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{{pp-pc1}}
{{Short description|18th letter of the Latin alphabet}} {{Short description|18th letter of the Latin alphabet}}
{{pp-semi|small=yes}}
{{About|the eighteenth letter of the Latin alphabet}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2024}}{{About|the eighteenth letter of the Latin alphabet|other uses}}
{{redirect|ℛ|the Unicode block containing this character|Letterlike Symbols}}
{{Technical reasons|R#J|the film|R and J}} {{Technical reasons|R#J|the film|R and J{{!}}''R and J''}}
{{pp-move-indef|small=yes}} {{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{pp-pc}}
{{Infobox grapheme {{Infobox grapheme
|name = R |name = R
|letter = R r |letter = R r
|variations=(])
|image=File:R cursiva.gif
|imagesize=200
|imagealt= Writing cursive forms of R
|script=] |script=]
|type=] |type=]
|typedesc=ic and ] |typedesc=ic
|language=] |language=]
|phonemes=<br><br><br><br><br><br>(])<br>(])<br> {{IPAc-en|ɑr}} |phonemes={{ubl|{{hlist|{{IPA blink|r}}|{{IPA blink|ɾ}}|{{IPA blink|ɹ}}|{{IPA blink|ɻ}}|{{IPA blink|ɺ}}|{{IPA blink|ʀ}}|{{IPA blink|ʁ}}|{{IPA blink|ɽ}}}}|''(])''|''(])''|{{IPAc-en|ɑr}}}}
|unicode=U+0052, U+0072 |unicode=U+0052, U+0072
|alphanumber=18 |alphanumber=18
Line 28: Line 24:
|fam7=] |fam7=]
|fam8= ] ] |fam8= ] ]
|usageperiod=~50 to present |usageperiod=from {{circa|50 AD}}
|children= {{bull}}] {{bull}}{{not a typo|]}} {{bull}}] {{bull}}] {{bull}}] {{bull}}]<br>{{bull}}] |children={{hlist|]|{{not a typo|]}}|]|]|]|]|]}}
|sisters= {{bull}}] {{bull}}]{{bull}}]{{bull}}] {{bull}}] {{bull}}] {{bull}}] {{bull}}] {{bull}}] {{bull}}] {{bull}}] {{bull}}] {{bull}}] {{bull}}] |sisters= {{hlist|]|]|]|]|]|]|]|]|]|]|]|]|]|]}}
|equivalents= |equivalents=
|associates=], ] |associates={{hlist|]|]}}
|direction=Left-to-Right |direction=Left-to-right
|image=File:Latin_letter_R.svg}}
}}
{{Latin letter info|r}} {{Latin letter info|r}}
'''R''', or '''r''', is the eighteenth ] of the ], used in the ], the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ] (pronounced {{IPAc-en|'|ɑr}}), plural ''ars'',<ref>"R", '']'' 2nd edition (1989); "ar", ''op. cit''</ref> or in Ireland ''or'' {{IPAc-en|'|oʊr}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://digilib.k.utb.cz/bitstream/handle/10563/9938/kr%C3%B6merov%C3%A1_2009_bp.pdf?sequence=1 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-09-15 |archive-date=2017-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915204156/http://digilib.k.utb.cz/bitstream/handle/10563/9938/kr%C3%B6merov%C3%A1_2009_bp.pdf?sequence=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> '''R''', or '''r''', is the eighteenth ] of the ], used in the ], the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ] (pronounced {{IPAc-en|'|ɑr}}), plural ''ars'',<ref>"R", '']'' 2nd edition (1989); "ar", ''op. cit''</ref> or in Ireland ''or'' ({{IPAc-en|'|oʊr}}).<ref>{{Cite thesis |url=http://digilib.k.utb.cz/bitstream/handle/10563/9938/kr%C3%B6merov%C3%A1_2009_bp.pdf?sequence=1 |title=Analysis of contemporary Irish dialects |first=Alena |last=Krömerová |access-date=2017-09-15 |archive-date=2017-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915204156/http://digilib.k.utb.cz/bitstream/handle/10563/9938/kr%C3%B6merov%C3%A1_2009_bp.pdf?sequence=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The letter {{angbr|r}} is the eighth most common letter in ] and the fourth-most common consonant (after {{angbr|t}}, {{angbr|n}}, and {{angbr|s}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.math.cornell.edu/~mec/2003-2004/cryptography/subs/frequencies.html|title=Frequency Table|website=Math.cornell.edu|access-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102005534/https://math.cornell.edu/~mec/2003-2004/cryptography/subs/frequencies.html|archive-date=2 November 2017}}</ref>


The letter {{angbr|r}} is the eighth most common letter in English and the fourth-most common consonant, after {{angbr|t}}, {{angbr|n}}, and {{angbr|s}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pi.math.cornell.edu/~mec/2003-2004/cryptography/subs/frequencies.html|title=Frequency Table|website=Math.cornell.edu|access-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102005534/https://math.cornell.edu/~mec/2003-2004/cryptography/subs/frequencies.html|archive-date=2 November 2017}}</ref>
The letter {{angbr|r}} is used to form the ending "-re", which is used in certain words such as ''centre'' in some varieties of English spelling, such as ]. ] also uses the "-re" ending, unlike ], where the ending is usually replaced by "-er" (''center''). This does not affect pronunciation.


== Name == == Name ==
The name of the letter in Latin was {{lang|la|er}} ({{IPA|/ɛr/}}), following the pattern of other letters representing ]s, such as F, L, M, N and S. This name is preserved in ] and many other languages. In ], the name of the letter changed from {{IPA|/ɛr/}} to {{IPA|/ar/}}, following a pattern exhibited in many other words such as ''farm'' (compare French ''ferme'') and ''star'' (compare German ''Stern''). The name of the letter in Latin was {{lang|la|er}} ({{IPA|/ɛr/}}), following the pattern of other letters representing ]s, such as {{angbr|F}}, {{angbr|L}}, {{angbr|M}}, {{angbr|N}}, and {{angbr|S}}. This name is preserved in ] and many other languages. In ], the name of the letter changed from {{IPA|/ɛr/}} to {{IPA|/ar/}}, following a pattern exhibited in many other words such as ''farm'' (compare French {{lang|fr|ferme}}) and ''star'' (compare German {{lang|de|Stern}}).


