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{{Short description|Australian YouTube personality}}
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{{short description|Syrian-Australian YouTube personality}}
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{{Infobox YouTube personality {{Infobox YouTube personality
| name = Maram Susli | name = Maram Susli
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| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1987}}{{citation needed|date=March 2019}} | birth_date = {{birth year and age|1987}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2014 |title=The Kardashian wannabe trolling for Assad |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/variety/2014/10/22/Pro-Assad-blogger-dismissed-as-Kardashian-wannabe |access-date=15 April 2024 |website=Al Arabiya News}}</ref>
| birth_place = ], Syria | birth_place = ], Syria
| nationality = Australian
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| subscribers = 93.80 thousand <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE WITHOUT UPDATING stats_update BELOW --> | subscribers = 97.1 thousand <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE WITHOUT UPDATING stats_update BELOW -->
| views = 4.87 million <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE WITHOUT UPDATING stats_update BELOW -->
| subscriber_date = September 2021
| views = 4.44 million <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE WITHOUT UPDATING stats_update BELOW -->
| view_date = September 2021
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'''Maram Susli''' (]: مرام سوسلي), also known as '''Mimi al-Laham''', '''PartisanGirl''', '''Syrian Girl''' and '''Syrian Sister''',<ref name="best friend" /><ref name="Bcat20190804">{{cite news|url=https://www.bellingcat.com/news/mena/2019/08/04/tulsi-gabbards-reports-on-chemical-attacks-in-syria-a-self-contradictory-error-filled-mess/|title=Tulsi Gabbard's Reports on Chemical Attacks in Syria - A Self-Contradictory Error Filled Mess|work=Bellingcat|date=4 August 2019|access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="Monbiot2017" /> is a ] journalist<ref name=":0" />, ], and political commentator who prepares videos on the ], ], and the ].<ref name="Schachtman" /> '''Maram Susli''' ({{langx|ar|مرام سوسلي}}; born 1987), also known as '''Mimi al-Laham''', '''PartisanGirl''', '''Syrian Girl''' and '''Syrian Sister''',<ref name="best friend" /><ref name="Bcat20190804">{{cite news|url=https://www.bellingcat.com/news/mena/2019/08/04/tulsi-gabbards-reports-on-chemical-attacks-in-syria-a-self-contradictory-error-filled-mess/|title=Tulsi Gabbard's Reports on Chemical Attacks in Syria - A Self-Contradictory Error Filled Mess|work=Bellingcat|date=4 August 2019|access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="Monbiot2017" /> is a ] conspiracy theorist,<ref name="Bcat20190804" /><ref>{{cite web | url=https://cepa.org/article/conspiracy-theorists-right-wing-politicians-fuel-nord-stream-disinformation/ | title=Conspiracy Theorists, Right-wing Politicians Fuel Nord Stream Disinformation | date=17 October 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cullotty |first1=Eileen |editor1-last=O'Loughlin |editor1-first=Ben |editor2-last=Parry |editor2-first=Katy |editor3-last=Rousell |editor3-first=Laura |editor4-last=Maltby |editor4-first=Sarah |title=Spaces of War, War of Spaces |date=2020 |publisher=Bloomsbury |chapter=Conspiracy and the epistemological challenges of mediatized conflict}}</ref> media personality, and political commentator who prepares videos on the ], ], and ].<ref name="Schachtman" /> She has defended the ] under ],<ref name="best friend">{{cite news|date=19 October 2014|title=The Best English-speaking Friend Assad Could|work=]|url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/1.621575|url-access=registration|access-date=27 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="AlBawaba">{{cite web |title='Partisan Girl' & the Online Battle for Syria |url=https://www.albawaba.com/interviews/original-partisan-girl-1048604 |website=Al Bawaba |access-date=3 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Koltai |first=Kolina |date=8 December 2023 |title=Images of Syrian Civil War Take on a Second Life in Gaza Conflict |url=https://www.bellingcat.com/news/2023/12/08/images-of-syrian-civil-war-take-on-a-second-life-in-gaza-conflict/ |access-date=11 December 2023 |website=bellingcat |language=en-GB}}</ref> and criticised ] as well as ].<ref name="news221014">{{cite news |title=Australian blogger Syrian Girl posts views on ISIS, US airstrikes, Ebola |url=https://www.news.com.au/technology/australian-blogger-syrian-girl-posts-views-on-isis-us-airstrikes-ebola/news-story/24701a52c8f46f6057fa2c7e222b1a31 |access-date=3 September 2021|publisher=news.com.au |date=22 October 2014}}</ref>


Media outlets she has contributed to include ], ] and ].
She has defended the ] and ]<ref name="AlBawaba">{{cite web |title='Partisan Girl' & the Online Battle for Syria |url=https://www.albawaba.com/interviews/original-partisan-girl-1048604 |website=Al Bawaba |publisher=Al Bawaba |access-date=3 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="best friend">{{cite news|date=19 October 2014|title=The Best English-speaking Friend Assad Could|work=]|url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/1.621575|url-access=registration|access-date=27 September 2017}}</ref> and criticised ISIS and Syrian rebels.<ref name="news221014">{{cite news |title=Australian blogger Syrian Girl posts views on ISIS, US airstrikes, Ebola |url=https://www.news.com.au/technology/australian-blogger-syrian-girl-posts-views-on-isis-us-airstrikes-ebola/news-story/24701a52c8f46f6057fa2c7e222b1a31 |access-date=3 September 2021|publisher=news.com.au |date=22 October 2014}}</ref> She has contributed to the academic Russian "journal" ]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maram Susli {{!}} New Eastern Outlook |url=https://journal-neo.org/author/maram-susli/ |access-date=2022-10-20 |website=journal-neo.org}}</ref>{{primary inline}} the website '']'',<ref name="Bcat20190804" /><ref name="Monbiot2017">{{cite news|last=Monbiot|first=George|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/nov/15/lesson-from-syria-chemical-weapons-conspiracy-theories-alt-right|title=A lesson from Syria: it's crucial not to fuel far-right conspiracy theories|work=The Guardian|date=15 November 2017|access-date=22 May 2019|quote=The story was then embellished on Infowars – the notorious far-right conspiracy forum. The Infowars article claimed that the attack was staged by the Syrian first responder group, the White Helmets. This is a reiteration of a repeatedly discredited conspiracy theory, casting these rescuers in the role of perpetrators. It suggested that the victims were people who had been kidnapped by al-Qaida from a nearby city, brought to Khan Shaykhun and murdered, perhaps with the help of the UK and French governments, 'to lay blame on the Syrian government'. The author of this article was Mimi Al-Laham, also known as Maram Susli.}}</ref><ref name="WaPo20170313" /> and Russian and Iranian news outlets ] and ],<ref name="Schachtman" /> and writes for the Lebanese outlet ].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=English |first=Al Mayadeen |date=2021-09-09 |title=Maram Susli |url=https://english.almayadeen.net/authors/2376047/maram-susli |access-date=2022-10-20 |website=Al Mayadeen English |language=en-EN}}</ref> She has published in the ] '']'', as well as the ].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Susli |first=Maram |last2=Alhameedi |first2=Khidhir |last3=Jayatilaka |first3=Dylan |date=2019-10-24 |title=Comment on “Inter/Intramolecular Bonds in TH 5 + (T = C/Si/Ge): H 2 as Tetrel Bond Acceptor and the Uniqueness of Carbon Bonds” |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jpca.9b07378 |journal=The Journal of Physical Chemistry A |language=en |volume=123 |issue=42 |pages=9242–9243 |doi=10.1021/acs.jpca.9b07378 |issn=1089-5639}}</ref>


