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Paul Morphy
Morphy in Philadelphia, 1859
Full name	Paul Charles Morphy
Country	United States
Born	(1837-06-22)June 22, 1837 New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.
Died	July 10, 1884(1884-07-10) (aged 47) New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.

Paul Charles Morphy (June 22, 1837 – July 10, 1884) was an American chess player. During his brief career in the late 1850s, Morphy was acknowledged as the world's greatest chess master.

A prodigy, Morphy emerged onto the chess scene in 1857 by convincingly winning the First American Chess Congress, winning each match by a large margin. He then traveled to Europe, residing for a time in England and France while challenging the continent's top players. He played matches with most of the leading English and French players, as well as the German Adolf Anderssen—again winning all matches by large margins. In 1859, Morphy returned to the United States, before ultimately abandoning competitive chess and receding from public view.

Due to his early exit from the game despite his unprecedented talent, Morphy has been called "The Pride and Sorrow of Chess". This name has often been attributed to Sheriff Walter Cook Spens, chess editor of the Glasgow Weekly Herald, but it is unclear when it first appeared in print.

Biography

Early life

Morphy was born in New Orleans to a prominent wealthy family. His father Alonzo Morphy, of Spanish and Irish ancestry, was a lawyer. He later served as a Louisiana state legislator, Attorney General, and a Louisiana State Supreme Court Justice. Morphy's mother, Louise Thérèse Felicitie Thelcide Le Carpentier, was a musically talented woman from a prominent French Creole family. Paul grew up in an atmosphere of cultivated, genteel civility, where chess and music were the typical highlights of a Sunday home gathering.

Sources differ about when and how Morphy learned to play chess. According to his uncle, Ernest Morphy, no one formally taught the young Morphy how to play chess; rather, he simply learned by watching others play. After observing Ernest and Alonzo abandon what had been a lengthy game, conceding that it was a draw—Paul spoke up, stating that Ernest should have won. This surprised the two men, who had not realized that Paul knew the rules of the game, let alone any notion of strategy. They were even more surprised when Paul proved his claim by resetting the pieces and demonstrating the win his uncle had missed. Biographer Frederick Milnes Edge dismisses this anecdote as apocryphal, however. In 1845, Ernest acted as the second for Eugène Rousseau in his match against Charles H. Stanley, and took the young Paul along with him.

Childhood victories

By 1846, the nine-year-old Morphy was considered one of the best players in New Orleans. That year, General Winfield Scott visited the city while on his way to the war with Mexico. He informed his hosts that he wanted to spend an evening playing chess against a strong local opponent. While he only played infrequently, Scott enjoyed chess and considered himself to be a formidable player. The arrangements were made, and a game was set up after dinner. When Morphy was brought in, Scott initially took offense to a child being offered as his opponent, believing he was being made fun of. However, after being assured that his wishes had been scrupulously obeyed, and that Morphy was a chess prodigy who would prove his skill, Scott agreed to play. Morphy easily defeated Scott in both of the games they played, ending the second game by announcing a forced checkmate after only six moves.

During 1848 and 1849, Morphy competed against the leading players in New Orleans. He played at least fifty games against Eugène Rousseau, considered to be the strongest of Morphy's opponents during this era, and lost at most five. In 1850, Hungarian chess master Johann Löwenthal visited New Orleans. Löwenthal, a refugee of the Hungarian revolution of 1848, had visited various American cities and competed successfully against the best local players. He accepted an invitation to Judge Morphy's house to play against Paul, now twelve years old. Löwenthal soon realized he was facing a formidable opponent: each time Morphy made a good move, Löwenthal's eyebrows shot up in a manner described by Ernest Morphy as "comique". Löwenthal played three games against Morphy during his stay in New Orleans, with sources recording him as either having two losses and one draw, or as losing all three games.

Schooling and the First American Chess Congress

Beginning in 1850, Morphy played relatively little chess for a number of years, instead focusing on his education. Diligent in his studies, he received a bachelor's degree in 1854 from Spring Hill College in Mobile, Alabama, with his graduating thesis detailing what he saw as the narrow logical limits on justifications for war and secession by the southern states. He proceeded to spend an additional year on campus studying mathematics and philosophy, and in May 1855 was awarded a master's degree with the highest honors.