In ] the letter is called {{IPA|/ɒr/|}} or {{IPA|/ɔːr/|}}, somewhat similar to ''oar'', ''ore'', ''orr''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digilib.k.utb.cz/bitstream/handle/10563/9938/kr%C3%B6merov%C3%A1_2009_bp.pdf?sequence=1|title=Analysis of selected contemporary Irish dialects|website=Digilib.k.utb.cz|access-date=7 November 2017|archive-date=15 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915204156/http://digilib.k.utb.cz/bitstream/handle/10563/9938/kr%C3%B6merov%C3%A1_2009_bp.pdf?sequence=1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/this-happened-to-me/losing-my-voice-ef97a0c5e977|title=Losing My Voice - This Happened to Me|first=Steve|last=Hogarty|date=November 11, 2013|website=Medium|access-date=July 15, 2019|archive-date=July 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715114609/https://medium.com/this-happened-to-me/losing-my-voice-ef97a0c5e977|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://irishwithian.wordpress.com/2018/12/19/mind-your-ps-and-qs-ore-youll-get-into-trouble/|title=Mind your 'P's and 'Q's – ore you'll get into trouble!|newspaper=Irish with Ian |date=December 19, 2018|access-date=July 15, 2019|archive-date=July 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715114607/https://irishwithian.wordpress.com/2018/12/19/mind-your-ps-and-qs-ore-youll-get-into-trouble/|url-status=live}}</ref> In ], the letter is called {{IPA|/ɒr/|}} or {{IPA|/ɔːr/|}}, somewhat similar to ''oar'', ''ore'', ''orr''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digilib.k.utb.cz/bitstream/handle/10563/9938/kr%C3%B6merov%C3%A1_2009_bp.pdf?sequence=1|title=Analysis of selected contemporary Irish dialects|website=Digilib.k.utb.cz|access-date=7 November 2017|archive-date=15 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915204156/http://digilib.k.utb.cz/bitstream/handle/10563/9938/kr%C3%B6merov%C3%A1_2009_bp.pdf?sequence=1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/this-happened-to-me/losing-my-voice-ef97a0c5e977|title=Losing My Voice - This Happened to Me|first=Steve|last=Hogarty|date=November 11, 2013|website=Medium|access-date=July 15, 2019|archive-date=July 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715114609/https://medium.com/this-happened-to-me/losing-my-voice-ef97a0c5e977|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://irishwithian.wordpress.com/2018/12/19/mind-your-ps-and-qs-ore-youll-get-into-trouble/|title=Mind your 'P's and 'Q's – ore you'll get into trouble!|newspaper=Irish with Ian |date=December 19, 2018|access-date=July 15, 2019|archive-date=July 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715114607/https://irishwithian.wordpress.com/2018/12/19/mind-your-ps-and-qs-ore-youll-get-into-trouble/|url-status=live}}</ref>


{{anchor|Dog's letter}} {{anchor|Dog's letter}}
The letter R is sometimes referred to as the {{lang|la|littera canīna}} (literally 'canine letter', often rendered in English as the '''dog's letter'''). This Latin term referred to the Latin R that was ] to sound like a growling dog, a spoken style referred to as {{lang|la|vōx canīna}} ('dog voice'). A good example of a trilled R is in the Spanish word for dog, ''perro''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wordsmith.org/words/dogs_letter.html |title=A Word A Day: Dog's letter |website=Wordsmith.org |access-date=2012-01-17 |archive-date=2012-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314054240/http://www.wordsmith.org/words/dogs_letter.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The letter R is sometimes referred to as the {{lang|la|littera canīna}} 'canine letter', often rendered in English as the '''dog's letter'''. This Latin term referred to the Latin {{angbr|R}} that was ] to sound like a growling dog, a spoken style referred to as {{lang|la|vōx canīna}} 'dog voice' (e.g. in Spanish {{lang|es|perro}} 'dog').<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wordsmith.org/words/dogs_letter.html |title=A Word A Day: Dog's letter |website=Wordsmith.org |access-date=2012-01-17 |archive-date=2012-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314054240/http://www.wordsmith.org/words/dogs_letter.html |url-status=live }}</ref>


In ]'s '']'', such a reference is made by Juliet's nurse in Act 2, scene 4, when she calls the letter R "the dog's name". The reference is also found in ]'s ''English Grammar''.<ref>{{cite book In '']'', such a reference is made by Juliet's nurse in Act 2, scene 4, when she calls the letter R "the dog's name". The reference is also found in ]'s ''English Grammar''.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Shakespeare | last = Shakespeare
| first = William | first = William
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{| class="wikitable" {| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;" |- style="text-align:center;"
| '''Egyptian''' ! Egyptian
|'''Proto-Sinaitic''' ! Proto-Sinaitic
| '''Phoenician <br /> '']''''' ! Phoenician<br />]
| ''']<br /> '']''''' ! Western Greek<br />]
! Etruscan<br />R
| '''] <br />R'''
! Latin<br />R
|--- align=center |--- align=center
|<hiero>D1</hiero> |<hiero>D1</hiero>
|] |]
| ] | ]
| ] | ]
|] | ]
| ]
|} |}


===Antiquity=== ===Antiquity===
] (280 BC) reveals the full development of the Latin ''R'' by that time; the letter ''P'' at the same time still retains its archaic shape distinguishing it from Greek or Old Italic ''rho''.]] ] (280 BC) reveals the full development of the Latin {{angbr|R}} by that time; the letter {{angbr|P}} at the same time still retains its archaic shape distinguishing it from Greek or Old Italic ''rho''.]]
The modern letter “r” is believed to derive from the original ] letter, such as the Hebrew letter “reish” (ר).{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}} It was used for {{IPA|/r/}} by Semites because in their language, the word for "head" was '']'' (also the name of the letter). It developed into Greek ']' {{lang|grc|ῥῶ}} (''rhô'') and Latin R. The letter {{angbr|R}} is believed to derive ultimately from an image of a head, used in ] for the sound {{IPA|/r/}} because the word for 'head' was '']'' or similar in most ]. The word became the name of the letter, as an example of ].


The descending diagonal stroke develops as a graphic variant in some ] (writing ''rho'' as ]), but it was not adopted in most ]s; most Old Italic alphabets show variants of their ''rho'' between a "P" and a "D" shape, but without the Western Greek descending stroke. It developed into Greek {{angbr|]}} {{lang|grc|ῥῶ}} ({{transliteration|grc|rhô}}) and Latin {{angbr|R}}. The descending diagonal stroke develops as a graphic variant in some ] (writing ''rho'' as ]), but it was not adopted in most ]s; most Old Italic alphabets show variants of their ''rho'' between a {{angbr|P}} and a {{angbr|D}} shape, but without the Western Greek descending stroke.
Indeed, the oldest known forms of the Latin alphabet itself of the 7th to 6th centuries BC, in the ] and the ], still write ''r'' using the "P"<!--𐌓Ρ--> shape of the letter. Indeed, the oldest known forms of the Latin alphabet itself of the 7th to 6th centuries BC, in the ] and the ], still write {{angbr|r}} using the {{angbr|P}}<!--𐌓Ρ--> shape of the letter.
The ] inscription shows the form of the Latin alphabet around 500 BC. Here, the rounded, closing Π shape of the ''p'' <!--𐌐--> and the Ρ shape of the ''r'' have become difficult to distinguish. The ] inscription shows the form of the Latin alphabet around 500 BC. Here, the rounded, closing Π shape of the {{angbr|p}} <!--𐌐--> and the {{angbr|Ρ}} shape of the {{angbr|r}} have become difficult to distinguish.
The descending stroke of the Latin letter R has fully developed by the 3rd century BC, as seen in the ] sarcophagus inscriptions of that era. From around 50 AD, the letter ''P'' would be written with its loop fully closed, assuming the shape formerly taken by ''R''. The descending stroke of the Latin letter {{angbr|R}} has fully developed by the 3rd century BC, as seen in the ] sarcophagus inscriptions of that era. From {{circa|50 AD}}, the letter {{angbr|P}} would be written with its loop fully closed, assuming the shape formerly taken by {{angbr|R}}.


