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{{short description|Genus of flowering plants in the rose family Rosaceae}} {{short description|Flowering genus, rose family Rosaceae}}
{{hatnote|"Crabapple" redirects here. For the cultivated fruit, see ]. For the Australian tree, see ]. For other uses, see ] and ]}} {{hatnote|"Crabapple" redirects here. For the cultivated fruit, see ]. For the Australian tree, see ]. For other uses, see ] and ]}}

{{Automatic taxobox {{Automatic taxobox
| oldest_fossil = Eocene | oldest_fossil = Eocene
Line 11: Line 12:
| type_species = ''Malus sylvestris'' | type_species = ''Malus sylvestris''
| type_species_authority = ] (1768) | type_species_authority = ] (1768)
| synonyms =
* ''Chloromeles'' {{small|(Decne.) Decne. (1882)}}
* ''Docynia'' {{small|Decne. (1874)}}
* ''Eriolobus'' {{small|(Ser.) M.Roem.(1847)}}
* ''Prameles'' {{small|Rushforth (2018)}}
* ''Sinomalus'' {{small|Koidz. (1932)}}
* ''× Tormimalus'' {{small|Holub (1998)}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name = powo>{{cite web |work=Plants of the World Online |title=''Malus'' Mill. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30024474-2 |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=17 December 2023}}</ref>
}} }}


'''''Malus''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|eɪ|l|ə|s}}<ref>''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607</ref> or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|æ|l|ə|s}}) is a ] of about 30–55 ]<ref>{{cite journal |title=A checklist of the subfamily Maloideae (Rosaceae)| journal=Can. J. Bot.| year=1990| volume=68 | pages=2209–2269 | doi=10.1139/b90-288 | issue=10 | last1=Phipps| first1=James B.| last2=Robertson| first2=Kenneth R.| last3=Smith| first3=Paul G.| last4=Rohrer |first4=Joseph R.}}</ref> of small ] ]s or ]s in the family ], including the domesticated orchard ], crab apples, ]s, and rainberries. '''''Malus''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|eɪ|l|ə|s}}<ref>''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607</ref> or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|æ|l|ə|s}}) is a ] of about 32–57 ]<ref>{{cite journal |title=A checklist of the subfamily Maloideae (Rosaceae)| journal=Can. J. Bot.| year=1990| volume=68 | pages=2209–2269 | doi=10.1139/b90-288 | issue=10 | last1=Phipps| first1=James B.| last2=Robertson| first2=Kenneth R.| last3=Smith| first3=Paul G.| last4=Rohrer |first4=Joseph R.}}</ref> of small ] ]s or ]s in the family ], including the domesticated orchard ], crab apples (sometimes known in North America as '''crabapples''') and ]s.


The genus is ] to the ] zone of the ]. The genus is ] to the ] zone of the ].


==Description== ==Description==
]


Apple trees are typically {{convert|4|–|12|m|ft|abbr=off}} talI at maturity, with a dense, twiggy crown. The ] are {{convert|3|–|10|cm|in|abbr=off|frac=4}} long, alternate, simple, with a serrated margin. The ]s are borne in ]s, and have five ]s, which may be white, pink, or red, and are ], with usually red stamens that produce copious ], and a ]; flowering occurs in the spring after 50–80 ]s (varying greatly according to subspecies and ]). Apple trees are typically {{convert|4|–|12|m|ft|abbr=off}} tall at maturity, with a dense, twiggy crown. The ] are {{convert|3|–|10|cm|in|abbr=off|frac=4}} long, alternate, simple, with a serrated margin. The ]s are borne in ]s, and have five ]s, which may be white, pink, or red, and are ], with usually red stamens that produce copious ], and a ]; flowering occurs in the spring after 50–80 ]s (varying greatly according to subspecies and ]).{{cn|date=March 2023}}


Many apples require ] between individuals by ]s (typically ]s, which freely visit the flowers for both ] and ]); these are called self-sterile, so self-pollination is impossible, making pollinating insects essential. Many apples require ] between individuals by ]s (typically ]s, which freely visit the flowers for both ] and ]); these are called self-sterile, so self-pollination is impossible, making pollinating insects essential.<ref>{{Cite web |last=coreyrametta |date=2019-06-11 |title=Are Apple Trees Self Pollinating? |url=https://coldhardyfruits.com/apple-trees/are-apple-trees-self-pollinating/ |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=Cold Hardy Fruits |language=en-US}}</ref>

A number of cultivars are self-pollinating, such as 'Granny Smith' and 'Golden Delicious', but are considerably fewer in number compared to their cross-pollination dependent counterparts.


