Misplaced Pages

Latest revision as of 03:48, 25 December 2024

North American Charging System
(SAE J3400)

NACS alternating current (AC)/direct current (DC) connector (center), shown between SAE J1772 (left) and Type 2 (right) AC connectors. Non-NACS DC connectors are even larger.
Type	Electric vehicle charging
Production history
Designer	Tesla, Inc.
Designed	2021
Standardized	2024
Manufacturer	Tesla, Volex
General specifications
Pins	5
Electrical
Signal	single-phase AC, DC
Max. voltage	277 Volt (V) AC 500 or 1,000 V DC
Max. current	In excess of 650 amperes (A)
Pinout
Pinouts for NACS, looking at end of plug (attached to electric vehicle supply equipment cord)
DC+/L1	DC+ / Line 1	Positive current (DC), Line 1 (split phase AC), Line (single phase AC)
DC−/L2	DC− / Line 2	Negative current (DC), Line 2 (split phase AC), Neutral (single phase AC)
G	Ground	full-current protective grounding system
CP	Control pilot	charging state/current signaling
PP	Proximity pilot	vehicle connector status signaling
References:

The North American Charging System (NACS), standardized as SAE J3400, is an electric vehicle (EV) charging connector standard maintained by SAE International. Developed by Tesla, Inc., it has been used by all North American market Tesla vehicles since 2021 and was opened for use by other manufacturers in November 2022. It is backwards compatible with the proprietary Tesla connectors made before 2021.

Between May 2023 and February 2024, almost all other vehicle manufacturers have announced that their electric vehicles in North America will be equipped with the NACS charge port, starting in 2025. Several electric vehicle charging network operators and equipment manufacturers have also announced plans to add NACS connectors.

Background

After initial testing allowing non-Tesla EVs to use Tesla Supercharger stations in Europe in December 2019, Tesla began to test a proprietary dual-connector "Magic Dock" connector at select North American Supercharger locations in March 2023. Magic Dock allows for an EV to charge with either an NACS or Combined Charging System (CCS) version 1 connector, which would provide the technical capability for almost all battery electric vehicles the chance to charge. While most of Tesla's North American V3 Supercharger locations currently provide exclusively NACS connectors — only 10 locations supported the CCS+NACS Magic Dock as of June 2023, increasing to 42 near the end of the year — it is expected that Tesla will outfit many North American Supercharger stations with both connector standards after 2023 as a temporary solution, in part to gain access to several billion dollars of infrastructure build-out subsidies available from the US Federal government for charging stations that include the CCS1 connectors during the mid-2020s.

History

Tesla developed a proprietary charging connector for the Tesla Model S in 2012 and used it on all of their subsequent EVs: the Model X, Model 3, Model Y, and Cybertruck. As part of its business strategy, Tesla also built the Supercharger network across the United States.

As part of the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law passed in 2021, the US Government announced it would offer US$7.5 billion in federal subsidies to build out a nationwide network of fast chargers at least every 50 miles along America’s major roads. One requirement to access the funding was that the chargers must be accessible by multiple brands of electric cars.

In response, in November 2022, Tesla supplanted its previous proprietary charging connector, sometimes informally called the Tesla charging standard, with a new "North American Charging Standard" (NACS) and opened the standard to make the specifications available to other EV manufacturers. Unlike the Tesla proprietary connector which uses CAN bus to communicate, NACS uses the same ISO 15118 protocol as CCS, making any CCS vehicle electrically compatible with NACS. Only a simple pass-through adapter is needed to make CCS vehicles compatible with NACS. On the other hand, Tesla vehicles built prior to 2021 are incompatible with CCS and require an ECU retrofit to become compatible with CCS. However, the Tesla Supercharger network remains backward compatible with the prior proprietary standard.

Tesla argued that NACS should become the connector of choice because it is more compact, Tesla vehicles outnumber CCS-equipped vehicles by a margin of two-to-one, and Tesla's Supercharging network has 60% more stalls than all the CCS-equipped networks combined. At the time it was seen as a last-ditch effort to save the Tesla connector.

In May 2023, Ford Motor Company became the first large automaker to announce that it would use NACS with its electric vehicles. The company announced that starting in 2025, all new Ford electric vehicles will have native NACS charge ports and starting in 2024, prior models will be able to connect to NACS chargers by use of a NACS to CCS1 adapter. Ford's announcement began a rapid shift in the industry, with many other vehicle manufacturers making similar announcements between May and December 2023.

The adoption by almost all other EV manufacturers in North America is considered acknowledgement that Tesla's Superchargers were the most reliable and most widely-available, and that the design of the connector was superior. It also is expected to be a stable source of recurring revenue for Tesla.

On June 27, 2023, SAE International announced that they would standardize the connector as SAE J3400. In August 2023, Tesla issued a license to Volex to build NACS connectors. The technical information report was published by SAE on December 18, 2023. The recommended practice, which changed the acronym to mean "North American Charging System", was published by SAE on September 30, 2024.

After widespread industry adoption of the NACS by a large number of automotive manufacturers throughout 2023, the US government stated public support for the NACS standard in December 2023. As a result, the Federal Highway Administration will develop detailed regulations on how the new SAE-standard NACS plug fits into the $7.5 billion charging network infrastructure buildout subsidies program.

Tesla officially opened up more than 15,000 charging stalls to Ford owners on February 29, 2024. The company said its technicians had spent the prior six months retrofitting stalls with new electronics to allow them to communicate with CCS-equipped vehicles while remaining backward compatible with the proprietary CAN bus communications. Tesla says it plans to eventually retrofit all of its charging stalls with the new electronics.

Description

The NACS connector can support both AC charging and DC fast charging.

Technical specifications

NACS connector exists in two different configurations, one that supports up to 500 volts and another that supports up to 1,000 volts and is backward compatible with the former.

No maximum current rating is specified by the NACS. Any amount of current is allowed so long as the temperature of the connector's interface does not exceed 105 °C. Tesla claims to have operated the connector at upwards of 900 amperes continuously.

The current version 3 Tesla Supercharger can deliver up to 250 kW of power, but this is not the maximum the NACS connector is capable of.

When AC power is used, the NACS system can deliver up to 80 amperes at 277 volts (a voltage derived from a three-phase commercial power supply at 480 volts). However, in a common configuration, NACS provides up to 48 amperes of current at 240 volts (the typical residential voltage of the North American split-phase electric power system), i.e. 11.5 kW.

Operation

The NACS connector has a single button located on the top center of the handle. When the button is depressed, a UHF signal is emitted. When the connector is locked in place, the signal commands the vehicle to retract the latch holding the connector in place. When the connector is not locked in place, the signal commands the nearby vehicle to open the door covering the inlet.

Pin layout

The NACS uses a five-pin layout—the two primary pins are used for both AC charging and DC fast charging:

1. The DC+/L1 pin provides either the positive side of the DC voltage link or, when using AC, it provides either Line 1 in a split-phase connection or the sole Line in a single-phase connection.
2. The DC−/L2 pin provides both the negative side of the DC voltage link or, when using AC, it can serve as either Line 2 in a split-phase connection or the neutral in a single-phase connection.
3. The G, or Ground, pin provides a connection between the earth and the vehicle chassis. The ground pin is also used as a reference point for the CP and PP signals and to measure the isolation of the electrical systems.
4. The CP, or Control Pilot, pin is used as a digital communication path between the charging system and the vehicle. The control pilot uses pulse width modulation to communicate the charging state and current in accordance with IEC 61851. Power Line Communication is superimposed onto the control pilot line while DC charging.
5. The PP, or Proximity Pilot, pin carries a low-voltage signal and is used to determine the status of the vehicle connector. When the button on the plug is depressed to unlock the connector, a switch on the Proximity Pilot circuit is opened, stopping the flow of electricity.

Pin usage is the same as the SAE J1772 connector when used for AC charging.

Adoption

Automakers

In May 2023, the Ford Motor Company became the first large automaker to announce that it would use NACS with its electric vehicles. Starting in 2025, new Ford electric vehicles will have native NACS charge ports and in 2024 prior electric Ford models will be able to connect to NACS chargers by use of a NACS to CCS1 adapter. Between June 2023 and February 2024, several other automakers and automotive groups announced that they would also equip their EVs sold in the North American market with NACS charge ports starting in 2025. Adapters will be available for older models.

The automakers that committed to this transition are:

Mitsubishi Motors is the only legacy automaker who has not announced that it will adopt NACS.

Charging networks

Prior to the NACS being made an open standard in late 2022, several electric vehicle charging network operators had added a few Tesla charging connector adapters to legacy CHAdeMO-standard charging stations. These included the ONroute rest stop network in Ontario, Canada, where a Tesla adaptor was permanently attached to a CHAdeMO cord, and REVEL opened a charging station in Brooklyn, New York for a while after they were denied a license to operate a Tesla ride-hailing fleet in New York City. Ivy Charge in Ontario, Canada, announced plans to include CCS1-to-Tesla adaptors for some of their stations. Also EVgo, who added optional Tesla adaptors to CHAdeMO cords. In June 2023, EVgo announced it will add NACS connector support to more of its chargers.

In June 2023 several other EV charging station providers also announced plans to add NACS connector support to their chargers. These include FLO, a Quebec-based EV charging station company with over 90,000 chargers. EV fast-charger company FreeWire Technologies also announced plans to equip its battery-integrated Boost Chargers with NACS plugs by mid-2024. BC Hydro, Blink Charging, ChargePoint, Electrify America, and EVgo have also announced plans to add NACS connectors to their charging networks. In September 2023, hotel chain Hilton Worldwide announced an agreement with Tesla to install chargers with 20,000 NACS connectors across 2,000 of its properties in North America by 2025.

Equipment manufacturers

Several equipment manufacturers have announced that they plan to add NACS connectors to their products. As of June 2023 the list includes ABB, BTC Power, Tritium and Wallbox.

Competing standards

Other charging standards for high-power DC charging of electric vehicles include:

• Combined Charging System Type 1 (CCS1): Widely used for DC fast-charging in North America and South Korea at non-Tesla charging stations. Tesla offers a CCS1 to NACS adapter for purchase. Some Superchargers offer a NACS to CCS1 adapter kept in a “magic dock” on the pylon.
• Combined Charging System Type 2 (CCS2): Legally mandated DC fast-charging standard for Europe and Oceania. Tesla vehicles sold in those countries after May 2019, and newer Tesla Superchargers use CCS2. Older Tesla vehicles can be retrofitted to use CCS2 with an adapter.
• CHAdeMO: Widely used for DC fast-charging in Japan and equipped on some vehicles in North America and Europe. Tesla vehicles sold in Japan are equipped with NACS. Tesla offers a CHAdeMO to NACS adapter for purchase.
• GB/T: Legally mandated DC fast-charging standard in China. Tesla vehicles sold in China use GB/T.

As of November 2021, Tesla's Supercharger network was the largest DC fast-charging network in the US. However, other BEV competitors in the USA were previously unable to take advantage of the Supercharger network before the release of "Magic Dock." Tesla cars, on the other hand, came bundled with a SAE J1772 adapter – which allowed Tesla owners to take advantage of the large number of slower Level 2 AC charging stations that are fitted with J1772 plugs.

A review of the images of the competing charging standards shows that the NACS connector is the most compact.

Criticism

Tesla's decision to name its connector the "North American Charging Standard" was initially criticized by a competing charging standards body in late 2022 because, at the time of its announcement, it had not gone through a process to be published or recognized by a standards development organization. The process to be published or recognized is collaborative and allows all interested parties to contribute their ideas. The Charging Interface Initiative (CharIN), the association responsible for the competing Combined Charging System (CCS), criticized Tesla's process of developing NACS, but subsequently recognized that while the connector does not use the CCS standard, it does use the same standard communications protocols created for CCS.

SAE Standard J3400

In June 2023, SAE International announced that it would begin the process to formally standardize the NACS. On July 11, 2023, SAE created a task force to handle further development of the standard and to publish it under the SAE J3400 moniker. A "Technical Information Report" − a step towards a full standard − was published by SAE on December 18, 2023. The "Recommended Practice" was published by SAE on September 30, 2024.

Gallery

• A public NACS-compatible AC charging station
• A vehicle equipped with a Tesla charging inlet, of similar style to NACS
• NACS-style charging cable
• A newly installed NACS-compatible AC High Powered Wall Connector

References

1. ^ "J3400_202409: North American Charging System (NACS) for Electric Vehicles - SAE International". SAE International. September 30, 2024. Retrieved October 2, 2024.
2. ^ "Wall Connector Gen2 80A" (PDF). Tesla, Inc. April 21, 2016. Retrieved June 28, 2023.
3. Lambert, Fred (December 20, 2019). "Tesla opens first Supercharger V3 in Europe". Electrek.
4. "Here's How Tesla's Magic Dock Rollout Is Going". InsideEVs. March 15, 2023. Archived from the original on June 3, 2023. Retrieved June 10, 2023.
5. ^ Kane, Mark (June 10, 2023). "US: CCS-Compatible Tesla Superchargers To Be Eligible For Public Funds". InsideEVs. Retrieved June 11, 2023.
6. "Magic Dock Tesla CCS Locations". plugshare.com. Retrieved December 21, 2023.
7. ^ Shakir, Umar (June 9, 2023). "Tesla is about to pull the plug on its main EV charging rival". The Verge. Retrieved June 14, 2023.
8. ^ Bhargava, Hemant; Boehm, Jonas; Parker, Geoffrey G. (January 27, 2021). "How Tesla's Charging Stations Left Other Manufacturers in the Dust". Harvard Business Review. Archived from the original on May 26, 2023. Retrieved May 26, 2023.
9. ^ Dow, Jameson (December 19, 2023). "US gov't may update EV charger subsidy rules for newly-certified NACS port". Electrek. Retrieved December 20, 2023.
10. Voelcker, John (August 29, 2023). "EV charging is changing, Part 2: No, NACS is not today's Tesla connector".
11. Rosevear, John (June 29, 2023). "Polestar is the latest EV maker to announce a move to Tesla's North American charging standard". CNBC. Retrieved July 26, 2023.
12. Dumas, Breck (July 7, 2023). "Mercedes-Benz to adopt Tesla charging standard for EVs, access Supercharger network". FOXBusiness. Retrieved July 26, 2023.
13. Voelcker, John (August 29, 2023). "No, NACS is not today's Tesla connector". Charged EVs. Retrieved January 19, 2024.
14. ^ Clarke, Warren (September 28, 2023). "NACS vs. CCS: What's the Difference?". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved February 29, 2024.
15. ^ Shakir, Umar (November 11, 2022). "Tesla opens up its charging connector in a bid to become the North American standard". The Verge. Archived from the original on November 11, 2022. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
16. Lambert, Fred (November 11, 2022). "Tesla opens its EV charge connector in the hope of making it the new standard". Electrek. Archived from the original on November 11, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
17. "Tesla Aims To Fix American EV Charging Infrastructure With The North American Charging Standard". MSN. November 11, 2022. Archived from the original on December 20, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
18. "Opening the North American Charging Standard" (Press release). US: Tesla. November 11, 2022. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
19. ^ "Ford EVs will get access to Tesla's Supercharger network in 2024". Ars Technica. May 25, 2023. Archived from the original on May 26, 2023. Retrieved May 26, 2023.
20. ^ Marshall, Aarian (February 13, 2024). "Tesla Wins EV Charging! Now What?". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved April 3, 2024.
21. "SAE International Announces Standard for NACS Connector, Charging PKI and Infrastructure Reliability". SAE International (Press release). June 27, 2023. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
22. Lambert, Fred (August 10, 2023). "Tesla issues license to Volex to build NACS connector". Electrek. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
23. ^ "J3400_202312: NACS Electric Vehicle Coupler - SAE International". SAE International. December 18, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
24. St. John, Alexa (December 19, 2023). "White House backs industry effort to standardize Tesla's EV charging plugs". Yahoo! News. Associated Press. Retrieved December 19, 2023.
25. "J3400 (WIP) North American Charging System (NACS) for Electric Vehicles - SAE International". www.sae.org. Retrieved November 19, 2024.
26. Dow, Jameson (December 15, 2023). "SAE's NACS certification is ready, and it'll fix every EV charging problem at once". Electrek. Retrieved December 21, 2023.
27. ^ "North American 48A AC Charging Connector Datasheet". Tesla, Inc. August 3, 2022. Retrieved June 16, 2023.
28. Hundal, Thomas (June 10, 2022). "Here's How A Simple Adapter Can Let You Plug A Regular EV Or PHEV Into A Tesla Level 2 Charger". The Autopian. Retrieved December 21, 2023.
29. Brown, Laura (May 25, 2023). "Ford EVs Will Get to Use Tesla's Huge Supercharger Fast-Charge Network". Car and Driver. Retrieved November 1, 2024.
30. "Ford Customers Can Now Charge on Tesla Superchargers in U.S., Canada". Ford Media Center. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
31. Rapier, Graham. "Tesla adds General Motors to growing list of companies that will use its Superchargers". Business Insider. Retrieved November 1, 2024.
32. "After months of delay, GM EV owners in Canada, U.S. now have access to Tesla's Supercharger network". The Globe and Mail. September 18, 2024. Retrieved September 18, 2024.
33. "Rivian joins Tesla charging network". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. Associated Press. June 21, 2023. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
34. Miller, Caleb (March 18, 2024). "Rivians Can Now Use Tesla's Superchargers, Adapters Arriving in April". Car and Driver. Retrieved October 29, 2024.
35. "Electric Volvo car Drivers to Gain Access to Tesla Superchargers in the US, Canada & Mexico". The NewsMarket. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
36. "Volvo Cars to open access to more than 17,800 NACS charging points through Tesla Supercharger Network". www.media.volvocars.com. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
37. Rosevear, John (June 29, 2023). "Polestar is the latest EV maker to announce a move to Tesla's North American charging standard". CNBC. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
38. Klender, Joey (October 29, 2024). "Tesla Superchargers are now accessible to one more EV company". TESLARATI. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
39. "Charging for All". Tesla. Retrieved December 12, 2024.
40. "Mercedes-Benz Is Also Getting Tesla Supercharger Access". Jalopnik. July 7, 2023. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
41. "NISSAN ENERGY Charge Network adds access to 17,800 Tesla Superchargers". Official U.S. Newsroom. December 4, 2024. Retrieved December 4, 2024.
42. "Honda joins Ford, GM and others in adopting Tesla's EV charging technology". AP News. September 7, 2023. Retrieved November 1, 2024.
43. Klender, Joey (September 21, 2023). "Jaguar signs with Tesla to adopt electric vehicle charging standard". TESLARATI. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
44. "Hyundai, Kia electric vehicles to use Tesla's NACS charging ports starting next year". AP News. October 5, 2023. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
45. "BMW signs deal for access to Tesla chargers, NACS adoption". Motor Authority. October 17, 2023. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
46. Lambert, Fred (October 19, 2023). "Toyota signs deal with Tesla for NACS and Supercharger access". Electrek. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
47. Johnson, Peter (November 1, 2023). "Subaru finally hops on the Tesla NACS EV charging train". Electrek. Retrieved November 1, 2023.
48. Korosec, Kirsten (November 6, 2023). "Lucid adopts Tesla's charging standard". TechCrunch. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
49. Dow, Jameson (December 19, 2023). "VW, Audi, Porsche finally commit to NACS connectors in 2025". Electrek. Retrieved December 21, 2023.
50. Lambert, Fred (January 16, 2024). "Mazda announces NACS adoption – its many EVs are going to flood Tesla Superchargers". Electrek. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
51. O'Kane, Sean (February 12, 2024). "Jeep-maker Stellantis to adopt Tesla's charging port". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 12, 2024.
52. "Tesla Charging Standard Sweeps Across EVs: Here's When the Switch Will Happen". CNET. Red Ventures. Retrieved February 25, 2024.
