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{{Short description|Main-belt asteroid}} {{Short description|Main-belt asteroid}}
⚫ {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox planet {{Infobox planet
| minorplanet = yes | minorplanet = yes
| name = 319 Leona | name = 319 Leona
| background = #D6D6D6 | background = #D6D6D6
| image = 319 Leona 13 Sep 2023 occultation chords.png
|image= Орбита астероида 319.png
| image_scale =
|caption=Orbital diagram
| caption = The outline of Leona's shape revealed in a ] from 13 September 2023
| discovery_ref = &thinsp;<ref name="jpldata" /> | discovery_ref = &thinsp;<ref name="jpldata" />
| discovered = 8 October 1891 | discovered = 8 October 1891
Line 29: Line 31:
| asc_node = 184.95° | asc_node = 184.95°
| arg_peri = 228.27° | arg_peri = 228.27°
| dimensions = {{val|49.943|0.477}} km<ref name="Masiero-2014" /><br />{{val|54.136|1.193}} km<ref name="WISE" /><br />{{val|65.90|0.92}} km<ref name="AKARI" /><br />67.97 km {{small|(derived)}}<ref name="lcdb" /><br />{{val|89.00|27.92}} km<ref name="Nugent-2016" /> | dimensions = {{val|79.6|x|54.8|u=km}}<br/>(±&nbsp;{{val|2.2|x|1.3|u=km}})<ref name="Ortiz2023"/>
| mean_diameter = {{val|66|2|u=km}}<ref name="Ortiz2023"/>
| rotation = {{val|9.06|0.05}} h {{small|(fragmentary)}}<ref name="geneva-obs" /><br />{{val|9.6}} ] {{small|(fragmentary)}}<ref name="geneva-obs" /><br />{{val|14.9|0.1}} h {{small|(fragmentary)}}<ref name="Alkema-2013c" /><br />{{val|430|2}} h<ref name="Pilcher-2017b" />
| rotation = {{val|430|2|u=h}}<ref name="Pilcher-2017b"/>
| albedo = {{val|0.02|0.02}}<ref name="Nugent-2016" /><br />0.0318 {{small|(derived)}}<ref name="lcdb" /><br />{{val|0.0374|0.0191}}<ref name="WISE" /><br />{{val|0.051|0.002}}<ref name="AKARI" /><br />{{val|0.085|0.005}}<ref name="Masiero-2014" />
| albedo = {{val|0.085|0.005}}<ref name="jpldata"/><ref name="Masiero-2014"/>
| spectral_type = ]&thinsp;<ref name="WISE" />{{·}}]&thinsp;<ref name="Veres-2015" />{{·}}]&thinsp;<ref name="lcdb" /> | spectral_type = ]&thinsp;<ref name="WISE" />{{·}}]&thinsp;<ref name="Veres-2015" />{{·}}]&thinsp;<ref name="lcdb" />
| abs_magnitude = 9.8<ref name="AKARI" /><ref name="WISE" />{{·}}{{val|10.09|0.10}}<ref name="Veres-2015" />{{·}}10.17<ref name="Nugent-2016" />{{·}}10.2<ref name="jpldata" /><ref name="lcdb" />{{·}}{{val|10.46|0.06}}<ref name="Pilcher-2017b" /> | abs_magnitude = 10.21<ref name="jpldata"/><ref name="MPC-object"/><br/>{{val|10.46|0.06}}<ref name="Pilcher-2017b" />
}} }}