A number of cultivars are self-pollinating, such as 'Granny Smith' and 'Golden Delicious', but are considerably fewer in number compared to their cross-pollination dependent counterparts.{{cn|date=March 2023}}
Several ''Malus'' species, including domestic apples, ] freely.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/00-011.htm|title=Crabapple Pollenizers for Apples|publisher=Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food|author=Ken Wilson and D.C. Elfving|access-date=12 Sep 2013}}</ref> Several ''Malus'' species, including domestic apples, ] freely.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/00-011.htm|title=Crabapple Pollenizers for Apples|publisher=Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food|author=Ken Wilson and D.C. Elfving|access-date=12 Sep 2013}}</ref>


The ] is a globose ], varying in size from {{convert|1|–|4|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} in diameter in most of the wild species, to {{convert|6|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} in ''M.&nbsp;sylvestris sieversii'', {{convert|8|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=2}} in ''M.&nbsp;domestica'', and even larger in certain cultivated orchard apples. The centre of the fruit contains five ]s arranged star-like, each containing one or two ]s. The ] is a globose ], varying in size from {{convert|1|–|4|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} in diameter in most of the wild species, to {{convert|6|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} in ''M.&nbsp;sylvestris sieversii'', {{convert|8|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=2}} in ''M.&nbsp;domestica'', and even larger in certain cultivated orchard apples. The centre of the fruit contains five ]s arranged star-like, each containing one or two ]s.{{cn|date=March 2023}}


{{gallery|mode=packed
== Subdivisions and species ==
|20071103Tradkrafta1.JPG|Trunk
About 42 to 55 species and natural hybrids are known, with about 25 from China, of which 15 are endemic.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}} The genus ''Malus'' is subdivided into eight sections (six, with two added in 2006 and 2008). The genus '']'' has been shown to be nested within ''Malus'' in molecular phylogenies. The oldest fossils of the genus date to the ] (]), which are leaves belonging to the species ''Malus collardii'' and ''Malus kingiensis'' from western North America (Idaho) and the ] (]), respectively.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Bin‐Bin |last2=Ren |first2=Chen |last3=Kwak |first3=Myounghai |last4=Hodel |first4=Richard G.J. |last5=Xu |first5=Chao |last6=He |first6=Jian |last7=Zhou |first7=Wen‐Bin |last8=Huang |first8=Chien‐Hsun |last9=Ma |first9=Hong |last10=Qian |first10=Guan‐Ze |last11=Hong |first11=De‐Yuan |last12=Wen |first12=Jun |date=May 2022 |title=Phylogenomic conflict analyses in the apple genus Malus s.l. reveal widespread hybridization and allopolyploidy driving diversification, with insights into the complex biogeographic history in the Northern Hemisphere |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jipb.13246 |journal=Journal of Integrative Plant Biology |language=en |volume=64 |issue=5 |pages=1020–1043 |doi=10.1111/jipb.13246 |pmid=35274452 |s2cid=247384781 |issn=1672-9072}}</ref>
|Flowering crabapple in Washington DC.jpg|Crabapple blooms
|Apple blossom. Eastern Siberia.jpg|Eastern ]
}}


== Subdivision ==
{| class="wikitable collapsible"
36 species and 4 hybrids are accepted.<ref name=powo/> The genus ''Malus'' is subdivided into eight sections (six, with two added in 2006 and 2008).{{citation needed|date=April 2023}} The oldest fossils of the genus date to the ] (]), which are leaves belonging to the species ''Malus collardii'' and ''Malus kingiensis'' from western North America (Idaho) and the ] (]), respectively.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Bin-Bin |last2=Ren |first2=Chen |last3=Kwak |first3=Myounghai |last4=Hodel |first4=Richard G.J. |last5=Xu |first5=Chao |last6=He |first6=Jian |last7=Zhou |first7=Wen-Bin |last8=Huang |first8=Chien-Hsun |last9=Ma |first9=Hong |last10=Qian |first10=Guan-Ze |last11=Hong |first11=De-Yuan |last12=Wen |first12=Jun |date=May 2022 |title=Phylogenomic conflict analyses in the apple genus Malus s.l. reveal widespread hybridization and allopolyploidy driving diversification, with insights into the complex biogeographic history in the Northern Hemisphere |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jipb.13246 |journal=Journal of Integrative Plant Biology |language=en |volume=64 |issue=5 |pages=1020–1043 |doi=10.1111/jipb.13246 |pmid=35274452 |s2cid=247384781 |issn=1672-9072}}</ref>
|-