Morphy went on to study law at the University of Louisiana (now Tulane University), receiving an LL.B. degree on April 7, 1857. It has been claimed that Morphy memorized the complete Louisiana Civil Code during the course of his studies.

Not yet the required age to practice law, Morphy found himself with free time after graduation. That year, he received an invitation to participate in the First American Chess Congress, to be held from October 6 to November 10, 1857, in New York. Morphy initially declined, but later changed his mind at the urging of Alexander Beaufort Meek, a judge and close family friend. The main event of the Congress was a 16-man knockout tournament, with each round consisting of short multi-game matches contested by the opponents. Also competing was the strong German chess master Louis Paulsen, who was already aware of Morphy's talent, and said openly beforehand that he would be the tournament's victor. Moreover, while the competition was underway Paulsen repeatedly stated that if Morphy were to visit Europe, he could prove his status as the game's greatest living player. As predicted by Paulsen, Morphy defeated James Thompson in the first round, his family friend Meek in the quarter-finals, the German master Theodor Lichtenhein in the semifinals, and ultimately Paulsen himself in the finals, to win the tournament's grand prize.

After his victory, Morphy was immediately hailed as the chess champion of the United States, but he appeared to be unaffected by his sudden fame. According to the December 1857 issue of Chess Monthly, "his genial disposition, his unaffected modesty and gentlemanly courtesy have endeared him to all his acquaintances." While staying in New York during the fall of 1857, Morphy played 261 games, both with and without odds. In regular games, Morphy's overall record was 87 wins, 8 draws, and 5 losses.

Also in 1857, Morphy founded the Chess Club of New Orleans, becoming its first President. Early in the following year, he was recruited by Daniel Fiske to serve as co-editor of his Chess Monthly publication, a position he held until the end of 1860.

Europe

Up to this time, Morphy was not well known or highly regarded in Europe. Despite his dominance of the American chess scene, the quality of his opponents was relatively low compared to Europe, where most of the best chess players lived. European opinion was that they should not have to make the journey to the United States to play a young and relatively unknown player, especially as the United States had few other quality players to make such a trip worthwhile.

The American Chess Association, it is reported, are about to challenge any player in Europe to contest a match with the young victor in the late passage at arms, for from $2,000 to $5,000 a side, the place of meeting being New York. If the battle-ground were to be London or Paris, there can be little doubt, we apprehend, that a European champion would be found; but the best players in Europe are not chess professionals, but have other and more serious avocations, the interests of which forbid such an expenditure of time as is required for a voyage to the United States and back again.

— The Illustrated London News, December 26, 1857

Morphy returned to his home city with no further action. The New Orleans Chess Club determined that a direct challenge should be made to European champion Howard Staunton.

Sir,—On behalf of the New Orleans Chess Club, and in compliance with the instructions of that body, we the undersigned committee, have the honor to invite you to visit our city, and there meet Mr. Paul Morphy in a chess match ...

... it was suggested that Mr. Morphy, the winner at the late Congress and the present American champion, should cross the ocean, and boldly encounter the distinguished magnates of the transatlantic chess circles; but it unfortunately happens that serious family reasons forbid Mr. Morphy, for the present, to entertain the thought of visiting Europe. It, therefore, becomes necessary to arrange, if possible, a meeting between the latter and the acknowledged European champion, in regard to whom there can be no scope for choice or hesitation—the common voice of the chess world pronounces your name ...

— New Orleans Chess Club to Howard Staunton, February 4, 1858

Staunton made an official reply through The Illustrated London News, stating that it was not possible for him to travel to the United States and that Morphy must come to Europe if he wished to challenge him and other European chess players.

... The terms of this cartel are distinguished by extreme courtesy, and with one notable exception, by extreme liberality also. The exception in question, however (we refer to the clause which stipulates that the combat shall take place in New Orleans!) appears to us utterly fatal to the match ...

... If Mr. Morphy—for whose skill we entertain the liveliest admiration—be desirous to win his spurs among the chess chivalry of Europe, he must take advantage of his purposed visit next year; he will then meet in this country, in France, in Germany, and in Russia, many champions whose names must be as household words to him, ready to test and do honor to his prowess.