===Cursive=== ===Cursive===
] ]
], in '']'' (1509)]] ], in '']'' (1509)]]


The minuscule (lowercase) form (''r'') developed through several variations on the capital form. The minuscule form {{angbr|r}} developed through several variations on the capital form.
Along with Latin minuscule writing in general, it developed ultimately from ] via the ] script of Late Antiquity into the ] of the 9th century. Along with Latin minuscule writing in general, it developed ultimately from ] via the ] script of Late Antiquity into the ] of the 9th century.


In handwriting, it was common not to close the bottom of the loop but continue into the leg, saving an extra pen stroke. The loop-leg stroke shortened into the simple arc used in the Carolingian minuscule and until today. In handwriting, it was common not to close the bottom of the loop but continue into the leg, saving an extra pen stroke. The loop-leg stroke shortened into the simple arc used in the Carolingian minuscule and until today.


A calligraphic minuscule ''r'', known as ] (), was used in the sequence ''or'', bending the shape of the ''r'' to accommodate the bulge of the ''o'' (as in ''oꝛ'' as opposed to ''or''). Later, the same variant was also used where ''r'' followed other lower case letters with a rounded loop towards the right (such as ''b, h, p'') and to write the geminate ''rr'' (as ''ꝛꝛ''). Use of ''r rotunda'' was mostly tied to ] typefaces, and the glyph fell out of use along with blackletter fonts in English language contexts mostly by the 18th century. A calligraphic minuscule {{angbr|r}}, known as '']'' {{angbr|}}, was used in the sequence {{angbr|or}}, bending the shape of the {{angbr|r}} to accommodate the bulge of the {{angbr|o}} as in {{angbr|oꝛ}}, as opposed to {{angbr|or}}. Later, the same variant was also used where {{angbr|r}} followed other lower case letters with a rounded loop towards the right, such as with {{angbr|b}}, {{angbr|h}}, {{angbr|p}}, as well as to write the geminate {{angbr|rr}} as {{angbr|ꝛꝛ}}. Use of ''r rotunda'' was mostly tied to ] typefaces, and the glyph fell out of use along with blackletter fonts in English language contexts mostly by the 18th century.


] used a minuscule which retained two downward strokes, but which did not close the loop ("Insular ''r''",); this variant survives in the ] popular in Ireland until the mid-20th century (but now mostly limited to decorative purposes). ] used a minuscule which retained two downward strokes, but which did not close the loop, known as the ''Insular r'' {{angbr|}}; this variant survives in the ] popular in Ireland until the mid-20th century, but has become largely limited to a decorative function.


