics|publisher=]|year=2016|isbn=978-1-4985-3105-4|page=14}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Gurharpal|last2=Shani|first2=Giorgio|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IctVEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA75|title=Sikh Nationalism|date=25 November 2021|publisher=]|page=75|isbn=978-1-009-21344-8|access-date=23 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Stonard|first1=John-Paul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hvAuEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT143|title= Creation: A Fully Illustrated, Panoramic World History of Art from Ancient Civilisation to the Present Day|date=16 October 2017|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4088-7966-5}} | |||
| * {{Cite book|last1=Stubbs|first1=John H.|last2=Thomson|first2=Robert G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zCQlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA427|title=Architectural Conservation in Asia: National Experiences and Practice|date=10 November 2016|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-40619-8|pages=427}} | |||
| * {{cite book|editor-last1=Sunkara|editor-first1=Bhaskar|editor-last2=Walter|editor-first2=Jonah|editor-last3=Rojas|editor-first3=René|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K9DmEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA113|title=The Good Die Young: The Verdict on Henry Kissinger|date=17 January 2024|publisher=]|page=113|isbn=978-1-78873-030-3|access-date=15 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite news|last1=Tariq|first1=Shrouq|last2=Stenson|first2=Joe|title=Shehbaz Sharif Voted In As Pakistan's Prime Minister For Second Time|newspaper=]|date=3 March 2024|url=https://www.barrons.com/amp/news/shehbaz-sharif-voted-in-as-pakistan-s-prime-minister-for-second-time-642c3302|access-date=22 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|editor-last1=Totten|editor-first1=Samuel|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=mfwnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA147|title=Teaching about Genocide: Issues, Approaches, and Resources|date=September 2000|publisher=]|pages=147–148|isbn=978-1-60752-968-2}} | |||
| * {{cite book|editor-last1=Tucker|editor-first1=Spencer C.|editor-link1=Spencer C. Tucker|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9OTNEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT1087|title=U.S. Conflicts in the 21st Century: Afghanistan War, Iraq War, and the War on Terror |date=14 December 2015|publisher=]|isbn=979-8-216-15822-6|access-date=18 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Tucker|first1=Spencer C.|authorlink=Spencer C. Tucker|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_QPHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT241|title=Modern Conflict in the Greater Middle East: A Country-by-Country Guide|date=17 April 2017|publisher=]|page=241|isbn=979-8-216-11844-2|access-date=13 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Tucker|first1=Spencer C.|authorlink=Spencer C. Tucker|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZX3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT1567|title=The Cold War : The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection |publisher=]|year=2020|isbn=979-8-216-06249-3|page=1567|access-date=7 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|author1=United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations|author-link1=United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PeLWpvGZYXYC&pg=PA54|title=U.S. Policy Options in Post-election Pakistan: Hearing Before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One Hundred Tenth Congress, Second Session, February 28, 2008 · Volume 4|year=2008|publisher=]|page=54|isbn=978-0-16-082307-7|access-date=20 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|editor-last1=Visweswaran|editor-first1=Kamala|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m-EYXNnvMugC&pg=PA125|title=Perspectives on Modern South Asia: A Reader in Culture, History, and Representation|date=6 May 2011|publisher=]|page=125|isbn=978-1-4051-0062-5}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Walbridge|first1=Linda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=asH5ND-3V8sC&pg=PA177|title=The Christians of Pakistan: The Passion of Bishop John Joseph|date=12 October 2012|publisher=Taylor & Francis|page=177|isbn=978-1-136-13186-8|access-date=3 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Waseem|first1=Mohammad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IGxvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT253|title=Political Conflict in Pakistan|date=April 2022|publisher=]|isbn=978-0-19-765426-2|access-date=21 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Westad|first1=Odd Arne|author-link1=Odd Arne Westad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QhFZHRpQdu4C&pg=PT343|title=The global Cold War: third world interventions and the making of our times|access-date=22 January 2012|year=2005|publisher=]|isbn=978-0-521-85364-4|pages=348–358}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Westmoreland|first1=Perry L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cdbHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT105|title=Life's Wonders|date=9 December 2019|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=Dorrance Publishing Company, Incorporated|isbn=978-1-64426-834-6}} | |||
| * {{cite book|editor-last1=Wilson|editor-first1=John|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XfI-hEI8a9wC&pg=PA93|title=Pakistan: The Struggle Within|year=2009|publisher=]|page=93|isbn=978-81-317-2504-7|access-date=14 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Wolpert|first1=Stanley A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-OFtAAAAMAAJ|title=Jinnah of Pakistan|year=1984|publisher=]|isbn=978-0-19-503412-7|access-date=2 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Wolpert|first1=Stanley A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJHTif-WA6oC&pg=PA163|title=Shameful Flight: The Last Years of the British Empire in India|publisher=]|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-974504-3|page=163}} | |||
| * {{cite book|editor-last1=Wuthnow|editor-first1=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MOVJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA427|title=The Encyclopedia of Politics and Religion: 2-volume Set|date=4 December 2013|publisher=]|page=427|isbn=978-1-136-28493-9|access-date=6 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|editor-last1=Yap|editor-first1=Po Jen|editor-last2=Abeyratne|editor-first2=Rehan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YI-rEAAAQBAJ|title=Routledge Handbook of Asian Parliaments|date=24 March 2023|publisher=]|isbn=978-1-000-85060-4|access-date=7 July 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Yarbakhsh|first1=Elisabeth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnWqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA270|title=The Middle East and South Asia 2019-2020|date=9 October 2019|publisher=]|page=270|isbn=978-1-4758-5217-2|access-date=19 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Zulfiqar|first1=Bushra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7zX3N8HYKbkC&pg=PT78|title=A Daughter's Heart: Tribute to My Father|date=December 2011|publisher=]|isbn=978-1-4497-3126-7|access-date=20 May 2024}} | |||
| {{refend}} | |||
| ===Geography=== | |||
| {{refbegin}} | |||
| * {{citation|last1=Abul-Soad|first1=Adel Ahmed|title=Date Palm in Pakistan, Current Status and Prospective|year=2011|url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnaea333.pdf|publisher=]|access-date=27 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|editor-last1=Agarwal|editor-first1=Aakash|editor-last2=Ahmad|editor-first2=Alaaeldin Azmi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2doMEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT196|title=Early Onset Scoliosis: Guidelines for Management in Resource-Limited Settings|date=27 January 2021|publisher=]|isbn=978-1-000-29866-6|access-date=22 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Ahmad|first1=Aijazuddin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2QmPHeIowoC&pg=PA24|title=Geography of the South Asian Subcontinent: A Critical Approach|pages=24|year=2009|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-568-1|access-date=13 November 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite journal|last1=Akhtar|first1=Rubina|last2=Mirza|first2=Sarwat Naz|url=https://www.jle.com/download/sec-270100-5053-arid_steppes_of_balochistan_pakistan_-g.pdf|title=Arid steppes of Balochistan (Pakistan)|journal=Science et changements planétaires / Sécheresse|volume=17|number=1|pages=203–209|issn=1777-5922|date=January–June 2006|publisher=John Libbey|access-date=28 May 2024|archive-date=30 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030041811/https://www.jle.com/download/sec-270100-5053-arid_steppes_of_balochistan_pakistan_-g.pdf|url-status=dead}} | |||
| * {{cite book|editor-last1=Alisibramulisi|editor-first1=Anizahyati|editor-last2=Che Ibrahim|editor-first2=Che Khairil Izam|editor-last3=Mansor|editor-first3=Hazrina|editor-last4=Billah|editor-first4=Muntasir|editor-last5=Belayutham|editor-first5=Sheila|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IrVoEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA207|title=Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Sustainable Civil Engineering Structures and Construction Materials: SCESCM 2020|page=207|date=6 April 2022|publisher=]|location=]|isbn=978-981-16-7924-7|access-date=24 May 2024|ref={{harvid|Alisibramulisi et al.|2022}}}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Banerjee|first1=Gautam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6c6PDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT92|title=China's Great Leap Forward-II: The China Pakistan Economic Corridorand Strategic Reshaping of Indian Neighbourhood|date=2 April 2019|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-1-940988-43-6|access-date=23 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Blood|first1=Peter R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DRMTO7mn7hIC|title=Pakistan: A Country Study|date=December 1996|publisher=DIANE Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-7881-3631-3|access-date=26 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Bright|first1=Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZNADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA681|title=1001 Natural Wonders You Must See Before You Die|date=24 October 2017|publisher=]|page=681|isbn=978-0-7858-3583-7|access-date=26 May 2024}} | |||
| *<!--Britannica (Azad Kashmir)-->{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Azad-Kashmir|title=Azad Kashmir|date=13 May 2024|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=25 May 2024|ref={{harvid|Britannica (Azad Kashmir)|2024}}}} | |||
| *<!--Britannica (Gulf of Oman)-->{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Gulf-of-Oman|title=Gulf of Oman|date=13 April 2024|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=23 May 2024|ref={{harvid|Britannica (Gulf of Oman)|2024}}}} | |||
| *<!--CBD Report-->{{citation|title=Pakistan: Fourth National Report|year=2009|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/pk/pk-nr-04-en.pdf|work=] (])|publisher=]|access-date=2 July 2024|ref={{harvid|CBD Report|2009}}}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Chandrappa|first1=Ramesha W.|last2=Gupta|first2=Sushil|last3=Kulshrestha|first3=Umesh Chandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b1_fg3qnr2sC&pg=PA347|title=Coping with Climate Change: Principles and Asian Context|date=17 June 2011|publisher=]|page=347|isbn=978-3-642-19674-4|access-date=26 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|editor-last1=Cheng|editor-first1=Gong|editor-last2=Wang|editor-first2=Sibao|editor-last3=Zhou|editor-first3=Xiao-Nong|editor-last4=Guo|editor-first4=Xiao-kui|editor-last5=Feng|editor-first5=Xinyu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5a-jEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA81|title=Needs and potential application of one health approach in the control of vector-borne and zoonotic infectious disease|date=23 December 2022|publisher=]|page=81|isbn=978-2-8325-0956-2|access-date=22 May 2024|ref={{harvid|Cheng et al.|2022}}}} | |||
| * {{cite journal|last1=Descals|first1=Adrià|last2=Wich|first2=Serge|last3=Szantoi|first3=Zoltan|last4=Struebig|first4=Matthew J.|last5=Dennis|first5=Rona|last6=Hatton|first6=Zoe|last7=Ariffin|first7=Thina|last8=Unus|first8=Nabillah|last9=Gaveau|first9=David L. A.|last10=Meijaard|first10=Erik|author-link10=Erik Meijaard|url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/15/3991/2023/essd-15-3991-2023.pdf|title=High-resolution global map of closed-canopy coconut palm|journal=Earth System Science Data|volume=15|number=9|pages=3991–4010|issn=1866-3516|date=8 September 2023|doi=10.5194/essd-15-3991-2023|doi-access=free|bibcode=2023ESSD...15.3991D|access-date=27 May 2024|ref={{harvid|Descals et al.|2023}}}} | |||
| * {{cite web|last1=Descloitres|first1=Jacques|url=https://visibleearth.nasa.gov/images/62558/indus-river-pakistan|title=Indus River, Pakistan|date=26 October 2002|publisher=] Visible Earth|work=MODIS Rapid Response Team, NASA/GSFC|access-date=25 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|editor-last1=DeVivo|editor-first1=Benedetto|editor-last2=Laor|editor-first2=Efraim|editor-last3=Panza|editor-first3=Giuliano|editor-last4=Kossobokov|editor-first4=Vladimir G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ecwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA546|title=Earthquakes and Sustainable Infrastructure: Neodeterministic (NDSHA) Approach Guarantees Prevention Rather Than Cure|pages=546–547|date=21 May 2021|publisher=]|isbn=978-0-12-823541-6|access-date=25 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|editor-last1=El-Esawi|editor-first1=Mohamed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nhT8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24|title=Legume Crops: Characterization and Breeding for Improved Food Security|date=11 December 2019|publisher=IntechOpen|page=24|isbn=978-1-83968-086-1|access-date=27 May 2024}} | |||
| *<!--Factbook-->{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/|title=Pakistan|date=22 May 2024|publisher=]|website=]|access-date=23 May 2024|ref={{harvid|Factbook|2024}}}} | |||
| * {{cite book|editor-last1=Faridah-Hanum|editor-first1=I.|editor-last2=Hakeem|editor-first2=Khalid Rehman|editor-last3=Öztürk|editor-first3=Münir|editor-last4=Efe|editor-first4=Recep|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v1X1CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA461|title=Climate Change Impacts on High-Altitude Ecosystems|pages=461–462|date=5 May 2015|publisher=]|isbn=978-3-319-12859-7|access-date=29 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite journal|last1=Fatima|first1=Naz|date=30 June 2020|title=Some Interesting facts about National Animal of Pakistan|url=https://markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/13|journal=MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology)|volume=1|issue=1|page=02|doi=10.54393/mjz.v1i1.13|s2cid=246708061|issn=2790-4385|doi-access=free}} | |||
| * {{cite book|editor-last1=Flux|editor-first1=John E. C.|editor-last2=Chapman|editor-first2=Joseph A.|editor-link2=Joseph A. Chapman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q994k86i0zYC&pg=PA82|title=Rabbits, Hares and Pikas: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan|year=1990|publisher=]|page=82|isbn=978-2-8317-0019-9|access-date=31 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G|doi-access=free|ref={{harvid|Grantham et al.|2020}}}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Grimmett|first1=Richard|last2=Inskipp|first2=Tim|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIALEAAAQBAJ|title=Birds of Pakistan|date=7 January 2021|publisher=]|isbn=978-1-4729-9031-0|access-date=29 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Haque|first1=Jameel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dKbwqo_xAP8C&pg=PA6|title=Pakistan|year=2002|publisher=]|page=6|isbn=978-0-8368-2352-3|access-date=22 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Hibbert|first1=Ian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C7oYCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA142|title=Alpamayo to Everest: It's Not about the Summit|date=11 November 2015|publisher=]|page=142|isbn=978-1-4834-4072-9|access-date=25 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Hunter|first1=Luke|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gz9xDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56|title=Carnivores of the World: Second Edition|year=2018|publisher=]|page=56|isbn=978-0-691-18295-7|access-date=30 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Jiwani|first1=Azam H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xns-EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA54|title=Humanizing Medicine: Making Health Tangible: Memoirs of Engagement with a Global Development Network|date=19 August 2021|publisher=]|page=54|isbn=978-1-0391-0908-7|access-date=26 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Karaman|first1=Igor V.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gVEeXzCJEGYC&pg=PA346|title=Dispute Resolution in the Law of the Sea|year=2012|publisher=]|page=346|isbn=978-90-04-21202-2|access-date=23 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{citation|last1=Kreft|first1=Heinrich|title=The Geopolitical Importance of Pakistan|year=2007|url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/47558/Pakistan.pdf|publisher=]|access-date=24 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Lane|first1=Alexander|last2=Norton|first2=Michael|last3=Ryan|first3=Sandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LdssDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT237|title=Water Resources: A New Water Architecture|date=13 July 2017|publisher=]|isbn=978-1-118-79407-4|access-date=26 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Malik|first1=Akhtar Hussain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wDECQAAQBAJ&pg=PA12|title=A Comparative Study of Elite English-Medium Schools, Public Schools, and Islamic Madaris in Contemporary Pakistan|date=12 April 2015|publisher=]|page=12|isbn=978-1-329-05775-3|access-date=22 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|editor-last1=Mallon|editor-first1=David P.|editor-last2=Kingswood|editor-first2=Steven Charles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uFo03Nd2oj8C&pg=PA124|title=Antelopes: North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia|year=2001|publisher=]|page=124|isbn=978-2-8317-0594-1|access-date=2 July 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|editor-last1=Mordi|editor-first1=Chima|editor-last2=Adisa|editor-first2=Toyin Ajibade|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rP5vEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA292|title=HRM in the Global South: A Critical Perspective|date=16 May 2022|publisher=]|page=292|isbn=978-3-030-98309-3|access-date=22 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Nyrop|first1=Richard F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5jTh7DA598C&pg=PA74|title=Area Handbook for Pakistan|year=1975|publisher=]|page=74|access-date=24 June 2024}} | |||