— The Illustrated London News, April 3, 1858

Eventually, Morphy went to Europe to play Staunton and other chess greats. Morphy made numerous attempts at setting up a match with Staunton, but none ever came through. Staunton was later criticized for avoiding a match with Morphy, although his peak as a player had been in the 1840s and he was considered past his prime by the late 1850s. Staunton is known to have been working on his edition of the complete works of Shakespeare at the time, but he also competed in a chess tournament during Morphy's visit. Staunton later blamed Morphy for the failure to have a match, suggesting among other things that Morphy lacked the funds required for match stakes—a most unlikely charge given Morphy's popularity. Morphy also remained resolutely opposed to playing chess for money, reportedly due to family pressure.

Seeking new opponents, Morphy crossed the English Channel to France. At Paris's Café de la Régence, the center of French chess, Morphy soundly defeated resident chess professional Daniel Harrwitz. While there, he also defeated eight opponents in blindfolded simultaneous exhibitions.

In Paris, Morphy suffered from a bout of gastroenteritis. In accordance with the medical wisdom of the time, he was treated with leeches, resulting in his losing a significant amount of blood. Although too weak to stand up unaided, Morphy insisted on going ahead with a match against the visiting German master Adolf Anderssen, considered by many to be Europe's leading player. The match between Morphy and Anderssen took place between December 20, 1858, and December 28, 1858, when Morphy was still only 21 years of age. Despite his illness Morphy triumphed easily, winning seven while losing two, with two draws. When asked about his defeat, Anderssen claimed to be out of practice, but also admitted that Morphy was in any event the stronger player and that he was fairly beaten. Anderssen also attested that in his opinion, Morphy was the strongest player ever to play the game, even stronger than the famous French champion La Bourdonnais.

Morphy gave numerous simultaneous exhibitions in both England and France, sometimes while blindfolded, in which he regularly played and defeated eight opponents at a time.

Hailed as champion

Still only 21 years old, Morphy was now quite famous. While in Paris, he was sitting in his hotel room one evening, chatting with his companion Frederick Edge, when they had an unexpected visitor. "I am Prince Galitzin; I wish to see Mr. Morphy", the visitor said, according to Edge. Morphy identified himself to the visitor. "No, it is not possible!" the prince exclaimed, "You are too young!" Prince Galitzin then explained that he was in the frontiers of Siberia when he had first heard of Morphy's "wonderful deeds". He explained, "One of my suite had a copy of the chess paper published in Berlin, the Schachzeitung, and ever since that time I have been wanting to see you." He then told Morphy that he must go to Saint Petersburg, Russia, because the chess club in the Imperial Palace would receive him with enthusiasm.

Morphy offered to play a match with Harrwitz, giving odds of pawn and move, and even offered to find stakes to back his opponent, but the offer was declined. Morphy then declared that he would play no more formal matches, with anyone, without giving at least those odds.

In Europe, Morphy was generally hailed as world chess champion. In Paris, at a banquet held in his honor on April 4, 1859, a laurel wreath was placed over the head of a bust of Morphy, carved by the sculptor Eugène-Louis Lequesne. Morphy was declared by St. Amant "the first Chess player in the whole world". At a similar gathering in London, where he returned in the spring of 1859, Morphy was again proclaimed "the Champion of the Chess World". He may also have been invited to a private audience with Queen Victoria. At a simultaneous match against five masters, Morphy won two games against Jules Arnous de Rivière and Henry Edward Bird, drew two games with Samuel Boden and Johann Jacob Löwenthal, and lost one to Thomas Wilson Barnes.

Upon his return to America, the accolades continued as Morphy toured the major cities on his way home. At the University of the City of New York, on May 29, 1859, John Van Buren, son of President Martin Van Buren, ended a testimonial presentation by proclaiming, "Paul Morphy, Chess Champion of the World". In Boston, at a banquet attended by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Louis Agassiz, Boston mayor Frederic W. Lincoln Jr., and Harvard president James Walker, Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes toasted "Paul Morphy, the world's Chess Champion". Consumer products including the "Morphy Hat" and the "Morphy Cigar" were named for him, as was the Morphy Baseball Club in Brooklyn.

