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{{Infobox Former Country |
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{{Infobox Former Country |
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| conventional_long_name = Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt |
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| conventional_long_name = Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt |
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| era = Bronze Age |
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| era = Second Intermediate Period of Egypt |
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| government_type = ] |
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| government_type = ] |
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| nation = |
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| nation = |
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| p1 = Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt |
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| p1 = Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt |
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| flag_p1 = |
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| flag_p1 = |
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| p2 = Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt |
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| s1 = Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt |
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| s1 = Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt |
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| flag_s1 = |
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| flag_s1 = |
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| s2 = Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt |
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| s2 = Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt |
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| s3 = Abydos Dynasty |
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| s3 = Abydos Dynasty |
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| capital = ] |
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| capital = ] or ] |
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| common_languages = ] |
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| common_languages = ] |
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| religion = ] |
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| religion = ] |
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| event_start = |
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| event_start = |
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{{Egyptian Dynasty list}} |
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{{Egyptian Dynasty list}} |
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The '''Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt''' was a series of rulers reigning during the ] over the ] of Egypt. It lasted between 75 (ca. 1725–1650 BC) and 155 years (ca. 1805–1650 BC), depending on the scholar. The capital of the dynasty was probably ].<ref name="ryholt"/> The 14th Dynasty existed concurrently with the ] based in Memphis{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}. Some of the contested rulers of the 14th Dynasty (proposed by Kim Ryholt) are commonly identified by Egyptologists as being of ]ite (Semitic) descent, owing to the distinct origins of the names of some of their kings and princes, like Ipqu (West Semitic for ''"grace"''), ] ("''ia-ak-bi-im''", an ] name), ] (West Semitic for ''"the bald one"''), or ].<ref name="ryholt"/> Names in relation with Nubia are also recorded in two cases, king ] ("''The Nubian''") and queen ]. However, the dynasty rulers are not referred to as "rulers of foreign lands" or "shepherd kings" in the Turin kings list.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ilin-Tomich|first=Alexander|title=Second Intermediate Period|journal=UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology|year=2016|pages=3|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/72q561r2}}</ref> |
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The '''Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt''' was a series of rulers reigning during the ] over the ] of Egypt. It lasted between 75 (ca. 1725–1650 BC) and 155 years (ca. 1805–1650 BC), depending on the scholar. The capital of the dynasty was ] in central Delta according to the Egyptian historian ]. Kim Ryholt and some historians think it was probably ].<ref name="ryholt"/> The 14th Dynasty was another Egyptian dynasty that existed concurrently with the ] based in Memphis{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}. The Egyptian rulers of the 14th dynasty are recorded and attested in the ancient Egyptian Turin List of Kings. On the other hand, another proposed list of contested vassals or rulers during the 14th Dynasty (proposed by Kim Ryholt) are identified as being of ]ite (Semitic) descent, owing to the foreign origins of the names of some of their rulers and princes, like Ipqu (West Semitic for ''"grace"''), ] ("''ia-ak-bi-im''", an ] name), ] (West Semitic for ''"the bald one"''), or ].<ref name="ryholt"/> Names in relation with Nubia are also recorded in two cases, king ] ("''The Nubian''") and queen ]. This probably remarks the beginning of ] control and domination over eastern Delta.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ilin-Tomich|first=Alexander|title=Second Intermediate Period|journal=UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology|year=2016|pages=3|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/72q561r2}}</ref> |