== Early life and activities == == Early life ==
Susli was born in ]; her family moved to ] when she was a child.<ref name="Schachtman">{{cite news|last1=Schachtman|first1=Noah|last2=Kennedy|first2=Michael|date=17 October 2014|title=The Kardashian Look-Alike Trolling for Assad|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-kardashian-look-alike-trolling-for-assad |work=]|access-date=25 October 2018|quote=It's little wonder that Susli found her way into Jones' orbit as conspiracies lie at the heart of her worldview, if her comments on social media are any indication. According to her, 9/11 was an 'inside job.' al Qaeda and ISIS, by her telling, don't exist in the form they've been presented to the global public. First off, they're one in the same. Second, they're a CIA front—hence the use of 'ALCIAda,' a favorite portmanteau.}}</ref><ref name="news221014" /> She studied chemistry at the ] and has a science degree in biophysics and chemistry.<ref name="Pulse20161229">{{cite news|last=Hilsman|first=Patrick|date=29 December 2016|title=Down the Alt-Right's Syrian Rabbit Hole|work=Pulse|url=https://pulsemedia.org/2016/12/29/down-the-alt-rights-syrian-rabbit-hole/|access-date=17 September 2020|quote=The Assad regime had a relationship with the American far-right long before Susli's appearances on InfoWars. ... 'I'm not gonna come here and deny that the government wasn't a dictatorship, it wasn't corrupt, that, you know, that people weren't angry with it. I'm not gonna say that there wasn't a legitimate reason for people to want to create that change but the fact is that was totally exploited and even pre planned by the foreign agendas, the US, NATO, basically the global elite as you call them'.&nbsp;... 'It's absolutely undeniable that little children died in Damascus three days ago and that the images are shocking and anyone cannot deny that&nbsp;... and I also don't want to implicate the rebels as a whole.&nbsp;... I don't want to implicate them directly because I'm sure some of them have families that live in that area and I believe that they themselves are pasties to a global game that they are cannon fodder for and the powers that be have managed to convince them that they are going to get armed that they are going to get no fly zones&nbsp;...they want to divide Syria up into mini states and they wanna crush any rogue state'.}}</ref><ref name="news221014"/> Susli was born in ]; her family moved to ] when she was a child.<ref name="Schachtman">{{cite news|last1=Schachtman|first1=Noah|last2=Kennedy|first2=Michael|date=17 October 2014|title=The Kardashian Look-Alike Trolling for Assad|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-kardashian-look-alike-trolling-for-assad |work=]|access-date=25 October 2018|quote=It's little wonder that Susli found her way into Jones' orbit as conspiracies lie at the heart of her worldview, if her comments on social media are any indication. According to her, 9/11 was an 'inside job.' al Qaeda and ISIS, by her telling, don't exist in the form they've been presented to the global public. First off, they're one in the same. Second, they're a CIA front—hence the use of 'ALCIAda,' a favorite portmanteau.}}</ref><ref name="news221014" /> She studied chemistry at the ] and has a degree in biophysics and chemistry.<ref name="news221014"/><ref name="Pulse20161229">{{cite news|last=Hilsman|first=Patrick|date=29 December 2016|title=Down the Alt-Right's Syrian Rabbit Hole|work=Pulse|url=https://pulsemedia.org/2016/12/29/down-the-alt-rights-syrian-rabbit-hole/|access-date=17 September 2020|quote=The Assad regime had a relationship with the American far-right long before Susli's appearances on InfoWars. ... 'I'm not gonna come here and deny that the government wasn't a dictatorship, it wasn't corrupt, that, you know, that people weren't angry with it. I'm not gonna say that there wasn't a legitimate reason for people to want to create that change but the fact is that was totally exploited and even pre planned by the foreign agendas, the US, NATO, basically the global elite as you call them'.&nbsp;... 'It's absolutely undeniable that little children died in Damascus three days ago and that the images are shocking and anyone cannot deny that&nbsp;... and I also don't want to implicate the rebels as a whole.&nbsp;... I don't want to implicate them directly because I'm sure some of them have families that live in that area and I believe that they themselves are pasties to a global game that they are cannon fodder for and the powers that be have managed to convince them that they are going to get armed that they are going to get no fly zones&nbsp;...they want to divide Syria up into mini states and they wanna crush any rogue state'.}}</ref>