| *<!--PEPA-->{{citation|title=National Environment Report|year=2016|url=https://environment.gov.pk/SiteImage/Publication/SOE2016.pdf|page=18|publisher=] (])|work=Geomatic Center for Climate Change & Sustainable Development|access-date=28 May 2024|ref={{harvid|PEPA|2016}}}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Roze|first1=Uldis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LtOhh7ILpT0C&pg=PA132|title=Porcupines: The Animal Answer Guide|date=28 September 2012|publisher=]|page=132|isbn=978-1-4214-0735-7|access-date=12 June 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|editor-last1=Samuel|editor-first1=Paul S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r6GmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA129|title=Meteorology and Energy Security: Simulations, Projections, and Management|date=24 February 2016|publisher=Apple Academic Press|page=129|isbn=978-1-77188-387-0|access-date=26 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Sandhu|first1=Parvinder Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ki8m5RoE3moC&pg=SL20-PA348|title=Environmental Science and Technology|year=2010|publisher=Research Publishing Services|isbn=978-981-08-5716-5|access-date=28 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|editor-last1=San|editor-first1=Emmanuel Do Linh|editor-last2=Belant|editor-first2=Jerrold L.|editor-last3=Sato|editor-first3=Jun J.|editor-last4=Somers|editor-first4=Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NW96EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA263|title=Small Carnivores: Evolution, Ecology, Behaviour and Conservation|page=263|date=25 October 2021|publisher=]|isbn=978-1-118-94328-1|access-date=30 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Somerville|first1=Keith|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qcYWEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT151|title=Humans and Hyenas: Monster Or Misunderstood|date=18 March 2021|publisher=]|isbn=978-1-000-36056-1|access-date=23 June 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Spate|first1=O. H. K.|last2=Learmonth|first2=A. T. A.|author-link1=Oskar Spate|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SO-fDgAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PT466|title=India and Pakistan: A General and Regional Geography|date=7 April 2017|publisher=]|isbn=978-1-351-96898-0|access-date=28 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Srinivasulu|first1=Chelmala|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djduDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT33|title=South Asian Mammals: An Updated Checklist and Their Scientific Names|date=3 September 2018|publisher=]|isbn=978-0-429-88089-6|access-date=12 June 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|editor-last1=Srinivasulu|editor-first1=Chelmala|editor-last2=Srinivasulu|editor-first2=Bhargavi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PEsIul417ewC&pg=PA305|title=South Asian Mammals: Their Diversity, Distribution, and Status|date=19 May 2012|publisher=]|page=305|isbn=978-1-4614-3449-8|access-date=31 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Stoneman|first1=Richard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mx4OEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA26|title=The Greek Experience of India: From Alexander to the Indo-Greeks|date=8 June 2021|publisher=]|page=26|isbn=978-0-691-21747-5|access-date=11 June 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Sunquist|first1=Fiona|last2=Sunquist|first2=Mel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZH6aBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA239|title=The Wild Cat Book: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know about Cats|date=2 October 2014|publisher=]|page=239|isbn=978-0-226-78026-9|access-date=5 June 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Sunquist|first1=Mel|last2=Sunquist|first2=Fiona|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IF8nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA72|title=Wild Cats of the World|date=15 May 2017|publisher=]|page=72|isbn=978-0-226-51823-7|access-date=11 June 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Tisdell|first1=C. A.|author-link1=Clem Tisdell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wxXLBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA20|title=Wild Pigs: Environmental Pest Or Economic Resource?|date=22 October 2013|publisher=]|page=20|isbn=978-1-4831-8225-4|access-date=12 June 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite web|author=UNEP-WCMC|author-link=World Conservation Monitoring Centre|url=https://www.oneearth.org/ecoregions/east-afghan-montane-conifer-forests/|title=East Afghan Montane Conifer Forests|year=2024|website=]|access-date=28 May 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite journal|last1=Waseem|first1=Muhammad|last2=Khan|first2=Barkatullah|last3=Mahmood|first3=Tariq|last4=Hussain|first4=Hafiz Sajid|last5=Aziz|first5=Rizwana|last6=Akrim|first6=Faraz|last7=Ahmad|first7=Tariq|last8=Nazir|first8=Rabia|last9=Ali|first9=Mirza Wajid|last10=Awan|first10=Muhammad Naeem|title=Occupancy, habitat suitability and habitat preference of endangered indian pangolin (Manis crassicaudata) in Potohar Plateau and Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation (GECCO)|volume=23|issn=2351-9894|date=September 2020|pages=e01135 |doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01135|publisher=]|ref={{harvid|Waseem et al.|2020}}|doi-access=free|bibcode=2020GEcoC..2301135W }} | |||
| * {{cite book|editor-last1=Woods|editor-first1=Charles Arthur|editor-last2=Mufti|editor-first2=Shahzad Ahmad|editor-last3=Hasan|editor-first3=Syed Azhar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ebaAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA533|title=Biodiversity of Pakistan|year=1997|publisher=]|page=533|isbn=978-0-9660913-0-4|access-date=2 July 2024}} | |||
| *<!--World Bank-->{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.FRST.ZS?locations=PK|title=Forest area (% of land area) - Pakistan|year=2024|publisher=]|website=]|access-date=29 May 2024|ref={{harvid|World Bank|2024}}}} | |||
| *<!--WWF-->{{cite web|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/indus-river-dolphin|title=Indus River Dolphin|year=2024|website=WWF|access-date=3 July 2024|ref={{harvid|WWF|2024}}}} | |||
| {{refend}} | |||
| ===Government and politics=== | |||
| {{refbegin}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Adibelli|first1=Barış|last2=Gülbaş|first2=Elif|last3=Keskin|first3=Ghulam Faroq|last4=Ünlü|first4=Hayati|last5=Türkmen|first5=Hediye Gamze|last6=Şahin|first6=H. Hilal|last7=Ansari|first7=Mohammed Javed|last8=Islam|first8=Nazmul|last9=Aslan|first9=Ömer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uhq4EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA131|title= South Asia Country Analyses: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka|date=15 December 2022|publisher=South Asia Strategic Research Center|pages=131–132|isbn=978-605-72072-1-0|access-date=21 July 2024|ref={{harvid|Adibelli et al.|2022}}}} | |||
| * {{cite web|last1=Afridi|first1=Jamal|last2=Bajoria|first2=Jayshree|url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/china-pakistan-relations|title=China-Pakistan Relations|date=6 July 2010|work=]|access-date=14 August 2024}} | |||
| * {{citation|last1=Ahmad|first1=Dawood|last2=Asif|first2=Aizaz|title=A Guide to Understanding the Budget in Pakistan|date=June 2007|url=https://www.pips.gov.pk/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/004.A-Guide_to_Understanding_the_Budget_in_Pakistan_English.pdf|page=12|website=]|access-date=10 July 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite journal|last1=Ahmed|first1=Zahid Shahab|last2=Zahoor|first2=Musharaf|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14662043.2019.1575032|title=Bangladesh-Pakistan relations: hostage to a traumatic past|journal=]|volume=57|number=1|pages=31–51|issn=0306-3631|date=17 February 2019|publisher=]|doi=10.1080/14662043.2019.1575032|access-date=17 November 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Anwar|first1=Muhammad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L0W51yRD0GwC|title=Friends Near Home: Pakistan's Strategic Security Options|page=|date=27 November 2006|publisher=] UK|location=]|isbn=978-1-4670-1541-7|access-date=30 July 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|editor-last1=Arora|editor-first1=Ranjana|editor-last2=Grover|editor-first2=Verinder|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ofRtAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA189|title=Political System in Pakistan: The Islamic state of Pakistan: role of religion in politics|year=1995|publisher=Deep & Deep|pages=189|isbn=978-81-7100-737-0|access-date=24 August 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|author1=Asia Watch Committee (U.S.)|author-link1=Asia Watch|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mIUwZ4aVM8AC&pg=PA17|title=Double Jeopardy: Police Abuse of Women in Pakistan|year=1992|publisher=]|page=17|isbn=978-1-56432-063-6|access-date=20 July 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Aziz|first1=Sadaf|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-lBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA94|title=The Constitution of Pakistan: A Contextual Analysis|pages=94–95|date=11 January 2018|publisher=]|isbn=978-1-5099-1912-3|access-date=6 July 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|editor-last1=Babayev|editor-first1=Azer|editor-last2=Schoch|editor-first2=Bruno|editor-last3=Spanger|editor-first3=Hans-Joachim|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KwiZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA286|title=The Nagorno-Karabakh Deadlock: Insights from Successful Conflict Settlements|date=2 May 2019|publisher=]|page=286|isbn=978-3-658-25199-4|access-date=11 August 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|editor-last1=Bartholomees|editor-first1=J. Boone|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5FnE4QxrWogC&pg=PA247|title=U.S. Army War College Guide to National Security Issues: National security policy and strategy|year=2008|publisher=]|page=247|isbn=978-1-58487-357-0 |access-date=1 October 2024}} | |||
| * {{citation|last1=Basharat|first1=Iqra|author-link1=|title=Diplomatic Evolution: Pakistan's Transition from Neutrality to Mediation in the Saudi-Iran Rivalry Section: BSIR-A|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/376595410|date=17 December 2023|work=]|access-date=23 August 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Berg|first1=Eiki|last2=Kursani|first2=Shpend|author-link1=Eiki Berg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gJZOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT101|title=De Facto States and Land-for-Peace Agreements: Territory and Recognition at Odds?|date=21 December 2021|publisher=]|isbn=978-1-000-51859-7|access-date=9 August 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|editor-last1=Berman|editor-first1=Evan M.|editor-last2=Sabharwal|editor-first2=Meghna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rh03DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA424|title=Public Administration in South Asia: India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan|date=25 September 2017|publisher=]|pages=424|isbn=978-1-351-55266-0|access-date=23 July 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|editor-last1=Bhattacharyya|editor-first1=Rituparna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EunAEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT105|title=Genocides and Xenophobia in South Asia and Beyond: A Transdisciplinary Perspective on Known, Lesser-known and Unknown Crime of Crimes|date=7 July 2023|publisher=]|isbn=978-1-000-90434-5|access-date=31 August 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Bloor|first1=Kevin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=74OzEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT291|title=Global Politics|date=9 March 2023|publisher=] UK|isbn=979-8-8230-8099-6|access-date=4 July 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite web|last1=Bruno|first1=Greg|last2=Bajoria|first2=Jayshree|url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/us-pakistan-military-cooperation|title=U.S-Pakistan Military Cooperation|date=26 June 2008|work=]|access-date=4 November 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite web|author=Center for Preventive Action|url=https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/conflict-between-india-and-pakistan|title=Conflict Between India and Pakistan|date=9 April 2025|publisher=]|access-date=19 November 2024|ref={{harvid|Center for Preventive Action|2024}}}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Chakma|first1=Bhumitra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XTbOO0gVgR0C|title=Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons|date=12 October 2012|publisher=]|isbn=978-1-134-13254-6|access-date=31 July 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|editor-last1=Chakma|editor-first1=Bhumitra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmmoBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA270|title=South Asia in Transition: Democracy, Political Economy and Security|date=25 June 2014|publisher=]|page=270|isbn=978-1-137-35664-2|access-date=4 July 2024|ref={{harvid|B. Chakma|2014}}}} | |||
| * {{cite journal|last1=Chengappa|first1=Bidanda M.|url=https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/olj/sa/sa_jan02chb01.html|title=Pakistan: Impact of Islamic Socialism|journal=]|volume=26|pages=27–47|number=1|issn=0970-0161|date=January–March 2002|doi=10.1080/09700160208450024|publisher=]|access-date=5 July 2024}} | |||
| *<!--CIA-->{{cite book|author1=United States Central Intelligence Agency|author-link1=Central Intelligence Agency|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JxISEYzcpZcC|title=India--Pakistan Border Kashmir Area (map)|year=1988|publisher=]|access-date=27 August 2024|ref={{harvid|CIA|1988}}}} | |||
| * {{cite journal|last1=Clary|first1=Christopher|url=https://online.ucpress.edu/as/article/62/5-6/838/194531/Russia-Pakistan-Relations-and-the-Constraints-of|title=Russia–Pakistan Relations and the Constraints of Geoeconomics|journal=]|volume=62|number=5–6|pages=838–865|issn=0004-4687|date=31 October 2022|doi=10.1525/as.2022.1801312|publisher=]|access-date=7 August 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Cochrane|first1=Iain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X2_FAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT37|title=The Causes of the Bangladesh War|date=29 December 2009|publisher=]|isbn=978-1-4452-4043-5|access-date=19 July 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Cohen|first1=Stephen P.|author-link1=Stephen P. Cohen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e-tob7aEr7AC&pg=PA123|title=The Future of Pakistan|page=123|date=October 2011|publisher=]|isbn=978-0-8157-2181-9|access-date=12 August 2024}} | |||
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| * {{cite book|last1=Davis|first1=Alexander E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aqy-EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83|title=The Geopolitics of Melting Mountains: An International Political Ecology of the Himalaya|page=83|date=12 May 2023|publisher=]|location=]|isbn=978-981-9916-81-8|access-date=27 July 2024}} | |||
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| * {{citation|last1=Rizvi|first1=Hasan Askari|author-link1=Hasan Askari Rizvi|url=https://hostnezt.com/cssfiles/currentaffairs/Pakistan%20Foreign%20Policy%201947%20to%202004.pdf|title=Pakistan's Foreign Policy:An Overview 1947–2004|publisher=]|pages=10–12, 20|date=April 2004|access-date=29 July 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Roberts|first1=Jeffery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NfZtAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA134|title=The Origins of Conflict in Afghanistan|pages=134|date=30 December 2003|publisher=]|isbn=978-0-275-97878-5|access-date=21 August 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite web|last1=Roos|first1=Dave|url=https://www.history.com/news/nixon-china-visit-cold-war|title=How Nixon's 1972 Visit to China Changed the Balance of Cold War Power|date=22 February 2024|publisher=]|access-date=14 August 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|editor-last1=Rose|editor-first1=Leo E.|editor-last2=Husain|editor-first2=Noor A.|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=V5F1AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA209|title=United States-Pakistan Relations|year=1985|publisher=Institute of East Asian Studies, ]|pages=209|isbn=978-0-912966-78-6|access-date=24 August 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite journal|last1=Rupert|first1=James|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40209132|title=Afghanistan's Slide toward Civil War|journal=]|volume=6|number=4|pages=759–785|jstor=40209132|issn=0740-2775|date=Fall 1989|publisher=]|access-date=30 November 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Schuurmans|first1=Laura|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pki9EAAAQBAJ|title=Azaadi, Freedom and Change in Kashmir|year=2023|publisher=Arena Books|isbn=978-1-914390-10-4|access-date=12 August 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Schwinghammer|first1=Torsten|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XpRXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT327|title=Warfare Since the Second World War|date=24 April 2018|publisher=]|isbn=978-1-351-28970-2|access-date=13 August 2024}} | |||
| *<!--Senate of Pakistan-->{{citation|title=The Constitution of The Islamic Republic of Pakistan|date=31 May 2018|url=https://senate.gov.pk/uploads/documents/Constitution%20of%20Pakistan%20(25th%20amendment%20incoporated).pdf|page=57|website=]|access-date=10 July 2024|ref={{harvid|Senate of Pakistan|2018}}}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Shah|first1=Mehtab Ali|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xTUyzAEACAAJ|title=The Foreign Policy of Pakistan: Ethnic Impacts on Diplomacy, 1971–94|date=31 December 1997|publisher=]|isbn=978-1-86064-169-5}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Shih|first1=Chih-yu|author-link1=Chih-yu Shih|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VElbEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT66|title=Post-Chineseness: Cultural Politics and International Relations|date=April 2022|publisher=]|isbn=978-1-4384-8772-4|access-date=19 August 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite web|last1=Stewart|first1=Richard W.|title=The United States Army in Somalia, 1992-1994|url=https://www.history.army.mil/brochures/somalia/somalia.htm|publisher=]|page=19|date=2002|id=CMH Pub 70-81-1|access-date=29 December 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Stewart-Ingersoll|first1=Robert|last2=Frazier|first2=Derrick|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OW6OoFvV42AC&pg=PA217|title=Regional Powers and Security Orders: A Theoretical Framework|date=23 May 2012|publisher=]|page=217|isbn=978-1-136-64497-9|access-date=30 July 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Stone|first1=Lester B.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FXLOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT140|title=War and the Market Economy|date=February 2017|publisher=Vij Books India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-86834-41-6|access-date=31 August 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|editor-last1=Syed|editor-first1=Jawad|editor-last2=Pio|editor-first2=Edwina|editor-last3=Kamran|editor-first3=Tahir|editor-last4=Zaidi|editor-first4=Abbas|editor-link2=Edwina Pio|editor-link3=Tahir Kamran|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Mx5DQAAQBAJ|title=Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan|publisher=]|year=2016|isbn=978-1-349-94966-3|access-date=21 July 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Talbot|first1=Ian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kwIPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT205|title=The History of British Diplomacy in Pakistan|date=28 December 2020|publisher=]|isbn=978-1-000-32670-3|access-date=24 August 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|editor-last1=Tertrais|editor-first1=Bruno|editor-last2=Sokolski|editor-first2=Henry D.|editor-link2=Henry D. Sokolski|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sMtky-3hX6EC&pg=PA145|title=Nuclear Weapons Security Crises: What Does History Teach?|year=2013|publisher=] and ]|pages=145–188|isbn=978-1-58487-574-1 |access-date=4 July 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|editor-last1=Turner|editor-first1=B.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HE7ODQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1236|title=The Statesman's Yearbook 2000|date=28 December 2016|publisher=]|page=1236|isbn=978-0-230-27128-9|access-date=4 August 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=van Tonder|first1=Gerry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JrTNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT82|title=Sino-Indian War: Border Clash: October–November 1962|date=30 July 2018|publisher=]|isbn=978-1-5267-2838-8|access-date=12 August 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|editor-last1=Visoka|editor-first1=Gëzim|editor-last2=Richmond|editor-first2=Oliver P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=goF2EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA305|title=The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Peace and Conflict Studies|date=21 June 2022|publisher=]|pages=305|isbn=978-3-030-77954-2|access-date=27 August 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite journal|last1=Wasi|first1=Nausheen|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41394104|title=Pakistan and the United Nations|journal=]|volume=58|number=3|pages=89–100|jstor=41394104|issn=0030-980X|date=July 2005|publisher=]|location=]|access-date=3 August 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Wasti|first1=Tahir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v8qwCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA248|title=The Application of Islamic Criminal Law in Pakistan: Sharia in Practice|date=28 February 2009|publisher=]|page=248|isbn=978-90-474-2572-4|access-date=25 July 2024}} | |||