'''Leona''' (]: '''319 Leona'''), provisional designation {{mp|A920 HE}}, is a dark ] and tumbling ] from the outermost regions of the ], approximately 70 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 8 October 1891, by French astronomer ] at ] in southwestern France.<ref name="MPC-Leona" /> Any reference of its name to a person is unknown.<ref name="springer" /> On 12 December 2023 Leona will ] ] as seen from southern Europe.<ref name="occult">{{Cite web|url=http://hea.iki.rssi.ru/~denis/special.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216061951/http://hea.iki.rssi.ru/~denis/special.html|title=Unique occultations|first=Denis|last=Denissenko|date=3 October 2004|archive-date=16 December 2012}}</ref> '''319 Leona''' (] '''{{mp|A920 HE}}''') is a dark, ] in the outer regions of the ]. It was discovered on 8 October 1891, by French astronomer ] at ] in ].<ref name="MPC-object"/> On 12 December 2023, Leona passed in front of the bright star ] and ] it, which caused the star to briefly dim as seen from Central America, Europe, and east Asia.<ref name="occult">{{Cite web|url=http://hea.iki.rssi.ru/~denis/special.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216061951/http://hea.iki.rssi.ru/~denis/special.html|title=Unique occultations|first=Denis|last=Denissenko|date=3 October 2004|archive-date=16 December 2012}}</ref> This occultation was expected to reveal the shape of Leona and the surface of Betelgeuse in high detail.


== Classification and orbit == == Classification and orbit ==


''Leona'' orbits the Sun in the ] main-belt at a distance of 2.7–4.1&nbsp;] once every 6 years and 3 months (2,295 days). Its orbit has an ] of 0.22 and an ] of 11] with respect to the ].<ref name="jpldata" /> Leona orbits the Sun in the ] main-belt at a distance of 2.7–4.1&nbsp;] once every 6 years and 3 months (2,295 days). Its orbit has an ] of 0.22 and an ] of 11] with respect to the ].<ref name="jpldata" />

The asteroid's ] begins at the discovering observatory, one night after its official discovery observation.<ref name="MPC-Leona" />


== Physical characteristics == == Physical characteristics ==
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=== Spectral type === === Spectral type ===


''Leona'' has been characterized as a dark and reddish ] by the ] (WISE), and as an ] by ] photometric survey.<ref name="WISE" /> The ''Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link'' groups it to the carbonaceous ]s.<ref name="lcdb" /> Leona has been characterized as a dark and reddish ] by the ] (WISE), and as an ] by ] photometric survey.<ref name="WISE" /> The ''Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link'' groups it to the carbonaceous ]s.<ref name="lcdb" />


=== Slow rotator and tumbler === === Slow rotator and tumbler ===


In October 2016, a rotational ] of ''Leona'' was obtained from photometric observations by astronomers Frederick Pilcher ''(see naming cite for {{MoMP|1990|1990 Pilcher}})'' at Organ Mesa Observatory ({{small|]}}), United States, Lorenzo Franco at Balzaretto Observatory ({{small|]}}), Italy, and ] at the ], Czech Republic. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined ] of {{val|430|2}} hours with a brightness variation of 0.5 ] ({{small|]}}).<ref name="Pilcher-2017b" /> In October 2016, a rotational ] of Leona was obtained from photometric observations by astronomers Frederick Pilcher ''(see naming cite for {{MoMP|1990|1990 Pilcher}})'' at Organ Mesa Observatory ({{small|]}}), United States, Lorenzo Franco at Balzaretto Observatory ({{small|]}}), Italy, and ] at the ], Czech Republic. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined ] of {{val|430|2}} hours with a brightness variation of 0.5 ] ({{small|]}}).<ref name="Pilcher-2017b" />


This makes ''Leona'' one of the ] known to exist. The astronomers also detected a non-principal axis rotation seen in distinct rotational cycles in successive order. This ] also gives an alternative candidate period solution of {{val|1084|10}} hours, one of the ] ever measured.<ref name="Pilcher-2017b" /> It is the third-largest tumbler known to exists ''(also see ])''. This makes Leona one of the ] known to exist. The astronomers also detected a non-principal axis rotation seen in distinct rotational cycles in successive order. This ] also gives an alternative candidate period solution of {{val|1084|10}} hours, one of the ] ever measured.<ref name="Pilcher-2017b" /> It is the third-largest tumbler known to exist ''(also see ])''.