==Career==
Susli's series of video and social media commentaries on her ] channel had over 30,000 subscribers and close to 2.5&nbsp;million views in 2014.<ref name="Valenzuela">{{cite news|last=Valenzuela|first=Natalie|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/5gkq7n/meet-the-pro-assad-youtube-sensation-who-predicts-syrias-future/|title=Meet the YouTube Sensation Who Predicts Syria's Future|work=Vice|date=13 October 2014|access-date=1 September 2021}}</ref> Susli's series of video and social media commentaries on her ] channel had over 30,000 subscribers and close to 2.5&nbsp;million views in 2014.<ref name="Valenzuela">{{cite news|last=Valenzuela|first=Natalie|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/5gkq7n/meet-the-pro-assad-youtube-sensation-who-predicts-syrias-future/|title=Meet the YouTube Sensation Who Predicts Syria's Future|work=Vice|date=13 October 2014|access-date=1 September 2021}}</ref>


She has contributed to '']'',<ref name="Zaina" /> which is an online pseudo-academic ]-run disinformation and propaganda journal,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Matthews |first1=Miriam |last2=Migacheva |first2=Katya |last3=Brown |first3=Ryan Andrew |title=Superspreaders of Malign and Subversive Information of COVID-19: Russian and Chinese Efforts Targeting the United States |date=2021 |publisher=] |isbn=978-1-9774-0687-3 |url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RRA100/RRA112-11/RAND_RRA112-11.pdf |access-date=11 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Press Release |title=Treasury Sanctions Russians Bankrolling Putin and Russia-Backed Influence Actors |url=https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy0628 |publisher=] |access-date=11 November 2022}}</ref> as well as the conspiracy website '']'',<ref name="Bcat20190804" /><ref name="Monbiot2017">{{cite news|last=Monbiot|first=George|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/nov/15/lesson-from-syria-chemical-weapons-conspiracy-theories-alt-right|title=A lesson from Syria: it's crucial not to fuel far-right conspiracy theories|work=The Guardian|date=15 November 2017|access-date=22 May 2019|quote=The story was then embellished on Infowars – the notorious far-right conspiracy forum. The Infowars article claimed that the attack was staged by the Syrian first responder group, the White Helmets. This is a reiteration of a repeatedly discredited conspiracy theory, casting these rescuers in the role of perpetrators. It suggested that the victims were people who had been kidnapped by al-Qaida from a nearby city, brought to Khan Shaykhun and murdered, perhaps with the help of the UK and French governments, 'to lay blame on the Syrian government'. The author of this article was Mimi Al-Laham, also known as Maram Susli.}}</ref><ref name="WaPo20170313" /> and Russian and Iranian state-run outlets ] and ],<ref name="Schachtman" /> and occasionally contributed to the ]-aligned ]. She was interviewed by ] ].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-kardashian-look-alike-trolling-for-assad | title=The Kardashian Look-Alike Trolling for Assad | newspaper=The Daily Beast | date=17 October 2014 | last1=Kennedy | first1=Noah Shachtman }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/11/tech/youtube-nazi-ban-update | title=Prominent white supremacists are still on YouTube in wake of ban &#124; CNN Business | website=] | date=11 June 2019 }}</ref>
== Interviews and opinions ==
Susli began writing and speaking on the ] in 2012.<ref name="Valenzuela"/> Susli said she speaks out against Syrian rebels, ISIS and the United States after becoming dismayed at seeing her country destroyed. One of her YouTube videos, ''If Syria Disarms Chemical Weapons We Lose the War'', was viewed 44,720 times by October 2014.<ref name="Valenzuela"/> Jordanian news outlet ] described Maram as fighting for the future of her country towards what she believes as the best case scenario. "Susli's conviction that the best and only future for the Syrian people can exist with Bashar Al Assad at the helm, flanked by his Russian and Iranian allies, is dispiriting."<ref name="AlBawaba" /> In a 2013 interview on ] with ] in 2013 (as Mimi al Laham), Susli said <!-- 2013, according to the YT link embedded in the WaPo article. -->that it would be a "grave mistake" for Assad to renounce chemical weapons.<ref name="WaPo20170313">{{cite news|last=Ahmad|first=Muhammad Idrees|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/democracy-post/wp/2017/03/13/for-russian-tv-syria-isnt-just-a-foreign-country-its-a-parallel-universe/|title=For Russian TV, Syria isn't just a foreign country — it's a parallel universe|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=13 March 2017|access-date=23 August 2019}}</ref> As well as RT, Susli is a contributor to the Iranian ].<ref name="Schachtman" /> and '']''.<ref name="Zaina">{{Cite web|title=How Syrians Talk About Assad: Zaina Erhaim vs. Partisan Girl|url=https://www.albawaba.com/news/how-syrians-talk-about-assad-zaina-erhaim-vs-partisan-girl-1127702|access-date=2021-09-01|website=Al Bawaba|language=en}}</ref>


== Views, conspiracy theories and misinformation ==
In an interview with ] on '']'', following the ] of August 2013, she implied the rebels were responsible for the massacre. Susli said the Syrian government was a corrupt dictatorship and that there was "a legitimate reason for people to want to create&nbsp;... change". She stated that the US and NATO used the anger of the Syrian people to serve their own agendas.<ref name="Pulse20161229" /><ref name="Higgins2014">{{cite news|last=Higgins|first=Eliot|author-link=Eliot Higgins|date=20 August 2014|title=Attempts to Blame the Syrian Opposition for the August 21st Sarin Attacks Continue One Year On|work=bellingcat|url=https://www.bellingcat.com/news/mena/2014/08/20/attempts-to-blame-the-syrian-opposition-for-the-august-21st-sarin-attacks-continue-one-year-on/|access-date=1 August 2019|quote=Maram has expressed the view that the Syrian government was not responsible for the August 21st Sarin attacks}}</ref>
Susli began writing and speaking on the ] in 2012.<ref name="Valenzuela" /> Susli said she speaks out against Syrian rebels, the Islamic State, and the United States after becoming dismayed at seeing her country destroyed. One of her YouTube videos, "If Syria Disarms Chemical Weapons We Lose the War", was viewed 44,720 times by October 2014.<ref name="Valenzuela" /> Jordanian news outlet ] described Susli's support for Assad's government: "Susli's conviction that the best and only future for the Syrian people can exist with Bashar Al Assad at the helm, flanked by his Russian and Iranian allies, is dispiriting."<ref name="AlBawaba" /> In a 2013 interview on ] with ] in as Mimi al Laham, Susli said <!-- 2013, according to the YT link embedded in the WaPo article. -->that it would be a "grave mistake" for Assad to renounce chemical weapons.<ref name="WaPo20170313">{{cite news|last=Ahmad|first=Muhammad Idrees|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/democracy-post/wp/2017/03/13/for-russian-tv-syria-isnt-just-a-foreign-country-its-a-parallel-universe/|title=For Russian TV, Syria isn't just a foreign country — it's a parallel universe|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=13 March 2017|access-date=23 August 2019}}</ref> In addition to RT, Susli is a contributor to the Iranian ],<ref name="Schachtman" /> and '']''.<ref name="Zaina">{{Cite web|title=How Syrians Talk About Assad: Zaina Erhaim vs. Partisan Girl|url=https://www.albawaba.com/news/how-syrians-talk-about-assad-zaina-erhaim-vs-partisan-girl-1127702|access-date=1 September 2021|website=Al Bawaba|language=en}}</ref> She is a supporter of the ],<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Leidig|editor-first=Eviane|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=svtNEAAAQBAJ&dq=maram+susli+ssnp&pg=PA144|title=The Radical Right During Crisis|author-last=Bevensee|author-first=Emmi|chapter=How COVID and Syria Conspiracies Introduce Fascism to the Left: The Red-Brown Media Spectrum|location=Stuttgart, Germany|publisher=Ibidem Verlag|year=2021|pages=144–145|isbn=978-3-8382-1576-1}}</ref> has denied the ] in the Syrian Civil War, and, according to ], "promoted pro-regime ]".<ref name=":1" />