| * {{citation|last1=Wezeman|first1=Pieter D.|last2=Djokic|first2=Katarina|last3=George|first3=Mathew|last4=Hussain|first4=Zain|last5=Wezeman|first5=Siemon T.|title=Trends in International Arms Transfers, 2023|date=March 2024|url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2024-03/fs_2403_at_2023.pdf|work=]|access-date=8 November 2024|ref={{harvid|Wezeman et al.|2024}}}} | |||
| * {{cite journal|last1=Withington|first1=Thomas|url=https://raf.mod.uk/what-we-do/centre-for-air-and-space-power-studies/aspr/apr-vol8-iss1-7-pdf/|title=The Experiences of the Soviet Air Force in Afghanistan 1979-1989|journal=Air and Space Power Review|volume=8|number=1|pages=115–128|issn=2634-0976|date=Autumn 2005|publisher=]|access-date=4 December 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|editor-last1=Wu|editor-first1=Chin-en|editor-last2=Bandyopadhyay|editor-first2=Kaustuv Kanti|editor-last3=Lee|editor-first3=Sook Jong|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kI8cEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA82|title=Populism in Asian Democracies: Features, Structures, and Impacts|date=11 January 2021|publisher=]|page=82|isbn=978-90-04-44446-1|access-date=10 July 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite web|last1=Yadav|first1=Abhishek|url=https://www.idsa.in/issuebrief/Turkiye-Pakistan-Defence-Cooperation-AYadav-090224|title=Turkiye–Pakistan Defence Cooperation: Evolving Dynamics|date=9 February 2024|work=]|access-date=23 October 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Yousafzai|first1=Zafar Iqbal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8z1KEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT108|title=The Troubled Triangle: US-Pakistan Relations Under the Taliban's Shadow|page=|date=7 December 2021|publisher=]|isbn=978-1-000-51596-1|access-date=9 August 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|editor-last1=Zahoor|editor-first1=Bilal|editor-last2=Rumi|editor-first2=Raza|editor-link2=Raza Rumi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RxD8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA221|title=Rethinking Pakistan: A 21st Century Perspective|date=23 September 2020|publisher=Anthem Press|pages=221|isbn=978-1-78527-493-0|access-date=30 August 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|editor-last1=Zahra|editor-first1=Abiha|editor-last2=Bouckaert|editor-first2=Geert|editor-last3=Jadoon|editor-first3=Muhammad Zafar Iqbal|editor-last4=Jabeen|editor-first4=Nasira|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4J0EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43|title=Public Sector Reforms in Pakistan: Hierarchies, Markets and Networks|page=43|date=10 June 2022|publisher=]|isbn=978-3-030-96825-0|access-date=3 August 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite journal|last1=Zaidi|first1=Syed Muhammad Saad|last2=Ahmad|first2=Azhar|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/20578911211007936|title=From friend to foe: Post-9/11 Pakistan–US relations; a realist perspective|journal=Asian Journal of Comparative Politics|volume=7|number=4|pages=727–743|issn=2057-8911|date=12 April 2021|doi=10.1177/20578911211007936|publisher=]|access-date=8 August 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Zelnick|first1=Robert|author-link1=Robert Zelnick|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ie9wvGsKyJYC&pg=PA126|title=Israel's Unilateralism: Beyond Gaza|page=126|date=September 2013|publisher=]|isbn=978-0-8179-4773-6|access-date=9 August 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Ziegfeld|first1=Adam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i0vLCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT414|title=Why Regional Parties?: Clientelism, Elites, and the Indian Party System|date=19 February 2016|publisher=]|isbn=978-1-316-53900-2|access-date=21 July 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|editor-last1=Zierke|editor-first1=Niklas|editor-last2=Stockmann|editor-first2=Reinhard|editor-last3=Meyer|editor-first3=Wolfgang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BOrkEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA274|title=The Institutionalisation of Evaluation in Asia-Pacific|date=21 November 2023|publisher=]|page=274|isbn=978-3-031-36918-6|access-date=8 July 2024}} | |||
| * {{cite book|editor-last1=Zreik|editor-first1=Mohamad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qVj_EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA209|title=Soft Power and Diplomatic Strategies in Asia and the Middle East|year=2024|publisher=IGI Global|page=209|isbn=979-8-3693-2445-5|access-date=18 August 2024}} | |||
| {{refend}} | |||
| == Further reading == | |||
| {{refbegin}} | {{refbegin}} | ||
| * {{cite journal |last1=Allchin |first1=F. Raymond |author-link1=Raymond Allchin |title=The Urban Position of Taxila and Its Place in Northwest India-Pakistan |journal=Studies in the History of Art |date=1993 |volume=31 |pages=69–81 |jstor=42620473}} | * {{cite journal |last1=Allchin |first1=F. Raymond |author-link1=Raymond Allchin |title=The Urban Position of Taxila and Its Place in Northwest India-Pakistan |journal=Studies in the History of Art |date=1993 |volume=31 |pages=69–81 |jstor=42620473}} | ||
| * {{cite book |title=Pakistan: A Hard Country |date=2012 |last=Lieven |first=Anatol |publisher=PublicAffairs|isbn=978-1-61039-145-0}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Allchin|first1=Bridget|last2=Allchin|first2=Raymond|author-link1=Bridget Allchin|author-link2=Raymond Allchin|title=The rise of civilization in India and Pakistan|date=1988|publisher=] |location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0521285506|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4s-YsP6vcIC}} | |||
| * {{ |
* {{cite book |title=The Encyclopedia of Pakistan |date=2006 |last=Malik |first=Hafeez |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-597735-6|ref={{harvid|H. Malik|2006}}}} | ||
| * {{ |
* {{cite book |title=Culture and Customs of Pakistan (Culture and Customs of Asia) |date=2005 |last=Malik |first=Iftikhar |publisher=Greenwood|isbn=978-0-313-33126-8}} | ||
| * {{ |
* {{cite book |title=Pakistan: The Political Economy of Growth, Stagnation and the State, 1951–2009 |date=2011 |last=McCartney |first=Matthew |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-57747-2}} | ||
| * {{ |
* {{cite book |title=Constructing Pakistan: Foundational Texts and the Rise of Muslim National Identity |date=2010 |last=Raja |first=Masood Ashraf |author-link=Masood Ashraf Raja|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-547811-2}} | ||
| * {{ |
* {{cite book |title=India, Pakistan and the West |date=2007 |last=Spear |first=Percival |author-link=Percival Spear|publisher=Read Books Publishers|isbn=978-1-4067-1215-5}} | ||
| * {{cite book |title=Studies in Applied Geography and Spatial Analysis: Addressing Real World Issues |date=1 January 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QgiDiR1QQHQC&pg=PA44 |last1=Stimson |first1=Robert |last2=Haynes |first2=Kingsley E. |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=978-1-78100-796-9}} | |||
| * {{citation |title=Pakistan: The Political Economy of Growth, Stagnation and the State, 1951–2009 |date=2011 |author=Matthew McCartney|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-57747-2}} | |||
| * {{citation |title=Constructing Pakistan: Foundational Texts and the Rise of Muslim National Identity |date=2010 |author=Masood Ashraf Raja|author-link=Masood Ashraf Raja|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-547811-2}} | |||
| * {{citation |title=India, Pakistan and the West |date=2007 |author=Percival Spear|author-link=Percival Spear|publisher=Read Books Publishers|isbn=978-1-4067-1215-5}} | |||
| * {{citation |title=Studies in Applied Geography and Spatial Analysis: Addressing Real World Issues |date=1 January 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QgiDiR1QQHQC&pg=PA44 |author1=Robert Stimson |author2=Kingsley E. Haynes |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=978-1-78100-796-9}} | |||
| * {{citation |title=Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India |date=2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PrqLBgAAQBAJ|author=Venkat Dhulipala |isbn=978-1-316-25838-5}} | |||
| * {{citation |last=Wright |first=Rita P. |title=The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MG2ztAEACAAJ |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-521-57219-4}} | |||
| {{refend}} | {{refend}} | ||
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| * . '']''. ]. | * . '']''. ]. | ||
| * from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' | * from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' | ||
| * {{Curlie|Regional/Asia/Pakistan}} | |||
| * from ] | * from ] | ||
| * {{Wikiatlas|Pakistan}} | * {{Wikiatlas|Pakistan}} | ||
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| {{Pakistan topics}} | {{Pakistan topics}} | ||
| {{Navboxes | {{Navboxes top}} | ||
| |list= | |||
| {{List of districts of Pakistan |all}} | {{List of districts of Pakistan |all}} | ||
| {{Administrative units of Pakistan|state=collapsed}} | {{Administrative units of Pakistan|state=collapsed}} | ||
| {{South Asian topics}} | |||
| {{Countries bordering the Arabian Sea}} | {{Countries bordering the Arabian Sea}} | ||
| {{Economic Cooperation Organization}} | {{Economic Cooperation Organization}} | ||
| {{Shanghai Cooperation Organisation}} | {{Shanghai Cooperation Organisation}} | ||
| {{Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|state=collapsed}} | {{Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|state=collapsed}} | ||
| {{D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation}} | |||
| {{South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|state=collapsed}} | {{South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|state=collapsed}} | ||
| {{The Commonwealth|state=collapsed}} | {{The Commonwealth|state=collapsed}} | ||
| {{World Constitutional Convention call signatories}} | |||
| }} | |||
| {{ |
{{Navboxes bottom}} | ||
| {{#invoke:Authority control|authorityControl}} | |||
| {{#invoke:coordinates|coord|30|N|70|E|type:country_region:PK|display=title}} | |||
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Latest revision as of 16:15, 10 January 2025
Country in South Asia This article is about the country in South Asia. For other uses, see Pakistan (disambiguation).
Islamic Republic of Pakistan
| |
|---|---|
Flag
State emblem (Coat of arms) | |
Motto:
| |
Anthem:
| |
 Land controlled by Pakistan shown in dark green; land claimed but not controlled shown in light green (see Kashmir conflict and Annexation of Junagadh) | |
| Capital | Islamabad 33°41′30″N 73°3′0″E / 33.69167°N 73.05000°E / 33.69167; 73.05000 |
| Largest city | Karachi 24°51′36″N 67°0′36″E / 24.86000°N 67.01000°E / 24.86000; 67.01000 |
| Official languages | |
| Native languages | Over 77 languages |
| Religion |
|
| Demonym(s) | Pakistani |
| Government | Federal parliamentary Islamic republic |
| • President | Asif Ali Zardari |
| • Prime Minister | Shehbaz Sharif |
| • Chairman of the Senate | Yusuf Raza Gilani |
| • Speaker of the National Assembly | Ayaz Sadiq |
| • Chief Justice | Yahya Afridi |
| Legislature | Parliament |
| • Upper house | Senate |
| • Lower house | National Assembly |
| Independence from the United Kingdom | |
| • Declaration | 23 March 1940 |
| • Recognized dominion | 14 August 1947 |
| • Republic | 23 March 1956 |
| • Last territory's acquisition | 8 December 1958 |
| • Eastern territory withdrawn | 16 December 1971 |
| • Current constitution | 14 August 1973 |
| Area | |
| • Total | 881,913 km (340,509 sq mi) (33rd) |
| • Water (%) | 2.86 |
| Population | |
| • 2023 census |  241,499,431 (5th) |
| • Density | 273.8/km (709.1/sq mi) (56th) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2024 estimate |
| • Total |  $1.584 trillion (24th) |
| • Per capita | $6,715 (141st) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2024 estimate |
| • Total | $374.595 billion (43rd) |
| • Per capita | $1,588 (158th) |
| Gini (2018) |  29.6low inequality |
| HDI (2022) | 0.540 low (164th) |
| Currency | Pakistani rupee (₨) (PKR) |
| Time zone | UTC+05:00 (PKT) |
| DST is not observed. | |
| Date format |
|
| Drives on | Left |
| Calling code | +92 |
| ISO 3166 code | PK |
| Internet TLD | |
You may need rendering support to display the Urdu text in this article correctly.
Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia. It is the fifth-most populous country, with a population of over 241.5 million, having the second-largest Muslim population as of 2023. Islamabad is the nation's capital, while Karachi is its largest city and financial centre. Pakistan is the 33rd-largest country by area. Bounded by the Arabian Sea on the south, the Gulf of Oman on the southwest, and the Sir Creek on the southeast, it shares land borders with India to the east; Afghanistan to the west; Iran to the southwest; and China to the northeast. It shares a maritime border with Oman in the Gulf of Oman, and is separated from Tajikistan in the northwest by Afghanistan's narrow Wakhan Corridor.
Pakistan is the site of several ancient cultures, including the 8,500-year-old Neolithic site of Mehrgarh in Balochistan, the Indus Valley Civilisation of the Bronze Age, and the ancient Gandhara civilisation. The regions that compose the modern state of Pakistan were the realm of multiple empires and dynasties, including the Gandhāra, the Achaemenid, the Maurya, the Kushan, the Parthian, the Paratarajas, the Gupta; the Umayyad Caliphate in its southern regions, the Hindu Shahis, the Ghaznavids, the Delhi Sultanate, the Samma, the Shah Miris, the Mughals, the Durranis, the Sikhs and most recently, the British Raj from 1858 to 1947.
Spurred by the Pakistan Movement, which sought a homeland for the Muslims of British India, and election victories in 1946 by the All-India Muslim League, Pakistan gained independence in 1947 after the Partition of the British Indian Empire, which awarded separate statehood to its Muslim-majority regions and was accompanied by an unparalleled mass migration and loss of life. Initially a Dominion of the British Commonwealth, Pakistan officially drafted its constitution in 1956, and emerged as a declared Islamic republic. In 1971, the exclave of East Pakistan seceded as the new country of Bangladesh after a nine-month-long civil war. In the following four decades, Pakistan has been ruled by governments whose descriptions, although complex, commonly alternated between civilian and military, democratic and authoritarian, relatively secular and Islamist.
Pakistan is a declared nuclear-weapons state, with the world's sixth-largest standing armed forces. is ranked amongst the emerging and growth-leading economies, with a large and rapidly growing middle class. Pakistan's political history since independence has been characterized by periods of significant economic and military growth as well as those of political and economic instability. It is an ethnically and linguistically diverse country, with similarly diverse geography and wildlife. The country continues to face challenges, including poverty, illiteracy, corruption, and terrorism. Pakistan is a member of the United Nations, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the Commonwealth of Nations, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, and the Islamic Military Counter-Terrorism Coalition.
Etymology
The name Pakistan was coined by Choudhry Rahmat Ali, a Pakistan Movement activist, who in January 1933 first published it (originally as "Pakstan") in a pamphlet Now or Never, using it as an acronym. Rahmat Ali explained: "It is composed of letters taken from the names of all our homelands, Indian and Asian, Panjab, Afghania, Kashmir, Sindh, and Baluchistan." He added, "Pakistan is both a Persian and Urdu word... It means the land of the Paks, the spiritually pure and clean." Etymologists note that پاک pāk, is 'pure' in Persian and Pashto and the Persian suffix ـستان -stan means 'land' or 'place of'.
Rahmat Ali's concept of Pakistan only related to the northwestern area of the Indian subcontinent. He also proposed the name "Banglastan" for the Muslim areas of Bengal and "Osmanistan" for Hyderabad State, as well as a political federation between the three.
History
Main article: History of Pakistan See also: Timeline of Pakistani historyIndus Valley Civilisation
Some of the earliest ancient human civilisations in South Asia originated from areas encompassing present-day Pakistan. The earliest known inhabitants in the region were Soanian during the Lower Paleolithic, of whom artefacts have been found in the Soan Valley of Punjab. The Indus region, which covers most of the present-day Pakistan, was the site of several successive ancient cultures including the Neolithic (7000–4300 BCE) site of Mehrgarh, and the 5,000-year history of urban life in South Asia to the various sites of the Indus Valley Civilisation, including Mohenjo-daro and Harappa.
Vedic period
Following the decline of the Indus valley civilization, Indo-Aryan tribes moved into the Punjab from Central Asia in several waves of migration in the Vedic period (1500–500 BCE), bringing with them their distinctive religious traditions and practices which fused with local culture. The Indo-Aryans religious beliefs and practices from the Bactria–Margiana culture and the native Harappan Indus beliefs of the former Indus Valley civilization eventually gave rise to Vedic culture and tribes. Most notable among them was Gandhara civilization, which flourished at the crossroads of India, Central Asia, and the Middle East, connecting trade routes and absorbing cultural influences from diverse civilizations. The initial early Vedic culture was a tribal, pastoral society centered in the Indus Valley, of what is today Pakistan. During this period, the Vedas, the oldest scriptures of Hinduism, were composed.
Classical period
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The western regions of Pakistan became part of Achaemenid Empire around 517 BCE. In 326 BCE, Alexander the Great conquered the region by defeating various local rulers, most notably, the King Porus, at Jhelum. It was followed by the Maurya Empire, founded by Chandragupta Maurya and extended by Ashoka the Great, until 185 BCE. The Indo-Greek Kingdom founded by Demetrius of Bactria (180–165 BCE) included Gandhara and Punjab and reached its greatest extent under Menander (165–150 BCE), prospering the Greco-Buddhist culture in the region. Taxila had one of the earliest universities and centres of higher education in the world, which was established during the late Vedic period in the 6th century BCE. The ancient university was documented by the invading forces of Alexander the Great and was also recorded by Chinese pilgrims in the 4th or 5th century CE. At its zenith, the Rai dynasty (489–632 CE) ruled Sindh and the surrounding territories.
Islamic conquest
The Arab conqueror Muhammad ibn Qasim conquered Sindh and some regions of Punjab in 711 CE. The Pakistan government's official chronology claims this as the time when the foundation of Pakistan was laid. The Early Medieval period (642–1219 CE) witnessed the spread of Islam in the region. Before the arrival of Islam beginning in the 8th century, the region of Pakistan was home to a diverse plethora of faiths, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Zoroastrianism. During this period, Sufi missionaries played a pivotal role in converting a majority of the regional population to Islam. Upon the defeat of the Turk and Hindu Shahi dynasties which governed the Kabul Valley, Gandhara (present-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa), and western Punjab in the 7th to 11th centuries CE, several successive Muslim empires ruled over the region, including the Ghaznavid Empire (975–1187 CE), the Ghorid Kingdom, and the Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526 CE). The Lodi dynasty, the last of the Delhi Sultanate, was replaced by the Mughal Empire (1526–1857 CE).
The Mughals introduced Persian literature and high culture, establishing the roots of Indo-Persian culture in the region. In the region of modern-day Pakistan, key cities during the Mughal period were Multan, Lahore, Peshawar and Thatta, which were chosen as the site of impressive Mughal buildings. In the early 16th century, the region remained under the Mughal Empire. In the 18th century, the slow disintegration of the Mughal Empire was hastened by the emergence of the rival powers of the Maratha Confederacy and later the Sikh Empire, as well as invasions by Nader Shah from Iran in 1739 and the Durrani Empire of Afghanistan in 1759. The growing political power of the British in Bengal had not yet reached the territories of modern Pakistan.