Morphy was engaged to write a series of chess columns for the New York Ledger, which started in August of 1859. They consisted primarily of annotating games of the La Bourdonnais – McDonnell chess matches of 25 years before, plus a few of Morphy's own games. The column ended in August of 1860.

Retirement from chess and later life

After returning home in 1859, Morphy intended to start a career in law. He did not immediately cease playing serious chess; on a visit to Cuba in 1864, he played a number of games with leading players of that country, including Celso Golmayo Zúpide, the champion, all at odds of a knight. For the rest of his life, Morphy would not compete in another tournament or serious match without odds, a stipulation he would stress repeatedly.

Morphy was late to start his law career, not having done so by the time the American Civil War broke out in 1861. His brother Edward had joined the army of the Confederacy at the very beginning of the war, while his mother and sisters had emigrated to Paris. Not much is known about Morphy's Civil War service; David Lawson cites contemporary reports that Morphy had briefly been on the staff of Pierre Beauregard, as well as being seen at the First Battle of Manassas. Lawson also recounts a recollection by a Richmond resident in 1861 describing Morphy as being "an officer on Beauregard's staff". Other sources indicate that Beauregard considered Morphy to be unqualified, but that he had indeed applied for a staff position. During the war, he spent time both in New Orleans and abroad, spending time in Havana (1862, 1864) and Paris (1863).

After the war, Morphy remained unable to build a successful law practice. According to records, Morphy attempted at least three times to open and advertise a law office, with each endeavor ultimately being abandoned. It has been speculated that his celebrity as a chess player worked against him, overshadowing his attempted practice. Financially secure thanks to his family's fortune, Morphy essentially spent the rest of his life in idleness. When asked by admirers to return to chess competition, he refused. In 1883, Morphy encountered Wilhelm Steinitz on the street while Steinitz was visiting New Orleans, but declined to discuss chess with him.

In accord with the prevailing sentiment of the time, Morphy esteemed chess only as an amateur activity, considering the game unworthy of pursuit as a serious occupation.

Starting around 1875, Morphy showed signs of a persecution complex; he sued his brother-in-law, for example, and tried to provoke a duel with a friend. His best friend Charles Maurian noted in some letters that Morphy was "deranged" and "not right mentally". In 1875, his mother, brother and a friend tried to admit him to a Catholic sanitarium, but Morphy was so well able to argue for his rights and sanity that they sent him away.

Death

On the afternoon of July 10, 1884, Morphy was found dead in his bathtub in New Orleans at the age of 47. According to the autopsy, Morphy had suffered a stroke brought on by entering cold water after a long walk in the midday heat. A lifelong Catholic, Morphy was buried in the family tomb in Saint Louis Cemetery No. 1, New Orleans, Louisiana. The mansion was sold by the family in 1891, and later became the site of the restaurant Brennan's.

Ernest Jones published an article of psychoanalytic discussion of Morphy. Reuben Fine published a longer article in which Morphy was mentioned. Both articles have been criticized for the use of unreliable historical sources.

Fine wrote that Morphy "arranged women's shoes into a semi-circle around his bed", and this has been widely copied and embellished upon. But it is a misquotation from a booklet written by Morphy's niece, Regina Morphy-Voitier. She wrote:

Now we come to the room which Paul Morphy occupied, and which was separated from his mother's by a narrow hall. Morphy's room was always kept in perfect order, for he was very particular and neat, yet this room had a peculiar aspect and at once struck the visitor as such, for Morphy had a dozen or more pairs of shoes of all kinds which he insisted in keeping arranged in a semi-circle in the middle of the room, explaining with his sarcastic smile that in this way, he could at once lay his hands on the particular pair he desired to wear. In a huge porte-manteau he kept all his clothes which were at all times neatly pressed and creased.