==Use in writing systems==
==Pronunciation and use==
{{See also|Rhotic consonant|R-colored vowel|Non-rhoticity in English|Guttural R}} {{See also|Rhotic consonant|R-colored vowel|Guttural R}}
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+ Pronunciation of {{angbr|r}} by language
|+Pronunciations of Rr
! Orthography
! colspan="5" |''Languages in italics do not use the ]; the table refers to ]s''
! Phonemes
|- |-
! ]
!Language
| {{IPAslink|ɾ}}
!Dialect(s)
!Pronunciation (])
!Environment
!Notes
|- |-
! ]
! colspan="2" |]
|{{IPAslink|ɾ}} | {{IPAslink|r}} or {{IPAslink|ʀ}} or {{IPAslink|ɾ}}
|
|rr represents a trilled /r/
|- |-
! ]
! rowspan="3" |'']''
| {{IPAslink|ɾ}}, {{IPAslink|r}}
!Most dialects
|{{IPAslink|r}}
|
|
|- |-
! ]
!], ]
|{{IPAslink|ʀ}} | {{IPAslink|ɾ}}, {{IPAslink|r}}
|
|
|- |-
! ]
!]
|{{IPAslink|ɾ}} | {{IPAslink|ɾ}}, {{IPAslink|r}}
|
|
|- |-
! ]
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |]
|{{IPAslink|r}} | {{IPAslink|ɾ}}, {{IPAslink|r}}
|Word-initially
|
|- |-
! {{nwr|]}} (])
|{{IPAslink|ɾ}}
| {{IPAslink|ɻ}}
|Usually
|'''rr''' represents a trilled {{IPAslink|r}}
|- |-
! ]
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |]
|{{IPAslink|r}} | {{IPAslink|ʁ}}, ''silent''
|Word-initially
|
|- |-
! ]
|{{IPAslink|ɾ}}
| {{IPAslink|r}}
|Usually
|'''rr''' represents a trilled {{IPAslink|r}}
|- |-
! ]
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |]
|{{IPAslink|r}} | {{IPAslink|ɹ}}
|Word-initially
|
|- |-
! ]
|{{IPAslink|ɾ}}
| {{IPAslink|ɾ}}
|Usually
|'''rr''' represents a trilled {{IPAslink|r}}
|- |-
! ]
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |]
|{{IPAslink|r}} | {{IPAslink|ɹ}}
|Word-initially
|
|- |-
! ]
|{{IPAslink|ɾ}}
| {{IPAslink|ʁ}}
|Usually
|
|- |-
! ]
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |]
|{{IPAslink|ʀ}} | {{IPAslink|ɾ}}
|
|
|- |-
! ]
|{{IPAslink|r}}
| {{IPAslink|ʀ}}, {{IPAslink|ɐ̯}}
|
|Archaic
|- |-
! ]
! rowspan="2" |]
| {{IPAslink|ɻ}}
!Most dialects
|{{IPAslink|ɾ}}
|
|
|- |-
! ]
!], ]
|{{IPAslink|ʀ}} | {{IPAslink|ɣ}}
|
|
|- |-
! rowspan="4" |] ! ] romanization
| {{IPAslink|ʁ}}
! rowspan="2" |]
|{{IPAslink|ɹ}}
|Before vowels
|
|- |-
! ]
|''silent''
| {{IPAslink|ʐ}}
|After vowels
|
|- |-
! ]
! rowspan="2" |]
|{{IPAslink|ɻ}} | {{IPAslink|r}}
|Before vowels
|
|- |-
! ]
| {{IPAslink|ɾ}}, {{IPAslink|ɻʲ}}{{cn|date=March 2024}}
|After vowels
|
|- |-
! ]
! colspan="2" |]
|{{IPAslink|ɹ}} | {{IPAslink|r}}
|
|
|- |-
! ] (])
! colspan="2" |]
|{{IPAslink|ʁ}} | {{IPAslink|ɾ}}
|
|
|- |-
! ]
! colspan="2" |]
|{{IPAslink|ɾ}} | {{IPAslink|ɾ}}
|
|
|- |-
! ]
! rowspan="2" |]
| {{IPAslink|r}}
! rowspan="2" |]
|{{IPAslink|ʀ}}
|Before vowels
|
|- |-
! ]
|{{IPAslink|ɐ̯}}
| {{IPAslink|r}}
|After vowels
|
|- |-
! ]
! colspan="2" |]
|{{IPAslink|ɻ}} | {{IPAslink|ɾ}}
|
|
|- |-
! ]
! colspan="2" |]
|{{IPAslink|ɣ}} | {{IPAslink|r}} or {{IPAslink|ʁ}} or {{IPAslink|ʐ}}
|
|
|- |-
! ]
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |'']''
|{{IPAslink|ʁ}} | {{IPAslink|ʁ}}, {{IPAslink|ɾ}}
|
|
|- |-
! ]
|{{IPAslink|r}}
| {{IPAslink|ɾ}}, {{IPAslink|ɾʲ}}
|
|Archaic
|- |-
! ]
! colspan="2" |]
|{{IPAslink|ʐ}} | {{IPAslink|ɹ}}
|
|
|- |-
! ]
! rowspan="3" |]
| {{IPAslink|ɾ}}, {{IPAslink|r}}
!Standard
|{{IPAslink|r}}
|
|
|- |-
! ]
! rowspan="2" |Sumatran dialects
| {{IPAslink|r}} or {{IPAslink|ɾ}} or {{IPAslink|ɹ}} or {{IPAslink|ʐ}} or {{IPAslink|ʁ}} or {{IPAslink|ʀ}}
|{{IPAslink|r}}
|Before vowels/consonants
|
|- |-
! ]
|''silent''
| {{IPAslink|ɾ}}
|After vowels
|
|- |-
! ]
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |]
|{{IPAslink|ɾ}} | {{IPAslink|r}}
|
|
|- |-
! ]
|{{IPAslink|ɻʲ}}
| {{IPAslink|z}} or {{IPAslink|r}}
|After i; before e, i
|
|-
! colspan="2" |]
|{{IPAslink|r}}
|
|
|-
!'']''
!Standard
|{{IPAslink|ɾ}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |]
|{{IPAslink|ɾ}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |]
! rowspan="2" |Standard
|{{IPAslink|r}}
|Before vowels/consonants
|
|-
|''silent''
|After vowels
|
|-
!'']''
!]
|{{IPAslink|ʐ}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |]
|{{IPAslink|ɹ}}
|
|
|-
|''silent''
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |]
|{{IPAslink|ɾ}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |]
!Most dialects
|{{IPAslink|r}}
|
|
|-
!Western and Southern dialects
|{{IPAslink|ʁ}}
|
|
|-
!Tromsø
|{{IPAslink|ʐ}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |]
|{{IPAslink|ʁ}}
|
|In certain environments
|-
|{{IPAslink|ɾ}}
|
|In certain environments
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |]
|{{IPAslink|ɾ}}
|Usually
|
|-
|{{IPAslink|ɾʲ}}
|After i; before e, i
|
|-
! colspan="2" |]
|{{IPAslink|ɹ}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |]
!Some dialects
|{{IPAslink|l}}
|After a vowel
|
|-
!Most dialects
|{{IPAslink|r}}
|Word-initially
|
|-
!All dialects
|{{IPAslink|ɾ}}
|Usually
|
|-
!]
|{{IPAslink|ʁ}}
|Word-initially
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |]
!Most dialects
|{{IPAslink|ɾ}}
|
|
|-
!Southern dialects
|{{IPAslink|ʀ}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |]
|{{IPAslink|ɾ}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |]
!Most dialects
|{{IPAslink|ɾ}}
|
|
|-
!Venice
|{{IPAslink|ʀ}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |]
!Northern dialect
|{{IPAslink|z}}
|
|
|-
!Most dialects
|{{IPAslink|ʐ}}, {{IPAslink|ɾ}}, {{IPAslink|r}}, {{IPAslink|ɹ}}
|
|
|} |}


===Non-English languages=== ===English===
{{See also|Rhoticity in English}}
{{angbr|r}} represents a ] in many languages, as shown in the table below.
{{angbr|R}} represents a ] in English, such as the ] (most varieties), ] (some British varieties), or the ] (some varieties in the ], ] and ]).

In ] accents, it is not pronounced in certain positions, but can affect the pronunciation of the vowel that precedes it.

===Other languages===
{{angbr|R}} represents a ] in many languages, as shown in the table below.
<!-- PLEASE DO NOT ADD LANGUAGES THAT DO NOT USE THE ROMAN ALPHABET <!-- PLEASE DO NOT ADD LANGUAGES THAT DO NOT USE THE ROMAN ALPHABET
--> -->
Line 433: Line 225:
|- |-
| style="width:35%" | ] {{IPA|}} | style="width:35%" | ] {{IPA|}}
| style="text-align:center" | ] | style="text-align:center" | ]
| style="width:55%" | some dialects of ] or in emphatic speech, standard ], ], ], ], ] in some dialects, ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] mostly in the northwest, ], ] (traditional form), ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ]; also ], ] and ] {{angbr|rr}} | style="width:55%" | Standard ], ], ], ], ] in some dialects, ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] mostly in the northwest, ], ] (traditional form), ], ], ], ], ] more frequent in northern and western dialects, as well as in ]; ], ], ]; also ], ] and ] {{angbr|rr}}
|- |-
| style="width:35%" | ] {{IPA|}} | style="width:35%" | ] {{IPA|}}
| style="text-align:center" | ] | style="text-align:center" | ]
| style="width:55%" | ] (most varieties), ] in some Netherlandic dialects (in specific positions of words), ], ] | style="width:55%" | ] in some Netherlandic dialects (in specific positions of words), ], ] and ], especially when in weakly articulated positions, such as ]
|- |-
| style="width:35%" | ] / ] {{IPA|}} | style="width:35%" | ] / ] {{IPA|}}
| style="text-align:center" | ] | style="text-align:center" | ]
| style="width:55%" | ], ], ] and ] {{angbr|r}}, ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ]<!-- DO NOT ADD JAPANESE: IT DOES NOT USE THE ROMAN ALPHABET--> | style="width:55%" | ], ], ] and ] {{angbr|r}}; ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]<!-- DO NOT ADD JAPANESE: IT DOES NOT USE THE ROMAN ALPHABET-->
|- |-
| style="width:35%" | ] {{IPA|}} | style="width:35%" | ] {{IPA|}}
| style="text-align:center" | ] | style="text-align:center" | ]
| style="width:55%" | ] around ]; ] used as an allophone of /r/ in some South American accents; ] used before vowels, as in ''raana'', "toad", from Spanish rana; ] transliteration of ]. | style="width:55%" | ] around ]; ] used as an allophone of /r/ in some South American accents; ] especially in Central Swedish dialects, such as the dialect in/around ]; ] used before vowels, as in ''raana'', "toad", from Spanish rana
|- |-
| style="width:35%" | ] {{IPA|}} | style="width:35%" | ] {{IPA|}}
| style="text-align:center" | ] | style="text-align:center" | ]
| style="width:55%" | ]; ] transliteration of ]
| style="width:55%" | some ] dialects (in the ], ], and ]), ]<!-- DO NOT ADD CHINESE: IT DOES NOT USE THE ROMAN ALPHABET-->
|- |-
| style="width:35%" | ] {{IPA|}} | style="width:35%" | ] {{IPA|}}
| style="text-align:center" | ] | style="text-align:center" | ]
| style="width:55%" | ] when followed by <d>, sometimes in ] | style="width:55%" | ] when followed by ⟨d⟩; ] on occasion; ] when followed by ⟨d⟩
|- |-
| style="width:35%" | ] {{IPA|}} | style="width:35%" | ] {{IPA|}}
| style="text-align:center" | ] | style="text-align:center" | ]
| style="width:55%" | ] stage standard; some ] dialects (in Brabant and Limburg, and some city dialects in The Netherlands), ] in Southern Sweden, ] in western and southern parts, ] only in ] area. | style="width:55%" | ] stage standard; some ] dialects (in ] and ], and some city dialects in the Netherlands); ] in southern Sweden; ] in western and southern parts; ] only in the ] area.
|- |-
| style="width:35%" | ] {{IPA|}} | style="width:35%" | ] {{IPA|}}
| style="text-align:center" | ] | style="text-align:center" | ]
| style="width:55%" | ], ], ], ], ], standard European ] {{angbr|rr}}, standard Brazilian ] {{angbr|rr}}, Puerto Rican Spanish {{angbr|rr}} and 'r-' in western parts, ] in western and southern parts. | style="width:55%" | ], ], ], ], ], standard European ] {{angbr|rr}}, standard Brazilian ] {{angbr|rr}}, Puerto Rican Spanish {{angbr|rr}} and 'r-' in western parts; ] in western and southern parts; ] in southern dialects
|} |}


Other languages may use the letter {{angbr|r}} in their alphabets (or Latin transliterations schemes) to represent rhotic consonants different from the alveolar trill. In ], it represents a sound so weak that it is often written interchangeably with {{angbr|w}}, e.g. 'Kweyol' for 'Kreyol'. Other languages may use the letter {{angbr|r}} in their alphabets (or Latin transliteration schemes) to represent rhotic consonants different from the alveolar trill. In ], it represents a sound so weak that it is often written interchangeably with {{angbr|w}}, e.g. 'Kweyol' for 'Kreyol'.


The doubled {{angbr|rr}} represents a trilled {{IPA|/r/}} in ], ], ], ], ] and ].
Brazilian ] has a great number of allophones of {{IPAslink|ʁ}} such as {{IPAblink|χ}}, {{IPAblink|h}}, {{IPAblink|ɦ}}, {{IPAblink|x}}, {{IPAblink|ɣ}}, {{IPAblink|ɹ}} and {{IPAblink|r}}, the latter three ones can be used only in certain contexts ({{IPAblink|ɣ}} and {{IPAblink|r}} as {{angbr|rr}}; {{IPAblink|ɹ}} in the syllable coda, as an allophone of {{IPAslink|ɾ}} according to the European Portuguese norm and {{IPAslink|ʁ}} according to the Brazilian Portuguese norm). Usually at least two of them are present in a single dialect, such as ]'s {{IPAblink|ʁ}}, {{IPAblink|χ}}, {{IPAblink|ɦ}} and, for a few speakers, {{IPAblink|ɣ}}.

Brazilian ] has a great number of allophones of {{IPAslink|ʁ}}, such as {{IPAblink|χ}}, {{IPAblink|h}}, {{IPAblink|ɦ}}, {{IPAblink|x}}, {{IPAblink|ɣ}}, {{IPAblink|ɹ}} and {{IPAblink|r}}. The latter three ones can be used only in certain contexts ({{IPAblink|ɣ}} and {{IPAblink|r}} as {{angbr|rr}}; {{IPAblink|ɹ}} in the syllable coda, as an allophone of {{IPAslink|ɾ}} according to the European Portuguese norm and {{IPAslink|ʁ}} according to the Brazilian Portuguese norm). Usually at least two of them are present in a single dialect, such as ]'s {{IPAblink|ʁ}}, {{IPAblink|χ}}, {{IPAblink|ɦ}} and, for a few speakers, {{IPAblink|ɣ}}.


===Other systems=== ===Other systems===
The ] uses several variations of the letter to represent the different rhotic consonants; {{angbr IPA|r}} represents the ]. The ] uses several variations of the letter to represent the different rhotic consonants; {{angbr IPA|r}} represents the ].

==Other uses==
{{main article|R (disambiguation)}}
* An ] of the ] denotes media, such as movies, that are intended for a restricted audience.


==Related characters== ==Related characters==
<!-- Please only list characters (symbols in a writing system, but not just convenience code points in Unicode) that are actually related in terms of origin to the letter that is the topic of this article. Characters that merely look subjectively similar need not apply. See https://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Verifiability and https://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources before adding more. --> <!-- Please only list symbols that are actually related to the letter that is the topic of this article. -->


===Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet=== ===Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet===
Line 488: Line 286:
** {{Unichar|AB45|LATIN SMALL LETTER STIRRUP R}} ** {{Unichar|AB45|LATIN SMALL LETTER STIRRUP R}}
** {{Unichar|AB46|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL R WITH RIGHT LEG}} ** {{Unichar|AB46|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL R WITH RIGHT LEG}}
* ''Anthropos'' phonetic transcription:<ref name="Teuthonista"/> * '']'' phonetic transcription:<ref name="Teuthonista"/>
** {{Unichar|AB48|LATIN SMALL LETTER DOUBLE R}} ** {{Unichar|AB48|LATIN SMALL LETTER DOUBLE R}}
** {{Unichar|AB49|LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH CROSSED-TAIL}} ** {{Unichar|AB49|LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH CROSSED-TAIL}}
Line 496: Line 294:
** {{Unichar|AB4B|LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT R}} ** {{Unichar|AB4B|LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT R}}
** {{Unichar|AB4C|LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT R WITH RING}} ** {{Unichar|AB4C|LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT R WITH RING}}
* 𝼨 : R with mid-height left hook was used by the ] in the early 20th century for ] of the ] language.<ref name="L221156">{{Cite web|title=L2/21-156: Unicode request for legacy Malayalam|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21156-legacy-malayalam.pdf|date=2021-07-16|first1=Kirk|last1=Miller|first2=Neil|last2=Rees}}</ref> * 𝼨 {{angbr|R}} with mid-height left hook was used by the ] in the early 20th century for ] of the ] language.<ref name="L221156">{{Cite web|title=L2/21-156: Unicode request for legacy Malayalam|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21156-legacy-malayalam.pdf|date=2021-07-16|first1=Kirk|last1=Miller|first2=Neil|last2=Rees}}</ref>
* ⱹ : Turned r with tail is used in the ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06036-lma-proposal.pdf|title=L2/06-036: Proposal to encode characters for Ordbok över Finlands svenska folkmål in the UCS|date=2006-01-26|first1=Therese|last1=Lemonen|first2=Klaas|last2=Ruppel|first3=Erkki I.|last3=Kolehmainen|first4=Caroline|last4=Sandström|website=Unicode.org|access-date=2018-03-24|archive-date=2017-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706090306/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06036-lma-proposal.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> * ⱹ A turned {{angbr|r}} with a tail is used in the ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06036-lma-proposal.pdf|title=L2/06-036: Proposal to encode characters for Ordbok över Finlands svenska folkmål in the UCS|date=2006-01-26|first1=Therese|last1=Lemonen|first2=Klaas|last2=Ruppel|first3=Erkki I.|last3=Kolehmainen|first4=Caroline|last4=Sandström|website=Unicode.org|access-date=2018-03-24|archive-date=2017-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706090306/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06036-lma-proposal.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Other variations of R used for phonetic transcription: 𝼕<ref name="L220125" /><ref name="L221021" /> 𝼖<ref name="L220125" /><ref name="L221021" /> {{not a typo|] ]}} * Other variations of R used for phonetic transcription: 𝼕<ref name="L220125" /><ref name="L221021" /> 𝼖<ref name="L220125" /><ref name="L221021" /> {{not a typo|] ]}}


===Calligraphic variants in the Latin alphabet=== ===Calligraphic variants in the Latin alphabet===
* Ꝛ ꝛ : ] * Ꝛ ꝛ '']''
* Ꞃ ꞃ : "Insular" R (]) * Ꞃ ꞃ ''Insular r'' (])
* ᫍ : Combining insular r was used in the ]<ref name="L220268">{{Cite web|title=L2/20-268: Revised proposal to add ten characters for Middle English to the UCS|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20268-n5145-ormulum.pdf|date=2020-10-05|first1=Michael|last1=Everson|first2=Andrew|last2=West}}</ref> * ᫍ Combining ''Insular r'', as used in the '']''<ref name="L220268">{{Cite web|title=L2/20-268: Revised proposal to add ten characters for Middle English to the UCS|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20268-n5145-ormulum.pdf|date=2020-10-05|first1=Michael|last1=Everson|first2=Andrew|last2=West}}</ref>


===Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets=== ===Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets===
* 𐤓 : ] letter ], from which the following letters derive * 𐤓 ] letter ], from which the following letters derive:
** Ρ ρ : ] letter ], from which the following letters derive ** Ρ ρ ] letter ], from which the following letters derive:
*** 𐌓 : ] letter R, the ancestor of modern Latin R *** 𐌓 ] letter R, the ancestor of modern Latin {{angbr|R}}
**** ᚱ : ] letter ] **** ᚱ ] letter ]
*** Р р : ] letter ] *** Р р ] letter ]
*** 𐍂 : ] letter ] *** 𐍂 ] letter ]


===Abbreviations, signs and symbols=== === Abbreviations, signs and symbols ===
* ℟ : symbol for "]" in liturgy * ℟ symbol for ] in liturgy
* {{not a typo|℞}} : ] Rx * {{not a typo|℞}} ]
* ® : ] * ® ]
* ₹ : ] * ₹ ]


==Other representations==
==Encoding==
===Computing <span class="anchor" id="Computing codes"></span>===
{{charmap {{charmap
| 0052 | 0072 | name1 = Latin Capital Letter R | name2 = Latin Small Letter R | 0052 | 0072 | FF32 | FF52 | name1 = Latin Capital Letter R | name2 = Latin Small Letter R| name3 = FULLWIDTH LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R| name4 = FULLWIDTH LATIN SMALL LETTER R
| map1 = ] family | map1char1 = D9 | map1char2 = 99 | map1 = ] family | map1char1 = D9 | map1char2 = 99
| map2 = ] <sup>1</sup> | map2char1 = 52 | map2char2 = 72 | map2 = ] | map2char1 = 52 | map2char2 = 72
}} }}
: <sup>1</sup> {{midsize|Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.}}


===Other===
{{Letter other reps {{Letter other reps
|NATO=Romeo |NATO=Romeo
Line 539: Line 338:
* ] * ]


==References== == References ==
{{Reflist}} {{Reflist}}


==External links== == External links ==
* {{Commons-inline|R}} * {{Commons-inline|R}}
* {{Wiktionary-inline|R}} * {{Wiktionary-inline|R}}

Latest revision as of 15:40, 18 November 2024

18th letter of the Latin alphabet

This article is about the eighteenth letter of the Latin alphabet. For other uses, see R (disambiguation). For technical reasons, "R#J" redirects here. For the film, see R and J.
R
R r
Usage
Writing systemLatin script
TypeAlphabetic
Language of originLatin language
Sound values
In UnicodeU+0052, U+0072
Alphabetical position18
History
Development
D1
Time periodfrom c. 50 AD
Descendants
Sisters
Other
Associated graphs
Writing directionLeft-to-right
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between , / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
R
ISO basic
Latin alphabet
AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhIiJjKkLlMmNnOoPpQqRrSsTtUuVvWwXxYyZz

R, or r, is the eighteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ar (pronounced /ˈɑːr/), plural ars, or in Ireland or (/ˈɔːr/).

The letter ⟨r⟩ is the eighth most common letter in English and the fourth-most common consonant, after ⟨t⟩, ⟨n⟩, and ⟨s⟩.

Name

The name of the letter in Latin was er (/ɛr/), following the pattern of other letters representing continuants, such as ⟨F⟩, ⟨L⟩, ⟨M⟩, ⟨N⟩, and ⟨S⟩. This name is preserved in French and many other languages. In Middle English, the name of the letter changed from /ɛr/ to /ar/, following a pattern exhibited in many other words such as farm (compare French ferme) and star (compare German Stern).