Previous observations of ''Leona'' gave a much shorter period between 6 and 15 hours,<ref name="geneva-obs" /><ref name="Alkema-2013c" /> which demonstrates the intricacy when observing slow rotators, especially those with a tumbling motion. A detailed description of the procedure of the photometric measurement is given by Pilcher.<ref name="Pilcher-2017b" /> Previous observations of Leona gave a much shorter period between 6 and 15 hours,<ref name="geneva-obs" /><ref name="Alkema-2013c" /> which demonstrates the intricacy when observing slow rotators, especially those with a tumbling motion. A detailed description of the procedure of the photometric measurement is given by Pilcher.<ref name="Pilcher-2017b" />


=== Diameter and albedo === === Diameter and albedo ===


According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese ] and the ] mission of NASA's WISE space-telescope, ''Leona'' measures between 49.943 and 89.00 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an ] between 0.02 and 0.085.<ref name="Masiero-2014" /><ref name="WISE" /><ref name="AKARI" /><ref name="Nugent-2016" /> CALL derived an albedo of 0.0318 and a diameter of 67.97 kilometers based on an ] of 10.2.<ref name="lcdb" /> According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese ] and the ] mission of NASA's WISE space-telescope, Leona measures between 49.943 and 89.00 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an ] between 0.02 and 0.085.<ref name="Masiero-2014" /><ref name="WISE" /><ref name="AKARI" /><ref name="Nugent-2016" /> CALL derived an albedo of 0.0318 and a diameter of 67.97 kilometers based on an ] of 10.2.<ref name="lcdb" />


== Naming == == Naming ==
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The origin of this ]'s name is unknown.<ref name="springer" /> The origin of this ]'s name is unknown.<ref name="springer" />


Among the many thousands of ], ''Leona'' is one of 120 asteroids for which no official naming citation has been published. All of these low-numbered asteroids have numbers between {{mp|{{MoMP|164|164 Eva}}}} and {{mp|{{MoMP|1514|1514 Ricouxa}}}} and were discovered between 1876 and the 1930s, predominantly by astronomers ], ], ] and ].<ref name="DOMPN-unknown" /> Among the many thousands of ], Leona is one of 120 asteroids for which no official naming citation has been published. All of these low-numbered asteroids have numbers between {{mp|{{MoMP|164|164 Eva}}}} and {{mp|{{MoMP|1514|1514 Ricouxa}}}} and were discovered between 1876 and the 1930s, predominantly by astronomers ], ], ] and ].<ref name="DOMPN-unknown" />


== 2023 occultation of ] == == 2023 occultation of Betelgeuse ==
{{Update section|date=December 2023}}
<gallery widths="300px" heights="250px">
File:Leona Betelgeuse.png|Predicted path of the ] of ] by the asteroid ] on 12 December 2023, using the ] software ] of ] by (319) Leona on 12 December 2023, using the ] software|thumb]]
On 12 December 2023 at about 01:09–01:27 UT, Leona ] ] as seen from southern Europe, Turkey, Greece and Sicily.<ref name="occult"/> The 14th magnitude asteroid was predicted to occult Betelgeuse approximately 12 seconds; Betelgeuse was expected to dim by about 3 magnitudes.<ref name=asteroidoccultation/> The prediction was at first uncertain, visible on a very narrow path on Earth's surface, its width and location being uncertain due to lack of precise knowledge of the size and path of the asteroid).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sigismondi |first=Costantino |year=2020 |title=The partial asteroidal occultation of Betelgeuse on Jan 2, 2012 |journal=Gerbertvs |volume=13 |page=25 |arxiv=1112.6398 |bibcode=2020Gerb...13...25S}}</ref> Projections were later refined as more data were analyzed for<ref>{{Cite web |title=IOTA-ES |url=https://www.iota-es.de/betelgeuse2023.html |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=www.iota-es.de}}</ref> a ] of approximately five seconds on a 60&nbsp;km wide path stretching from China, Tajikistan, Armenia, Turkey, Greece, Italy, Spain, the Atlantic Ocean, Miami, Florida and the ] to parts of Mexico.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=Associated Press |date=2023-12-08 |title=Astronomers brace for rare eclipse as asteroid to pass in front of bright star |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2023/dec/08/eclipse-betelgeuse-star-asteroid |access-date=2024-02-06 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Among other programmes, 80 ] in Europe were coordinated by astrophysicist ], et al. of the ] for the event.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/ |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> ] studies of the event was expected to help understand the distribution of brightness down to the granular level of Beltegeuse's ],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hattenbach |first=Jan |date=12 November 2023 |title=ASTEROID WILL COVER BETELGEUSE, MAY REVEAL ITS VISIBLE SURFACE |url=https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-news/asteroid-will-cover-betelgeuse-may-reveal-its-visible-surface/ |access-date=18 November 2023 |website=Sky & Telescope}}</ref> thus providing detailed data on the giant star heretofor inaccessible.
</gallery>