Style of play

With the White pieces, Morphy opted for 1.e4 except in a few games played at odds. He favored gambits such as the King's Gambit and Evans Gambit. With the Black pieces, Morphy usually answered 1.e4 with 1...e5. In the Spanish Game, the Morphy Defense (1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6), the most popular response for Black, is named for him. When playing against 1.d4 as Black, he favored the Dutch Defense (1...f5), but also tried the Queen's Gambit Declined. In his notes to the games of the La Bourdonnais – McDonnell chess matches he criticized the Sicilian Defense (1.e4 c5) and Queen's Gambit (1.d4 d5 2.c4); the only recorded instance of Morphy playing the Sicilian Defense as Black was during a game against Löwenthal in 1858. According to Garry Kasparov,

became the most erudite player of his time. Fluent in French, English, Spanish, and German, he read Philidor's L'analyse, the Parisian magazine La Régence, Staunton's Chess Player's Chronicle, and possibly also Anderssen's Schachzeitung (at least, he knew all of Anderssen's published games). He studied Bilguer's 400-page Handbuch—which consisted partly of opening analyses in tabular form, and also Staunton's Chess Player's Handbook.

Morphy approached the game more seriously than even his strongest contemporaries. As Anderssen noted,

I cannot describe better the impression that Morphy made on me than by saying that he treats chess with the earnestness and conscientiousness of an artist. With us, the exertion that a game requires is only a matter of distraction, and lasts only as long as the game gives us pleasure; with him, it is a sacred duty. Never is a game of chess a mere pastime for him, but always a problem worthy of his steel, always a work of vocation, always as if an act by which he fulfills part of his mission.

While Morphy generally played quickly, he "knew also how to be slow, as in some of his match-games with Anderssen". Morphy played before the advent of time controls, and sometimes faced opponents who played very slowly. During the second game of their match in the First American Chess Congress finals, Paulsen required eleven hours for his moves.

Löwenthal and Anderssen both later remarked that Morphy was very hard to beat, since he knew how to defend well and would draw or even win games despite getting into bad positions. At the same time, he was deadly when given a promising position. Anderssen especially commented on this, saying that, after one bad move against Morphy, one might as well resign. Explaining his poor record facing Morphy, Anderssen said " wins his games in Seventeen moves, and I in Seventy. But that is only natural".

Legacy

Garry Kasparov posited that Morphy's historical merit lies in his realizing the relevance of three principles that would be vital in later analysis of the game: rapid development, domination of the center, and creation of open files. These principles would only be formulated in the theoretical work of Wilhelm Steinitz a quarter-century later. Kasparov maintained that Morphy can be considered both the "forefather of modern chess" and "the first swallow – the prototype of the strong 20th-century grandmaster". World champions Kasparov, Viswanathan Anand, and Max Euwe have stated that Morphy's play was far ahead of its time. Euwe moreover described Morphy as "a chess genius in the most complete sense of the term".

Bobby Fischer ranked Morphy among the ten greatest chess players of all time, and described him as "perhaps the most accurate player who ever lived". He noted that "Morphy had enormous talent", and stated that he had the talent to defeat top players of any era. Reuben Fine disagreed with Fischer's assessment: " glorifiers went on to urge that he was the most brilliant genius who had ever appeared.  But if we examine Morphy's record and games critically, we cannot justify such extravaganza. And we are compelled to speak of it as the Morphy myth.  He was so far ahead of his rivals that it is hard to find really outstanding examples of his skill... Even if the myth has been destroyed, Morphy remains one of the giants of chess history."

Morphy is mentioned in Walter Tevis's 1983 novel The Queen's Gambit, as well as in the 2020 miniseries adaptation produced by Netflix, as the favorite player of Beth Harmon, a chess prodigy and the novel's protagonist.

Results

Games at odds, blindfold games, and consultation games are not listed.

Games played after return to the United States

Date	Opponent	W	L	D	Location
1859	Johann Löwenthal	1	1	1	London
1862	Félix Sicre	1	0	0	Havana
1863	Jules Arnous de Rivière	13	5	0	Paris

Notable games

Louis Paulsen vs. Morphy, First American Chess Congress final (1857)

Morphy defeats his main rival in the First American Chess Congress. Notes are excerpted from those by Kasparov.

The Opera Game: Morphy vs. Duke of Brunswick and Count Isouard (1858)

During Morphy's stay in Paris, he played a casual game at the Italian Opera House against the Duke of Brunswick and Count Isouard. While Morphy's opponents were not the strongest, this later became a well-known game due to its beauty and instructive value, often used by chess teachers to demonstrate how to use tempo, develop pieces, and generate threats.

Morphy vs. Adolf Anderssen, game 9 (1858)

In the ninth game of their match, Morphy launches a sacrificial attack against Anderssen's Sicilian defense, winning in 17 moves. Notes are excerpted from those by Kasparov.