According to '']'', Susli has a positive opinion of ]. Over the ], she said "I don't even believe in a ]", instead suggesting there should be "a ]".<ref name="Schachtman" />{{better source needed|date=July 2024}} In Susli's opinion, the New World Order opposes the ].<ref name="best friend" /> She has said that the ] and the ] collaborate with the governments of the United States and Israel, as well as NATO, in international events; that ] and ISIS are a single ] of the ] (CIA); that ];<ref name="Schachtman" />{{better source needed|date=July 2024}} that ] is possibly part of the ]; and that the ] secretly manipulated Gamergate.<ref name="Schachtman" />{{better source needed|date=July 2024}} Via her Twitter account in June 2021, she linked to an article suggesting ] was the responsibility of "Zionists".<ref>{{cite news|last=Silkoff|first=Shira|url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/former-democratic-congresswoman-claims-jews-caused-911-on-twitter-672338|title=Former Democratic Congresswoman claims Jews caused 9/11 on Twitter|work=The Jerusalem Post|date=29 June 2021|access-date=5 September 2021}}</ref>
In a 2014 '']'' interview she said she wanted Syria to "remain secular, united and strong" and did not "tolerate foreigners destroying our way of life, forcing us to live a certain way. Whether it's ISIS or the US government".<ref name="Valenzuela" />


In 2014, ] said Susli was a "self-described News Personality" whose ] page is "filled with video posts on the current conflict, criticising IS and Syrian rebels".<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 October 2014|title=Aussie internet sensation takes on IS|url=https://www.perthnow.com.au/technology/australian-blogger-syrian-girl-posts-views-on-isis-us-airstrikes-ebola-ng-24701a52c8f46f6057fa2c7e222b1a31|access-date=1 September 2021|website=PerthNow|language=en}}</ref> She has denied the allegations of atrocities and war crimes against the Assad government.<ref name="Monbiot2017" /><ref name="Wired">{{cite magazine |last=Ellis |first=Emma Fray |date=31 May 2017 |title=To Make Your Conspiracy Theory Legit, Just Find an 'Expert' |url=https://www.wired.com/2017/05/conspiracy-theory-experts/ |magazine=] |access-date=27 September 2017}}</ref> That same year, Susli told ]: "People are dying, and I have a duty as a human being and as someone of Syrian origin to expose the truth about why."<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 October 2014|title=Australian blogger Syrian Girl posts views on ISIS, US airstrikes, Ebola|url=https://www.news.com.au/technology/australian-blogger-syrian-girl-posts-views-on-isis-us-airstrikes-ebola/news-story/24701a52c8f46f6057fa2c7e222b1a31|access-date=23 August 2021|website=NewsComAu|language=en}}</ref>
In an interview with '']'' in 2014, Susli said that she does not support President ] or associates of the Syrian ] party. According to the website she said this "espite her trolling over Assad's enemies, despite her appearances on Assad-friendly media outlets, and despite her connections to pro-Assad hackers."<ref name="Schachtman" /> In one video she said groups like the "New World Order" have targeted Assad's Syria because it does not allow ] and lacks "a Rothschild central bank".<ref name="Schachtman" /> According to ''The Daily Beast'' Susli said the ] in 2012 was the work of ].<ref name="Schachtman" />


Susli has also ], claiming there are "historians on both sides" one could ask about "specifics and numbers and events and stuff".<ref name="Schachtman" />
According to '']'', Susli has a positive opinion of ]. Over the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, she said "I don't even believe in a ]," instead suggesting there should be "a ]".<ref name="Schachtman" /> In Susli's opinion, the ] opposes the ].<ref name="best friend" /> She has said that the ] and the ] collaborate with the governments of the ] and ], as well as ], in international events; that ] and the ] (ISIS) are a single ] of the ] (CIA); that ];<ref name="Schachtman" /> that ] is possibly part of the ]; and that the ] secretly manipulated the ].<ref name="Schachtman" /> Via her Twitter account in June 2021, she linked to an article suggesting 9/11 was the responsibility of "Zionists".<ref>{{cite news|last=Silkoff|first=Shira|url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/former-democratic-congresswoman-claims-jews-caused-911-on-twitter-672338|title=Former Democratic Congresswoman claims Jews caused 9/11 on Twitter|work=The Jerusalem Post|date=29 June 2021|access-date=5 September 2021}}</ref>


In 2017, along with ], Susli rejected claims that the Syrian government used chemical weapons in 2017 at ].<ref name="Monbiot2017" /> In a YouTube video, she referred to evidence posted by Postol, suggesting that ], alleged to have killed 74 people, was not the work of the Syrian government.<ref name="Monbiot2017" /><ref name="Wired" /> While interviewing ] for '']'', Steve Bloomfield said that Postol "spoke about how he relies for his work on Syria on&nbsp;... Susli", to which Hersh replied: "He talked to her <!--italics in original-->''once'' on one thing."<ref>{{cite news|last=Bloomfield|first=Steve|url=https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/whatever-happened-to-seymour-hersh|title=Whatever happened to Seymour Hersh?|work=Prospect|date=17 July 2018|access-date=23 May 2019}}</ref> In an article for ''InfoWars'', Susli said the ], the first responder group, had been responsible for the Khan Shaykhun attack.<ref name="Monbiot2017" /> ], a chemical weapons expert consulted by ], said that Postol's reliance on Susli for chemical advice was seriously flawed.<ref>{{cite news|last=Higgins|first=Eliot |url=https://www.bellingcat.com/news/mena/2019/08/04/tulsi-gabbards-reports-on-chemical-attacks-in-syria-a-self-contradictory-error-filled-mess/|title=Tulsi Gabbard's Reports on Chemical Attacks in Syria A Self-Contradictory Error Filled Mess|publisher=Bellingcat|date=4 April 2019|access-date=30 May 2021}}</ref>
In 2014, ] said Susli was a "self-described News Personality" whose ] page is "filled with video posts on the current conflict, criticising IS and Syrian rebels".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-10-22|title=Aussie internet sensation takes on IS|url=https://www.perthnow.com.au/technology/australian-blogger-syrian-girl-posts-views-on-isis-us-airstrikes-ebola-ng-24701a52c8f46f6057fa2c7e222b1a31|access-date=2021-09-01|website=PerthNow|language=en}}</ref> She has denied the allegations of atrocities and war crimes against the Assad government.<ref name="Monbiot2017" /><ref name="Wired">{{cite magazine |last=Ellis |first=Emma Fray |date=31 May 2017 |title=To Make Your Conspiracy Theory Legit, Just Find an 'Expert' |url=https://www.wired.com/2017/05/conspiracy-theory-experts/ |magazine=] |access-date=27 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="Schachtman" /><ref name="best friend" /> "People are dying, and I have a duty as a human being and as someone of Syrian origin to expose the truth about why", Susli told ] in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-10-22|title=Australian blogger Syrian Girl posts views on ISIS, US airstrikes, Ebola|url=https://www.news.com.au/technology/australian-blogger-syrian-girl-posts-views-on-isis-us-airstrikes-ebola/news-story/24701a52c8f46f6057fa2c7e222b1a31|access-date=2021-08-23|website=NewsComAu|language=en}}</ref>


After the ] in Salisbury, England, in March 2018, Susli's Twitter account posted 2,300 times over a 12-day period, accessed by 61 million users.<ref name="Stewart">{{cite news|last=Stewart|first=Heather|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/19/russia-fake-news-salisbury-poisoning-twitter-bots-uk|title=Russia spread fake news via Twitter bots after Salisbury poisoning – analysis|work=The Guardian|date=19 April 2018|access-date=22 May 2019}}</ref> Analysts from the British government briefed selected journalists that they had concluded Susli's twitter account (@partisangirl) was "suspicious and part of a broader disinformation campaign".<ref name="Williams">{{cite news|last=Williams|first=Martin|date=24 April 2018|title=FactCheck: How Twitter users were wrongly labelled as Russian bots after a government briefing|work=Channel 4 News|location=London|url=https://www.channel4.com/news/factcheck/how-twitter-users-were-wrongly-labelled-as-russian-bots-after-a-government-briefing|access-date=27 July 2019}}</ref> '']'' then described her account as being a "]"; it subsequently changed its article by substituting "account" for "bot".<ref name="Stewart" /> In response, Susli said: "I am not a robot; I am a human being."<ref name="Williams" /> Susli also declared, “I am human. I am not a machine! I bleed red.” A fact check by ] concluded that Susli is a "real individual", remarking that Twitter had issued her account with a verification tick confirming the account is authentic and that the claim that her account is a bot "controlled directly by the Kremlin, appears to be false".<ref name="Williams" />
In 2017, along with ], Susli rejected claims that the ] has used chemical weapons in 2017 at ].<ref name="Monbiot2017" /> In a YouTube video, she referred to evidence posted by Postol, suggesting that Khan Shaykhun chemical attack, alleged to have killed 74 people, was not the work of the Assad government.<ref name="Monbiot2017" /><ref name="Wired">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2017/05/conspiracy-theory-experts/|magazine=]|access-date=27 September 2017|date=31 May 2017|first=Emma Fray|last=Ellis|title=To Make Your Conspiracy Theory Legit, Just Find an 'Expert'}}</ref> While interviewing ] for '']'' magazine, Steve Bloomfield said that Postol "spoke about how he relies for his work on Syria on&nbsp;... Susli". Hersh replied that "He talked to her ''once'' on one thing".<ref>{{cite news|last=Bloomfield|first=Steve|url=https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/whatever-happened-to-seymour-hersh|title=Whatever happened to Seymour Hersh?|work=Prospect|date=17 July 2018|access-date=23 May 2019}}</ref> In an article for Alex Jones' ''InfoWars'' website, Susli said the ], the first responder group, had been responsible for the Khan Shaykhun attack.<ref name="Monbiot2017" /> Postol's reliance on Susli's reputed expertise has been found to be seriously flawed by ], a chemical weapons expert consulted by ].<ref>{{cite news|last=Higgins|first=Eliot |url=https://www.bellingcat.com/news/mena/2019/08/04/tulsi-gabbards-reports-on-chemical-attacks-in-syria-a-self-contradictory-error-filled-mess/|title=Tulsi Gabbard's Reports on Chemical Attacks in Syria - A Self-Contradictory Error Filled Mess|work=Bellingcat|date=4 April 2019|access-date=30 May 2021}}</ref>


Following the ], Susli was among those who falsely accused a 20-year-old ] student with a Jewish surname of carrying out the attack.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Molloy |first=Shannon |date=15 April 2024 |title=The social media figures who spread Westfield Bondi massacre misinformation |url=https://www.news.com.au/technology/online/social/the-social-media-figures-who-spread-westfield-bondi-massacre-misinformation/news-story/8417938bdbebdec9629b12f3004b0042 |access-date=15 April 2024 |website=news.com.au}}</ref>
After the ] in Salisbury, England in March 2018, Susli's Twitter account posted 2,300 times over a 12-day period, accessed by 61 million users.<ref name="Stewart">{{cite news|last=Stewart|first=Heather|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/19/russia-fake-news-salisbury-poisoning-twitter-bots-uk|title=Russia spread fake news via Twitter bots after Salisbury poisoning – analysis|work=The Guardian|date=19 April 2018|access-date=22 May 2019}}</ref> Analysts from the UK government briefed selected journalists that they had concluded Susli's twitter account (@partisangirl) was "suspicious and part of a broader disinformation campaign".<ref name="Williams">{{cite news|last=Williams|first=Martin|date=24 April 2018|title=FactCheck: How Twitter users were wrongly labelled as Russian bots after a government briefing|work=Channel 4 News|location=London|url=https://www.channel4.com/news/factcheck/how-twitter-users-were-wrongly-labelled-as-russian-bots-after-a-government-briefing|access-date=27 July 2019}}</ref> '']'' newspaper then described her account as being a "]", but subsequently changed its article by substituting "account" for "bot".<ref name="Stewart" /> Susli, in response, said: "I am not a robot; I am a human being."<ref name="Williams"/> A fact check by ] concluded that Susli is a "real individual", remarking that Twitter had issued her account with a verification tick confirming the account is authentic and that the claim that her account is a bot "controlled directly by the Kremlin, appears to be false".<ref name="Williams"/>


=== ''InfoWars'', ''Vice'', and ''The Daily Beast'' interviews ===
Susli has appeared as a guest on ] and ] podcasts and media networks.<ref name="Pulse20161229" /> She has spoken on a ] run by <!-- Multiple RS describe Dawson in these terms. -->] Ryan Dawson (using her Mimi al-Laham pseudonym, she appeared with Ted Postol),<ref name="Monbiot2017" /><ref>{{cite news|last=Ahmad|first=Muhammad Idrees|url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/opinion/chomsky-and-syria-revisionists-regime-whitewashing|title=Chomsky and the Syria revisionists: Regime whitewashing|work=The New Arab|date=5 May 2017|access-date=5 September 2021}}</ref> on podcasts hosted by the former ] of the ], ] (discussing Zionism),<ref name="Monbiot2017" /><ref name="Pulse20161229" /> and has been interviewed by neo-Nazi ] for the YouTube channel of his ], a ] group.<ref>{{cite news|last= Yurieff|first=Kaya|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/06/11/tech/youtube-nazi-ban-update/index.html|title=Prominent white supremacists are still on YouTube in wake of ban|work=CNN|date=11 June 2019|access-date=13 January 2021}}</ref> She is a supporter of the ].<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Leidig|editor-first=Eviane|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=svtNEAAAQBAJ&dq=maram+susli+ssnp&pg=PA144|title=The Radical Right During Crisis|author-last=Bevensee|author-first=Emmi|chapter=How COVID and Syria Conspiracies Introduce Fascism to the Left: The Red-Brown Media Spectrum|location=Stuttgart, Germany|publisher=Ibidem Verlag|year=2021|pages=144–145|isbn=9783838215761}}</ref>
In an interview with ] on '']'', following the ] of August 2013, she implied the rebels were responsible for the massacre. Susli said the Syrian government was a corrupt dictatorship and that there was "a legitimate reason for people to want to create&nbsp;... change". She stated that the United States and ] used the anger of the Syrian people to serve their own agendas.<ref name="Pulse20161229" /><ref name="Higgins2014">{{cite news|last=Higgins|first=Eliot|author-link=Eliot Higgins|date=20 August 2014|title=Attempts to Blame the Syrian Opposition for the August 21st Sarin Attacks Continue One Year On|publisher=Bellingcat|url=https://www.bellingcat.com/news/mena/2014/08/20/attempts-to-blame-the-syrian-opposition-for-the-august-21st-sarin-attacks-continue-one-year-on/|access-date=1 August 2019|quote=Maram has expressed the view that the Syrian government was not responsible for the August 21st Sarin attacks}}</ref> At the time she had thousands of subscribers, which weren't verified.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 April 2018 |title=A group of online 'activists' are claiming Syria's chemical attacks were staged |url=https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/real-life/news-life/a-group-of-online-activists-are-claiming-syrias-chemical-attacks-were-staged/news-story/34546a60dbde0b847bc785010f4b4672|website=News.com.au|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>

In a 2014 '']'' interview, she said she wanted Syria to "remain secular, united and strong" and did not "tolerate foreigners destroying our way of life, forcing us to live a certain way. Whether it's ISIS or the US government".<ref name="Valenzuela" /> In an interview with '']'' that same year, Susli said that she does not support President ] or associates of the ] party. According to the website, she said this "espite her trolling over Assad's enemies, despite her appearances on Assad-friendly media outlets, and despite her connections to pro-Assad hackers."<ref name="Schachtman" />{{better source needed|date=July 2024}} In one video, she said groups like the "]" have targeted Assad's Syria because it doesn't allow ] and lacks "a Rothschild central bank".<ref name="Schachtman" />{{better source needed|date=July 2024}} According to ''The Daily Beast'', Susli said the ] in 2012 was the work of ].<ref name="Schachtman" />{{better source needed|date=July 2024}}


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Latest revision as of 02:18, 10 December 2024

Australian YouTube personality

Maram Susli
Personal information
Born1987 (age 36–37)
Damascus, Syria
NationalityAustralian
Websitesyriangirlpartisan.blogspot.com
YouTube information
Channel
Subscribers97.1 thousand
Total views4.87 million

Last updated: 13 August 2024

Maram Susli (Arabic: مرام سوسلي; born 1987), also known as Mimi al-Laham, PartisanGirl, Syrian Girl and Syrian Sister, is a Syrian-Australian conspiracy theorist, media personality, and political commentator who prepares videos on the Syrian civil war, United States foreign policy in the Middle East, and Gamergate. She has defended the Syrian government under Bashar al-Assad, and criticised Syrian rebels as well as ISIS.

Media outlets she has contributed to include RT, Press TV and Al Mayadeen.

Early life

Susli was born in Damascus; her family moved to Australia when she was a child. She studied chemistry at the University of Western Australia and has a degree in biophysics and chemistry.

Career

Susli's series of video and social media commentaries on her YouTube channel had over 30,000 subscribers and close to 2.5 million views in 2014.

She has contributed to New Eastern Outlook, which is an online pseudo-academic SVR-run disinformation and propaganda journal, as well as the conspiracy website InfoWars, and Russian and Iranian state-run outlets RT and Press TV, and occasionally contributed to the Hezbollah-aligned Al Mayadeen. She was interviewed by neo-Nazi Richard Spencer.

Views, conspiracy theories and misinformation

Susli began writing and speaking on the Syrian civil war in 2012. Susli said she speaks out against Syrian rebels, the Islamic State, and the United States after becoming dismayed at seeing her country destroyed. One of her YouTube videos, "If Syria Disarms Chemical Weapons We Lose the War", was viewed 44,720 times by October 2014. Jordanian news outlet Al Bawaba described Susli's support for Assad's government: "Susli's conviction that the best and only future for the Syrian people can exist with Bashar Al Assad at the helm, flanked by his Russian and Iranian allies, is dispiriting." In a 2013 interview on RT with Abby Martin in as Mimi al Laham, Susli said that it would be a "grave mistake" for Assad to renounce chemical weapons. In addition to RT, Susli is a contributor to the Iranian Press TV, and New Eastern Outlook. She is a supporter of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party, has denied the use of chemical weapons by Assad’s forces in the Syrian Civil War, and, according to Bellingcat, "promoted pro-regime propaganda".

According to The Daily Beast, Susli has a positive opinion of Hezbollah. Over the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, she said "I don't even believe in a two-state solution", instead suggesting there should be "a one-state solution". In Susli's opinion, the New World Order opposes the Syrian government. She has said that the Freemasons and the Illuminati collaborate with the governments of the United States and Israel, as well as NATO, in international events; that Al-Qaeda and ISIS are a single front organisation of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); that 9/11 was an inside job; that ebola is possibly part of the United States biological weapons program; and that the United States Department of Defense secretly manipulated Gamergate. Via her Twitter account in June 2021, she linked to an article suggesting 9/11 was the responsibility of "Zionists".

In 2014, News Corp Australia Network said Susli was a "self-described News Personality" whose Facebook page is "filled with video posts on the current conflict, criticising IS and Syrian rebels". She has denied the allegations of atrocities and war crimes against the Assad government. That same year, Susli told MailOnline: "People are dying, and I have a duty as a human being and as someone of Syrian origin to expose the truth about why."

Susli has also questioned the number of Jews murdered in the Holocaust, claiming there are "historians on both sides" one could ask about "specifics and numbers and events and stuff".

In 2017, along with Theodore Postol, Susli rejected claims that the Syrian government used chemical weapons in 2017 at Khan Shaykhun. In a YouTube video, she referred to evidence posted by Postol, suggesting that Khan Shaykhun chemical attack, alleged to have killed 74 people, was not the work of the Syrian government. While interviewing Seymour Hersh for Prospect, Steve Bloomfield said that Postol "spoke about how he relies for his work on Syria on ... Susli", to which Hersh replied: "He talked to her once on one thing." In an article for InfoWars, Susli said the White Helmets, the first responder group, had been responsible for the Khan Shaykhun attack. Cheryl Rofer, a chemical weapons expert consulted by Bellingcat, said that Postol's reliance on Susli for chemical advice was seriously flawed.

After the Skripal poisonings in Salisbury, England, in March 2018, Susli's Twitter account posted 2,300 times over a 12-day period, accessed by 61 million users. Analysts from the British government briefed selected journalists that they had concluded Susli's twitter account (@partisangirl) was "suspicious and part of a broader disinformation campaign". The Guardian then described her account as being a "Russian bot"; it subsequently changed its article by substituting "account" for "bot". In response, Susli said: "I am not a robot; I am a human being." Susli also declared, “I am human. I am not a machine! I bleed red.” A fact check by Channel 4 concluded that Susli is a "real individual", remarking that Twitter had issued her account with a verification tick confirming the account is authentic and that the claim that her account is a bot "controlled directly by the Kremlin, appears to be false".

Following the Bondi Junction stabbings, Susli was among those who falsely accused a 20-year-old University of Technology Sydney student with a Jewish surname of carrying out the attack.

InfoWars, Vice, and The Daily Beast interviews

In an interview with Alex Jones on InfoWars, following the Ghouta chemical attack of August 2013, she implied the rebels were responsible for the massacre. Susli said the Syrian government was a corrupt dictatorship and that there was "a legitimate reason for people to want to create ... change". She stated that the United States and NATO used the anger of the Syrian people to serve their own agendas. At the time she had thousands of subscribers, which weren't verified.

In a 2014 Vice interview, she said she wanted Syria to "remain secular, united and strong" and did not "tolerate foreigners destroying our way of life, forcing us to live a certain way. Whether it's ISIS or the US government". In an interview with The Daily Beast that same year, Susli said that she does not support President Bashar al-Assad or associates of the Syrian Ba'ath party. According to the website, she said this "espite her trolling over Assad's enemies, despite her appearances on Assad-friendly media outlets, and despite her connections to pro-Assad hackers." In one video, she said groups like the "New World Order" have targeted Assad's Syria because it doesn't allow genetically modified crops and lacks "a Rothschild central bank". According to The Daily Beast, Susli said the Houla massacre in 2012 was the work of British intelligence.