!
=== Species ===
! Image
36 species and four natural hybrids are accepted:<ref name = powo/>
! Scientific name
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
! Common name
* '']'' {{small|(Aiton) Michx.}} – southern crabapple
! Distribution
* '']'' {{small|Nakai}} – Chinese pearleaf crabapple
|-
* '']'' {{small|(L.) Borkh.}} – Siberian crabapple
! rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|
* '']'' – shrub apple
|
| '']'' {{small|(Aiton) Michx.}} * '']'' {{small|(L.) Mill.}} – sweet crabapple
* '']'' {{small|Raimondo}}
|Southern crabapple
* '']'' {{small|C.L.Li}}
|Eastern and south-central United States from Florida west to eastern Texas and north to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Illinois, and Missouri
* '']'' {{small|(Suckow) Borkh.}} – domestic or orchard apple
|-
* '']'' {{small|(Bois) A.Chev.}} – Taiwan crabapple
|]
|'']'' {{small|(L.) Mill.}} * '']'' {{small|(Zuccagni) C.K.Schneid.}} – Florentine crabapple, hawthorn-leaf crabapple
* '']'' {{small|(Raf.) C.K.Schneid.}} – Oregon or Pacific crabapple
| Sweet crabapple
* '']'' {{small|Koehne}} – Hall crabapple
|Great Lakes Region and in the Ohio Valley, United States
* '']'' {{small|Rehder}}
|-
* '']'' {{small|(Pamp.) Rehder}} – tea crabapple
|]
| '']'' {{small|(Alph.Wood) Britton}} * '']'' {{small|(Alph.Wood) Britton}} – prairie crabapple
* '']'' {{small|J.Q.Deng & J.Y.Hong}}
|Prairie crabapple
* '']'' {{small|(Batalin) C.K.Schneid.}} – Calva crabapple
|Upper Mississippi Valley, United States
* '']'' ({{small|Sarg.) Rehder}}
|-
* '']'' {{small|S.Z.Huang}}
|
| '']'' {{small|(Rehder) Rehder}} * '']'' {{small|(Maxim.) Kom. ex Skvortsov}}
* '']'' {{small|T.C.Ku}}
| Shrub apple
* '']'' – Niedzwetzky's Apple
|
* '']'' {{small|Hand.-Mazz.}}
|-
* '']'' {{small|Uglitzk.}}
! rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| Section ''Docyniopsis'' {{small|Schneid.}}
* '']'' {{small|(Hemsl.) C.K.Schneid.}} – Pratt's crabapple
|]
| '']'' {{small|(Bois) A.Chev. }} * '']'' {{small|(Willd.) Borkh.}} – plum-leaf crabapple, Chinese crabapple
* '']'' {{small|Rehder}} – native to China and Bhutan
|Taiwan crabapple
* '']'' {{small|(Wenz.) Koehne}} – Sikkim crabapple
| China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Taiwan, Laos, Vietnam
* '']'' {{small|(Aiton) Borkh.}} – Asiatic apple, Chinese crabapple
|-
* '']'' {{small|(Makino) Makino}} - nokaidō
|
| '']'' {{small|S. Z. Huang}} * '']'' {{small|(L.) Mill.}} – European crabapple
* '']'' {{small|(Siebold) de Vriese}} (syns. '']'', '']'') – Sargent crabapple, Toringo crabapple, or Siebold's crabapple
|
* '']'' {{small|(Rehder) Hughes}} – cut-leaf crabapple
|China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang)
* '']'' {{small|(Batalin) C.K.Schneid.}} – cut-leaf crabapple
|-
* '']'' {{small|(Labill. ex Poir.) C.K.Schneid.}} – Lebanese wild apple, erect crabapple, or three-lobed apple tree
|
* '']'' {{small|Juz. & Popov}} (syn. '']'') – wild ancestor of cultivated species '']''
| '']'' {{small|Handel-Mazzeti}}
* '']'' {{small|(Franch.) C.K.Schneid.}} – Yunnan crabapple
|
* '']'' {{small|N.G.Jiang}}
|China (Sichuan)
;Hybrids
|-
* '']'' {{small|Siebold ex Van Houtte}} – Japanese flowering crabapple
|]
| '']'' {{small|(Maxim.) C.K.Schneid.}} * '']'' {{small|(Wenz.) Pardé}} (syn. '']'') – midget crabapple
* '']'' {{small|(L.H.Bailey) Britton}}
|Chonosuki crabapple and pillar apple
* '']'' {{small|(Matsum.) Rehder}}
|Japan
{{div col end}}
|-
! rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| Section ''Eriolobus'' {{small|(Seringe) Schneid}}
|]
| '']'' {{small|(Poir.) C.K.Schneid.}}
| Lebanese wild apple, erect crabapple, or three-lobed apple tree
| Asia includes West and South Anatolia, Syria, Lebanon, and North Palestine, Europe from east section of Greek Thrace (Evros Prefecture) and southeastern Bulgaria
|-
! rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| Section ''Florentinae'' {{small|(Rehder) M.H.Cheng ex G.Z.Qian}}<ref name="Florentinae">{{cite journal |title=Taxonomic study of Malus section Florentinae (Rosaceae) | journal = Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 158 | issue = 2 | pages = 223–227 | date = 2008| doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2008.00841.x| doi-access = free | last1 = Qian | first1 = Guan-ZE | last2 = Liu | first2 = Lian-FEN | last3 = Hong | first3 = DE-Yuan | last4 = Tang | first4 = Geng-GUO }}</ref>
|]
| '']'' {{small|(Zucc.) C.K.Schneid.}}
| Florentine crabapple, hawthorn-leaf crabapple
| Balkan Peninsula and Italy
|-
! rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;"| Section ''Gymnomeles'' {{small|Koehne}}
|]
| '']'' {{small|(L.) Borkh. 1803}}
| Siberian crabapple
| Russia, Mongolia, China, Korea, Bhutan, India, and Nepal
|-
|]
| '']'' {{small|Koehne 1890}}
| Hall crabapple
| Japan and China
|-
|]
| '']'' {{small|(Pamp.) Rehder 1933}}
| Tea crabapple
| China
|-
|]
| '']'' {{small|(Maxim.) Kom. ex Skvortsov}}
| Manchurian crabapple
| China, Japan, eastern Russia
|-
|]
| '']'' {{small|Wenz.) Koehne ex C.K.Schneid.}}
| Sikkim crabapple
| China, Nepal, Bhutan, and India
|-
|]
| '']'' {{small|(Makino) Makino}}
|
| Japan
|-
! rowspan="12" style="text-align:center;"| Section ''Malus'' {{small|Langenfelds}}
|]
| '']'' {{small|Nakai}}
| Chinese pearleaf crabapple
| China and Korea
|-
|
| '']'' {{small|Vassilcz.}}
| Chitral crab apple
| India, Pakistan
|-
|
| '']'' {{small|Raimondo}}
|
| North-eastern Sicily
|-
|]
| '']'' {{small|Siebold ex Van Houtte}}
| Japanese flowering crabapple
| Japan and East Asia
|-
|
| '']'' {{small|T.C.Ku}}
|
| China (Sichuan)
|-
|]
| '']'' {{small|Uglitzk.}}
|
| Armenia, Georgia, Turkey, and Russia
|-
|]
| '']'' {{small|(Willd.) Borkh.}}
| Plum-leaf crabapple, Chinese crabapple
| China
|-
|]
| '']'' {{small|Miller, 1768}}
| Orchard apple, includes '']'' and ''M. pumila''
| Central Asia (mountains of Kazakhstan)<ref name="appledom">{{Cite web|url = https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/food/the-plate/2014/07/22/history-of-apples/|title = The History of the "Forbidden" Fruit |website=www.nationalgeographic.com |date = 22 July 2014 |publisher = National Geographic Partners |access-date= July 22, 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|]
| '']'' {{small|(Ledeb.) M.Roem.}}
|
| Southern Kazakhstan
|-
|]
| '']'' {{small|(Aiton) Borkh.}}
| Asiatic apple, Chinese crabapple
| China (Hebei, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Zhejiang)
|-
|]
| '']'' {{small|(L.) Mill.}}
| European crabapple
| Europe
|-
|
| '']'' {{small| N.G.Jiang}}
| Zhaojiao crab apple
| China (Sichuan)
|-
! rowspan="8" style="text-align:center;"| Section ''Sorbomalus'' {{small|Zabel}}
|]
| '']'' {{small|(Raf.) C.K.Schneid.}}
|Oregon or Pacific crabapple
| Western North America from Alaska, through British Columbia, to northwestern California
|-
|
| '']'' {{small| (Batalin) C. K. Schneider}}
|Calva crabapple
| China (Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan)
|-
|
| '']'' {{small|(Sarg.) Rehder}}
|
| China, Manchuria, and North Korea
|-
|]
| '']'' {{small|Rehder.}}
|Sargent crabapple
| Japan
|-
|]
|'']'' {{small| (Siebold) de Vriese }}
|Toringo crabapple or Siebold's crabapple
|Eastern temperate Asia, in China, Japan, and Korea
|-
|]
| '']'' {{small|Hughes}}
| Cut-leaf crabapple
| China (Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, and Sichuan)
|-
|]
| '']'' {{small|C.K.Schneid.}}
| Cut-leaf crabapple
| China (Gansu, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan, E Xizang)
|-
|]
| '']'' {{small| (Matsum.) Rehder}}
|
| Japan (Honshu)
|-
! rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| Section ''Yunnanenses'' {{small|(Rehd.) G.Z.Qian}}<ref name="Yunnanenses">{{cite journal |title=A new section in Malus (Rosaceae) from China |journal = Annales Botanici Fennici | volume = 43 | issue = 1 | pages = 68–73 | date = 2006|jstor=23727279|url=http://www.sekj.org/PDF/anbf43/anbf43-068.pdf |last1 = Qian |first1 = Guan-Ze |last2 = Liu |first2 = Lian-Fen |last3 = Tang |first3 = Geng-Guo }}</ref>
|
| '']'' {{small|Rehder.}}
|Honan Crabapple
| China (Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Shanxi)
|-
|
| '']'' {{small|Handel-Mazzetti}}
|
| China (Sichuan, Xizang,Yunnan)
|-
|]
| '']'' {{small|(Hemsl.) C.K.Schneid.}}
|Pratt's crabapple
| China (Guangdong, Guizhou, west Sichuan, and northwest Yunnan)
|-
|]
| '']'' {{small|C.K.Schneid.}}
|Yunnan crabapple
| China (Yunnan)
|-
|}