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== Chronology == |
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== Chronology == |
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The 14th Dynasty is sometimes combined with the ], ], and ] Dynasties in the ] period, though the 14th Dynasty overlaps at least partially with either of (or both of) the 13th Dynasty and the ]. More commonly, the 14th Dynasty is grouped together with the 13th, 15th, ], and ], as the '']''. |
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The 14th Dynasty is commonly grouped together with the 13th, 15th, ], and ], as the '']''. Less commonly, the 14th Dynasty is combined with the ], ], and ] Dynasties in the ] period, though the 14th Dynasty overlaps at least partially with either of (or both of) the 13th Dynasty and the ]. |
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There are enough gaps in the knowledge of the 14th Dynasty that its absolute chronological position is debated, and can vary by as much as 75 years between authorities. Egyptologist ] proposes that the 14th Dynasty emerged during the late 12th Dynasty, ca. 1805 BC, during or shortly after ]'s rule. He contends that the local Canaanite population residing in the eastern Delta declared their independence and staved off possible attempts from the 13th Dynasty Memphite kings to recover the Delta. According to Ryholt, the 14th Dynasty lasted from 1805 BC until its demise under the ] 15th Dynasty ca. 1650 BC, lasting a total of 155 years. |
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There are enough gaps in the knowledge of the 14th Dynasty that its absolute chronological position is debated, and can vary by as much as 75 years between authorities. Egyptologist ] proposes that the 14th Dynasty emerged during the late 12th Dynasty, ca. 1805 BC, during or shortly after ]'s rule. He contends that the local Canaanite population residing in the eastern Delta declared their independence and staved off possible attempts from the 13th Dynasty Memphite kings to recover the Delta. According to Ryholt, the 14th Dynasty lasted from 1805 BC until its demise under the ] 15th Dynasty ca. 1650 BC, lasting a total of 155 years. |
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This hypothesis is not shared by some Egyptologists, such as ], Daphna Ben Tor, and ], who argue that the 14th Dynasty could not have emerged before the mid 13th Dynasty, ca. 1720 BC, after the reign of ].<ref name="basor">Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (BASOR) 315, 1999, pp.47-73.</ref><ref>Janine Bourriau, "The Second Intermediate Period (c.1650-1550 BC)" in Ian Shaw (ed.) ''The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt'', Oxford University Press, 2000. pp.192 & 194</ref> In particular, they argue that the evidence from the strata levels where 14th Dynasty seals have been discovered conclusively establishes that the 14th Dynasty was only contemporary with the 13th Dynasty in the last half century of the latter's existence, i.e., after ca. 1700 BC. Additionally, Manfred Bietak has dated the inscriptions and monuments of Nehesy, possibly the second ruler of the 14th Dynasty, to around 1700 BC as well.<ref>Bourriau, "The Second Intermediate Period," pp.178-179, 181</ref> |
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This hypothesis is not shared by some Egyptologists, such as ], Daphna Ben Tor, and ], who argue that the 14th Dynasty could not have emerged before the mid 13th Dynasty, ca. 1720 BC, after the reign of ].<ref name="basor">Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 315, 1999, pp.47-73.</ref><ref>Janine Bourriau, "The Second Intermediate Period (c.1650-1550 BC)" in Ian Shaw (ed.) ''The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt'', Oxford University Press, 2000. pp.192 & 194</ref> In particular, they argue that the evidence from the strata levels where 14th Dynasty seals have been discovered conclusively establishes that the 14th Dynasty was only contemporary with the 13th Dynasty in the last half century of the latter's existence, i.e., after ca. 1700 BC. Additionally, Manfred Bietak has dated the inscriptions and monuments of Nehesy, possibly the second ruler of the 14th Dynasty, to around 1700 BC as well.<ref>Bourriau, "The Second Intermediate Period," pp.178-179, 181</ref> |
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Following the very short reign of Nehesy, most scholars – including Manfred Bietak and Kim Ryholt – agree that the Delta region was struck by a prolonged famine and perhaps a plague lasting until the end of the 14th Dynasty.<ref name="ryholt"/><ref>Manfred Bietak, "Egypt and Canaan During the Middle Bronze Age," ''BASOR'', 281 (1991), pp. 21-72, esp. p. 38, </ref> The same famine may have affected the 13th Dynasty, which also exhibits instability and numerous ephemeral kings in its last 50 years of existence, from ca. 1700 BC until 1650 BC. The weakened state of both kingdoms may explain, in part, why they fell rapidly to the emerging Hyksos power around 1650 BC.<ref name="ryholt"/> |