Colonial rule
Main articles: British India, British Raj, Aligarh Movement, and Two-nation theory
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817–1898), whose vision formed the basis of Pakistan.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876–1948) served as Pakistan's first Governor-General and the leader of the Pakistan Movement.
None of modern Pakistan was under British rule until 1839 when Karachi, a small fishing village governed by Talpurs of Sindh with a mud fort guarding the harbour, was taken, and used as an enclave with a port and military base for the First Afghan War that ensued. The remainder of Sindh was acquired in 1843, and subsequently, through a series of wars and treaties, the East India Company, and later, after the post-Sepoy Mutiny (1857–1858), direct rule by Queen Victoria of the British Empire, acquired most of the region. Key conflicts included those against the Baloch Talpur dynasty, resolved by the Battle of Miani (1843) in Sindh, the Anglo-Sikh Wars (1845–1849), and the Anglo-Afghan Wars (1839–1919). By 1893, all modern Pakistan was part of the British Indian Empire, and remained so until independence in 1947.
Under British rule, modern Pakistan was primarily divided into the Sind Division, Punjab Province, and the Baluchistan Agency. The region also included various princely states, with the largest being Bahawalpur.
The major armed struggle against the British in the region was the rebellion known as the Sepoy Mutiny in 1857. Divergence in the relationship between Hinduism and Islam resulted in significant tension in British India, leading to religious violence. The language controversy further exacerbated tensions between Hindus and Muslims. A Muslim intellectual movement, led by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan to counter the Hindu renaissance, advocated for the two-nation theory and led to the establishment of the All-India Muslim League in 1906.
In March 1929, in response to the Nehru Report, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, issued his fourteen points, which included proposals to safeguard the interests of the Muslim minority in a united India. These proposals were rejected. In his December 29, 1930 address, Allama Iqbal advocated the amalgamation of Muslim-majority states in North-West India, including Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sind, and Baluchistan. The perception that Congress-led British provincial governments neglected the Muslim League from 1937 to 1939 motivated Jinnah and other Muslim League leaders to embrace the two-nation theory. This led to the adoption of the Lahore Resolution of 1940, presented by Sher-e-Bangla A.K. Fazlul Haque, also known as the Pakistan Resolution.
By 1942, Britain faced considerable strain during World War II, with India directly threatened by Japanese forces. Britain had pledged voluntary independence for India in exchange for support during the war. However, this pledge included a clause stating that no part of British India would be compelled to join the resulting dominion, which could be interpreted as support for an independent Muslim nation. Congress under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi launched the Quit India Movement, demanding an immediate end to British rule. In contrast, the Muslim League chose to support the UK's war efforts, thereby nurturing the possibility of establishing a Muslim nation.
Independence
Main article: Pakistan Movement Further information: History of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, Indian independence movement, and Partition of India
The 1946 elections saw the Muslim League secure 90 percent of the Muslim seats, supported by the landowners of Sindh and Punjab. This forced the Indian National Congress, initially skeptical of the League's representation of Indian Muslims, to acknowledge its significance. Jinnah's emergence as the voice of the Indian Muslims, compelled the British to consider their stance, despite their reluctance to partition India. In a final attempt to prevent partition, they proposed the Cabinet Mission Plan.
As the Cabinet Mission failed, the British announced their intention to end rule by June 1948. Following rigorous discussions involving Viceroy of India, Lord Mountbatten of Burma, Muhammad Ali Jinnah of the All-India Muslim League, and Jawaharlal Nehru of Congress, the formal declaration to partition British India into two independent dominions—namely Pakistan and India—was issued by Mountbatten on the evening of 3 June 1947. In Mountbatten's oval office, the prime ministers of around a dozen major princely states gathered to receive their copies of the plan before its worldwide broadcast. At 7:00 P.M., All India Radio transmitted the public announcement, starting with the viceroy's address, followed by individual speeches from Nehru, and Jinnah. The founder of Pakistan Muhammad Ali Jinnah concluded his address with the slogan Pakistan Zindabad (Long Live Pakistan).
As the United Kingdom agreed to the partitioning of India, the modern state of Pakistan was established on 14 August 1947 (27th of Ramadan in 1366 of the Islamic Calendar, considered to be the most blessed date from an Islamic perspective). This new nation amalgamated the Muslim-majority eastern and northwestern regions of British India, comprising the provinces of Balochistan, East Bengal, the North-West Frontier Province, West Punjab, and Sindh.
In the riots that accompanied the partition in Punjab Province, between 200,000 and 2,000,000 people were killed in what some have described as a retributive genocide between the religions. Around 50,000 Muslim women were abducted and raped by Hindu and Sikh men, while 33,000 Hindu and Sikh women experienced the same fate at the hands of Muslims. Around 6.5 million Muslims moved from India to West Pakistan and 4.7 million Hindus and Sikhs moved from West Pakistan to India. It was the largest mass migration in human history. A subsequent dispute over the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir eventually sparked the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948.
Post Independence
Main articles: Dominion of Pakistan and History of Pakistan See also: Monarchy of Pakistan
After independence in 1947, Jinnah, the President of the Muslim League, became Pakistan's first Governor-General and the first President-Speaker of the Parliament, but he succumbed to tuberculosis on 11 September 1948. Meanwhile, Pakistan's founding fathers agreed to appoint Liaquat Ali Khan, the secretary-general of the party, the nation's first Prime Minister. From 1947 to 1956, Pakistan was a monarchy within the Commonwealth of Nations, and had two monarchs before it became a republic.
The creation of Pakistan was never fully accepted by many British leaders including Lord Mountbatten. Mountbatten expressed his lack of support and faith in the Muslim League's idea of Pakistan. Jinnah refused Mountbatten's offer to serve as Governor-General of Pakistan. When Mountbatten was asked by Collins and Lapierre if he would have sabotaged Pakistan had he known that Jinnah was dying of tuberculosis, he replied 'most probably'.
—Muhammad Ali Jinnah's first speech to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan."You are free; you are free to go to your temples, you are free to go to your mosques or to any other place of worship in this State of Pakistan. You may belong to any religion or caste or creed – that has nothing to do with the business of the State."
Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, a respected Deobandi alim (scholar) who held the position of Shaykh al-Islam in Pakistan in 1949, and Maulana Mawdudi of Jamaat-i-Islami played key roles in advocating for an Islamic constitution. Mawdudi insisted that the Constituent Assembly declare the "supreme sovereignty of God" and the supremacy of the shariah in Pakistan.
The efforts of Jamaat-i-Islami and the ulama led to the passage of the Objectives Resolution in March 1949. This resolution, described by Liaquat Ali Khan as the second most significant step in Pakistan's history, affirmed that "sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to God Almighty alone and the authority which He has delegated to the State of Pakistan through its people for being exercised within the limits prescribed by Him is a sacred trust". It was later included as a preamble to the constitutions of 1956, 1962, and 1973.
Democracy faced setbacks due to the martial law imposed by President Iskander Mirza, who was succeeded by General Ayub Khan. After adopting a presidential system in 1962, Pakistan witnessed significant growth until the second war with India in 1965, resulting in an economic downturn and widespread public discontent in 1967. In 1969, President Yahya Khan consolidated control, but faced a devastating cyclone in East Pakistan resulting in 500,000 deaths.
In 1970, Pakistan conducted its first democratic elections since independence, intending to transition from military rule to democracy. However, after the East Pakistani Awami League emerged victorious over the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), Yahya Khan and the military refused to transfer power. This led to Operation Searchlight, a military crackdown, and eventually sparked the war of liberation by Bengali Mukti Bahini forces in East Pakistan, described in West Pakistan as a civil war rather than a liberation struggle.
Independent researchers estimate that between 300,000 and 500,000 civilians died during this period while the Bangladesh government puts the number of dead at three million, a figure that is now nearly universally regarded as excessively inflated. Some academics such as Rudolph Rummel and Rounaq Jahan say both sides committed genocide; others such as Richard Sisson and Leo E. Rose believe there was no genocide. In response to India's support for the insurgency in East Pakistan, preemptive strikes on India by Pakistan's air force, navy, and marines sparked a conventional war in 1971 that resulted in an Indian victory and East Pakistan gaining independence as Bangladesh.
With Pakistan surrendering in the war, Yahya Khan was replaced by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto as president; the country worked towards promulgating its constitution and putting the country on the road to democracy. In 1972 Pakistan embarked on an ambitious plan to develop its nuclear deterrence capability with the goal of preventing any foreign invasion; the country's first nuclear power plant was inaugurated in that same year. India's first nuclear test in 1974 gave Pakistan additional justification to accelerate its nuclear program.
Democracy ended with a military coup in 1977 against the leftist PPP, which saw General Zia-ul-Haq become the president in 1978. From 1977 to 1988, President Zia's corporatisation and economic Islamisation initiatives led to Pakistan becoming one of the fastest-growing economies in South Asia. While building up the country's nuclear program, increasing Islamisation, and the rise of a homegrown conservative philosophy, Pakistan helped subsidise and distribute US resources to factions of the mujahideen against the USSR's intervention in communist Afghanistan. Pakistan's North-West Frontier Province became a base for the anti-Soviet Afghan fighters, with the province's influential Deobandi ulama playing a significant role in encouraging and organising the 'jihad'.
President Zia died in a plane crash in 1988, and Benazir Bhutto, daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, was elected as the country's first female Prime Minister. The PPP was followed by conservative Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML (N)), and over the next decade the leaders of the two parties fought for power, alternating in office. This period is marked by prolonged stagflation, political instability, corruption, misgovernment, geopolitical rivalry with India, and the clash of left wing-right wing ideologies. As PML (N) secured a supermajority in elections in 1997, Nawaz Sharif authorised nuclear testings, as a retaliation to the second nuclear tests conducted by India in May 1998.
Military tension between the two countries in the Kargil district led to the Kargil War of 1999, and turmoil in civil-military relations allowed General Pervez Musharraf to take over through a bloodless coup d'état. Musharraf governed Pakistan as chief executive from 1999 to 2002 and as president from 2001 to 2008—a period of enlightenment, social liberalism, extensive economic reforms, and direct involvement in the US-led war on terrorism. By its own financial calculations, Pakistan's involvement in the war on terrorism has cost up to $118 billion, over eighty one thousand casualties, and more than 1.8 million displaced civilians.
The National Assembly historically completed its first full five-year term on 15 November 2007. After the assassination of Benazir Bhutto in 2007, the PPP secured the most votes in the elections of 2008, appointing party member Yusuf Raza Gilani as Prime Minister. Threatened with impeachment, President Musharraf resigned on 18 August 2008, and was succeeded by Asif Ali Zardari. Clashes with the judicature prompted Gilani's disqualification from the Parliament and as the Prime Minister in June 2012. The general election held in 2013 saw the PML (N) achieve victory, following which Nawaz Sharif was elected as Prime Minister for the third time. In 2018, PTI won the general election and Imran Khan became the 22nd Prime Minister. In April 2022, Shehbaz Sharif was elected as prime minister, after Imran Khan lost a no-confidence vote. During 2024 general election, PTI-backed independents became the largest bloc, but Shehbaz Sharif was elected prime minister for a second term, as a result of a coalition between PML (N) and PPPP.
Geography
Main articles: Geography of Pakistan, Environment of Pakistan, Climate of Pakistan, Extreme weather records in Pakistan, List of tropical cyclones in Pakistan, and List of beaches in Pakistan
Pakistan's diverse geography and climate host a wide array of wildlife. Covering 881,913 km (340,509 sq mi), Pakistan's size is comparable to France and the UK combined. It ranks as the 33rd-largest nation by total area, but this varies based on Kashmir's disputed status. Pakistan boasts a 1,046 km (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman, and shares land borders totaling 6,774 km (4,209 mi), including 2,430 km (1,510 mi) with Afghanistan, 523 km (325 mi) with China, 2,912 km (1,809 mi) with India, and 909 km (565 mi) with Iran. It has a maritime border with Oman, and shares a border with Tajikistan via the Wakhan Corridor. Situated at the crossroads of South Asia, the Middle East, and Central Asia, Pakistan's location is geopolitically significant. Geologically, Pakistan straddles the Indus–Tsangpo Suture Zone and the Indian tectonic plate in Sindh and Punjab, while Balochistan and most of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa sit on the Eurasian Plate, primarily on the Iranian plateau. Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Kashmir, along the Indian plate's edge, are susceptible to powerful earthquakes.
Pakistan's landscapes vary from coastal plains to glaciated mountains, offering deserts, forests, hills, and plateaus. Pakistan is divided into three major geographic areas: the northern highlands, the Indus River plain, and the Balochistan Plateau. The northern highlands feature the Karakoram, Hindu Kush, and Pamir mountain ranges, hosting some of the world's highest peaks, including five of the fourteen eight-thousanders (mountain peaks over 8,000 metres or 26,250 feet), notably K2 (8,611 m or 28,251 ft) and Nanga Parbat (8,126 m or 26,660 ft). The Balochistan Plateau lies in the west and the Thar Desert in the east. The 1,609 km (1,000 mi) Indus River and its tributaries traverse the nation from Kashmir to the Arabian Sea, sustaining alluvial plains along the Punjab and Sindh regions.
The climate varies from tropical to temperate, with arid conditions in the coastal south. There is a monsoon season with frequent flooding due to heavy rainfall, and a dry season with significantly less rainfall or none at all. Pakistan experiences four distinct seasons: a cool, dry winter from December through February; a hot, dry spring from March through May; the summer rainy season, or southwest monsoon period, from June through September; and the retreating monsoon period of October and November. Rainfall varies greatly from year to year, with patterns of alternate flooding and drought common.
Flora and fauna
Main articles: Wildlife of Pakistan, Flora of Pakistan, and Fauna of PakistanThe diverse landscape and climate in Pakistan support a wide range of trees and plants. From coniferous alpine and subalpine trees like spruce, pine, and deodar cedar in the northern mountains to deciduous trees like shisham in the Sulaiman Mountains, and palms such as coconut and date in the southern regions. The western hills boast juniper, tamarisk, coarse grasses, and scrub plants. Mangrove forests dominate the coastal wetlands in the south. Coniferous forests span altitudes from 1,000 to 4,000 metres (3,300 to 13,100 feet) in most northern and northwestern highlands. In Balochistan's xeric regions, date palms and Ephedra are prevalent. In Punjab and Sindh's Indus plains, tropical and subtropical dry and moist broadleaf forests as well as tropical and xeric shrublands thrive. Approximately 4.8% or 36,845.6 square kilometres (3,684,560 ha) of Pakistan was forested in 2021.
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Pakistan's fauna mirrors its diverse climate. The country boasts around 668 bird species, including crows, sparrows, mynas, hawks, falcons, and eagles. Palas, Kohistan, is home to the western tragopan, with many migratory birds visiting from Europe, Central Asia, and India. The southern plains harbor mongooses, small Indian civet, hares, the Asiatic jackal, the Indian pangolin, the jungle cat, and the sand cat. Indus is home to mugger crocodiles, while surrounding areas host wild boars, deer, and porcupines. Central Pakistan's sandy scrublands shelter Asiatic jackals, striped hyenas, wildcats, and leopards. The mountainous north hosts a variety of animals like the Marco Polo sheep, urial, markhor goat, ibex goat, Asian black bear, and Himalayan brown bear.
The lack of vegetative cover, severe climate, and grazing impact on deserts have endangered wild animals. The chinkara is the only animal found in significant numbers in Cholistan, with a few nilgai along the Pakistan–India border and in some parts of Cholistan. Rare animals include the snow leopard and the blind Indus river dolphin, of which there are believed to be about 1,816 remaining, protected at the Indus Dolphin Reserve in Sindh. In total, 174 species of mammals, 177 species of reptiles, 22 species of amphibians, 198 species of freshwater fish, 668 species of birds, over 5,000 species of insects, and over 5,700 species of plants have been recorded in Pakistan. Pakistan faces deforestation, hunting, and pollution, with a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 7.42/10, ranking 41st globally out of 172 countries.
Government and politics
Main articles: Government of Pakistan and Politics of Pakistan
Pakistan operates as a democratic parliamentary federal republic, with Islam designated as the state religion. Initially adopting a constitution in 1956, Pakistan saw it suspended by Ayub Khan in 1958, replaced by a second constitution in 1962. A comprehensive constitution emerged in 1973, suspended by Zia-ul-Haq in 1977 but reinstated in 1985, shaping the country's governance. The military's influence in mainstream politics has been significant throughout Pakistan's history. The eras of 1958–1971, 1977–1988, and 1999–2008 witnessed military coups, leading to martial law and military leaders governing de facto as presidents. Presently, Pakistan operates a multi-party parliamentary system, with distinct checks and balances among government branches. The first successful democratic transition occurred in May 2013. Pakistani politics revolves around a blend of socialism, conservatism, and the third way, with the three main political parties being the conservative PML (N), socialist PPP, and centrist PTI. Constitutional amendments in 2010 curtailed presidential powers, enhancing the role of the prime minister.
- Head of State: The ceremonial head of the state and civilian commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Armed Forces is the President, elected by an Electoral College. The Prime Minister advises the President on key appointments, including military and judicial positions, and the President is constitutionally bound to act on this advice. The President also holds powers to pardon and grant clemency.
- Legislative: The bicameral legislature includes a 96-member Senate (upper house) and a 336-member National Assembly (lower house). National Assembly members are elected via first-past-the-post under universal adult suffrage, representing National Assembly constituencies. The constitution reserves 70 seats for women and religious minorities, allocated to political parties based on proportional representation. Senate members are elected by provincial legislators, ensuring equal representation across all provinces.
- Executive: The Prime Minister, typically the leader of the majority rule party or coalition in the National Assembly (the lower house), serves as the country's chief executive and head of government. Responsibilities include forming a cabinet, making executive decisions, and appointing senior civil servants, subject to executive confirmation.