===Natural hybrids=== ===Formerly placed here===
* '']'' {{small|(Maxim.) Koidz.}} (as ''Malus tschonoskii'' {{small|(Maxim.) C.K.Schneid.}}) – Chonosuki crabapple and pillar apple{{cn|date=December 2023}}


===Selected artificial hybrids===
* '']'' – midget crabapple
* '']'' – yellow autumn crabapple (''M. asiatica'' × ''M. toringo'')


=== Fossil species === === Fossil species ===
Line 267: Line 112:


== Cultivation == == Cultivation ==
{{See also|Fruit tree pollination}}] {{See also|Fruit tree pollination}}
]
] ]
Crabapples are popular as compact ornamental trees, providing blossom in spring and colourful fruit in autumn. The fruits often persist throughout winter. Numerous hybrid cultivars have been selected.


Crabapples are popular as compact ornamental trees, providing blossom in spring and colourful fruit in autumn. The fruits often persist throughout winter. Numerous hybrid cultivars have been selected.{{cn|date=March 2023}}
Some crabapples are used as ]s for domestic apples to add beneficial characteristics.<ref></ref> For example, the rootstocks of '']'' varieties are used to give additional cold hardiness to the combined plants for orchards in cold northern areas.<ref>[http://www.dnr.state.ak.us/ag/21Applerootstocks.pdf Alaska Department of Natural Resources {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719050542/http://www.dnr.state.ak.us/ag/21Applerootstocks.pdf |date=2008-07-19 }}</ref>


Some crabapples are used as ]s for domestic apples to add beneficial characteristics.<ref></ref> For example, the rootstocks of '']'' varieties are used to give additional cold hardiness to the combined plants for orchards in cold northern areas.<ref>, Alaska Department of Natural Resources {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719050542/http://www.dnr.state.ak.us/ag/21Applerootstocks.pdf |date=2008-07-19 }}</ref>
They are also used as ]s in apple ]s. Varieties of crabapple are selected to bloom contemporaneously with the apple variety in an orchard planting, and the crabs are planted every sixth or seventh tree, or limbs of a crab tree are grafted onto some of the apple trees. In emergencies, a bucket or drum bouquet of crabapple flowering branches is placed near the beehives as orchard pollenizers.