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Following the very short reign of Nehesy, most scholars – including Manfred Bietak and Kim Ryholt – agree that the Delta region was struck by a prolonged famine and perhaps a plague lasting until the end of the 14th Dynasty.<ref name="ryholt"/><ref>Manfred Bietak, "Egypt and Canaan During the Middle Bronze Age," ''BASOR'', 281 (1991), pp. 21-72, esp. p. 38, </ref> The same famine may have affected the 13th Dynasty, which also exhibits instability and numerous ephemeral kings in its last 50 years of existence, from ca. 1700 BC until 1650 BC. The weakened state of both kingdoms may explain, in part, why they fell rapidly to the emerging Hyksos power around 1650 BC.<ref name="ryholt"/> |
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! Name of King !! Image !! Dates !! Comments |
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! Name of King !! Image !! Dates !! Comments |
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| ] ||] ||1805 BC – 1780 BC or after 1650 BC || Chronological position is contested; might be a vassal of the 15th Dynasty |
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| ] ||] ||1805 BC – 1780 BC or after 1650 BC || Chronological position is contested; might be a vassal of the 15th Dynasty |
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| ] || ] ||1780 BC – 1770 BC || Chronological position is contested |
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| ] || ] ||1780 BC – 1770 BC || Chronological position is contested |
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| ] || ] ||1770 BC – 1760 BC || Chronological position is contested |
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| ] || ]||1770 BC – 1760 BC || Chronological position is contested |
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| ] || ] ||1760 – 1745 BC or after 1650 BC || Chronological position is contested; might be a vassal of the 15th Dynasty |
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| ] || ]||1760 – 1745 BC or after 1650 BC || Chronological position is contested; might be a vassal of the 15th Dynasty |
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| ] || ] ||1745 BC – 1705 BC or after 1650 BC || Attested by over 300 ], possibly married to queen ] who was a ]. Chronological position is contested; might be a vassal of the 15th Dynasty |
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| ] || ]||1745 BC – 1705 BC or after 1650 BC || Attested by over 300 ], possibly married to queen ] who was a ]. Chronological position is contested; might be a vassal of the 15th Dynasty |
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| ]|| || ending 1694 BC ||- |
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| Webenre|| || ending 1693 BC||- |
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| ]|| || ending 1693 BC||- |
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| ''Unknown''|| || ||Lost in the Turin king list |
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| ''Unknown''|| || ||Lost in the Turin king list |
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|'Ap |
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|Possibly ], see possible list below |
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| ''Unknown''|| || ||Five lines lost in the Turin king list |
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| ''Unknown''|| || ||Five lines lost in the Turin king list |
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Finally, several rulers attested by contemporary artefacts who are otherwise unknown from the Turin Canon could be dated to the 14th<ref name="ryholt">Kim Ryholt, ''The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period'', Museum Tusculanum Press, (1997)</ref> or 15th Dynasty.<ref>Daphna Ben-Tor: ''Scarabs, Chronology, and Interconnections: Egypt and Palestine in the Second Intermediate Period'', Volume 27 of Orbis biblicus et orientalis / Series archaeologica: Series archaeologica, Academic Press Fribourg 2007, {{ISBN|978-3-7278-1593-5}}, </ref> Their identities and chronological position remain unclear: |
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Finally, several rulers attested by contemporary artefacts who are otherwise unknown from the Turin Canon could be dated to the 14th<ref name="ryholt">Kim Ryholt, ''The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period'', Museum Tusculanum Press, (1997)</ref> or 15th Dynasty.<ref>Daphna Ben-Tor: ''Scarabs, Chronology, and Interconnections: Egypt and Palestine in the Second Intermediate Period'', Volume 27 of Orbis biblicus et orientalis / Series archaeologica: Series archaeologica, Academic Press Fribourg 2007, {{ISBN|978-3-7278-1593-5}}, </ref> Their identities and chronological position remain unclear: |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|+Possible 14th Dynasty pharaohs of Egypt (unclear) |
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|+Possible 14th Dynasty pharaohs of Egypt (unclear) |
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! Name of King !! Image!! Attestations |