In Hiberno-English, the letter is called /ɒr/ or /ɔːr/, somewhat similar to oar, ore, orr.

The letter R is sometimes referred to as the littera canīna 'canine letter', often rendered in English as the dog's letter. This Latin term referred to the Latin ⟨R⟩ that was trilled to sound like a growling dog, a spoken style referred to as vōx canīna 'dog voice' (e.g. in Spanish perro 'dog').

In Romeo and Juliet, such a reference is made by Juliet's nurse in Act 2, scene 4, when she calls the letter R "the dog's name". The reference is also found in Ben Jonson's English Grammar.

History

Egyptian Proto-Sinaitic Phoenician
Resh
Western Greek
Rho
Etruscan
R
Latin
R
D1

Antiquity

The word prognatus as written on the Sarcophagus of Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus (280 BC) reveals the full development of the Latin ⟨R⟩ by that time; the letter ⟨P⟩ at the same time still retains its archaic shape distinguishing it from Greek or Old Italic rho.

The letter ⟨R⟩ is believed to derive ultimately from an image of a head, used in Semitic alphabets for the sound /r/ because the word for 'head' was rêš or similar in most Semitic languages. The word became the name of the letter, as an example of acrophony.

It developed into Greek ⟨Ρ⟩ ῥῶ (rhô) and Latin ⟨R⟩. The descending diagonal stroke develops as a graphic variant in some Western Greek alphabets (writing rho as ), but it was not adopted in most Old Italic alphabets; most Old Italic alphabets show variants of their rho between a ⟨P⟩ and a ⟨D⟩ shape, but without the Western Greek descending stroke. Indeed, the oldest known forms of the Latin alphabet itself of the 7th to 6th centuries BC, in the Duenos and the Forum inscription, still write ⟨r⟩ using the ⟨P⟩ shape of the letter. The Lapis Satricanus inscription shows the form of the Latin alphabet around 500 BC. Here, the rounded, closing Π shape of the ⟨p⟩ and the ⟨Ρ⟩ shape of the ⟨r⟩ have become difficult to distinguish. The descending stroke of the Latin letter ⟨R⟩ has fully developed by the 3rd century BC, as seen in the Tomb of the Scipios sarcophagus inscriptions of that era. From c. 50 AD, the letter ⟨P⟩ would be written with its loop fully closed, assuming the shape formerly taken by ⟨R⟩.

Cursive

18th-century example of use of r rotunda in English blackletter typography
Letter ⟨R⟩ from the alphabet by Luca Pacioli, in De divina proportione (1509)

The minuscule form ⟨r⟩ developed through several variations on the capital form. Along with Latin minuscule writing in general, it developed ultimately from Roman cursive via the uncial script of Late Antiquity into the Carolingian minuscule of the 9th century.

In handwriting, it was common not to close the bottom of the loop but continue into the leg, saving an extra pen stroke. The loop-leg stroke shortened into the simple arc used in the Carolingian minuscule and until today.

A calligraphic minuscule ⟨r⟩, known as r rotunda ⟨ꝛ⟩, was used in the sequence ⟨or⟩, bending the shape of the ⟨r⟩ to accommodate the bulge of the ⟨o⟩ as in ⟨oꝛ⟩, as opposed to ⟨or⟩. Later, the same variant was also used where ⟨r⟩ followed other lower case letters with a rounded loop towards the right, such as with ⟨b⟩, ⟨h⟩, ⟨p⟩, as well as to write the geminate ⟨rr⟩ as ⟨ꝛꝛ⟩. Use of r rotunda was mostly tied to blackletter typefaces, and the glyph fell out of use along with blackletter fonts in English language contexts mostly by the 18th century.

Insular script used a minuscule which retained two downward strokes, but which did not close the loop, known as the Insular r ⟨ꞃ⟩; this variant survives in the Gaelic type popular in Ireland until the mid-20th century, but has become largely limited to a decorative function.

Use in writing systems

See also: Rhotic consonant, R-colored vowel, and Guttural R
Pronunciation of ⟨r⟩ by language
Orthography Phonemes
Albanian /ɾ/
Arabic romanization /r/ or /ʀ/ or /ɾ/
Aragonese /ɾ/, /r/
Asturian /ɾ/, /r/
Basque /ɾ/, /r/
Catalan /ɾ/, /r/
Standard Chinese (Pinyin) /ɻ/
Danish /ʁ/, silent
Dutch /r/
English /ɹ/
Esperanto /ɾ/
Faroese /ɹ/
French /ʁ/
Galician /ɾ/
German /ʀ/, /ɐ̯/
Gutnish /ɻ/
Haitian /ɣ/
Hebrew romanization /ʁ/
Hopi /ʐ/
Indonesian /r/
Irish /ɾ/, /ɻʲ/
Italian /r/
Japanese (Hepburn) /ɾ/
Leonese /ɾ/
Malay /r/
Manx /r/
Māori /ɾ/
Norwegian /r/ or /ʁ/ or /ʐ/
Portuguese /ʁ/, /ɾ/
Scottish Gaelic /ɾ/, /ɾʲ/
Sicilian /ɹ/
Spanish /ɾ/, /r/
Swedish /r/ or /ɾ/ or /ɹ/ or /ʐ/ or /ʁ/ or /ʀ/
Turkish /ɾ/
Venetian /r/
Vietnamese /z/ or /r/

English

See also: Rhoticity in English

⟨R⟩ represents a rhotic consonant in English, such as the alveolar approximant (most varieties), alveolar trill (some British varieties), or the retroflex approximant (some varieties in the United States, South West England and Dublin).

In non-rhotic accents, it is not pronounced in certain positions, but can affect the pronunciation of the vowel that precedes it.

Other languages

⟨R⟩ represents a rhotic consonant in many languages, as shown in the table below.