They are also used as ]s in apple ]s. Varieties of crabapple are selected to bloom contemporaneously with the apple variety in an orchard planting, and the crabs are planted every sixth or seventh tree, or limbs of a crab tree are grafted onto some of the apple trees. In emergencies, a bucket or drum bouquet of crabapple flowering branches is placed near the beehives as orchard pollenizers.{{cn|date=March 2023}}


Because of the plentiful blossoms and small fruit, crabapples are popular for use in ] culture.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Biel|first1=John|title=Collecting and Training Crab Apples {{!}} American Bonsai Society|url=http://www.absbonsai.org/collecting-and-training-crab-apples|website=www.absbonsai.org|publisher=American Bonsai Society|access-date=2 August 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703060433/http://www.absbonsai.org/collecting-and-training-crab-apples|archive-date=3 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Crabapple (Malus) - Bonsai Empire|url=http://www.bonsaiempire.com/tree-species/crabapple|website=www.bonsaiempire.com|access-date=2 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Walston|first1=Brent|title=Crabapples for Bonsai|url=https://www.evergreengardenworks.com/crabappl.htm|website=evergreengardenworks.com|access-date=2 August 2016}}</ref> Because of the plentiful blossoms and small fruit, crabapples are popular for use in ] culture.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Biel|first1=John|title=Collecting and Training Crab Apples {{!}} American Bonsai Society|url=http://www.absbonsai.org/collecting-and-training-crab-apples|website=www.absbonsai.org|publisher=American Bonsai Society|access-date=2 August 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703060433/http://www.absbonsai.org/collecting-and-training-crab-apples|archive-date=3 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Crabapple (Malus) - Bonsai Empire|url=http://www.bonsaiempire.com/tree-species/crabapple|website=www.bonsaiempire.com|access-date=2 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Walston|first1=Brent|title=Crabapples for Bonsai|url=https://www.evergreengardenworks.com/crabappl.htm|website=evergreengardenworks.com|access-date=2 August 2016}}</ref>


===Cultivars=== ===Cultivars===
These cultivars have won the ]'s ]:-<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 63 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 2 April 2018}}</ref> These cultivars have won the ]'s ]:<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 63 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 2 April 2018}}</ref>

{{div col|colwidth=22em}} {{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*'Adirondack'<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/138380/i-Malus-i-Adirondack/Details * 'Adirondack'<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/138380/i-Malus-i-Adirondack/Details
| title = RHS Plantfinder - ''Malus'' 'Adirondack' | access-date = 25 March 2018}}</ref> | title = RHS Plantfinder - ''Malus'' 'Adirondack' | access-date = 25 March 2018}}</ref>
*'Butterball'<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/85932/i-Malus-i-Butterball/Details * 'Butterball'<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/85932/i-Malus-i-Butterball/Details
| title = RHS Plantfinder - ''Malus'' 'Butterball' | access-date = 25 March 2018}}</ref> | title = RHS Plantfinder - ''Malus'' 'Butterball' | access-date = 25 March 2018}}</ref>
* 'Comtesse de Paris' <ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/328341/Malus-Comtesse-de-Paris/Details | title = ''Malus'' 'Comtesse de Paris' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 6 January 2021}}</ref> * 'Comtesse de Paris'<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/328341/Malus-Comtesse-de-Paris/Details | title = ''Malus'' 'Comtesse de Paris' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 6 January 2021}}</ref>
*'Evereste'<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/116626/i-Malus-i-Evereste/Details * 'Evereste'<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/116626/i-Malus-i-Evereste/Details
| title = RHS Plantfinder -''Malus'' 'Evereste' | access-date = 25 March 2018}}</ref> | title = RHS Plantfinder -''Malus'' 'Evereste' | access-date = 25 March 2018}}</ref>
*'Jelly King'='Mattfru'<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/299501/i-Malus-i-Font-Face-times-New-Roman-Jelly-King-FONT-Mattfru/Details | title = RHS Plantfinder - ''Malus'' Jelly King = 'Mattfru' | access-date = 25 March 2018}}</ref> * 'Jelly King'='Mattfru'<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/299501/i-Malus-i-Font-Face-times-New-Roman-Jelly-King-FONT-Mattfru/Details | title = RHS Plantfinder - ''Malus'' Jelly King = 'Mattfru' | access-date = 25 March 2018}}</ref>
*'Laura'<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/124642/i-Malus-i-Laura/Details * 'Laura'<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/124642/i-Malus-i-Laura/Details
| title = RHS Plantfinder - ''Malus'' 'Laura' | access-date = 25 March 2018}}</ref> | title = RHS Plantfinder - ''Malus'' 'Laura' | access-date = 25 March 2018}}</ref>
*'']'' 'Red Sentinel'<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/45895/i-Malus-i-×-i-robusta-i-Red-Sentinel/Details * '']'' 'Red Sentinel'<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/45895/i-Malus-i-×-i-robusta-i-Red-Sentinel/Details
| title = RHS Plantfinder - ''Malus'' × ''robusta'' 'Red Sentinel' | access-date = 25 March 2018}}</ref> | title = RHS Plantfinder - ''Malus'' × ''robusta'' 'Red Sentinel' | access-date = 25 March 2018}}</ref>
*'Sun Rival'<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/104053/i-Malus-i-Sun-Rival/Details * 'Sun Rival'<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/104053/i-Malus-i-Sun-Rival/Details
| title = RHS Plantfinder - ''Malus'' 'Sun Rival' | access-date = 25 March 2018}}</ref> | title = RHS Plantfinder - ''Malus'' 'Sun Rival' | access-date = 25 March 2018}}</ref>
{{div col end}} {{div col end}}
Line 302: Line 150:


== Uses == == Uses ==
]'')]]
]

Crabapple fruit is not an important ] in most areas, being extremely ] due to ] (which like the genus derives from the Latin name '']''), and in some species woody, so is rarely eaten raw. In some ]n cultures, they are valued as a sour ], sometimes eaten with salt and ] or ].{{Citation needed|date = January 2016}} Crabapple fruit is not an important ] in most areas, being extremely ] due to ] (which like the genus derives from the Latin name '']''), and in some species woody, so is rarely eaten raw. In some ]n cultures, they are valued as a sour ], sometimes eaten with salt and ] or ].{{Citation needed|date = January 2016}}


Some crabapple varieties are an exception to the reputation of being sour, and can be very sweet, such as the 'Chestnut' cultivar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.starkbros.com/growing-guide/plant-manuals/fruit-trees/apple-trees/chestnut-crabapple|title=The Growing Guide|publisher=Stark Bro's Nurseries & Orchards Co.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726022654/http://www.starkbros.com/growing-guide/plant-manuals/fruit-trees/apple-trees/chestnut-crabapple|archive-date=2014-07-26}}</ref> Some crabapple varieties are an exception to the reputation of being sour, and can be very sweet, such as the 'Chestnut' cultivar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.starkbros.com/growing-guide/plant-manuals/fruit-trees/apple-trees/chestnut-crabapple|title=The Growing Guide|publisher=Stark Bro's Nurseries & Orchards Co.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726022654/http://www.starkbros.com/growing-guide/plant-manuals/fruit-trees/apple-trees/chestnut-crabapple|archive-date=2014-07-26}}</ref>


Crabapples are an excellent source of ], and their ] can be made into a ruby-coloured ] with a full, spicy flavour.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rombauer|first=I.|author-link=Irma S. Rombauer|author2=Becker, M. R. |author3=Becker, E. |title=All About Canning & Preserving (The Joy of Cooking series)|publisher=Scribner|location=New York|orig-year=2002|pages=72|isbn=0-7432-1502-8|year=2002}}</ref> A small percentage of crabapples in ] makes a more interesting flavour.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cider.org.uk/part1.htm|title=The Science of Cidermaking|publisher=Andrew Lea|access-date=November 14, 2013}}</ref> As ] ''Wergulu'', the crab apple is one of the nine plants invoked in the ] '']'', recorded in the 10th century. Crabapples are an excellent source of ]. Using sugar and spices such as ginger, nutmeg, cinnamon, and allspice, their ] can be made into ruby-coloured crab apple ] with a full, spicy flavour.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rombauer|first=I.|author-link=Irma S. Rombauer|author2=Becker, M. R. |author3=Becker, E. |title=All About Canning & Preserving (The Joy of Cooking series)|publisher=Scribner|location=New York|orig-year=2002|pages=72|isbn=0-7432-1502-8|year=2002}}</ref> A small percentage of crabapples in ] makes a more interesting flavour.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cider.org.uk/part1.htm|title=The Science of Cidermaking|publisher=Andrew Lea|access-date=November 14, 2013}}</ref> As ] ''Wergulu'', the crab apple is one of the nine plants invoked in the ] '']'', recorded in the 10th century.

Applewood gives off a pleasant scent when burned, and smoke from an applewood fire gives an excellent flavour to ] foods.<ref name=Fraser>{{cite web |last=Fraser |first=Anna |title=Properties of different trees as firewood |date=22 August 2005|access-date=17 July 2008 |url=http://www.the-tree.org.uk/ }}</ref> It is easier to cut when green; dry applewood is exceedingly difficult to carve by hand.<ref name=Fraser/> It is a good wood for cooking fires because it burns hot and slow, without producing much flame.<ref name=Fraser/>


Applewood gives off a pleasant scent when burned, and smoke from an applewood fire gives an excellent flavour to ] foods.<ref name=Fraser>{{cite web |last=Fraser |first=Anna |title=Properties of different trees as firewood |date=22 August 2005|access-date=17 July 2008 |url=http://www.the-tree.org.uk/ }}</ref> It is easier to cut when green; dry applewood is exceedingly difficult to carve by hand.<ref name=Fraser/> It is a good wood for cooking fires because it burns hot and slow, without producing much flame.<ref name=Fraser/> Applewood is used to make handles of ]s; in the early 1900s 2,000,000 board feet of applewood were used annually for this purpose.<ref>Burks, Jeff (2015). "Woods Used in Saw Handles". Lost Art Press, Traditional Hand-tool Skills. blog.lostartpress.com.</ref>
==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Apple blossom. Eastern Siberia.jpg|Apple blossom. Eastern Siberia
File:Crabapples.jpg|Ripe wild crab apples (''Malus sylvestris'')
File:Lee-Russell-Farm-Security-Administration-1939-Crab-Apples.jpg|Baskets of crab apples for sale in Connecticut in 1939
File:20071103Tradkrafta1.JPG|Trunk
</gallery>