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! Name of King !! Image!! Attestations |
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!Comments |
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| ] || ] || 1 ] |
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| ] || ] || 1 ] |
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| ]|| ] || 3 scarab-seals |
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| ]|| ] || 3 scarab-seals |
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| ]|| ] || 1 scarab-seal |
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| ]|| ] || 1 scarab-seal |
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| ]|| ] || 5 scarab-seals |
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| ]|| ] || 5 scarab-seals |
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| ]|| ] || 2 scarab-seals |
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| ]|| ] || 2 scarab-seals |
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| ]|| ] || 27 scarab-seals |
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|Turin Cannon preserves only 'Ap (see uncontested list above). Ryholt and Baker consider proper reconstruction to be 'Apepi, who they thus consider to be the 51st ruler of the 14th Dynasty, <abbr>c.</abbr> 1650 BC; von Beckerath sees 'Apepi as a member of the late 16th Dynasty and a vassal of the Hyksos rulers of the 15th Dynasty. |
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{{s-end}} |
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{{s-end}} |
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{{Pharaohs}} |
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There are enough gaps in the knowledge of the 14th Dynasty that its absolute chronological position is debated, and can vary by as much as 75 years between authorities. Egyptologist Kim Ryholt proposes that the 14th Dynasty emerged during the late 12th Dynasty, ca. 1805 BC, during or shortly after Sobekneferu's rule. He contends that the local Canaanite population residing in the eastern Delta declared their independence and staved off possible attempts from the 13th Dynasty Memphite kings to recover the Delta. According to Ryholt, the 14th Dynasty lasted from 1805 BC until its demise under the Hyksos 15th Dynasty ca. 1650 BC, lasting a total of 155 years.
Following the very short reign of Nehesy, most scholars – including Manfred Bietak and Kim Ryholt – agree that the Delta region was struck by a prolonged famine and perhaps a plague lasting until the end of the 14th Dynasty. The same famine may have affected the 13th Dynasty, which also exhibits instability and numerous ephemeral kings in its last 50 years of existence, from ca. 1700 BC until 1650 BC. The weakened state of both kingdoms may explain, in part, why they fell rapidly to the emerging Hyksos power around 1650 BC.
The precise borders of the 14th Dynasty state are not known, due to the general scarcity of its monuments. In his study of the Second Intermediate Period, Kim Ryholt concludes that the territory directly controlled by the 14th Dynasty roughly consisted of the Nile Delta, with borders located near Athribis in the western Delta and Bubastis in the east.
Seals attributable to the 14th Dynasty have been found in Middle and Upper Egypt – then entirely the territory of the 13th Dynasty – and as far south as Dongola, beyond the Nile's Third Cataract. To the north, seals have been found in the southern Levant, principally along the Mediterranean coast, even as far north as Tel Kabri (in modern-day northern Israel, near the border with Lebanon). This indicates the existence of important trade conducted between the 13th Dynasty, the Canaanite city-states, and Nubia. Ryholt further proposes that king Sheshi, whom he sees as a 14th Dynasty ruler, married a Nubian princess, queen Tati, to strengthen relations with the Kushite kingdom.
The order of rulers for this dynasty is established by the Turin Royal Canon and is widely accepted – except for the first five rulers, which are given below after Ryholt. The names of these rulers are not given on the Turin Canon (except for perhaps one), and Ryholt proposes that they were mentioned as wsf in the list, which denotes a lacuna in the original document from which the list was copied during the Ramesside period. Rather, Ryholt identifies the first five kings thanks to a seriation of their seals. His conclusions are debated, however, in Ben Tor's study of the strata levels, in which seals attributed to the first five kings have been found. Ben Tor concludes that the reigns of Sheshi, 'Ammu, and Yakbim date to the second half of the Hyksos 15th Dynasty, and are not contemporary with the 13th Dynasty. According to Ben Tor, these kings were most likely minor vassal rulers of the Hyksos kings that ruled over the Nile Delta.
The following rulers are not controversial, being established by the Turin Canon – and, for a few of them, by contemporary sources as well:
Finally, several rulers attested by contemporary artefacts who are otherwise unknown from the Turin Canon could be dated to the 14th or 15th Dynasty. Their identities and chronological position remain unclear:
Orange shading indicates the territory possibly under control of the 14th Dynasty, according to Ryholt.
_LACMA_M.86.313.12_(2_of_2).jpg)
