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{{Infobox military person {{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Operation Barney
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Frank Wesley Fenno Jr. | partof = the Pacific War, World War II
| image = File:Sea of Japan Map.png
| honorific_suffix =
| image_size =
| image = Admiral Fenno.jpg
| alt = Map of the Sea of Japan
| image_size =
| alt = | caption = Map of the Sea of Japan
| caption = | date = June 5–24, 1945
| native_name = | place = Sea of Japan
| coordinates = <!-- Use the {{coord}} template to add coordinates -->
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = | map_type =
| nickname = "Mike" | map_relief =
| map_size =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1902|09|11}}<ref name="ObituaryFitchburg" />
| map_marksize =
| birth_place = ]
| map_caption =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1973|08|16|1902|09|11}}<ref name="ObituaryFitchburg" />
| map_label =
| death_place = ]
| territory =
| placeofburial = ]<ref name="ObituaryFitchburg" />
| result = Significant damage to Japanese merchant fleet; One American submarine sunk
| placeofburial_label =
| status =
| placeofburial_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} -->
| combatants_header = Combatants
| allegiance = {{flag|United States of America}}
| branch = ] ] | combatant1 = {{Flag|United States|1912}}
| combatant2 = {{Flagcountry|Empire of Japan}}
| serviceyears = 1925-1962<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/85565355/?terms=%22Frank%2BW%2BFenno%22 |title=28 May 1962, Page 9 - Biddeford-Saco Journal at |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1962-05-28 |accessdate=2022-06-05}}</ref>
| combatant3 =
| rank = ] ]<ref name="ObituaryFitchburg" />
| commander1 = {{Plainlist|
| servicenumber = 59550<ref name="HallOfValor" />
*{{Flagdeco|United States|1912}} ]
| unit =
*{{Flagdeco|United States|1912}} ]
| commands = ]<ref name="NavyRegister1937">{{cite book |date=1 July 1937 |title=Register of Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the United States Navy and Marine Corps |url=http://archive.org/details/registerofcommis1937wash |location=Washington DC |publisher=Government Printing Office |archive-url=https://archive.org |archive-date=28 July 2016}}</ref> <br/> ] <br/> ] <br/> ]<ref name="ObituaryFitchburg" /> <br/>]
*{{Flagdeco|United States|1912}} ]
| battles = ]<br />]
*{{Flagdeco|United States|1912}} Robert D. Risser
| battles_label =
| awards = <small>] ]<ref name="HallOfValor" /> <br />] ] (3)<ref name="HallOfValor" /><br />] ]<ref name="HallOfValor" /><br />] ] (2)<ref name="HallOfValor" /></small>
| memorials =
| spouse = Avis Ann Cochran
| relations =
| laterwork =
| signature =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} -->
| module =
}} }}
| commander2 =
| commander3 =
| units1 = US Submarines:
* Hydeman’s Hellcats
** Hydeman’s Hepcats
*** ]
*** ]
*** ]
** Pierce’s Polecats
*** ]
*** ]
*** ]
** Risser’s Bobcats
*** ]
*** ]
*** ]


| units2 = Japanese merchant fleet <br> ]
'''Frank Wesley Fenno Jr.''' (March 15, 1909 – Aug 16, 1973) was a highly decorated officer in the United States Navy with the rank of Rear Admiral. An accomplished submarine commander during World War II, Fenno was awarded numerous military honors for his service, including the Distinguished Service Cross, three Navy Crosses, the Silver Star, and two Legion of Merit medals.<ref name="HallOfValor">{{cite web|url=https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/20403|title=Frank Wesley Fenno Jr.|publisher=The Hall of Valor Project|access-date=2023-05-16}}</ref>
| units3 =
| strength1 = 9 ]
| strength2 =
| strength3 =
| casualties1 = ]
| casualties2 = 27 ] <br> ]
| casualties3 =
| notes =
| campaignbox =
}}


The '''Operation Barney''' was an operation conducted by the ] during the ] in ]. In June 1945, nine American ] penetrated the ] and sank numerous ships.
== Early life and education ==
Fenno was born March 15, 1909 in Westminster, Massachusetts. He attended Fitchburg High School before continuing his studies at the University of Maine. In 1921, he entered the U.S. Naval Academy, from which he graduated in 1925.<ref name="ObituaryFitchburg">{{cite news |title=Rear Admiral Fenno Of Westminster Dies |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/45463713 |access-date=24 June 2021 |agency=Fitchburg Sentinel |date=18 August 1973}}</ref>


==Leading up to the Operation==
== Career ==
Commander ] and the crew of the ] were some of the most successful aggressive submariners against the Japanese in the Pacific. According to ], Morton's aggressive tactics and desire to attack the enemy from inside the sea of Japan set in motion development for the technology for submarines to navigate underwater minefields.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lockwood |first1=Charles |last2=Adamson |first2=Hans |title=Hellcats of the Sea |date=1955 |publisher=Greeberg |location=New York |page=8 |url=https://archive.org/details/hellcatsofsea00lock |access-date=23 September 2023}}</ref> The Wahoo and her crew were sunk by the Japanese in the ], 11 October 1943, trying to gain access to the ].


==Development of Frequency Modulated Sonar (FMS)==
===Early Career===
The Frequency Modulated Sonar (FMS), was developed at the top-secret ] at ].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lockwood |first1=Charles |last2=Adamson |first2=Hans |title=Hellcats of the Sea |date=1955 |publisher=Greeberg |location=New York |page=24 |url=https://archive.org/details/hellcatsofsea00lock |access-date=23 September 2023}}</ref> Admiral Lockwood was introduced to the first FMS prototype and the development team in April 1943. The FMS team included several top scientists including ] and Dr. ], and originally began developing the FMS to be used by ]. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Lockwood |first1=Charles |last2=Adamson |first2=Hans |title=Hellcats of the Sea |date=1955 |publisher=Greeberg |location=New York |page=25 |url=https://archive.org/details/hellcatsofsea00lock |access-date=23 September 2023}}</ref><ref name="NavyShoes">{{cite book |last1=Bryant |first1=Douglas |last2=Wignall |first2=Jeff |title=The Navy Gave Me Shoes |date=2017 |publisher=CreateSpace |location=South Carolina |isbn=1544869657 |pages=121-122 |url=https://archive.org/details/navygavemeshoes0000brya |access-date=23 September 2023}}</ref> The research team were not successful applying the new technology to minesweepers, because turbulent surface water distorted the signal.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lockwood |first1=Charles |last2=Adamson |first2=Hans |title=Hellcats of the Sea |date=1955 |publisher=Greeberg |location=New York |page=26 |url=https://archive.org/details/hellcatsofsea00lock |access-date=23 September 2023}}</ref> It took more than a year before many of the problems were worked out and the first FMS was installed on a submarine for testing. During that time a number of submarines had been reported overdue and presumed lost. It was the opinion of the admiralty that these losses were due to mines. This was because of several factors, the path of the lost submarine patrols, Japanese propaganda had not reported the successful sinking of these submarines, military intelligence, and an increasing number of run-away mines found along the Japanese coast.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lockwood |first1=Charles |last2=Adamson |first2=Hans |title=Hellcats of the Sea |date=1955 |publisher=Greeberg |location=New York |page=30 |url=https://archive.org/details/hellcatsofsea00lock |access-date=23 September 2023}}</ref>
Fenno graduated from the Naval Academy in 1925, marking the beginning of his naval career. He initially served at the ] and subsequently joined the crew of the ] and later the ]. Fenno's dedication and talent caught the attention of his superiors, and he was selected to attend the submarine training course at New London, Connecticut.<ref name="ObituaryFitchburg" />


In 1944, the new submarine ], under command of ], had been build at Mare Island with FMS installed. During the sea trials, the Spadefish's crew had learned how to use the new equipment, but found it somewhat temperamental.
After completing the submarine training course, Fenno was assigned to the ] and later served on the ]. These early assignments provided him with valuable experience in submarine operations and laid the foundation for his future achievements.


=== World War II === == Operation ==
In 1944, the ] merchant fleet suffered heavy losses inflicted by American submarines, aircraft, and naval mines. Only a few Japanese ships were still moving in coastal areas, where they were relatively safe from submarine operations. In the secluded Sea of Japan, which was considered Japan's backyard, there was still active maritime traffic.
During World War II, Rear Admiral Frank Wesley Fenno Jr. played a significant role in submarine operations. Fenno served as the commanding officer of the submarines ] and ].<ref name="SilentVictory">{{cite book |last1=Blair |first1=Clay |title=Silent Victory: The U.S. Submarine War Against Japan |date=1975 |publisher=J.B. Lippincott |location=Philadelphia |isbn=0-397-00753-1 |pages=206-208 |edition=First |url=https://archive.org/details/silentvictoryus00blai |access-date=24 June 2021}}</ref>


After experimenting with ] from minesweepers in submarines, Admiral ] conceived the idea to launch an attack using submarines equipped with mine sonar to navigate through the mine belts around the Sea of Japan. This would demonstrate to the Japanese that they were no longer safe anywhere, potentially aiding psychologically in bringing Japan to surrender. ] was tasked with devising the plan, which was subsequently named Operation Barney after him.<ref>Jack Sweetman: , Proceedings, Vol. 121/6/1,108, June 1995.</ref>
At the start of the war, Fenno was serving as the commanding officer of the USS Trout and led her on her first four war patrols. However, it was during the Trout's second war patrol that Fenno embarked on an unusual and hazardous mission. He was tasked with delivering much-needed antiaircraft shells to the hard-pressed forces on Corregidor. Recognizing an opportunity to further contribute to the war effort, Fenno devised a plan. In addition to delivering the ammunition, the Trout would pick up a load of torpedoes and fuel at Corregidor and conduct a patrol through Formosa Strait and the lower reaches of the East China Sea on its way back to Pearl Harbor.<ref name="SilentVictory" />


Under the command of E.T. Hydeman, three groups of three submarines (''wolfpacks'') entered the Sea of Japan through the ] on June 5 and 6, 1945, reaching their operation areas three days later. Over the span of eleven days, they sank 27 merchant ships totaling 54,784 BRT, as well as the Japanese submarine ''I-122'' and accidentally the Soviet freighter ''Transbalt''. The ''USS Bonefish'' was sunk by Japanese forces on June 19. On the night of June 24, the remaining eight submarines retreated from the Sea of Japan through the ]. It was one of the most successful submarine operations of the war.
To facilitate the mission, Fenno removed most of the torpedoes and ballast from the submarine and loaded the Trout with 3,517 3-inch antiaircraft shells. The submarine successfully delivered the ammunition to Corregidor, but encountered a unique challenge. Fenno needed additional ballast to replace what had been removed in Pearl Harbor, but sandbags, the usual substitute, were vital to the defense of Corregidor. Instead, he was offered twenty tons of gold and silver that had been evacuated from Manila banks for safekeeping. Under Fenno's careful supervision, the precious cargo was transferred to the Trout during the night, with five hundred and eighty-three gold bars and eighteen tons of silver coins stacked in the bilges. Fenno signed a receipt acknowledging the transfer.<ref name="SilentVictory" />


Operation Barney was considered dangerous enough that every submarine commander that took part in Operation Barney was awarded the Navy Cross.
After departing Corregidor, the Trout passed through the East China Sea, during which Fenno engaged and sank an enemy freighter, Chuwa Maru, using three torpedoes. Continuing their journey, near the Bonin Islands, Fenno fired three torpedoes at another small patrol vessel, successfully destroying it. The Trout safely returned to Pearl Harbor after a successful patrol.<ref name="SilentVictory" />


Submarines, units sank, commanders, and awards for Operation Barney:
Admiral Withers hailed Fenno as a hero, and the rescue of the gold and silver garnered positive attention during a time when good news was desperately needed. In recognition of his exceptional leadership and service, President Roosevelt directed that Fenno be awarded the Army Distinguished Service Cross, while the rest of the crew received the Army Silver Star Medal.<ref name="SilentVictory" />
* '']'' - 6 merchant ships
** Earl T. Hydeman
* '']'' - 5 merchant ships
** William J. Germershausen, Jr.
* '']'' - 4 merchant ships
** Richard C. Latham
* '']'' - 3 merchant ships and]
** Richard B. Lynch
* '']'' - 3 merchant ships
** ]
* '']'' - 2 merchant ships
** ] - KIA
* '']'' - 2 merchant ships
** Robert D. Risser
* '']'' - 2 merchant ships
** ]
* '']'' - None
** ]


Encouraged by the success, Admiral Lockwood subsequently sent a group of seven boats into the Sea of Japan.<ref>John A. Adams: ''If Mahan ran the Great Pacific War – An Analysis of World War II Naval Strategy'', Indiana University Press 2008, ISBN 978-0-253-35105-0, p. 376.</ref>
The Trout's second war patrol was later dramatized in the television series "The Silent Service" in 1957. Fenno was portrayed by actor ] and made a personal appearance at the end of the episode to discuss his account of the patrol.<ref name="SilentServices">{{cite web |title=The Trout at the Rainbow's End |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4845062/ |website=IMDb |access-date=16 May 2023}}</ref>


== Literature ==
Fenno's exceptional performance as the commanding officer of the Trout following his second war patrol led to him receiving two additional Navy Crosses. He also earned a third Navy Cross for his successful war patrol while commanding the USS Runner.
* Lockwood, Charles A., and Hans Christian Adamson. Hellcats of the Sea. Eschenburg Press, 2017.
In addition to his submarine commands, Fenno served as Commander of a coordinated attack group of submarines from May to June 1944, earning the Silver Star for his leadership role.<ref name="HallOfValor" />
* Sasgen, Peter T. ''Hellcats: The Epic Story of World War II’s Most Daring Submarine Raid.'' NAL Caliber, 2010.
* Steven Trent Smith: Navytimes, September 29, 2019
* Jack Sweetman: , Proceedings, Vol. 121/6/1,108


== In Media ==
Fenno later commanded Submarine Division 201 and Submarine Squadron 24 from September 1943 to September 1945. His executive and administrative abilities significantly contributed to the success of these units, for which he was awarded the Legion of Merit.<ref name="HallOfValor" />
* ''Hellcats of the Navy'', Columbia Pictures 1957 (starring ])
* ''The Silent Service'' - Season 1, Episode 35: '''', Twin Dolphin Productions Inc. (aired on Friday, July 11, 1958)<ref>{{cite web |title=The Tshushima Straits Story |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4886946/?ref_=ttep_ep35 |website=IMDb |access-date=19 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Silent Service S2 E19 :The USS Tinosa Story |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q1wqMF3AGQg |website=YouTube |access-date=19 September 2023}}</ref> (starring ])


=== Post-World War II === == External Links ==
* Mark Loproto: (English)
After World War II, Fenno continued his naval career. He served as Commander of the U.S. Naval Base in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, from November 1958 to October 1960. His leadership during this period of political tension and instability in Cuba earned him a second Legion of Merit<ref name="HallOfValor"/>.
* on USS Bowfin Submarine Museum & Park Pearl Harbor (English)

Fenno retired from the Navy with the rank of Rear Admiral.

== Death ==
Fenno died on August 16, 1973. He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery.<ref name="ObituaryFitchburg" />


== References == == References ==
<references />
{{reflist}}

]
]
]
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]
]
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Latest revision as of 18:15, 23 September 2023

Operation Barney
Part of the Pacific War, World War II
Map of the Sea of Japan
Map of the Sea of Japan
DateJune 5–24, 1945
LocationSea of Japan
Result Significant damage to Japanese merchant fleet; One American submarine sunk
Combatants
 United States  Japan
Commanders and leaders
Units involved

US Submarines:

Japanese merchant fleet
Submarine I-122
Strength
9 submarines
Casualties and losses
USS Bonefish (SS-223) 27 merchant ships
Submarine I-122

The Operation Barney was an operation conducted by the United States Navy during the Pacific War in World War II. In June 1945, nine American submarines penetrated the Sea of Japan and sank numerous ships.

Leading up to the Operation

Commander Dudley W. Morton and the crew of the USS Wahoo (SS-238) were some of the most successful aggressive submariners against the Japanese in the Pacific. According to Charles A. Lockwood, Morton's aggressive tactics and desire to attack the enemy from inside the sea of Japan set in motion development for the technology for submarines to navigate underwater minefields. The Wahoo and her crew were sunk by the Japanese in the La Pérouse Strait, 11 October 1943, trying to gain access to the Sea of Japan.