==References== ==References==

Latest revision as of 04:06, 12 December 2024

Flowering genus, rose family Rosaceae "Crabapple" redirects here. For the cultivated fruit, see Apple. For the Australian tree, see Pouteria eerwah. For other uses, see Crabapple (disambiguation) and Malus (disambiguation)

Malus
Temporal range: Eocene–Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Malus ‘Purple Prince'
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Subfamily: Amygdaloideae
Tribe: Maleae
Subtribe: Malinae
Genus: Malus
Mill.
Type species
Malus sylvestris
Mill. (1768)
Species

See text

Synonyms
  • Chloromeles (Decne.) Decne. (1882)
  • Docynia Decne. (1874)
  • Eriolobus (Ser.) M.Roem.(1847)
  • Prameles Rushforth (2018)
  • Sinomalus Koidz. (1932)
  • × Tormimalus Holub (1998)

Malus (/ˈmeɪləs/ or /ˈmæləs/) is a genus of about 32–57 species of small deciduous trees or shrubs in the family Rosaceae, including the domesticated orchard apple, crab apples (sometimes known in North America as crabapples) and wild apples.

The genus is native to the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere.

Description

Apple trees are typically 4–12 metres (13–39 feet) tall at maturity, with a dense, twiggy crown. The leaves are 3–10 centimetres (1+1⁄4–4 inches) long, alternate, simple, with a serrated margin. The flowers are borne in corymbs, and have five petals, which may be white, pink, or red, and are perfect, with usually red stamens that produce copious pollen, and a half-inferior ovary; flowering occurs in the spring after 50–80 growing degree days (varying greatly according to subspecies and cultivar).

Many apples require cross-pollination between individuals by insects (typically bees, which freely visit the flowers for both nectar and pollen); these are called self-sterile, so self-pollination is impossible, making pollinating insects essential.

A number of cultivars are self-pollinating, such as 'Granny Smith' and 'Golden Delicious', but are considerably fewer in number compared to their cross-pollination dependent counterparts. Several Malus species, including domestic apples, hybridize freely.

The fruit is a globose pome, varying in size from 1–4 cm (1⁄2–1+1⁄2 in) in diameter in most of the wild species, to 6 cm (2+1⁄4 in) in M. sylvestris sieversii, 8 cm (3 in) in M. domestica, and even larger in certain cultivated orchard apples. The centre of the fruit contains five carpels arranged star-like, each containing one or two seeds.

  • Trunk Trunk
  • Crabapple blooms Crabapple blooms
  • Eastern Siberia Eastern Siberia

Subdivision

36 species and 4 hybrids are accepted. The genus Malus is subdivided into eight sections (six, with two added in 2006 and 2008). The oldest fossils of the genus date to the Eocene (Lutetian), which are leaves belonging to the species Malus collardii and Malus kingiensis from western North America (Idaho) and the Russian Far East (Kamchatka), respectively.

Species

36 species and four natural hybrids are accepted:

Hybrids

Formerly placed here

  • Macromeles tschonoskii (Maxim.) Koidz. (as Malus tschonoskii (Maxim.) C.K.Schneid.) – Chonosuki crabapple and pillar apple

Selected artificial hybrids

Fossil species

After

  • Malus collardii Axelrod, North America (Idaho), Eocene
  • Malus kingiensis Budants, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia, Eocene
  • Malus florissantensis (Cockerell) MacGinitie Green River Formation, North America (Colorado) Eocene
  • Malus pseudocredneria (Cockerell) MacGinitie Green River Formation, North America (Colorado) Eocene
  • Malus idahoensis R.W.Br. North America (Idaho), Miocene
  • Malus parahupehensis J.Hsu and R.W.Chaney Shanwang, Shandong, China, Miocene
  • Malus antiqua Doweld Romania, Pliocene
  • Malus pseudoangustifolia E.W.Berry North America (South Carolina), Pleistocene

Cultivation

See also: Fruit tree pollination
'Evereste' fruits
Crabapple bonsai tree in August

Crabapples are popular as compact ornamental trees, providing blossom in spring and colourful fruit in autumn. The fruits often persist throughout winter. Numerous hybrid cultivars have been selected.

Some crabapples are used as rootstocks for domestic apples to add beneficial characteristics. For example, the rootstocks of Malus baccata varieties are used to give additional cold hardiness to the combined plants for orchards in cold northern areas.

They are also used as pollinizers in apple orchards. Varieties of crabapple are selected to bloom contemporaneously with the apple variety in an orchard planting, and the crabs are planted every sixth or seventh tree, or limbs of a crab tree are grafted onto some of the apple trees. In emergencies, a bucket or drum bouquet of crabapple flowering branches is placed near the beehives as orchard pollenizers.

Because of the plentiful blossoms and small fruit, crabapples are popular for use in bonsai culture.