See also

• List of chess games
• Morphy Number – connections of chess players to Morphy

Notes

1. One of the games was given as a draw in Sergeant's Morphy's Games of Chess (1957), taken from Löwenthal's collection of Morphy's games (1860), but Lawson (1976) considers that the correct score was that published by other sources, such as the New York Clipper, in 1856, as submitted for publication by Ernest Morphy.
2. Figures are estimated.
3. ^ Match.

1. Winter, Edward (December 3, 2022). "The Pride and Sorrow of Chess". Retrieved January 22, 2023.
2. Lawson 2010, pp. 10–11.
3. Lawson 2010, p. 11.
4. ^ Lawson 2010, pp. 11–12.
5. Edge 1859, p. 2, "I sorrowfully confess that my hero's unromantic regard for truth makes him characterize the above statement as a humbug and an impossibility".
6. Lawson 2010, p. 12.
7. Lawson 2010, pp. 13–14.
8. Lawson 2010, p. 18.
9. Lawson 2010, p. 20.
10. Lawson 2010, p. 21.
11. Lawson 2010, p. 22.
12. ^ Fischer, Johannes (October 18, 2017). "50 games you should know: Morphy vs. Duke of Brunswick, Count Isoard". ChessBase. Archived from the original on April 8, 2023. Retrieved August 1, 2023.
13. Lawson 2010, p. xi.
14. Lawson 2010, pp. 33–35.
15. Edward Winter, Memory Feats of Chess Masters, Chess Notes 2764 & 2886
16. Lawson 2010, p. 35.
17. Lawson 2010, p. 41.
18. Lawson 2010, pp. 45–46.
19. Fiske 1859, pp. 59–61.
20. "Biography of Paul Morphy". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. September 25, 1858. p. 2. Retrieved December 12, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
21. Fiske 1859, pp. 74–95.
22. Lawson 2010, pp. 78–79.
23. Kasparov 2003, p. 35.
24. Lawson 2010, p. 78 gives 85 wins, 4 losses, and 8 draws.
25. Fiske 1859, p. 419.
26. Lawson 2010, pp. 76–77, 273.
27. Edge 1859, pp. 12–16.
28. Edge 1859, p. 16.
29. Edge 1859, pp. 17–18.
30. Edge 1859, pp. 21–22.
31. Reichhelm, Gustavus C.; Shipley, Walter Penn, eds. (1898). Chess in Philadelphia. Billstein & Son. Frontispiece.
32. Lawson 2010, pp. 120–122, quoting Charles Maurian.
33. Lawson 2010, pp. 125–134.
34. "Paul Morphy Timeline". edochess.ca. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved July 9, 2020.
35. Lawson 2010, pp. 170–172.
36. Lawson 2010, pp. 177–179, quoting a letter from Anderssen to von der Lasa.
37. Lawson 2010, pp. 113–116, 128–134, 199.
38. Edge 1859, p. 195.
39. Lawson 2010, p. 182.
40. Lawson 2010, p. 183.
41. Lawson 2010, pp. 201–203, quoting St. Amant in Le Sport.
42. Lawson 2010, p. 208.
43. Lawson 2010, pp. 214–215.
44. Maróczy, Géza (1979) . Paul Morphy. Sammlung der von ihm gespielten Partien mit ausführlichen Erläuterungen (in German) (reprint ed.). Zürich: Olms-Verlag. pp. 303–310. ISBN 9783112335703.
45. Lawson 2010, pp. 221–225.
46. Lawson 2010, pp. 232–233.
47. Lawson 2010, p. 237.
48. Lawson 2010, pp. 242–244.
49. Lawson 2010, pp. 272, 290–294, 300.
50. Lawson 2010, pp. 251, 294–298.
51. Thomas Eichorn, Karsten Müller and Rainier Knaak, Paul Morphy: Genius and Myth, 2003 ChessBase, Hamburg
52. Lawson 2010, p. 280.
53. "Taylor Kingston, Morphy: More or Less?" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on December 6, 2010. Retrieved June 21, 2010.
54. Lawson 2010, pp. 282–283, 293–294.
55. Andrés Clemente Vázquez, La odisea de Pablo Morphy en La Habana, La Propaganda Literaria, Habana 1893.
56. Lawson 2010, pp. 285–291.
57. Neistadt, Jakov (1961). Shakhmaty do Steinitza (in Russian). Moscow: Fizkultura i sport. p. 184. OCLC 2821562.
58. Lawson 2010, pp. 294–295, 301–303.
59. Lawson 2010, pp. 294–298, 301–303.
60. Sergeant 1916, p. 25.
61. Lawson 2010, p. 303.
62. Lawson 2010, pp. 322–323.
63. Sergeant 1957, pp. 23, 29.
64. Lawson 2010, pp. 303–307.
65. "Obituary in the Times Democrat 1884". July 3, 2013. Archived from the original on February 22, 2015. Retrieved July 4, 2013.
66. Louisiana Digital Library (December 13, 2020). "Tomb of Paul Morphy in St. Louis Cemetery #1, New Orleans Louisiana in the 1930s". Louisiana Works Progress Administration of Louisiana. Archived from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
67. Stahls, Paul F. (January–February 2018). "Walking Through History". Louisiana Life. p. 70. ISSN 1042-9980. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
68. Jones, Ernest (January 1931). "The Problem of Paul Morphy; A Contribution to the Psycho-Analysis of Chess". International Journal of Psycho-Analysis. 12. Archived from the original on March 11, 2023. Retrieved March 11, 2023.
69. Fine, Reuben (1956). "Psychoanalytic Observations on Chess and Chess Masters". Psychoanalysis. 4 (3): 7–77.
70. Lawson 2010, pp. 313–319.
71. Winter, Edward. "Fun". Chess Notes.
72. Morphy-Voitier, Regina (1926). Life of Paul Morphy in the Vieux Carré of New-Orleans and Abroad. p. 38. OCLC 4938814.
73. Sergeant 1957, pp. 350–351, Index of Openings.
74. Sergeant 1957, pp. 24–25.
75. "Johann Jacob Loewenthal vs Paul Morphy (1858)". www.chessgames.com. Archived from the original on April 2, 2018. Retrieved May 23, 2017.
76. Kasparov 2003, p. 30.
77. Lawson 2010, p. 178, quoting a letter from Anderssen to von der Lasa, translated by Dr. Buschke.
78. Sergeant 1957, p. 33.
79. Lawson 2010, p. 59.
80. Lawson 2010, p. 175.
81. Edge 1859, p. 193.
82. ^ Kasparov 2003.
83. "The Grandmaster on his ten greatest chess players". Archived from the original on November 20, 2003.
84. Beim 2005, p. 360.
85. ^ Fischer, Bobby (January–February 1964). "The ten greatest masters in history". Chessworld. Vol. 1, no. 1. pp. 56–61. Archived from the original on December 24, 2017. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
86. "Speaking about Fischer..." ChessBase. November 4, 2006. Archived from the original on June 30, 2009. Retrieved January 22, 2008.
87. Fine, Reuben (1976). The World's Great Chess Games. Dover. pp. 22–23. ISBN 978-0-486-24512-6.
88. Lehmann-Haupt, Christopher (March 1, 1983). "Books Of The Times". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 13, 2023.McClain, Dylan Loeb (November 3, 2020). "I'm a Chess Expert. Here's What 'The Queen's Gambit' Gets Right". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 13, 2023.
89. ^ "Edo Ratings, Morphy, Paul". www.edochess.ca. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved June 17, 2010.
90. ^ Lawson 2010, p. 340.
91. Lawson 2010, p. 78.
92. Edge 1859, p. 200.
93. Edge 1859, p. 201.
94. Sergeant 1957, p. 292.
95. Sergeant 1957, pp. 271–274.
96. Sergeant 1957, pp. 293–294.
97. Sergeant 1957, pp. 294–304.
98. "Louis Paulsen vs. Paul Morphy, New York 1857". Chessgames.com. Archived from the original on September 3, 2011. Retrieved April 4, 2006.
99. "Paul Morphy vs. Adolf Anderssen". Chessgames.com.