- Provincial governments: Each of the four provinces follows a similar governance system, with a directly elected Provincial Assembly choosing the Chief Minister, usually from the largest party or coalition. Chief Ministers lead the provincial cabinet and oversee provincial governance. The Chief Secretary, appointed by the Prime Minister, heads the provincial bureaucracy. Provincial assemblies legislate and approve the provincial budget, typically presented by the provincial finance minister annually. Ceremonial heads of provinces, the Provincial Governors, are appointed by the President based on the binding advice of the Prime Minister.
- Judicature: The judiciary in Pakistan has two classes: the superior and subordinate judiciary. The superior judiciary includes the Supreme Court of Pakistan, Federal Shariat Court, and five high courts, with the Supreme Court at the top. It's responsible for safeguarding the constitution. Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan have their own court systems.
Role of Islam
See also: Islam in PakistanPakistan, the only country established in the name of Islam, had overwhelming support among Muslims, especially in provinces like the United Provinces, where Muslims were a minority. This idea, articulated by the Muslim League, the Islamic clergy, and Jinnah, envisioned an Islamic state. Jinnah, closely associated with the ulama, was described upon his death by Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani as the greatest Muslim after Aurangzeb, aspiring to unite Muslims worldwide under Islam.
The Objectives Resolution of March 1949 marked the initial step towards this goal, affirming God as the sole sovereign. Muslim League leader Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman asserted that Pakistan could only truly become an Islamic state after bringing all believers of Islam into a single political unit. Keith Callard observed that Pakistanis believed in the essential unity of purpose and outlook in the Muslim world, expecting similar views on religion and nationality from Muslims worldwide.
Pakistan's desire for a united Islamic bloc, called Islamistan, wasn't supported by other Muslim governments, though figures like the Grand Mufti of Palestine, Al-Haj Amin al-Husseini, and leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood were drawn to the country. Pakistan's desire for an international organization of Muslim countries was fulfilled in the 1970s when the Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC) was formed. East Pakistan's Bengali Muslims, opposed to an Islamist state, clashed with West Pakistanis who leaned towards Islamic identity. The Islamist party Jamaat-e-Islami backed an Islamic state and opposed Bengali nationalism.
After the 1970 general elections, the Parliament crafted the 1973 Constitution. It declared Pakistan an Islamic Republic, with Islam as the state religion, and mandated laws to comply with Islamic teachings laid down in the Quran and Sunnah and that no law repugnant to such injunctions could be enacted. Additionally, it established institutions like the Shariat Court and the Council of Islamic Ideology to interpret and apply Islam.
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto faced opposition under the banner of Nizam-e-Mustafa ("Rule of the Prophet"), advocating an Islamic state. Bhutto conceded to some Islamist demands before being ousted in a coup.
General Zia-ul-Haq, after seizing power, committed to establishing an Islamic state and enforcing sharia law. He instituted Shariat judicial courts, and court benches, to adjudicate using Islamic doctrine. Zia aligned with Deobandi institutions, exacerbating sectarian tensions with anti-Shia policies.
Most Pakistanis, according to a Pew Research Center (PEW) poll, favor Sharia law as the official law, and 94 percent of them identify more with religion than nationality compared to Muslims in other nations.
Administrative units
Main article: Administrative units of Pakistan| Administrative unit | Capital | Population |
|---|---|---|
 Balochistan |
Quetta | 14,894,402 |
 Punjab |
Lahore | 127,688,922 |
 Sindh |
Karachi | 55,696,147 |
 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa |
Peshawar | 40,856,097 |
 Gilgit-Baltistan |
Gilgit | 1,492,924 |
 Azad Kashmir |
Muzaffarabad | 4,179,428 |
| Islamabad Capital Territory | Islamabad | 2,363,863 |
Pakistan, a federal parliamentary republic, consists of four provinces: Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Sindh, and Balochistan, along with three territories: Islamabad Capital Territory, Gilgit-Baltistan, and Azad Kashmir. The Government of Pakistan governs the western parts of the Kashmir Region, organized into separate political entities, Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan. In 2009, the constitutional assignment (the Gilgit–Baltistan Empowerment and Self-Governance Order) granted Gilgit-Baltistan semi-provincial status, providing it with self-government.
The local government system consists of districts, tehsils, and union councils, with an elected body at each tier.
Clickable map of the four provinces and three federal territories of Pakistan.
Foreign relations
Main article: Foreign relations of PakistanSince independence, Pakistan has aimed to maintain an independent foreign policy. Pakistan's foreign policy and geostrategy focus on the economy, security, national identity, and territorial integrity, as well as building close ties with other Muslim nations. According to Hasan Askari Rizvi, a foreign policy expert, "Pakistan highlights sovereign equality of states, bilateralism, mutuality of interests, and non-interference in each other's domestic affairs as the cardinal features of its foreign policy."
The Kashmir conflict remains a major issue between Pakistan and India, with three of their four wars fought over it. Due partly to strained relations with India, Pakistan has close ties with Turkey and Iran, both focal points in its foreign policy. Saudi Arabia also holds importance in Pakistan's foreign relations.
As a non-signatory of the Treaty on Nuclear Non-Proliferation, Pakistan holds influence in the IAEA. For years, Pakistan has blocked an international treaty to limit fissile material, arguing that its stockpile does not meet its long-term needs. Pakistan's nuclear program in the 20th century aimed to counter India's nuclear ambitions in the region, and reciprocal nuclear tests ensued after India's nuclear tests, solidifying Pakistan as a nuclear power. Pakistan maintains a policy of Full spectrum deterrence, considering its nuclear program vital for deterring foreign aggression.
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Located strategically in the world's major maritime oil supply lines and communication fiber optic corridors, Pakistan also enjoys proximity to the natural resources of Central Asian countries. Pakistan actively participates in the United Nations with a Permanent Representative representing its positions in international politics. It has advocated for the concept of "enlightened moderation" in the Muslim world. Pakistan is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, SAARC, ECO, and the G20 developing nations.
Pakistan is designated as an "Iron Brother" by China, emphasizing the significance of their close and supportive relationship. In the 1950s, Pakistan opposed the Soviet Union for geopolitical reasons. During the Soviet–Afghan War in the 1980s, it was a close ally of the United States. Relations with Russia have improved since the end of the Cold War, but Pakistan's relationship with the United States has been "on-and-off." Initially a close ally during the Cold War, Pakistan's relations with the US soured in the 1990s due to sanctions over its secretive nuclear program. Since 9/11, Pakistan has been a US ally on counterterrorism, but their relationship has been strained due to diverging interests and mistrust during the 20-year war and terrorism issues. Although Pakistan was granted major non-NATO ally status by the U.S. in 2004, it faced accusations of supporting the Taliban insurgents in Afghanistan.
Pakistan does not have formal diplomatic relations with Israel; nonetheless, an exchange occurred between the two countries in 2005, with Turkey acting as an intermediary.
Relations with China
Main article: China–Pakistan relations
Pakistan was among the first nations to establish formal diplomatic ties with the China, forging a strong relationship since China's 1962 conflict with India, culminating in a special bond. During the 1970s, Pakistan acted as an intermediary in U.S.-China rapprochement, facilitating US President Richard Nixon's historic visit to China. Despite changes in Pakistani governance and regional/global dynamics, China's influence in Pakistan remains paramount. In reciprocation, China stands as Pakistan's largest trading partner, with substantial investment in Pakistani infrastructure, notably the Gwadar port. In 2015 alone, they inked 51 agreements and Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) for cooperative efforts. Both nations signed a Free Trade Agreement in 2006, with China making its largest investment in Pakistan's history through CPEC. Pakistan acts as China's liaison to the Muslim world, and both nations support each other on sensitive issues like Kashmir, Taiwan, Xinjiang, and more.
Relations with the Muslim world
After Independence, Pakistan vigorously pursued bilateral relations with other Muslim countries. The Ali brothers sought to project Pakistan as the natural leader of the Islamic world, partly due to its significant manpower and military strength. Khaliquzzaman, a prominent Muslim League leader, declared Pakistan's ambition to unite all Muslim countries into Islamistan, a pan-Islamic entity.
These developments, alongside Pakistan's creation, didn't receive approval from the United States, with British Prime Minister Clement Attlee expressing a hope for India and Pakistan to reunite. However, due to a nationalist awakening in the Arab world at that time, there was little interest in Pakistan's Pan-Islamic aspirations. Some Arab countries perceived the 'Islamistan' project as Pakistan's bid to dominate other Muslim states.
Pakistan's founder, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, consistently advocated for the Palestinian cause, shaping Pakistan's foreign policy to support Palestinian rights within the broader framework of Muslim solidarity. During the 1967 Arab-Israel war, Pakistan supported the Arab states and played a key role in securing Iran's backing for the Arab cause both within the U.N. and beyond.
Pakistan's relations with Iran have been strained by sectarian tensions, with both Iran and Saudi Arabia using Pakistan as a battleground for their proxy sectarian war. Since the early days of the Iran–Iraq war, President Zia-ul-Haq played an important mediatory role, with Pakistan actively engaging in efforts to end the conflict. Pakistan provided support to Saudi Arabia during the Gulf War. Pakistan chose to remain neutral during Operation Decisive Storm, refraining from sending military support to Saudi Arabia in its offensive against Yemen. Instead, Pakistan aimed to play a proactive diplomatic role in resolving the crisis, which led to tensions between the two countries. In 2016, Pakistan mediated between Saudi Arabia and Iran following the execution of Shia cleric Nimr al-Nimr, with visits to both countries by then Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and the Chief of Army Staff, Raheel Sharif.
Pakistan provided refuge to millions of displaced Afghans after the Soviet invasion and supported the Afghan mujahideen in their efforts to expel Soviet forces from Afghanistan. After the Soviets withdrew, infighting erupted among Mujahideen factions over control of Afghanistan. Pakistan facilitated peace talks to help end the conflict. After four years of unresolved conflict between rival Mujahideen groups, Pakistan helped establish the Taliban as a stabilizing force. Pakistan's support for the Sunni Taliban in Afghanistan challenged Shia-led Iran, which opposed a Taliban-controlled Afghanistan.
Pakistan vigorously advocated for self-determination among Muslims globally. Its efforts in supporting independence movements in countries like Indonesia, Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, and Eritrea fostered strong ties. Due to its support for Azerbaijan in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, Pakistan has not established diplomatic relations with Armenia.
Pakistan and Bangladesh have experienced strained relations, particularly under the Awami League governments led by Sheikh Hasina, driven by her pro-India stance and historical grievances.
Pakistan, a prominent member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), prioritizes maintaining cultural, political, social, and economic relations with Arab and other Muslim-majority nations in its foreign policy.
Kashmir conflict
Main article: Kashmir conflict
Kashmir, a Himalayan region at the northern tip of the Indian subcontinent, was governed as the autonomous princely state of Jammu and Kashmir during the British Raj before the Partition of India in August 1947. This sparked a major territorial dispute between India and Pakistan, resulting in several conflicts over the region. India controls about 45.1% of Kashmir, including Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, while Pakistan controls roughly 38.2%, comprising Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Gilgit−Baltistan. Additionally, about 20% of the region, known as Aksai Chin and the Shaksgam Valley, is under Chinese control. India claims the entire Kashmir region based on the Instrument of Accession signed by the princely state's ruler, Maharaja Hari Singh, while Pakistan argues for its Muslim-majority population, and geographical proximity to Pakistan. The United Nations was involved in resolving the conflict, leading to a ceasefire in 1949 and the establishment of the Line of Control (LoC) as a de facto border. India, fearing Kashmir's secession, did not hold the promised plebiscite, as it believed Kashmiris would vote to join Pakistan.
Pakistan claims that its position is for the right of the Kashmiri people to determine their future through impartial elections as mandated by the United Nations, while India has stated that Kashmir is an "integral part" of India, referring to the 1972 Simla Agreement and to the fact that regional elections take place regularly. Certain Kashmiri independence groups believe that Kashmir should be independent of both India and Pakistan.
Military
Main article: Pakistan Armed Forces
The armed forces of Pakistan rank sixth globally in personnel size, with about 660,000 on active duty and 291,000 paramilitary personnel as of 2024. Established in 1947, they've wielded significant influence over national politics. The main branches include the Army, Navy, and Air Force, supported by numerous paramilitaries.
The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (CJCSC) is the highest-ranking military officer, advising the civilian government. However, they lack direct command over the branches and serve as intermediaries, ensuring communication between the military and civilian leadership. Overseeing the Joint Staff Headquarters, they coordinate inter-service cooperation and joint military missions.
Command and control over Pakistan's strategic arsenal development and employment is vested in the National Command Authority, overseeing work on nuclear doctrine to maintain Full spectrum deterrence.
The United States, Turkey, and China maintain close military relations with Pakistan Armed Forces, regularly exporting military equipment and technology transfer. Pakistan was the 5th-largest recipient and importer of arms between 2019 and 2023.
Military history
Main article: Military history of PakistanSince 1947, Pakistan has been involved in four conventional wars with India. The first conflict took place in Kashmir and ended in a United Nations-mediated ceasefire, with Pakistan gaining control of one-third of the region. Territorial disputes led to another war in 1965. In 1971, India and Pakistan fought another war over East Pakistan, with Indian forces aiding its independence, leading to the creation of Bangladesh. Tensions in Kargil brought the two countries to the brink of war.
During the Soviet-Afghan War, Pakistan's intelligence community, mostly the ISI, coordinated US resources to support Afghan mujahideen and foreign fighters against Soviet presence. The PAF engaged with Soviet and Afghan Air Forces during the conflict. Pakistan has been an active participant in UN peacekeeping missions, playing a major role in operations like the rescue mission in Mogadishu, Somalia, in 1993. According to UN reports, the Pakistani military is the third largest troop contributor to UN peacekeeping missions after Ethiopia and India.
Pakistan has deployed its military in some Arab countries, providing defense, training, and advisory roles. The PAF and Navy's fighter pilots served in Arab nations' militaries against Israel in the Six-Day War and the Yom Kippur War. Pakistani special forces assisted Saudi forces in Mecca during the Grand Mosque Seizure. Pakistan also sent 5,000 troops as part of a US-led coalition for the defense of Saudi Arabia during the Gulf War.
Despite the UN arms embargo on Bosnia, the ISI under General Javed Nasir airlifted anti-tank weapons and missiles to Bosnian mujahideen, shifting the tide in favor of Bosnian Muslims. ISI, under Nasir's leadership, supported Chinese Muslims in Xinjiang, rebel groups in the Philippines, and religious groups in Central Asia.
Since 2004, the military has been engaged in an insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, primarily against Tehrik-i-Taliban factions. Major operations include Operation Black Thunderstorm, Operation Rah-e-Nijat, and Operation Zarb-e-Azb.
Law enforcement
Main articles: Law enforcement in Pakistan and Pakistani Intelligence CommunityLaw enforcement in Pakistan consists of federal and provincial police agencies. Each of the four provinces (Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Balochistan) has its own police force, while the Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT) has the Islamabad Police. Provincial police forces are led by an Inspector-General of Police (IGP) appointed by provincial governments. However, top officers are from the Police Service of Pakistan (PSP), ensuring national standards across provincial forces.
Specialized Units:
- National Highways & Motorway Police (NHMP): Enforces traffic laws and ensures safety on Pakistan's inter-provincial motorway network.
- Elite Police Units: Each provincial police force, such as the Punjab Elite Force, focuses on counter-terrorism operations and high-risk situations.
The Civil Armed Forces (CAF) support regular law enforcement agencies, aiding in tasks like riot control, counter-insurgency, and border security, enhancing Pakistan's law enforcement capabilities.
The National Intelligence Coordination Committee oversees intelligence activities at federal and provincial levels, including the ISI, MI, IB, FIA, Police, and Civil Armed Forces. Pakistan's primary intelligence agency, the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), was established within a year of Pakistan's independence in 1947.
Human rights
Main articles: Human rights in Pakistan and LGBT rights in PakistanIn 2018, Pakistan ranked 139 out of 180 countries in the Press Freedom Index by Reporters Without Borders, highlighting restrictions on freedom of the press. Television stations and newspapers face closures for publishing reports critical of the government or military. Male homosexuality is illegal in Pakistan, punishable with up to life in prison.
Economy
Main articles: Economy of Pakistan and Economic history of Pakistan See also: Pakistan and the International Monetary Fund| Economic indicators | ||
|---|---|---|
| GDP (PPP) | $1.254 trillion (2019) | |
| GDP (nominal) | $284.2 billion (2019) | |
| Real GDP growth | 3.29% (2019) | |
| CPI inflation | 10.3% (2019) | |
| Unemployment | 5.7% (2018) | |
| Labor force participation rate | 48.9% (2018) | |
| Total public debt | $106 billion (2019) | |
| National wealth | $465 billion (2019) | |
Pakistan's economy ranks 24th globally by purchasing power parity (PPP) and 43rd by nominal GDP. Historically, Pakistan was part of the wealthiest region in the first millennium CE, but lost ground to regions like China and Western Europe by the 18th century. Pakistan is a developing country, and part of the Next Eleven, poised to become one of the world's largest economies in the 21st century, alongside the BRICS.
In recent years, Pakistan has faced social instability and macroeconomic imbalances, with deficiencies in services like rail transportation and electrical energy generation. The semi-industrialized economy has growth centers along the Indus River. The diversified economies of Karachi and Punjab's urban centers coexist with less-developed areas in other parts of the country, particularly in Balochistan. Pakistan ranks as the 67th-largest export economy and the 106th-most complex economy globally, with a negative trade balance of US$23.96 billion in fiscal year 2015–16.
As of 2022, Pakistan's estimated nominal GDP is US$376.493 billion. The GDP by PPP is US$1.512 trillion. The estimated nominal per capita GDP is US$1,658, the GDP (PPP)/capita is US$6,662 (international dollars), According to the World Bank, Pakistan has important strategic endowments and development potential. The increasing proportion of Pakistan's youth provides the country with both a potential demographic dividend and a challenge to provide adequate services and employment. 21.04% of the population live below the international poverty line of US$1.25 a day. The unemployment rate among the aged 15 and over population is 5.5%. Pakistan has an estimated 40 million middle class citizens, projected to increase to 100 million by 2050. A 2015 report published by the World Bank ranked Pakistan's economy at 24th-largest in the world by purchasing power and 41st-largest in absolute terms. It is South Asia's second-largest economy, representing about 15.0% of regional GDP.