Cultivars

These cultivars have won the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:

  • 'Adirondack'
  • 'Butterball'
  • 'Comtesse de Paris'
  • 'Evereste'
  • 'Jelly King'='Mattfru'
  • 'Laura'
  • Malus × robusta 'Red Sentinel'
  • 'Sun Rival'

Other varieties are dealt with under their species names.

Toxicity

The seeds contain cyanide compounds.

Uses

Ripe apples (M. domestica)
Baskets of crab apples for sale in Connecticut in 1939

Crabapple fruit is not an important crop in most areas, being extremely sour due to malic acid (which like the genus derives from the Latin name mālum), and in some species woody, so is rarely eaten raw. In some Southeast Asian cultures, they are valued as a sour condiment, sometimes eaten with salt and chilli or shrimp paste.

Some crabapple varieties are an exception to the reputation of being sour, and can be very sweet, such as the 'Chestnut' cultivar.

Crabapples are an excellent source of pectin. Using sugar and spices such as ginger, nutmeg, cinnamon, and allspice, their juice can be made into ruby-coloured crab apple jelly with a full, spicy flavour. A small percentage of crabapples in cider makes a more interesting flavour. As Old English Wergulu, the crab apple is one of the nine plants invoked in the pagan Anglo-Saxon Nine Herbs Charm, recorded in the 10th century.

Applewood gives off a pleasant scent when burned, and smoke from an applewood fire gives an excellent flavour to smoked foods. It is easier to cut when green; dry applewood is exceedingly difficult to carve by hand. It is a good wood for cooking fires because it burns hot and slow, without producing much flame. Applewood is used to make handles of hand saws; in the early 1900s 2,000,000 board feet of applewood were used annually for this purpose.

References

  1. Cirrus Digital Purple Prince Crabapple
  2. ^ "Malus Mill". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  3. Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
  4. Phipps, James B.; Robertson, Kenneth R.; Smith, Paul G.; Rohrer, Joseph R. (1990). "A checklist of the subfamily Maloideae (Rosaceae)". Can. J. Bot. 68 (10): 2209–2269. doi:10.1139/b90-288.
  5. coreyrametta (2019-06-11). "Are Apple Trees Self Pollinating?". Cold Hardy Fruits. Retrieved 2024-05-02.
  6. Ken Wilson and D.C. Elfving. "Crabapple Pollenizers for Apples". Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food. Retrieved 12 Sep 2013.
  7. ^ Liu, Bin-Bin; Ren, Chen; Kwak, Myounghai; Hodel, Richard G.J.; Xu, Chao; He, Jian; Zhou, Wen-Bin; Huang, Chien-Hsun; Ma, Hong; Qian, Guan-Ze; Hong, De-Yuan; Wen, Jun (May 2022). "Phylogenomic conflict analyses in the apple genus Malus s.l. reveal widespread hybridization and allopolyploidy driving diversification, with insights into the complex biogeographic history in the Northern Hemisphere". Journal of Integrative Plant Biology. 64 (5): 1020–1043. doi:10.1111/jipb.13246. ISSN 1672-9072. PMID 35274452. S2CID 247384781.
  8. Apple Tree Rootstocks Ecogardening Factsheet #21, Summer 1999
  9. Apple Rootstocks, Alaska Department of Natural Resources Archived 2008-07-19 at the Wayback Machine
  10. Biel, John. "Collecting and Training Crab Apples | American Bonsai Society". www.absbonsai.org. American Bonsai Society. Archived from the original on 3 July 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  11. "Crabapple (Malus) - Bonsai Empire". www.bonsaiempire.com. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  12. Walston, Brent. "Crabapples for Bonsai". evergreengardenworks.com. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  13. "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 63. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  14. "RHS Plantfinder - Malus 'Adirondack'". Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  15. "RHS Plantfinder - Malus 'Butterball'". Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  16. "Malus 'Comtesse de Paris'". RHS. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  17. "RHS Plantfinder -Malus 'Evereste'". Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  18. "RHS Plantfinder - Malus Jelly King = 'Mattfru'". Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  19. "RHS Plantfinder - Malus 'Laura'". Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  20. "RHS Plantfinder - Malus × robusta 'Red Sentinel'". Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  21. "RHS Plantfinder - Malus 'Sun Rival'". Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  22. The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants. United States Department of the Army. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. 2009. p. 113. ISBN 978-1-60239-692-0. OCLC 277203364.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  23. "The Growing Guide". Stark Bro's Nurseries & Orchards Co. Archived from the original on 2014-07-26.
  24. Rombauer, I.; Becker, M. R.; Becker, E. (2002) . All About Canning & Preserving (The Joy of Cooking series). New York: Scribner. p. 72. ISBN 0-7432-1502-8.
  25. "The Science of Cidermaking". Andrew Lea. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
  26. ^ Fraser, Anna (22 August 2005). "Properties of different trees as firewood". Retrieved 17 July 2008.
  27. Burks, Jeff (2015). "Woods Used in Saw Handles". Lost Art Press, Traditional Hand-tool Skills. blog.lostartpress.com.

External links

"Crabapple" or "Wild apple" (of the genus Malus)
Species, varieties
and cultivars		 Crab apples by the roadside
Topics
State flowers of the United States
Italics: state wildflower WF, state children's flower CH, state floral emblem FE, beautification and conservation BC
Taxon identifiers
Malus
Categories: