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| {{Short description|Religious concept}} | |||
| {{EngvarB|date=August 2023}} | |||
| {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}} | |||
| {{Infobox organization | {{Infobox organization | ||
| | name = KULINISM | | name = KULINISM | ||
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| | image_size = | | image_size = | ||
| | abbreviation = | | abbreviation = | ||
| | motto = Achara (ceremonial purity), Bidya (learning), Binaya (discipline), Pratistha (reputation for purity), Tirtha-darxana (pilgrimage), nistha (piety), tapasya (ascetic meditation), Avrtti (marriage among equal ranks) and dana (liberality). | |||
| | formation = 1158–69 | | formation = 1158–69 | ||
| | founder = ] | | founder = ] | ||
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| }} | }} | ||
| {{Hindu philosophy}} | {{Hindu philosophy}} | ||
| '''Kulinism''' (]: কৌলিন্য) or ''Kulin Pratha'' is a practice that envisages an elite position within the ] configuration, derived from spiritual and ritual purity.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Kumkum |date=2009 |title=The Cultures of History in Early Modern India: Persianization and Mughal Culture in Bengal |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/1960/chapter-abstract/141771671?redirectedFrom=fulltext |access-date= |website= |publisher=Oxford Scholarship Online |pages=63–65 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195698800.003.0003 |isbn=9780195698800}}</ref> Upper castes in Bengal were divided into exogamous classes, with ritual status determined by lineage purity and family marital history, with Kulins having the highest status.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Tapan |date=2000 |title=Love in a Colonial Climate: Marriage, Sex and Romance in Nineteenth-Century Bengal |url= |journal=Modern Asian Studies |language=en |publisher=] |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=353 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00003309 |s2cid=143334093 |issn=1469-8099}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Chatterjee |first=Kumkum |date=2005 |title=The King of Controversy: History and Nation-Making in Late Colonial India, Volume 110, Issue 5 |url=https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article/110/5/1454/75969 |journal=The American Historical Review |pages=1456–1457 |doi=10.1086/ahr.110.5.1454|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=SenGupta |first1=Gunja |url= |title=Sojourners, Sultans, and Slaves: America and the Indian Ocean in the Age of Abolition and Empire |last2=Amkpa |first2=Awam |date=February 2023 |publisher=UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS |isbn=978-0-520-38913-7 |pages=142 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Basham |first=A. L. |url= |title=The Wonder That Was India: Volume 1 |date=29 September 2022 |publisher=Pan Macmillan |isbn=978-93-95624-32-9 |pages=166 |language=en}}</ref> The Kulagranthas or Kulapanjikas (Genealogical literatures) are the foundational narrative of kulinism in Bengal, detailing its development over centuries and focusing on kulina lineages and social interaction norms.<ref name=":0" /> The Kulapanjikas state that King ] initiated Kulinism, which conferred titles of nobility upon the ], ], and ] in Bengal.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=MAJUMDAR |first=R. C. |url= |title=HISTORY OF ANCIENT BENGAL |date=1971 |publisher=G. BHARADWAJ , CALCUTTA |pages=475–479}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> According to texts, King Adisura invited Brahmins (accompanied by Kayasthas) to settle in the region from ] and designated them higher in social status. The texts further state that King Ballal Sena introduced kulinism, designating certain lineages of Brahmins and Kayasthas with higher social status due to superior virtues and practices; This system further extended to Baidya jatis, not associated with Kanauj migration.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> It appears to have started among the Baidyas with attributes like riches, education, good actions, etc., which were standardised by Samajapatis, Kulapanjikaras, and Ghatakus (professional matchmakers who served as the stewards of particular communities' family customs), as suggested by ].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Sircar |first=Dineschandra |url= |title=Studies in the Society and Administration of Ancient and Medieval India, Volume 1 |date=1967 |publisher=Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay |pages=27–116 |language=en}}</ref> ], the son and heir of Ballala Sena, is said to have made additional changes and controls to the establishment of kulinism.<ref name=":0" /> The accounts of Kulpanjis in connection to kulinism are viewed with suspicion and have largely been accepted as unhistorical by scholars.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Bagchi |first=Jhunu |url= |title=The History and Culture of the Pālas of Bengal and Bihar, Cir. 750 A.D.-cir. 1200 A.D. |date=1993 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-301-4 |pages=74–76 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
| '''Kulinism''' (]: কৌলিন্য) or ''Kulin Pratha'' is a custom that was introduced by Raja ] of Bengal.<ref>Kulinism Hindu Caste Rules https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kulinism</ref> Kulin groups could be found among the three castes of ], ] and ].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karlekar|first=Malavika|date=2007-01-01|title=Autobiography as Social Commentary: A Reading of Nistarini Debi's Sekeley Katha|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/12259276.2007.11666019|journal=Asian Journal of Women's Studies|volume=13|issue=1|pages=7–31|doi=10.1080/12259276.2007.11666019|s2cid=164413004 |issn=1225-9276}}</ref> It created a separate highly privileged category among these upper castes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sengupta |first=Nitish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TI8GQioaoL4C |title=Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib |date=2011-07-19 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-530-5 |language=en}}</ref> The name derives from the Sanskrit word कुलीन (kulina). According to Kulinism, a few families in different castes were considered noble or superior to other families in the same caste. Kulinism (higher social status) refers to marriage of a ''kulina'' girl to a man in the same class as well as marriage to one in a higher class.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bhaumik |first1=Manotosh Chandra |title=Kulinism in Bengal |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/159071 |journal=University |year=1986 |publisher=University of Calcutta |hdl=10603/159071 |accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> It essentially asserts that a ''kulina'' woman must not have her status lowered by marrying into a group of lower rank. One's ''Kulin'' status remains valid for 36-years according to the rules stated by Ballala Sena.<ref name="bpedia">{{cite book|last=Misra|first=Chitta Ranjan|title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh|publisher=]|year=2012|editor1-last=Islam|editor1-first=Sirajul|editor1-link=Sirajul Islam|edition=Second|chapter=Vallalasena|editor2-last=Jamal|editor2-first=Ahmed A.|chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Vallalasena}}</ref> | |||
| ] reveals the early social history of Bengal and Kulinism, with King ] granting land to Ghantuka Sarman, a Sandilya gotra Brahmin living in Ituhaka. ] Ghantisa had previously owned the land and gave it to Kolancha Brahmin due to a distant relationship. According to Bagchi, this trend of claiming connections to Western Brahmin scholars led to the creation of Kulaji texts, genealogical literature as Brahmins sought to prove their prestige by proving their originality and purity. According to ], it may have been Mithila immigrants who partially brought the Kulinism institution to Bengal.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> | |||
| Periodic evaluations of jati/kula rankings among dominant Bengali jatis continued by post-Sena potentates until the 19th century, influenced by kulinism and its modifications.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 19:31, 20 November 2024
Religious concept
| Formation | 1158–69 |
|---|---|
| Founder | Ballala Sena |
| Type | Social Development |
| Legal status | Hindu Caste System Rules |
| Purpose | Citizen's Quality Development |
| Headquarters | Bikrampur, Bangladesh |
| Location |
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| Area served | Gaura, Rárh, Banga, Bagdi, Mithila, Kamrupa, Barendra, India, Bangladesh, Nepal |
| Official language | Sanskrit, Bengali, Hindi, Maithili |