Development of Frequency Modulated Sonar (FMS)

The Frequency Modulated Sonar (FMS), was developed at the top-secret University of California Division of War Research at Point Loma, San Diego. Admiral Lockwood was introduced to the first FMS prototype and the development team in April 1943. The FMS team included several top scientists including Franz N. D. Kurie and Dr. Gaylord Harnwell, and originally began developing the FMS to be used by minesweepers. The research team were not successful applying the new technology to minesweepers, because turbulent surface water distorted the signal. It took more than a year before many of the problems were worked out and the first FMS was installed on a submarine for testing. During that time a number of submarines had been reported overdue and presumed lost. It was the opinion of the admiralty that these losses were due to mines. This was because of several factors, the path of the lost submarine patrols, Japanese propaganda had not reported the successful sinking of these submarines, military intelligence, and an increasing number of run-away mines found along the Japanese coast.

In 1944, the new submarine USS Spadefish (SS-411), under command of Gordon Waite Underwood, had been build at Mare Island with FMS installed. During the sea trials, the Spadefish's crew had learned how to use the new equipment, but found it somewhat temperamental.

Operation

In 1944, the Japanese merchant fleet suffered heavy losses inflicted by American submarines, aircraft, and naval mines. Only a few Japanese ships were still moving in coastal areas, where they were relatively safe from submarine operations. In the secluded Sea of Japan, which was considered Japan's backyard, there was still active maritime traffic.

After experimenting with Frequency Modulated Sonar (FMS) from minesweepers in submarines, Admiral Lockwood conceived the idea to launch an attack using submarines equipped with mine sonar to navigate through the mine belts around the Sea of Japan. This would demonstrate to the Japanese that they were no longer safe anywhere, potentially aiding psychologically in bringing Japan to surrender. William Bernard (Barney) Sieglaff was tasked with devising the plan, which was subsequently named Operation Barney after him.

Under the command of E.T. Hydeman, three groups of three submarines (wolfpacks) entered the Sea of Japan through the Korea Strait on June 5 and 6, 1945, reaching their operation areas three days later. Over the span of eleven days, they sank 27 merchant ships totaling 54,784 BRT, as well as the Japanese submarine I-122 and accidentally the Soviet freighter Transbalt. The USS Bonefish was sunk by Japanese forces on June 19. On the night of June 24, the remaining eight submarines retreated from the Sea of Japan through the La Pérouse Strait. It was one of the most successful submarine operations of the war.

Operation Barney was considered dangerous enough that every submarine commander that took part in Operation Barney was awarded the Navy Cross.

Submarines, units sank, commanders, and awards for Operation Barney:

Encouraged by the success, Admiral Lockwood subsequently sent a group of seven boats into the Sea of Japan.

Literature

In Media

External Links

References

  1. Lockwood, Charles; Adamson, Hans (1955). Hellcats of the Sea. New York: Greeberg. p. 8. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
  2. Lockwood, Charles; Adamson, Hans (1955). Hellcats of the Sea. New York: Greeberg. p. 24. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
  3. Lockwood, Charles; Adamson, Hans (1955). Hellcats of the Sea. New York: Greeberg. p. 25. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
  4. Bryant, Douglas; Wignall, Jeff (2017). The Navy Gave Me Shoes. South Carolina: CreateSpace. pp. 121–122. ISBN 1544869657. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
  5. Lockwood, Charles; Adamson, Hans (1955). Hellcats of the Sea. New York: Greeberg. p. 26. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
  6. Lockwood, Charles; Adamson, Hans (1955). Hellcats of the Sea. New York: Greeberg. p. 30. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
  7. Jack Sweetman: 50 Years Ago . . . Operation Barney, Proceedings, Vol. 121/6/1,108, June 1995.
  8. John A. Adams: If Mahan ran the Great Pacific War – An Analysis of World War II Naval Strategy, Indiana University Press 2008, ISBN 978-0-253-35105-0, p. 376.
  9. "The Tshushima Straits Story". IMDb. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
  10. "Silent Service S2 E19 :The USS Tinosa Story". YouTube. Retrieved 19 September 2023.