References

  1. "The Kardashian wannabe trolling for Assad". Al Arabiya News. 22 October 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
  2. ^ "About SyrianGirlpartisan". YouTube.
  3. ^ "The Best English-speaking Friend Assad Could". Haaretz. 19 October 2014. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
  4. ^ "Tulsi Gabbard's Reports on Chemical Attacks in Syria - A Self-Contradictory Error Filled Mess". Bellingcat. 4 August 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
  5. ^ Monbiot, George (15 November 2017). "A lesson from Syria: it's crucial not to fuel far-right conspiracy theories". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 May 2019. The story was then embellished on Infowars – the notorious far-right conspiracy forum. The Infowars article claimed that the attack was staged by the Syrian first responder group, the White Helmets. This is a reiteration of a repeatedly discredited conspiracy theory, casting these rescuers in the role of perpetrators. It suggested that the victims were people who had been kidnapped by al-Qaida from a nearby city, brought to Khan Shaykhun and murdered, perhaps with the help of the UK and French governments, 'to lay blame on the Syrian government'. The author of this article was Mimi Al-Laham, also known as Maram Susli.
  6. "Conspiracy Theorists, Right-wing Politicians Fuel Nord Stream Disinformation". 17 October 2022.
  7. Cullotty, Eileen (2020). "Conspiracy and the epistemological challenges of mediatized conflict". In O'Loughlin, Ben; Parry, Katy; Rousell, Laura; Maltby, Sarah (eds.). Spaces of War, War of Spaces. Bloomsbury.
  8. ^ Schachtman, Noah; Kennedy, Michael (17 October 2014). "The Kardashian Look-Alike Trolling for Assad". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 25 October 2018. It's little wonder that Susli found her way into Jones' orbit as conspiracies lie at the heart of her worldview, if her comments on social media are any indication. According to her, 9/11 was an 'inside job.' al Qaeda and ISIS, by her telling, don't exist in the form they've been presented to the global public. First off, they're one in the same. Second, they're a CIA front—hence the use of 'ALCIAda,' a favorite portmanteau.
  9. ^ "'Partisan Girl' & the Online Battle for Syria". Al Bawaba. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
  10. ^ Koltai, Kolina (8 December 2023). "Images of Syrian Civil War Take on a Second Life in Gaza Conflict". bellingcat. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  11. ^ "Australian blogger Syrian Girl posts views on ISIS, US airstrikes, Ebola". news.com.au. 22 October 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
  12. ^ Hilsman, Patrick (29 December 2016). "Down the Alt-Right's Syrian Rabbit Hole". Pulse. Retrieved 17 September 2020. The Assad regime had a relationship with the American far-right long before Susli's appearances on InfoWars. ... 'I'm not gonna come here and deny that the government wasn't a dictatorship, it wasn't corrupt, that, you know, that people weren't angry with it. I'm not gonna say that there wasn't a legitimate reason for people to want to create that change but the fact is that was totally exploited and even pre planned by the foreign agendas, the US, NATO, basically the global elite as you call them'. ... 'It's absolutely undeniable that little children died in Damascus three days ago and that the images are shocking and anyone cannot deny that ... and I also don't want to implicate the rebels as a whole. ... I don't want to implicate them directly because I'm sure some of them have families that live in that area and I believe that they themselves are pasties to a global game that they are cannon fodder for and the powers that be have managed to convince them that they are going to get armed that they are going to get no fly zones ...they want to divide Syria up into mini states and they wanna crush any rogue state'.
  13. ^ Valenzuela, Natalie (13 October 2014). "Meet the YouTube Sensation Who Predicts Syria's Future". Vice. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
  14. ^ "How Syrians Talk About Assad: Zaina Erhaim vs. Partisan Girl". Al Bawaba. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
  15. Matthews, Miriam; Migacheva, Katya; Brown, Ryan Andrew (2021). Superspreaders of Malign and Subversive Information of COVID-19: Russian and Chinese Efforts Targeting the United States (PDF). RAND Corporation. ISBN 978-1-9774-0687-3. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
  16. Press Release. "Treasury Sanctions Russians Bankrolling Putin and Russia-Backed Influence Actors". United States Department of the Treasury. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
  17. ^ Ahmad, Muhammad Idrees (13 March 2017). "For Russian TV, Syria isn't just a foreign country — it's a parallel universe". The Washington Post. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  18. Kennedy, Noah Shachtman (17 October 2014). "The Kardashian Look-Alike Trolling for Assad". The Daily Beast.
  19. "Prominent white supremacists are still on YouTube in wake of ban | CNN Business". CNN. 11 June 2019.
  20. Bevensee, Emmi (2021). "How COVID and Syria Conspiracies Introduce Fascism to the Left: The Red-Brown Media Spectrum". In Leidig, Eviane (ed.). The Radical Right During Crisis. Stuttgart, Germany: Ibidem Verlag. pp. 144–145. ISBN 978-3-8382-1576-1.
  21. Silkoff, Shira (29 June 2021). "Former Democratic Congresswoman claims Jews caused 9/11 on Twitter". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  22. "Aussie internet sensation takes on IS". PerthNow. 22 October 2014. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
  23. ^ Ellis, Emma Fray (31 May 2017). "To Make Your Conspiracy Theory Legit, Just Find an 'Expert'". Wired. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
  24. "Australian blogger Syrian Girl posts views on ISIS, US airstrikes, Ebola". NewsComAu. 22 October 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
  25. Bloomfield, Steve (17 July 2018). "Whatever happened to Seymour Hersh?". Prospect. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  26. Higgins, Eliot (4 April 2019). "Tulsi Gabbard's Reports on Chemical Attacks in Syria – A Self-Contradictory Error Filled Mess". Bellingcat. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  27. ^ Stewart, Heather (19 April 2018). "Russia spread fake news via Twitter bots after Salisbury poisoning – analysis". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
  28. ^ Williams, Martin (24 April 2018). "FactCheck: How Twitter users were wrongly labelled as Russian bots after a government briefing". Channel 4 News. London. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
  29. Molloy, Shannon (15 April 2024). "The social media figures who spread Westfield Bondi massacre misinformation". news.com.au. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
  30. Higgins, Eliot (20 August 2014). "Attempts to Blame the Syrian Opposition for the August 21st Sarin Attacks Continue One Year On". Bellingcat. Retrieved 1 August 2019. Maram has expressed the view that the Syrian government was not responsible for the August 21st Sarin attacks
  31. "A group of online 'activists' are claiming Syria's chemical attacks were staged". News.com.au. 23 April 2018. Retrieved 1 November 2023.

External links

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