| Head | Ballala Sena
Lakshmana Sena Keshava Sena Vishvarupa Sena Surya Sena Narayana Sena Laksmana Sena ।। Purusatham Sena |
| Main organ | Sena Dynasty Rulers |
| Part of a series on | |
| Hindu philosophy | |
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Major texts
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Kulinism (Bengali: কৌলিন্য) or Kulin Pratha is a practice that envisages an elite position within the varna/jati configuration, derived from spiritual and ritual purity. Upper castes in Bengal were divided into exogamous classes, with ritual status determined by lineage purity and family marital history, with Kulins having the highest status. The Kulagranthas or Kulapanjikas (Genealogical literatures) are the foundational narrative of kulinism in Bengal, detailing its development over centuries and focusing on kulina lineages and social interaction norms. The Kulapanjikas state that King Ballal Sena initiated Kulinism, which conferred titles of nobility upon the Brahmanas, Kayasthas, and Vaidyas in Bengal. According to texts, King Adisura invited Brahmins (accompanied by Kayasthas) to settle in the region from Kanauj and designated them higher in social status. The texts further state that King Ballal Sena introduced kulinism, designating certain lineages of Brahmins and Kayasthas with higher social status due to superior virtues and practices; This system further extended to Baidya jatis, not associated with Kanauj migration. It appears to have started among the Baidyas with attributes like riches, education, good actions, etc., which were standardised by Samajapatis, Kulapanjikaras, and Ghatakus (professional matchmakers who served as the stewards of particular communities' family customs), as suggested by Sircar. Lakshmana Sena, the son and heir of Ballala Sena, is said to have made additional changes and controls to the establishment of kulinism. The accounts of Kulpanjis in connection to kulinism are viewed with suspicion and have largely been accepted as unhistorical by scholars.
Bangaon Copper plate reveals the early social history of Bengal and Kulinism, with King Vigrahapala III granting land to Ghantuka Sarman, a Sandilya gotra Brahmin living in Ituhaka. Maithili Brahmin Ghantisa had previously owned the land and gave it to Kolancha Brahmin due to a distant relationship. According to Bagchi, this trend of claiming connections to Western Brahmin scholars led to the creation of Kulaji texts, genealogical literature as Brahmins sought to prove their prestige by proving their originality and purity. According to D.C. Sircar, it may have been Mithila immigrants who partially brought the Kulinism institution to Bengal.
Periodic evaluations of jati/kula rankings among dominant Bengali jatis continued by post-Sena potentates until the 19th century, influenced by kulinism and its modifications.
References
- ^ Chatterjee, Kumkum (2009). "The Cultures of History in Early Modern India: Persianization and Mughal Culture in Bengal". Oxford Scholarship Online. pp. 63–65. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195698800.003.0003. ISBN 9780195698800.
- Raychaudhuri, Tapan (2000). "Love in a Colonial Climate: Marriage, Sex and Romance in Nineteenth-Century Bengal". Modern Asian Studies. 34 (2). Cambridge University Press: 353. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00003309. ISSN 1469-8099. S2CID 143334093.
- ^ Chatterjee, Kumkum (2005). "The King of Controversy: History and Nation-Making in Late Colonial India, Volume 110, Issue 5". The American Historical Review: 1456–1457. doi:10.1086/ahr.110.5.1454.
- SenGupta, Gunja; Amkpa, Awam (February 2023). Sojourners, Sultans, and Slaves: America and the Indian Ocean in the Age of Abolition and Empire. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-520-38913-7.
- Basham, A. L. (29 September 2022). The Wonder That Was India: Volume 1. Pan Macmillan. p. 166. ISBN 978-93-95624-32-9.
- ^ MAJUMDAR, R. C. (1971). HISTORY OF ANCIENT BENGAL. G. BHARADWAJ , CALCUTTA. pp. 475–479.
- ^ Sircar, Dineschandra (1967). Studies in the Society and Administration of Ancient and Medieval India, Volume 1. Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay. pp. 27–116.
- ^ Bagchi, Jhunu (1993). The History and Culture of the Pālas of Bengal and Bihar, Cir. 750 A.D.-cir. 1200 A.D. Abhinav Publications. pp. 74–76. ISBN 978-81-7017-301-4.
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