References

• Lawson, David (1976). Paul Morphy, The Pride and Sorrow of Chess. McKay. ISBN 978-0-679-13044-4. The only English-language book-length biography of Morphy, correcting numerous historical errors that have cropped up.
• ——— (2010). Aiello, Thomas (ed.). Paul Morphy, The Pride and Sorrow of Chess. University of Louisiana at Lafayette Press. ISBN 978-1-887-36697-7. Includes an annotated bibliography of books and articles published since Lawson's original edition. Omits the sixty game scores in Part II of Lawson's original edition.
• Edge, Frederick Milne (1859). Paul Morphy, the Chess Champion. An Account of His Career in America and Europe. D. Appleton and Company. Edge was a newspaperman who attached himself to Morphy during his stay in England and France. Edge accompanied Morphy everywhere, at times even acting as his unofficial butler and servant. Much that is known about Morphy is owed directly to Edge, including records of many of Morphy's games. The book also contains information regarding the First American Chess Congress and the history of English chess clubs in and before Morphy's time.
• Fiske, Daniel Willard (1859). The Book of the First American Chess Congress. New York: Rudd & Carleton. LCCN 05025200. OCLC 220662854. A detailed account of the First American Chess Congress, as well as the related history of chess in antebellum America, and Morphy's participation therein.
• Sergeant, Philip W. (1916). Morphy's Games of Chess. London: G. Bell & Sons. Features annotations collected from previous commentators, as well as additions by Sergeant. Includes all of Morphy's games from matches, tournaments, and exhibitions, as well as most of his casual and odds games. Includes a short biography.
• ——— (1957). Morphy's Games of Chess. Dover. ISBN 0-486-20386-7. Paperback reprint of Sergeant's original book, with an introduction by Fred Reinfeld.
• Beim, Valeri (2005). Paul Morphy: A Modern Perspective. Translated by Marfia, Jim. Russell Enterprises. ISBN 1-888-69026-7.
• Kasparov, Garry (2003). "Chess before Steinitz". My Great Predecessors, Part I. Everyman Chess. pp. 32–44. ISBN 978-1-85744-330-1.

Further reading

• Shibut, Macon (1993). Paul Morphy and the Evolution of Chess Theory. Caissa Editions. ISBN 0-939-43316-8. Over 415 games, comprising almost all known Morphy games. Chapters on Morphy's place in the development of chess theory, and reprinted articles about Morphy by Steinitz, Alekhine, and others.
• Lange, Max (1894). Paul Morphy: Sein Leben und Schaffen [Paul Morphy: His Life and Works] (in German). Leipzig: Verlag von Veit & Comp.
• ——— (1974). The Chess Genius of Paul Morphy. Hippocrene Books. ISBN 978-0-882-54182-2. An English translation of Lange's 1894 work, with an introduction by Frank Brady. An excellent resource for the European view of Morphy as well as for its biographical information. Lange's book was the much revised third edition of his Paul Morphy: Skizze aus der SchachWelt, 1859. The first edition was published in English (translated by Ernst Falkbeer) as Paul Morphy: Sketch from the Chess World, and has been reprinted by Moravian Press.
• Sergeant, Philip W. (1932). Morphy Gleanings. London: David McKay. Contributes games not found in Sergeant's earlier work, Morphy's Games of Chess, and features greater biographical information as well as documentation of the Morphy-Paulsen and the Morphy-Kolisch affairs.
• ——— (1973). The Unknown Morphy. Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-22952-2. Paperback reprint of Sergeant's original Morphy Gleanings.
• Löwenthal, Johann (1860). Morphy's Games of Chess. London: Henry Bohn. Archived from the original on November 14, 2023. Retrieved December 7, 2023. Features a short memoir, one-page intro by Morphy with analytical notes by Löwenthal, with more than 160 game scores including blindfold and handicap games.
• Winter, Edward G. (1981). World Chess Champions. Pergamon Press. ISBN 0-080-24094-1. Leading chess historians include Morphy as a de facto world champion, although he never claimed the title.

External links

• Paul Morphy player profile and games at Chessgames.com
• Edward Winter, Edge, Morphy and Staunton
• Morphy's column for the New York Ledger in 1859
• US Chess Hall Of Fame – Paul Morphy
• The Life and Chess of Paul Morphy, edochess
• Krabbé, Tim. "The full Morphy". www.xs4all.nl. Complete collection of surviving game scores.

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