53. John, Darryn (February 11, 2022). "Here's how Tesla owners will be able to use ONroute's new CHAdeMO EV chargers". Drive Tesla Canada.
54. John, Darryn (June 29, 2021). "Revel opens EV charging Superhub in Brooklyn after being blocked to operate in New York City". Drive Tesla Canada.
55. John, Darryn (December 3, 2021). "ONroute's new Ivy EV chargers will feature built-in Tesla adapters". Drive Tesla Canada.
56. Andrew J. Hawkins (December 19, 2019). "Tesla vehicles can soon be charged at EVgo charging stations in the US / The first connectors will be distributed at EVgo's charging stations in San Francisco". The Verge.
57. Herron, David (December 20, 2019). "eVgo offers CHAdeMO fast charging to Tesla owners". The Long Tail Pipe. Long Tail Pipe. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
58. ^ Lambert, Fred (June 9, 2023). "Tesla's NACS enjoys domino effect as EV charging companies adopt the standard". Electrek. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
59. ^ Doll, Scooter (May 30, 2023). "Freewire CEO commends Ford and Tesla, vows to add NACS connectors to its chargers". Electrek. Archived from the original on May 31, 2023. Retrieved May 31, 2023. CEO Arcady Sosinov in a conversation with Electrek: …we support Tesla in making steps towards opening their technology and network… FreeWire plans to make NACS connectors available on Boost Chargers by mid 2024…
60. Roy, Abhirup (June 20, 2023). "Exclusive: EV maker Rivian to adopt Tesla's charging standard". Reuters. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
61. Bonk, Lawrence (June 29, 2023). "Electrify America's charging network will support Tesla's NACS connector by 2025". Yahoo News. Retrieved June 29, 2023.
62. Laing, Keith (September 7, 2023). "Tesla to Supply Hilton Hotels With 20,000 EV Chargers by 2025". Bloomberg News. Retrieved October 5, 2023.
63. Doll, Scooter (June 19, 2023). "Everything you need to know about the North American Charging Standard (NACS)". Electrek. Retrieved June 22, 2023.
64. Roy, Abhirup (June 20, 2023). "Exclusive: Tesla standard: BTC Power joins move to add to EV chargers". Reuters. Retrieved June 22, 2023.
65. Kane, Mark (September 21, 2022). "US: Tesla CCS Combo 1 Adapter Is Finally Available". InsideEVs. Retrieved June 18, 2023.
66. Lambert, Fred. "Tesla confirms Model 3 is getting a CCS plug in Europe, adapter coming for Model S and Model X". Electrek. Retrieved June 14, 2023.
67. "Supercharger Support". Tesla, Inc. April 8, 2022. Retrieved June 15, 2023.
68. Gaton, Bryce (December 21, 2022). "Tesla launches new EV charging battle, but the Plug War is already over". The Driven. Retrieved June 15, 2023.
69. Liu, Gene (October 16, 2017). "Tesla updates Model S/X charge port to support China's charging standard". TESLARATI. Retrieved June 15, 2023.
70. "CharIN Response to Ford Announcement to use the NACS Proprietary Network". CharIN (Press release). June 2, 2023. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
71. "CharIN Stands Behind CCS and MCS, but also supports the standardization of Tesla NACS – CharIN". CharIN (Press release). June 12, 2023. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
72. Shakir, Umar (June 27, 2023). "The SAE is standardizing Tesla's EV charging plug as it racks up more wins". The Verge. Retrieved June 30, 2023.

External links

• SAE J3400 standard
• SAE J3400 recommended practice
• Patent USD694188S1 for NACS charging connector

v t e Electric vehicles
Vehicle	Electric aircraft Electric car Electric boat Electric bicycle Electric bus Electric locomotive Electric motorcycles and scooters Electric truck
Type	Hybrid electric vehicle Plug-in electric vehicle Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle Battery electric vehicle Fuel cell electric vehicle
Charging	Charging station (network) Tesla Supercharger Vehicle-to-grid Connectors AC Type 1 Type 2 (Mennekes) Type 3 (Scame) DC AA (CHAdeMO) BB (GB/T) ChaoJi EE/FF (CCS Combo 1/2) MCS AC/DC NACS Standards GB/T 20234 IEC 61851 IEC 62196 IEC 63110 ISO 15118 SAE J1772 SAE J3068 SAE J3105 SAE J3400
WEVA

• Automotive standards
• DC power connectors
• Electrical power connectors
• Tesla, Inc.
• Charging stations
• 2012 introductions