Pakistan's economic growth varied over time, with slow progress during democratic transitions but robust expansion under martial law, lacking sustainable foundations. Rapid reforms in the early to mid-2000s, including increased development spending, reduced poverty by 10% and boosted GDP by 3%. The economy cooled post-2007, with inflation peaking at 25.0% in 2008, necessitating IMF intervention to prevent bankruptcy. The Asian Development Bank later noted easing economic strain in Pakistan. Inflation for fiscal year 2010–11 stood at 14.1%. Since 2013, Pakistan's economy has seen growth under an IMF program. Goldman Sachs predicted Pakistan's economy could grow 15 times by 2050, and Ruchir Sharma in his 2016 book anticipated a transformation to a middle-income country by 2020.
Pakistan's vast natural commodity production and 10th-largest labour market, along with a US$19.9 billion contribution from its 7-million-strong diaspora in 2015–16, position it significantly. However, Pakistan's global export share is declining, accounting for just 0.13% in 2007 according to the World Trade Organization.
Agriculture and mining sector
Main articles: Agriculture in Pakistan, Fuel extraction in Pakistan, and Mining in Pakistan
The Pakistani economy has shifted from agriculture to services, with agriculture contributing only 20.9% of the GDP as of 2015. Despite this, Pakistan's wheat production in 2005 surpassed Africa's and nearly matched South America's, highlighting its agricultural significance. The sector employs 43.5% of the labor force and is a major source of foreign exchange.
Manufactured exports, heavily reliant on agricultural raw materials like cotton and hides, face inflationary pressures due to supply shortages and market disruptions. Pakistan ranks fifth in cotton production, self-sufficient in sugarcane, and the fourth-largest milk producer globally. Though land and water resources haven't increased proportionately, productivity gains, especially from the Green Revolution in the late 1960s and 1970s, significantly boosted wheat and rice yields. Private tube wells and High Yielding Varieties (HYVs) further augmented crop yields. Meat industry accounts for 1.4 percent of overall GDP.
Industry
Main article: Industry of Pakistan See also: Textile industry in Pakistan
Industry, constituting 19.74% of GDP and 24% of total employment, is the second-largest sector. Large-scale manufacturing (LSM) dominates, representing 12.2% of GDP, with cement production thriving due to demand from Afghanistan and the domestic real estate sector. In 2013, Pakistan exported 7,708,557 metric tons of cement, with an installed capacity of 44,768,250 metric tons. The textile industry, a key player in Pakistan's manufacturing, contributes 9.5% to GDP and employs around 15 million people. Pakistan ranks fourth globally in cotton production, with substantial spinning capacity, making it a major exporter of textile products in Asia. China is a significant buyer of Pakistani textiles, importing US$1.527 billion worth of textiles last fiscal year.
Services
Main articles: Real estate in Pakistan, Information technology in Pakistan, and Banking in Pakistan
As of 2014–15, the services sector contributes 58.8% to GDP, serving as the main driver of economic growth in Pakistan, with a consumption-oriented society. The sector's growth rate surpasses that of agriculture and industry, accounting for 54% of GDP and over one-third of total employment. It has strong linkages with other sectors, providing essential inputs to agriculture and manufacturing. Pakistan's IT sector is one of the fastest-growing, ranked 110th for ICT development by the World Economic Forum. With around 82 million internet users as of May 2020, Pakistan ranks 9th globally, and its ICT industry is projected to exceed $10 billion by 2020. With 12,000 employees, Pakistan is among the top five freelancing nations, and its export performance in telecom, computer, and information services has notably improved.
Tourism
Main article: Tourism in Pakistan
With its diverse cultures, landscapes, and attractions, Pakistan drew around 6.6 million foreign tourists in 2018. However, this was a decline from the peak of tourism in the 1970s driven by the popular Hippie trail. Pakistan boasts attractions from mangroves in the south to Himalayan hill stations in the northeast, including ancient Buddhist ruins of Takht-i-Bahi and Taxila, the 5,000-year-old Indus Valley civilization sites such as Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, and numerous mountain peaks over 7,000 metres (23,000 feet). The northern part of Pakistan boasts numerous old fortresses, showcasing ancient architecture. It encompasses the Hunza and Chitral valleys, where the small pre-Islamic Kalasha community resides, claiming descent from Alexander the Great. Lahore, Pakistan's cultural capital, showcases numerous examples of Mughal architecture, including the Badshahi Masjid, the Shalimar Gardens, the Tomb of Jahangir, and the Lahore Fort. Following the 2005 Kashmir earthquake, The Guardian highlighted "The top five tourist sites in Pakistan" to boost tourism, featuring destinations like Taxila, Lahore, the Karakoram Highway, Karimabad, and Lake Saiful Muluk. Festivals and government initiatives aim to promote Pakistan's cultural heritage. In 2015, the World Economic Forum ranked Pakistan 125th out of 141 countries in its Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report.
Infrastructure
See also: Water supply and sanitation in PakistanPakistan was lauded as the top nation for infrastructure development in South Asia during the 2016 annual meetings of the IMF and World Bank.
Power and energy
Main articles: Nuclear power in Pakistan, Energy in Pakistan, and Electricity sector in Pakistan
As of May 2021, Pakistan operates six licensed commercial nuclear power plants. The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) oversees these plants, while the Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority ensures their safe operation. These plants contribute approximately 5.8% to Pakistan's electricity supply, while fossil fuels (crude oil and natural gas) provide 64.2%, hydroelectric power provides 29.9%, and coal contributes 0.1%. The KANUPP-I, Pakistan's first commercial nuclear power plant, was supplied by Canada in 1971. Sino-Pakistani nuclear cooperation began in the 1980s, leading to the establishment of CHASNUPP-I. In 2005, both countries proposed a joint energy security plan, aiming for a generation capacity exceeding 160,000 MWe by 2030. Pakistan's Nuclear Energy Vision 2050 targets a capacity of 40,000 MWe, with 8,900 MWe expected by 2030.
In June 2008, the nuclear complex at Chashma in Punjab Province expanded with the installation of Chashma-III and Chashma–IV reactors, each with 325–340 MWe, costing ₨129 billion, with ₨80 billion from international sources, mainly China. Another agreement for China's assistance was signed in October 2008, seen as a response to the US–India agreement. The project's cost was then US$1.7 billion, with a foreign loan of US$1.07 billion. In 2013, Pakistan established a second nuclear complex in Karachi with plans for additional reactors, similar to Chashma. Electrical energy in Pakistan is generated by various corporations and distributed evenly among the four provinces by the National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA). However, Karachi-based K-Electric and Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) generate much of the electricity used in Pakistan and collect revenue nationwide. In 2023, Pakistan's installed electricity generation capacity was ~45,885 MWt. Pakistan produced 1,135 megawatts of renewable energy for the month of October 2016. Pakistan expects to produce 10,000 megawatts of renewable energy by 2025.
Transport
Main article: Transport in Pakistan
The motorway passes through the Salt Range mountains.
Karachi Cantonment railway station
Pakistan boasts 2567 km of motorways and approximately 263,942 km of highways, which handle 92% of passengers and 96% of freight traffic. Despite constituting only 4.6% of the total road length, these north–south links manage 85% of the nation's traffic. They connect southern seaports such as Karachi port and Port Qasim in Sindh, along with Gwadar Port and Port of Pasni in Balochistan, to populous provinces like Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa domestically, and neighboring countries like Afghanistan, Central Asia, and China through the China Pakistan Economic Corridor. According to the WEF's Global Competitiveness Report, Pakistan's port infrastructure quality ratings rose from 3.7 to 4.1 between 2007 and 2016. The railway's share of inland traffic is reduced to below 8% for passengers and 4% for freight. This shift led to a decrease in total rail track from 8,775 kilometres (5,453 miles) in 1990–91 to 7,791 kilometres (4,841 miles) in 2011.
The transport landscape of Pakistan features various modern transit systems. The Orange Line Metro Train in Lahore, inaugurated in 2020, spans 27.1 km (16.8 mi), and includes both elevated and underground sections, accommodating over 250,000 passengers daily. Lahore also boasts the Lahore Metrobus, the first of its kind in Pakistan, operational since February 2013. The Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metrobus, stretching 48.1 km, commenced its first phase in June 2015, with subsequent extensions, and employs e-ticketing and an Intelligent Transportation System. Multan Metrobus, inaugurated in January 2017, serves Multan with its rapid transit services. Peshawar's Bus Rapid Transit, inaugurated in August 2020, marks the fourth BRT system in Pakistan. Karachi's Green Line Metrobus, operational since December 2021, is part of a larger metrobus project financed by the Government of Pakistan and initiated in February 2016. Meanwhile, Faisalabad awaits its proposed rapid transit project, the Faisalabad Metrobus. Karachi Circular Railway, partially revived in November 2020, offers public transit services in the Karachi metropolitan area. Additionally, plans are underway to resurrect Karachi's tramway service, which ceased operations in 1975, in collaboration with Austrian experts.
As of 2013, Pakistan boasts approximately 151 airports and airfields, encompassing both military and civilian installations. Despite Jinnah International Airport serving as the primary international gateway, significant international traffic also flows through Lahore, Islamabad, Peshawar, Quetta, Faisalabad, Sialkot, and Multan airports. The civil aviation industry, deregulated in 1993, operates with a blend of public and private entities while state-owned Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) dominates, carrying 73% of domestic passengers and all domestic freight.
Science and technology
Main articles: Science and technology in Pakistan and List of Pakistani inventions and discoveries
Abdus Salam won the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics for his contribution to electroweak interaction. He was the first Muslim to win a Nobel prize in science..jpg)
Atta-ur-Rahman won the UNESCO Science Prize for pioneering contributions in chemistry in 1999, the first Muslim to win it.
Developments in science and technology have played a significant role in Pakistan's infrastructure, linking the nation to the global community. Each year, the Pakistan Academy of Sciences and the government invite scientists worldwide to the International Nathiagali Summer College on Physics. In 2005, Pakistan hosted an international seminar on "Physics in Developing Countries" for the International Year of Physics. Pakistani theoretical physicist Abdus Salam won a Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the electroweak interaction. Pakistani scientists have made notable contributions in mathematics, biology, economics, computer science, and genetics.
In chemistry, Salimuzzaman Siddiqui identified the medicinal properties of the neem tree's components. Ayub K. Ommaya developed the Ommaya reservoir for treating brain conditions. Scientific research is integral to Pakistani universities, national laboratories, science parks, and the industry. Abdul Qadeer Khan spearheaded Pakistan's HEU-based gas-centrifuge uranium enrichment program for its atomic bomb project. He established the Kahuta Research Laboratories (KRL) in 1976, serving as both its senior scientist and the Director-General until his retirement in 2001. Besides atomic bomb project, he made significant contributions in molecular morphology, physical martensite, and their applications in condensed and material physics.
In 2010, Pakistan ranked 43rd globally in published scientific papers. The influential Pakistan Academy of Sciences guides the government on science policies. Pakistan was ranked 91st in the Global Innovation Index by 2024.
The 1960s marked the rise of Pakistan's space program, led by SUPARCO, yielding advancements in rocketry, electronics, and aeronomy. Notably, Pakistan launched its first rocket into space, pioneering South Asia's space exploration. In 1990, it successfully launched its first satellite, becoming the first Muslim nation and second in South Asia to achieve this milestone.
—Thomson Reuters's Another BRIC in the Wall 2016 reportPakistan witnessed a fourfold increase in its scientific productivity in the past decade surging from approximately 2,000 articles per year in 2006 to more than 9,000 articles in 2015. Making Pakistan's cited article's higher than the BRIC countries put together.
Following the 1971 war with India, Pakistan hastily developed atomic weapons to deter foreign intervention and entered the atomic age. Tensions with India led to Pakistan's 1998 underground nuclear tests, making it the seventh country to possess such weapons.
Pakistan is the sole Muslim nation active in Antarctica research, maintaining its Jinnah Antarctic Research Station since 1992. By May 2020, Pakistan had 82 million internet users, ranking ninth globally. The government invests heavily in information technology projects, focusing on e-government and infrastructure.
Demographics
Main articles: Demographics of Pakistan and Demographic history of Pakistan Further information: Overseas Pakistani
Population Density per square kilometre of each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census
Population of each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census
This section is an excerpt from Demographics of Pakistan.
Pakistan had a population of 241,495,112 according to the final results of the 2023 Census. This figure includes Pakistan's four provinces e.g. Punjab, Sindh, KPK, Balochistan and Islamabad Capital Territory. AJK and Gilgit-Baltistan's census data is yet to be approved by CCI Council of Pakistan. Pakistan is the world's fifth most populous country.
Between 1951 and 2017, Pakistan's population expanded over sixfold, going from 33.7 million to 207.7 million. The country has a relatively high, although declining, growth rate supported by high birth rates and low death rates. Between 1998 and 2017, the average annual population growth rate stood at +2.40%.
Dramatic social changes have led to urbanization and the emergence of two megacities: Karachi and Lahore. The country's urban population more than tripled between 1981 and 2017 (from 23.8 million to 75.7 million), as Pakistan's urbanisation rate rose from 28.2% to 36.4%. Even with this, the nation's urbanisation rate remains one of the lowest in the world, and in 2017, over 130 million Pakistanis (making up nearly 65% of the population) lived in rural areas.
Due to a high fertility rate, which was estimated at 3.5 in 2022, Pakistan has one of the world's youngest populations. The 2017 census recorded that 40.3% of the country's population was under the age of 15, while only 3.7% of Pakistanis were aged 65 or more. The median age of the country was 19, while its sex ratio was recorded to be 105 males per 100 females.
The demographic history of Pakistan from the ancient Indus Valley civilization to the modern era includes the arrival and settlement of many cultures and ethnic groups in the modern region of Pakistan from Eurasia and the nearby Middle East. Because of this, Pakistan has a multicultural, multilinguistic, and multiethnic society. Despite Urdu being Pakistan's lingua franca, estimates on how many languages are spoken in the country range from 75 to 85, and in 2023, the country's three largest ethnolinguistic groups were the Punjabis (making up 36.98% of the total population), the Pashtuns (18.15%), and the Sindhis (14.31%). Pakistan is also thought to have the world's fourth-largest refugee population, estimated at 1.4 million in mid-2021 by the UNHCR.Urbanisation
Main article: Urbanisation in PakistanSince independence due to the partition of India, urbanisation has surged for various reasons. In the south, Karachi stands as the most populous commercial hub along the Indus River. In the east, west, and north, a dense population arc spans cities like Lahore, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Sargodha, Gujranwala, Sialkot, Gujrat, Jhelum, Sheikhupura, Nowshera, Mardan, and Peshawar. By 1990–2008, city dwellers constituted 36% of Pakistan's population, making it South Asia's most urbanized nation, with over 50% living in towns of 5,000+ inhabitants. Immigration, both domestic and international, significantly fuels urban growth. Migration from India, especially to Karachi, the largest metropolis, and from nearby countries, accelerates urbanization, posing new political and socio-economic challenges. Economic shifts like the green revolution and political developments also play crucial roles.
| Largest cities or towns in Pakistan According to the 2023 Census | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | Name | Province | Pop. | Rank | Name | Province | Pop. | ||
 Karachi  Lahore |
1 | Karachi | Sindh | 18,868,021 | 11 | Sargodha | Punjab | 975,886 |  Faisalabad  Rawalpindi |
| 2 | Lahore | Punjab | 13,004,135 | 12 | Sialkot | Punjab | 911,817 | ||
| 3 | Faisalabad | Punjab | 3,691,999 | 13 | Bahawalpur | Punjab | 903,795 | ||
| 4 | Rawalpindi | Punjab | 3,357,612 | 14 | Jhang | Punjab | 606,533 | ||
| 5 | Gujranwala | Punjab | 2,511,118 | 15 | Sheikhupura | Punjab | 591,424 | ||
| 6 | Multan | Punjab | 2,215,381 | 16 | Gujrat | Punjab | 574,240 | ||
| 7 | Hyderabad | Sindh | 1,921,275 | 17 | Sukkur | Sindh | 563,851 | ||
| 8 | Peshawar | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | 1,905,975 | 18 | Larkana | Sindh | 551,716 | ||
| 9 | Quetta | Balochistan | 1,565,546 | 19 | Sahiwal | Punjab | 538,344 | ||
| 10 | Islamabad | Capital Territory | 1,108,872 | 20 | Okara | Punjab | 533,693 | ||
Ethnicity and languages
Main articles: Languages of Pakistan and Ethnic groups of Pakistan See also: PakistanisLanguages of Pakistan (2023)
Punjabi (36.98%) Pashto (18.15%) Sindhi (14.31%) Saraiki (12.00%) Urdu (9.25%) Balochi (3.38%) Hindko (2.32%) Brahui (1.16%) Mewati (0.46%) Kohistani (0.43%) Kashmiri (0.11%) Shina (0.05%) Balti (0.02%) Kalasha (0.003%) Others (1.38%)Pakistan is a diverse society with estimates suggesting it has between 75 and 85 languages. Urdu and English serve as the official languages, with Urdu being a unifying force among over 75% of Pakistanis. According to the 2023 national census, the largest ethnolinguistic groups include the Punjabis (36.98%), Pashtuns (18.15%), Sindhis (14.31%), Saraikis (12%), Urdu speaking people (9.25%), Balochs (3.38%), Hindkowans/Hazarewals (2.32%), and Brahuis (1.16%). The remaining population consists of various ethnic minorities such as Kashmiris, Paharis, Chitralis, various peoples of Gilgit-Baltistan, Kohistanis, Torwalis, Meos, Hazaras, Kalash and Siddis. The Pakistani diaspora, numbering over seven million, is the sixth largest in the world.