Alveolar trill Standard Dutch, Estonian, Finnish, Galician, German in some dialects, Hungarian, Icelandic, Indonesian, Italian, Czech, Javanese, Lithuanian, Latvian, Latin, Norwegian mostly in the northwest, Polish, Portuguese (traditional form), Romanian, Russian, Scots, Slovak, Swedish more frequent in northern and western dialects, as well as in Finland Swedish; Sundanese, Ukrainian, Welsh; also Catalan, Spanish and Albanian ⟨rr⟩
Alveolar approximant Dutch in some Netherlandic dialects (in specific positions of words), Faroese, Sicilian and Swedish, especially when in weakly articulated positions, such as word-final
Alveolar flap / Alveolar tap Portuguese, Catalan, Spanish and Albanian ⟨r⟩; Turkish, Dutch, Italian, Venetian, Galician, Leonese, Norwegian, Irish, Swedish and Māori
Voiced retroflex fricative Norwegian around Tromsø; Spanish used as an allophone of /r/ in some South American accents; Swedish especially in Central Swedish dialects, such as the dialect in/around Stockholm; Hopi used before vowels, as in raana, "toad", from Spanish rana
Retroflex approximant Gutnish; Hanyu Pinyin transliteration of Standard Chinese
Retroflex flap Norwegian when followed by ⟨d⟩; Scottish English on occasion; Swedish when followed by ⟨d⟩
Uvular trill German stage standard; some Dutch dialects (in Brabant and Limburg, and some city dialects in the Netherlands); Swedish in southern Sweden; Norwegian in western and southern parts; Venetian only in the Venice area.
Voiced uvular fricative North Mesopotamian Arabic, Judeo-Iraqi Arabic, German, Danish, French, standard European Portuguese ⟨rr⟩, standard Brazilian Portuguese ⟨rr⟩, Puerto Rican Spanish ⟨rr⟩ and 'r-' in western parts; Norwegian in western and southern parts; Swedish in southern dialects

Other languages may use the letter ⟨r⟩ in their alphabets (or Latin transliteration schemes) to represent rhotic consonants different from the alveolar trill. In Haitian Creole, it represents a sound so weak that it is often written interchangeably with ⟨w⟩, e.g. 'Kweyol' for 'Kreyol'.

The doubled ⟨rr⟩ represents a trilled /r/ in Albanian, Aragonese, Asturian, Basque, Catalan and Spanish.

Brazilian Portuguese has a great number of allophones of /ʁ/, such as [χ], [h], [ɦ], [x], [ɣ], [ɹ] and [r]. The latter three ones can be used only in certain contexts ([ɣ] and [r] as ⟨rr⟩; [ɹ] in the syllable coda, as an allophone of /ɾ/ according to the European Portuguese norm and /ʁ/ according to the Brazilian Portuguese norm). Usually at least two of them are present in a single dialect, such as Rio de Janeiro's [ʁ], [χ], [ɦ] and, for a few speakers, [ɣ].

Other systems

The International Phonetic Alphabet uses several variations of the letter to represent the different rhotic consonants; ⟨r⟩ represents the alveolar trill.

Other uses

Main article: R (disambiguation)

Related characters

Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet

Calligraphic variants in the Latin alphabet

Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets

Abbreviations, signs and symbols

Other representations

Computing

Character information
Preview R r
Unicode name LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R LATIN SMALL LETTER R FULLWIDTH LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R FULLWIDTH LATIN SMALL LETTER R
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 82 U+0052 114 U+0072 65330 U+FF32 65362 U+FF52
UTF-8 82 52 114 72 239 188 178 EF BC B2 239 189 146 EF BD 92
Numeric character reference &#82; &#x52; &#114; &#x72; &#65330; &#xFF32; &#65362; &#xFF52;
EBCDIC family 217 D9 153 99
ASCII 82 52 114 72

Other

NATO phonetic Morse code
Romeo
  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ 

⠗
Signal flag Flag semaphore American manual alphabet (ASL fingerspelling) British manual alphabet (BSL fingerspelling) Braille dots-1235
Unified English Braille

See also

References

  1. "R", Oxford English Dictionary 2nd edition (1989); "ar", op. cit
  2. Krömerová, Alena. Analysis of contemporary Irish dialects (PDF) (Thesis). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 15, 2017. Retrieved September 15, 2017.
  3. "Frequency Table". Math.cornell.edu. Archived from the original on November 2, 2017. Retrieved November 7, 2017.
  4. "Analysis of selected contemporary Irish dialects" (PDF). Digilib.k.utb.cz. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 15, 2017. Retrieved November 7, 2017.
  5. Hogarty, Steve (November 11, 2013). "Losing My Voice - This Happened to Me". Medium. Archived from the original on July 15, 2019. Retrieved July 15, 2019.
  6. "Mind your 'P's and 'Q's – ore you'll get into trouble!". Irish with Ian. December 19, 2018. Archived from the original on July 15, 2019. Retrieved July 15, 2019.
  7. "A Word A Day: Dog's letter". Wordsmith.org. Archived from the original on March 14, 2012. Retrieved January 17, 2012.
  8. Shakespeare, William; Horace Howard Furness; Frederick Williams (1913). Romeo and Juliet. Lippincott. p. 189. ISBN 9780140620931.
  9. ^ Constable, Peter (September 30, 2003). "L2/03-174R2: Proposal to Encode Phonetic Symbols with Middle Tilde in the UCS" (PDF). Unicode.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 11, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
  10. Everson, Michael (May 5, 2019). "L2/19-075R: Proposal to add six phonetic characters for Scots to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on June 13, 2019. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
  11. Constable, Peter (April 19, 2004). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). Unicode.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 11, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
  12. ^ Miller, Kirk (July 11, 2020). "L2/20-125R: Unicode request for expected IPA retroflex letters and similar letters with hooks" (PDF).
  13. ^ Anderson, Deborah (December 7, 2020). "L2/21-021: Reference doc numbers for L2/20-266R "Consolidated code chart of proposed phonetic characters" and IPA etc. code point and name changes" (PDF).
  14. Miller, Kirk; Ashby, Michael (November 8, 2020). "L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic" (PDF).
  15. Everson, Michael; et al. (March 20, 2002). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF). Unicode.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 19, 2018. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
  16. ^ Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (June 2, 2011). "L2/11-202: Revised proposal to encode "Teuthonista" phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF). Unicode.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 11, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
  17. Miller, Kirk; Rees, Neil (July 16, 2021). "L2/21-156: Unicode request for legacy Malayalam" (PDF).
  18. Lemonen, Therese; Ruppel, Klaas; Kolehmainen, Erkki I.; Sandström, Caroline (January 26, 2006). "L2/06-036: Proposal to encode characters for Ordbok över Finlands svenska folkmål in the UCS" (PDF). Unicode.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 6, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
  19. Everson, Michael; West, Andrew (October 5, 2020). "L2/20-268: Revised proposal to add ten characters for Middle English to the UCS" (PDF).

External links

  • Media related to R at Wikimedia Commons
  • The dictionary definition of R at Wiktionary
  • The dictionary definition of r at Wiktionary
The letter R
General
Pronunciations
Variations
Latin script
Alphabets (list)
Letters (list)
Letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet
Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz
Letter R with diacritics
Ŕŕ Řř Ṙṙ Ŗŗ Ȑȑ Ȓȓ Ṛṛ Ṝṝ Ṟṟ R̃r̃ Ɍɍ Ꞧꞧ Ɽɽ 𝼨
Multigraphs
Digraphs
Trigraphs
Tetragraphs
Pentagraphstzsch
Keyboard layouts (list)
Historical Standards
Current Standards
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