Immigration
Main article: Immigration to Pakistan
Even post-1947 partition, Indian Muslims kept migrating to Pakistan, especially Karachi and Sindh province. Wars in neighboring Afghanistan in the 1980s and 1990s pushed millions of Afghan refugees into Pakistan, mainly in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and tribal areas, with some in Karachi and Quetta. Pakistan hosts one of the world's largest refugee populations. Additionally, around 2 million Bangladeshis and half a million undocumented individuals, purportedly from Myanmar, reside in Pakistan. In October 2023, Pakistan ordered the deportation of thousands undocumented refugees, citing security concerns.
Migration of Bengalis and Rohingya to Pakistan started in the 1980s and continued till 1998. Karachi hosts a significant number of Bengali settlements, and large Rohingya migration made it one of their largest populations outside Myanmar. Karachi's Burmese community resides in various slums across the city.
According to BBC, thousands of Uyghur Muslims live in Gilgit-Baltistan, some left Xinjiang, China and the thriving trading town of Kashgar in 1949, while others are later arrivals, claiming to escape political oppression. Since 1989, thousands of Kashmiri Muslim refugees fled to Pakistan, alleging rape and forced displacement by Indian soldiers.
Diaspora
Main article: Overseas Pakistani
According to the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Pakistan has the sixth-largest diaspora globally. Approximately 7 million Pakistanis reside abroad, mainly in the Middle East, Europe, and North America. Pakistan ranks 10th globally for remittances sent home. Saudi Arabia is the largest source of remittances, contributing $5.9 billion as of 2016. The term Overseas Pakistani is officially recognized by the Government of Pakistan, with the Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development addressing their needs, welfare, and issues. Overseas Pakistanis constitute the second-largest source of foreign exchange remittances to Pakistan, with remittances increasing by over 100% from US$8.9 billion in 2009–10 to US$19.9 billion in 2015–16.
Religion
Main article: Religion in Pakistan| Religions in Pakistan (2023 Census) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Religions | Percent | |||
| Islam | 96.3% | |||
| Hinduism | 2.2% | |||
| Christianity | 1.4% | |||
| others | 0.1% | |||
Islam is the state religion, with freedom of religion guaranteed by the constitution. The majority are Muslims (96.47%), followed by Hindus (2.14%) and Christians (1.27%). Minorities include Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Zoroastrians (Parsi), and the unique Kalash people who practice animism. Additionally, a small percentage profess no faith, as seen in the 1998 census.
Islam
Main article: Islam in Pakistan See also: Sufism in Pakistan
Islam dominates in Pakistan, with about 96.5% of the population being Muslim. Pakistan ranks second globally in Muslim population, and is home to 10.5% of the world's Muslims. Karachi is the largest Muslim city in the world.
The majority follow Sunni Islam, with a significant presence of Sufism, while Shia Muslims constitute a minority. Shias represent between 5–25%. The Shia population in Pakistan was estimated at 42 million in 2019. As of 2012, 12% of Pakistani Muslims self-identify as non-denominational Muslims.
The Ahmadis are a minority, officially considered non-Muslims. Ahmadis face persecution, banned from calling themselves Muslims since 1974.
Hinduism
Main article: Hinduism in Pakistan
Hinduism is the second-largest religion, followed by 2.14% of the population according to 2017 census. Pakistan had the fifth-largest Hindu population globally in 2010. In 2017, Hindus numbered 4,444,437. They reside across Pakistan but are concentrated in Sindh, where they make up 8.73% of the population. Umerkot district is the only Hindu majority area. Tharparkar district hosts the largest Hindu population. Four districts – Umerkot, Tharparkar, Mirpurkhas, and Sanghar – have over half of Pakistan's Hindus.
At Pakistan's inception, the 'hostage theory' suggested fair treatment of Hindus to safeguard Muslims in India. However, some Pakistani Hindus felt marginalized, leading to emigration to India. They faced violence post the Babri Masjid demolition, enduring forced conversions and abductions.
Christianity and other religions
Main article: Christianity in Pakistan
Christians are the next largest religious minority after Hindus, constituting 1.27% of the population. They are concentrated in Lahore District (5%) and Islamabad Capital Territory (over 4%). Karachi hosts a historic Roman Catholic community established by Goan and Tamil migrants during British colonial rule.
Following Christianity, the Bahá'í Faith had 30,000 followers in 2008, followed by Sikhism, Buddhism, and Zoroastrianism, each with around 20,000 adherents in 2008, alongside a small Jain community.
In 2005, 1% of the population identified as atheist. By 2012, this figure had risen to 2.0% according to Gallup.
Education
Main article: Education in Pakistan See also: Higher Education Commission (Pakistan) and Rankings of universities in Pakistan
Pakistan's constitution mandates free primary and secondary education, with public universities established in each province, including Punjab University, Sindh University, Peshawar University, Karachi University, and Balochistan University. The country's educational landscape encompasses both public and private universities, fostering collaboration to enhance research and higher education opportunities, albeit with concerns regarding teaching quality in newer institutions. Technical and vocational institutions in Pakistan number approximately 3,193, complemented by madrassahs providing free Islamic education to students, with government efforts to regulate and monitor their quality amidst concerns over extremists recruitment. Education is divided into six main levels, including nursery, primary, middle, matriculation, intermediate, and university programs. Additionally, private schools offer a parallel secondary education system based on the curriculum set by the Cambridge International Examinations, with 439 international schools reported in Pakistan.
Initiatives since 2007 made English medium education mandatory nationwide. Following a 2012 attack on activist Malala Yousafzai by the Taliban, she became the youngest Nobel laureate for her education advocacy. Reforms in 2013 mandated Chinese language courses in Sindh, reflecting China's growing influence. As of 2018, Pakistan's literacy rate stands at 62.3%, with significant regional and gender disparities. Government initiatives, including computer literacy since 1995, aim to eradicate illiteracy, targeting 100% enrollment among primary school-age children and an ~86% literacy rate by 2015. Pakistan allocates 2.3% of its GDP to education, among the lowest in South Asia.
Culture
Main articles: Culture of Pakistan, British heritage of Pakistan, and Public holidays in Pakistan
Civil society in Pakistan is hierarchical, emphasizing local cultural etiquette and traditional Islamic values. The primary family unit is the extended family, but there's a rising trend towards nuclear families due to socio-economic factors. Both men and women typically wear Shalwar Kameez; men also favor trousers, jeans, and shirts. The middle class has grown to about 35 million, with another 17 million in the upper and upper-middle classes, leading to a shift in power from rural landowners to urban elites. Festivals like Eid-ul-Fitr, Eid-ul-Azha, Ramadan, Christmas, Easter, Holi, and Diwali are primarily religious. Pakistan ranks 56th on the A.T. Kearney/FP Globalization Index due to increasing globalization.
Architecture
Main articles: Pakistani architecture and Hindu, Jain and Buddhist architectural heritage of Pakistan
Four periods define Pakistani architecture: pre-Islamic, Islamic, colonial, and post-colonial. The onset of the Indus civilization around the mid-3rd millennium BCE heralded an urban culture, evidenced by surviving large structures. Notable pre-Islamic settlements include Mohenjo-daro, Harappa, and Kot Diji. The fusion of Buddhism and Greek influences birthed a distinctive Greco-Buddhist style from the 1st century CE, exemplified by the renowned Gandhara style. Notable Buddhist architectural remnants include the Takht-i-Bahi monastery in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
The advent of Islam in present-day Pakistan marked the cessation of Buddhist architecture, ushering in Islamic architecture. The notable Indo-Islamic structure, the tomb of Shah Rukn-i-Alam in Multan, remains significant. During the Mughal era, Persian-Islamic design merged with Hindustani art, seen in Lahore's architectural gems like the Badshahi Mosque and the Lahore Fort with the iconic Alamgiri Gate. Lahore also boasts the vibrant Wazir Khan Mosque, and the lush Shalimar Gardens. In the British colonial period, Indo-European buildings emerged, blending European and Indian-Islamic styles. Post-colonial identity shines through modern landmarks like the Faisal Mosque, Minar-e-Pakistan, and Mazar-e-Quaid. British architectural influence persists in structures across Lahore, Peshawar, and Karachi.
Clothing, arts, and fashion
Main articles: Pakistani clothing, Shalwar kameez, Sherwani, Jinnah cap, Peshawari chappal, Pakol, and Sindhi topi
The Shalwar Kameez is Pakistan's national dress, worn in all provinces: Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Azad Kashmir. Each province has its own style. Pakistanis wear a variety of fabrics like silk, chiffon, and cotton. In addition to the national dress, men often wear domestically tailored suits and neckties, especially in offices, schools, and social gatherings.
Pakistan's fashion industry has thrived, blending traditional and modern styles to create a unique cultural identity. Regional and traditional dress remain significant symbols of native tradition, evolving into both modern and purer forms. Organizations like the Pakistan Fashion Design Council in Lahore and the Fashion Pakistan Council in Karachi host events like PFDC Fashion Week and Fashion Pakistan Week. Pakistan's inaugural fashion week took place in November 2009.
Literature and philosophy
Main articles: Literature of Pakistan, Urdu poetry, and Pakistani philosophy
Pakistan boasts literature in various languages including Urdu, Sindhi, Punjabi, Pashto, Baluchi, Persian, English, and more. The Pakistan Academy of Letters actively promotes literature and poetry both domestically and internationally. National Library contributes to literary dissemination. Historically, Pakistani literature consisted mainly of lyric, religious, and folkloric works, later diversifying under colonial influence into prose fiction, now widely embraced.
The national poet of Pakistan, Muhammad Iqbal, wrote influential poetry in Urdu and Persian, advocating for Islamic civilizational revival. Notable figures in contemporary Urdu literature include Josh Malihabadi, Faiz Ahmed Faiz, and Saadat Hasan Manto. Popular Sufi poets like Shah Abdul Latif and Bulleh Shah are revered. Mirza Kalich Beg is hailed as the father of modern Sindhi prose. Pakistani philosophy has been shaped by influences from British and American philosophy, with notable figures like M. M. Sharif contributing to its development. Post-1971, Marxist thought gained prominence in Pakistani philosophy through figures like Jalaludin Abdur Rahim.
Media and entertainment
Main articles: Mass media in Pakistan, Cinema of Pakistan, Music of Pakistan, History of Pakistani pop music, Theatre of Pakistan, and Pakistani dramasThe private print media, state-owned Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV), and Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation (PBC) dominated media until the 21st century. Pakistan now boasts a vast network of domestic, privately owned 24-hour news media and television channels. A 2021 report by the Reporters Without Borders ranked Pakistan 157th among 180 nations on the Press Freedom Index, citing pressures faced by Pakistani reporters, particularly when reporting against the army or government. The BBC describes Pakistani media as "among the most outspoken in South Asia". Pakistani media has been instrumental in exposing corruption.
The Lollywood, Punjabi, and Pashto film industry is centered in Karachi, Lahore, and Peshawar. Although Bollywood films were banned from public cinemas from 1965 to 2008, they remained influential in Pakistani popular culture. However, in 2019, the screening of Bollywood movies faced an indefinite ban. Despite challenges faced by the Pakistani film industry, Urdu televised dramas and theatrical performances remain popular, frequently broadcast by many entertainment media outlets. Urdu dramas dominate the television entertainment industry, renowned for their quality since the 1990s. Pakistani music encompasses diverse forms, from provincial folk music and traditional styles like Qawwali and Ghazal Gayaki to modern fusions of traditional and western music. Pakistan boasts numerous renowned folk singers, and the arrival of Afghan refugees in western provinces has sparked interest in Pashto music, despite occasional intolerance.
Cuisine
Main article: Pakistani cuisine
Pakistani cuisine, rooted in the royal kitchens of 16th-century Mughal emperors, blends influences from British, Indian, Central Asian, and Middle Eastern culinary traditions. Unlike Middle Eastern fare, Pakistani dishes are heavily spiced with garlic, ginger, turmeric, chili, and garam masala. Roti, a wheat-based flatbread, accompanies most meals, alongside curry, meat, vegetables, and lentils. Rice is also common, served plain, spiced, or in sweet dishes. Lassi, a traditional drink from the Punjab region, and black tea with milk and sugar are popular beverages enjoyed nationwide. Sohan halwa, a beloved sweet dish from southern Punjab, is savored across Pakistan.
Sports
Main article: Sport in Pakistan_and_Badshahi_Mosque.jpg)
Locals playing tape ball cricket near Badshahi Masjid, Lahore
A cricket match between Pakistan and Australia at Lord's.
Cricket is the most popular sport in Pakistan, followed by football. Field hockey is the national sport. Other sports like squash, polo, and traditional games are also enjoyed.
In cricket, Pakistan boasts victories in all major ICC tournaments, including the ICC Cricket World Cup, ICC World Twenty20, and ICC Champions Trophy. The Pakistan Super League ranks among the top T20 leagues globally.
In football, Pakistan established the Pakistan Football Federation soon after its creation, and it is known for producing FIFA World Cup balls.
In field hockey, Pakistan boasts four Hockey World Cup wins, eight Asian Games gold medals, and three Olympic gold medals. Squash player Jahangir Khan holds the record for the longest winning streak in professional sport history, winning 555 consecutive matches. Pakistan has hosted various international events, including Cricket and Hockey World Cups and Asian Games.
See also
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Notes
- Article 251 of the Constitution of Pakistan
- "Includes data for Pakistani territories of Kashmir; Azad Kashmir (13,297 km or 5,134 sq mi) and Gilgit–Baltistan (72,520 km or 28,000 sq mi). Excluding these territories would produce an area figure of 796,095 km (307,374 sq mi)."
- "This figure does not include data for Pakistan-administered areas of Kashmir; Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan."
- See Date and time notation in Pakistan.
- Urdu: پَاکِسْتَان, Urdu pronunciation: [ˈpɑːkɪst̪ɑːn] ; Pronounced variably in English as /ˈpækɪstæn/ , /ˈpɑːkɪstɑːn/ , /ˌpækɪˈstæn/, and /ˌpɑːkɪˈstɑːn/.
- ISO: اِسْلامی جُمْہُورِیَہ پَاکِسْتَان, Islāmi Jumhūriyāh Pākistān
- "This figure does not include data for Pakistan-administered areas of Kashmir; Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan."
- The precise time span of the period is uncertain. Philological and linguistic evidence indicates that the Rigveda, the oldest of the Vedas, was composed roughly between 1700 and 1100 BCE, also referred to as the early Vedic period. Oberlies gives an estimate of 1200–1100 BCE for the youngest hymns in book ten. Estimates for a terminus post quem of the earliest hymns are more uncertain. Other 'cumulative evidence' sets a wide range of 1700–1100.
- The World Bank data lists the total area of Pakistan as 770,880 km², excluding Gilgit-Baltistan, Azad Kashmir, and water areas.
References
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- Wright (2009) "The Indus civilisation is one of three in the 'Ancient East' that, along with Mesopotamia and Pharaonic Egypt, was a cradle of early civilisation in the Old World (Childe, 1950). Mesopotamia and Egypt were longer lived, but coexisted with Indus civilisation during its florescence between 2600 and 1900 B.C. Of the three, the Indus was the most expansive, extending from today's northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and India."
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- Copland (2001) "However, the real turning point for the new Muslim League came with the general election of December 1945 and January 1946. Despite facing a rejuvenated Congress, the League won four-fifths of all the Muslim-reserved seats ... The result left no one, not least the British, in doubt about where the locus of power within the Muslim community now lay ... In most respects, therefore, the League's success in the elections of 1945–46 can be interpreted as a clear Muslim mandate for Pakistan. (p 72)"
- Metcalf & Metcalf (2006) "The loss of life was immense, with estimates ranging from several hundred thousand up to a million. But, even for those who survived, fear generated a widespread perception that one could be safe only among members of one's own community; and this in turn helped consolidate loyalties towards the state, whether India or Pakistan, in which one might find a secure haven. This was especially important for Pakistan, where the succour it offered to Muslims gave that state for the first time a visible territorial reality. Fear too drove forward a mass migration unparalleled in the history of South Asia. ... Overall, partition uprooted some 12.5 million of undivided India's people."
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- Fisher (2018) "The earliest discovered instance in India of well-established, settled agricultural society is at Mehrgarh in the hills between the Bolan Pass and the Indus plain (today in Pakistan) (see Map 3.1). From as early as 7000 BCE, communities there started investing increased labor in preparing the land and selecting, planting, tending, and harvesting particular grain-producing plants. They also domesticated animals, including sheep, goats, pigs, and oxen (both humped zebu and unhumped ). Castrating oxen, for instance, turned them from mainly meat sources into domesticated draft-animals as well."
- Dyson (2018) "The subcontinent's people were hunter-gatherers for many millennia. There were very few of them. Indeed, 10,000 years ago there may only have been a couple of hundred thousand people, living in small, often isolated groups, the descendants of various 'modern' human incomers. Then, perhaps linked to events in Mesopotamia, about 8,500 years ago agriculture emerged in Baluchistan."
- Allchin & Allchin (1982) "During the second half of the fourth and early part of the third millennium B.C., a new development begins to become apparent in the greater Indus system, which we can now see to be a formative stage underlying the Mature Indus of the middle and late third millennium. This development seems to have involved the whole Indus system, and to a lesser extent the Indo-Iranian borderlands to its west, but largely left untouched the subcontinent east of the Indus system."
- Dales, Kenoyer & Alcock 1986.
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- Oursel 2015.
- ^ Vedic period: multiple sources:
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- Rahmaan 2017.
- Oberlies 2023.
- Stonard 2017.
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- ^ James 1980.
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- Cooke 2017.
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- Kubica 2023.
- Westmoreland 2019.
- Needham (1994) "When the men of Alexander the Great came to Taxila in India in the fourth century BCE they found a university there the like of which had not been seen in Greece, a university which taught the three Vedas and the eighteen accomplishments and was still existing when the Chinese pilgrim Fa-Hsien went there about CE 400."
- Kulke & Rothermund (2016) "In the early centuries the centre of Buddhist scholarship was the University of Taxila."
- Mookerji 1989.
- Banerjee 2022.
- Mufti 2013.
- ^ Hoodbhoy 2023.
- Cavendish 2006, p. 318.
- Stubbs & Thomson (2016) "Perhaps best known as home to Asia's earliest cities, the Harappan sites of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, Pakistan's rich history includes contributions from prominent Buddhist, Hindu, Hellenistic, Jain and Zoroastrian civilizations, as well as those connected to its Islamic heritage."
- Malik 2006, p. 47.
- Lapidus 2014.
- Samad 2011.
- Faroqhi 2019.
- Canfield 2002.
- Chandra 2005.
- Malik 2006, p. 79.
- Metcalf & Metcalf 2006.
- MacDonald 2017.
- Simpson 2007.
- ^ Wolpert (1984, p. 17) "Barrister Jinnah of Bombay remained as remote from such feelings, as out of tune with such reasoning, as he had been in London in 1893, when Sir Sayyid first spoke of Hindus and Muslims as "different nationalities.""
- ^ Sengupta (2023) "Syed Ahmad Khan, the founder of the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College (which later became Aligarh Muslim University), had declared in a speech in Meerut what would become famous as the "two nation theory.""......"Is it possible that under these circumstances two nations — the Mahomedans and the Hindus — could sit on the same throne and remain equal in power? Most certainly not."
- ^ Holt & Curta 2016.
- Wolpert 1984.
- Rustomji 1952.
- Walbridge 2012.
- Gayer 2014.
- Sharma, D'Angelo & Giri 2020.
- Pirbhai 2009.
- Harjani 2018.
- Cook 1975.
- Khan 2022, p. 119.
- Cavendish 2006, p. 365.
- Law 1999.
- Hussain 2015.
- Malleson 2016.
- Hali & Akhtar 1993.
- Hardy (1972) "Much has been made' of the failure of Congress and the Muslim parties to agree over the Nehru Report and of the rejection of Jinnah's 'Fourteen Points' as a significant milestone along the way to the partition of India. A great opportunity was lost, it is thought, for the abandonment of separate electorates by voluntary Muslim agreement."
- Wuthnow (2013) "To satisfy Muslims' determination to have guaranteed rights in the future political system of India and to maintain territorial unity of the Indian state, by 1929 Jinnah produced the formula known as the Fourteen Points of Mr. Jinnah. The Fourteen Points included separate electorates for Muslims in the provinces of India, parity of electoral representation in the Punjab and Bengal, and electoral considerations for Muslims in those provinces in which they were a minority, although they would retain clear majority in the Northwest Frontier Province, Baluchistan, and Sind."
- ^ Singh & Shani (2021) "Jinnah's famous 'fourteen points' as a condition for support for India's unity, with strong provinces within a weak Indian federation, marked the parting of ways between the Congress and the Muslim national leadership (Jalal 1994, 10–11). At the 1930 session of the All-Indian Muslim Conference, Sir Mohammed Iqbal proposed a Muslim homeland that would serve 'as a symbolic cultural expression of the common striving of Muslim fulfilment – a political manifestation of a common mission' (Gilmartin 1988, 167). The idea of self-determination for India's Muslims was constructed mainly in fear of the majoritarian 'secular' (Hindu) nationalism of the Congress."
- Iqbal (two-nation theory): multiple sources:
- N. Khan (2012)
- Basu & Miroshnik (2023) "Mohammed Iqbal was credited with coming up with the two-nation theory in his speech at Allahabad in 1930 to the Muslim League in a very formal way by saying: "I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sind, and Baluchistan amalgamated into a single State. Self-government within the British Empire or without the British Empire, the formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Moslem State appears to me to be the final destiny of the Moslems, at least of NorthWest India" (Zaidi, 1993; Ahmed, 1970)."
- Hussain (2018) "After repeated demands for stronger constitutional safeguards to protect the rights of minorities, Iqbal eventually opted for a separate Islamic Republic instead. As opposed to putting the free and rational individual at the centre of his democratic theory, Iqbal’s republic primarily required Muslims endowed with a specific character and smelted together by a peculiar vision of individuality. Like a number of his contemporaries, Iqbal warmed up to the two nation-theory. Unlike the mainstream view, however, which read an eternal struggle of Hindus and Muslims back into Indian history, Iqbal’s concept of the Muslim nation was something to be striven towards, not something to be replanted from the past. Iqbal believed that the best way to actualize this national sentiment in the present, was through individual political action."
- Pandeya 2003.
- Basu & Miroshnik 2017.
- M. H. Khan 2016.
- Tucker (2020) "Gandhi's decision played directly into the hands of Jinnah. Jinnah's Muslim League strongly supported the Allied war effort and thereby greatly advanced the possibility of the creation of a separate Muslim state in the Indian subcontinent after the war."
- Chandra 2008.
- Mohiuddin (2007, p. 70) "In the elections of 1946, the Muslim League won 90 percent of the legislative seats reserved for Muslims. It was the power of the big zamindars in Punjab and Sindh behind the Muslim League candidates that led to this massive landslide victory (Alavi 2002, 14). Even Congress, which had always denied the League's claim to be the only true representative of Indian Muslims had to concede the truth of that claim. The 1946 election was, in effect, a plebiscite among Muslims on Pakistan."
- Mohiuddin (2007, p. 71) "Despite the League's victory in the elections, the British did not want the partition of British India. As a last attempt to avoid it, Britain put forward the Cabinet Mission Plan, according to which India would become a federation of three large, self-governing provinces and the central government would be limited to power over foreign policy and defense, implying a weak center."
- Wolpert 1984, p. 309.
- Markovits 2012.
- ^ Wolpert 1984, pp. 328–329.
- Hasanie 2013.
- Akbarzadeh 2020.
- Cohen 2004, p. 6.
- Casualties/Genocide: multiple sources:
- Sikand (2004)
- Butalia (2000)
- Isaacs (1975) "2,000,000 killed in the Hindu-Muslim holocaust during the partition of British-India and the creation of India and Pakistan"
- Basrur (2008) "An estimated 12–15 million people were displaced, and some 2 million died. The legacy of Partition (never without a capital P) remains strong today ..."
- D'Costa (2011) "Estimates of the dead vary from 200,000 (the contemporary British figure) to 2 million (a subsequent Indian speculation). Today, however, it is widely accepted that nearly a million people died during Partition (Butalia, 1997)."
- Brass (2003) "In the event, largely but not exclusively as a consequence of their efforts, the entire Muslim population of the eastern Punjab districts migrated to West Punjab and the entire Sikh and Hindu populations moved to East Punjab in the midst of widespread intimidation, terror, violence, abduction, rape, and murder."
- Rape figures: multiple sources:
- Visweswaran (2011)
- Daiya (2011) "The official estimate of the number of abducted women during Partition was placed at 33,000 non-Muslim (Hindu or Sikh predominantly) women in Pakistan, and 50,000 Muslim women in India."
- Abraham (2002) "In addition thousands of women on both sides of the newly formed borders (estimated range from 29,000 to 50,000 Muslim women and 15,000 to 35,000 Hindu and Sikh women) were abducted, raped, forced to convert, forced into marriage, forced back into what the two States defined as 'their proper homes', torn apart from their families once during partition by those who abducted them, and again, after partition, by the State which tried to 'recover' and 'rehabilitate' them."
- Singh, Iyer & Gairola (2016) "The horrific statistics that surround women refugees-between 75,000–100,000 Hindu, Muslim and Sikh women who were abducted by men of the other communities, subjected to multiple rapes, mutilations, and, for some, forced marriages and conversions-is matched by the treatment of the abducted women in the hands of the nation-state. In the Constituent Assembly in 1949 it was recorded that of the 50,000 Muslim women abducted in India, 8,000 of then were recovered, and of the 33,000 Hindu and Sikh women abducted, 12,000 were recovered."
- Hasan & Raza (2009, p. 12) "When the British Indian Empire was partitioned in 1947, 4.7 million Sikhs and Hindus left what is today Pakistan for India, and 6.5 million Muslims migrated from India to Pakistan."
- Riggs 2024.
- Bhaumik 1996.
- ^ Kazmi 2003.
- ^ Tucker 2017.
- Akbar 2018.
- Kumarasingham (2013) "Few today, including those who work on the subcontinent, recollect that India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka did not become republics the day British rule ended. Even distinguished scholars of Empire like Perry Anderson and A. G. Hopkins have made the common assumption that India naturally became a republic upon independence on 15 August 1947. Instead, all three of these South Asian states began their independent life as Realms within the British Commonwealth and mirrored the style and institutions of the Dominions of Canada, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand. Though their sovereignty was in no way impaired by this seemingly ambiguous position they all held the British sovereign as their head of state who was represented in each capital by a governor- general appointed on the advice of the local prime minister. India, Pakistan and Ceylon were Realms from 1947 to 1950, 1947 to 1956 and 1948 to 1972 respectively."
- McGrath (1996) "Undivided India, their magnificent imperial trophy, was besmirched by the creation of Pakistan, and the division of India was never emotionally accepted by many British leaders, Mountbatten among them."
- Ahmed (1997) "Mountbatten's partiality was apparent in his own statements. He tilted openly and heavily towards Congress. While doing so he clearly expressed his lack of support and faith in the Muslim League and its Pakistan idea."
- Wolpert (2009) "Mountbatten tried to convince Jinnah of the value of accepting him, Mountbatten, as Pakistan's first governor-general, but Jinnah refused to be moved from his determination to take that job himself."
- Lapierre & Collins (2015) "Not only was I not aware, but nobody was aware. Nobody had a clue. I'm glad I didn't because I just don't know what I would have done if I'd known that. You see, Jinnah was so much of a one-man band. If somebody had told me he's going to be dead in x months would I then -I am asking myself this question now-would I have said, Let's hold India together and not divide it? Would I have put back the clock, and held the position? Most probably. I have a feeling Jinnah may not have known himself he had tuberculosis. He was a very severe, cold and repressed person. Nothing would have surprised me about him. He was an extraordinary creature."
- Wilson 2009.
- Hussain (2008) "Mawlānā Shabbīr Ahmad Usmānī, a respected Deobandī ʿālim (scholar) who was appointed to the prestigious position of Shaykh al-Islām of Pakistan in 1949, was the first to demand that Pakistan become an Islamic state. But Mawdūdī and his Jamāʿat-i Islāmī played the central part in the demand for an Islamic constitution. Mawdūdī demanded that the Constituent Assembly make an unequivocal declaration affirming the "supreme sovereignty of God" and the supremacy of the sharīʿah as the basic law of Pakistan."
- ^ Hussain (2008) "The first important result of the combined efforts of the Jamāʿat-i Islāmī and the ʿulamāʿ was the passage of the Objectives Resolution in March 1949, whose formulation reflected compromise between traditionalists and modernists. The resolution embodied "the main principles on which the constitution of Pakistan is to be based". It declared that "sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to God Almighty alone and the authority which He has delegated to the State of Pakistan through its people for being exercised within the limits prescribed by Him is a sacred trust", that "the principles of democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance and social justice, as enunciated by Islam shall be fully observed", and that "the Muslims shall be enabled to order their lives in the individual and collective spheres in accord with the teaching and requirements of Islam as set out in the Holy Qurʿan and Sunna". The Objectives Resolution has been reproduced as a preamble to the constitutions of 1956, 1962, and 1973."
- Wynbrandt 2009, p. 190–197.
- ^ Chowdhury & Mahmud 2008.
- Kathpalia 1986.
- Koumar 2023.
- Lewis 2011.
- Bose 2005.
- Khan 2008.
- Sunkara, Walter & Rojas 2024.
- Hiro 2015.
- Rummel 1998.
- Beachler 2011.
- Totten 2000.
- Agha 2021.
- Paxton 2016.
- Oldenburg 2010.
- Fitzpatrick 2007.
- ^ Hoodbhoy 2011.
- Krasno & LaPides 2015.
- Khanna 2002.
- Hajari 2015.
- Coll 2004.
- Westad 2005.
- Haroon 2008.
- Tucker 2015.
- Chapman 2018.
- Husain 2010.
- Yap & Abeyratne 2023, p. 68.
- ^ Khan 2012.
- Ahmad 2023.
- Mazari 2003.
- Chakma 2014.
- Yarbakhsh 2019.
- Khoja-Moolji 2021.
- Fair 2014.
- ^ Kennedy 2021.
- Zulfiqar 2011.
- Mohiuddin 2007, p. 219.
- Martini, Ford & Jackson 2020.
- Mansbach, Pirro & Taylor 2017.
- United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations 2008.
- Jaffrelot 2015, p. 261.
- Kapoor 2009.
- Waseem 2022.
- Dede & Sadioglu 2016.
- Ruhland 2019.
- Burnett 2020.
- Central Intelligence Agency 2023.
- Afzal 2024.
- Tariq & Stenson 2024.
- Cheng et al. 2022.
- Agarwal & Ahmad 2021.
- Malik 2015.
- Mordi & Adisa 2022.
- Haque 2002.
- Britannica (Gulf of Oman) 2024.
- ^ Factbook 2024.
- Karaman 2012.
- Banerjee 2019.
- ^ Mohiuddin 2007, p. 3, 317, 323–324.
- Kreft 2007.
- Geology: multiple sources:
- Descloitres 2002.
- Cavendish 2006, p. 297.
- Blood 1996, p. 82.
- Jiwani 2021.
- Bright 2017.
- Blood 1996, p. 83.
- Ahmad 2009.
- Hasan & Raza 2009, p. 10.
- Samuel 2016.
- ^ Chandrappa, Gupta & Kulshrestha 2011.
- Blood 1996, p. 87.
- Lane, Norton & Ryan 2017.
- El-Esawi 2019.
- ^ Abul-Soad 2011.
- Descals et al. 2023.
- Spate & Learmonth 2017.
- Sandhu 2010.
- UNEP-WCMC 2024.
- Akhtar & Mirza 2006.
- PEPA 2016.
- World Bank 2024.
- Fatima 2020.
- ^ Faridah-Hanum et al. 2015.
- Grimmett & Inskipp 2021.
- Hunter 2018.
- San et al. 2021.
- Flux & Chapman 1990.
- ^ Srinivasulu & Srinivasulu 2012.
- Waseem et al. 2020.
- Sunquist & Sunquist 2014.
- Sunquist & Sunquist 2017.
- Stoneman 2021.
- Tisdell 2013.
- Srinivasulu 2018.
- Roze 2012.
- Somerville 2021.
- Nyrop 1975.
- CBD Report 2009.
- Mallon & Kingswood 2001.
- Woods, Mufti & Hasan 1997.
- WWF 2024.
- Grantham et al. 2020.
- Inter-Parliamentary Union 1973.
- ^ Munir 1975.
- Cohen 2004, p. 65.
- Cohen 2004.
- Tertrais & Sokolski 2013.
- He, Breen & Allison-Reumann 2023.
- Bloor 2023.
- B. Chakma 2014.
- Chengappa 2002.
- ^ CRS 2023.
- Rafiq & Ahmad 2016.
- ^ Aziz 2018.
- F. Hussain 2015.
- Mahmood 1965.
- Yap & Abeyratne 2023, p. 272.
- Dowding & Dumont 2014.
- Zierke, Stockmann & Meyer 2023.
- Establishment Division 2013.
- ^ Mahmood 2007.
- ^ IFES 2013.
- Establishment Division 2021.
- Ahmad & Asif 2007.
- Senate of Pakistan 2018.
- ^ Wu, Bandyopadhyay & Lee 2021.
- Jha 2016.
- Oberst 2018.
- Ejaz 2022.
- Esposito 2003.
- Dhulipala (2015, p. 496) "The idea of Pakistan may have had its share of ambiguities, but its dismissal as a vague emotive symbol hardly illuminates the reasons as to why it received such overwhelmingly popular support among Indian Muslims, especially those in the 'minority provinces' of British India such as U.P."
- Dhulipala (2015, p. 497) "As the book has demonstrated, local ML functionaries, (U.P.) ML leadership, Muslim modernists at Aligarh, the ulama and even Jinnah at times articulated their vision of Pakistan in terms of an Islamic state."
- Dhulipala (2015, p. 489) "But what is undeniable is the close association he developed with the ulama, for when he died a little over a year after Pakistan was born, Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, in his funeral oration, described Jinnah as the greatest Muslim after the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb."……"Similarly, Usmani asked Pakistanis to remember the Qaid's ceaseless message of Unity, Faith and Discipline and work to fulfil his dream to create a solid bloc of all Muslim states from Karachi to Ankara, from Pakistan to Morocco. He wanted to see the Muslims of the world united under the banner of Islam as an effective check against the aggressive designs of their enemies."
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Further reading
- Allchin, F. Raymond (1993). "The Urban Position of Taxila and Its Place in Northwest India-Pakistan". Studies in the History of Art. 31: 69–81. JSTOR 42620473.
- Lieven, Anatol (2012). Pakistan: A Hard Country. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-61039-145-0.
- Malik, Hafeez (2006). The Encyclopedia of Pakistan. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-597735-6.
- Malik, Iftikhar (2005). Culture and Customs of Pakistan (Culture and Customs of Asia). Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-33126-8.
- McCartney, Matthew (2011). Pakistan: The Political Economy of Growth, Stagnation and the State, 1951–2009. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-57747-2.
- Raja, Masood Ashraf (2010). Constructing Pakistan: Foundational Texts and the Rise of Muslim National Identity. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-547811-2.
- Spear, Percival (2007). India, Pakistan and the West. Read Books Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4067-1215-5.
- Stimson, Robert; Haynes, Kingsley E. (1 January 2012). Studies in Applied Geography and Spatial Analysis: Addressing Real World Issues. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78100-796-9.
External links
Government
General information
- Pakistan. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- Pakistan from UCB Libraries GovPubs
- Pakistan from BBC News
Wikimedia Atlas of Pakistan- Key Development Forecasts for Pakistan from International Futures
Geographic data related to Pakistan at OpenStreetMap
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Categories:- Pakistan
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