On 12 December 2023 Leona will ] ] as seen from southern Europe.<ref name="occult"/> The 14th magnitude asteroid will occult Betelgeuse (block or reduce the light) for about 6-12 seconds<ref name=hal-astro-lab/> as seen from Turkey, Greece and Sicily. Betelgeuse is expected to dim by about 3 magnitudes.<ref name=hal-astro-lab/> ] studies of the event may help understand the distribution of brightness over the disk of Betelgeuse.
Observations of the earlier September 2023 occultation showed that the asteroid was slightly elliptical; a preliminary 3D model of Leona was able to be constructived. Leona is approximately 80 by 55 kilometres, hence is projected to have a ] of roughly 46 by 41 milliarcseconds (mas).<ref name="Ortiz2023"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=(319) Leona - physical model to predict the occultation of Betelgeuse |url=https://sirrah.troja.mff.cuni.cz/~durech/Leona/ |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=sirrah.troja.mff.cuni.cz}}</ref> Betelgeuse has an apparent size in the sky of about 45 mas, but its diffuse atmosphere may make it appear 55 mas in size. A preliminary analysis of results showed only a slight dimming, consistent with a partial or annular eclipse.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.universetoday.com/164811/betelgeuse-versus-the-asteroid-what-happened/ | title=Betelgeuse Versus the Asteroid... What Happened? | date=14 December 2023 }}</ref>
{{Expand section|date=May 2022|with=details about the unusual occultation}}


== References == == References ==
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<ref name="jpldata">{{cite web <ref name="jpldata">{{cite web
|type = 2017-02-04 last obs. |type = 2023-11-22 last obs.
|title = JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 319 Leona |title = JPL Small-Body Database Lookup: 319 Leona (A891 TA)
|url = https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2000319 |url = https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=2000319
|publisher = ] |publisher = ]
|access-date = 26 July 2017}}</ref> |accessdate = 11 December 2023}}</ref>

⚫ <ref name="MPC-object">{{cite web
⚫ |title = (319) Leona = 1891 TA = 1920 HE
⚫ |url = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=319
⚫ |publisher = Minor Planet Center
⚫ |accessdate = 26 July 2017}}</ref>


<ref name="springer">{{cite book <ref name="springer">{{cite book
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|isbn = 978-3-540-00238-3 |isbn = 978-3-540-00238-3
|author-link= Lutz D. Schmadel}}</ref> |author-link= Lutz D. Schmadel}}</ref>

⚫ <ref name="MPC-Leona">{{cite web
⚫ |title = 319 Leona
⚫ |work = Minor Planet Center
⚫ |url = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=319
⚫ |access-date = 26 July 2017}}</ref>


<ref name="geneva-obs">{{cite web <ref name="geneva-obs">{{cite web
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|date = September 2016 |date = September 2016
|title = NEOWISE Reactivation Mission Year Two: Asteroid Diameters and Albedos |title = NEOWISE Reactivation Mission Year Two: Asteroid Diameters and Albedos
|url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2016AJ....152...63N
|journal = The Astronomical Journal |journal = The Astronomical Journal
|volume = 152 |volume = 152
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|doi = 10.3847/0004-6256/152/3/63 |doi = 10.3847/0004-6256/152/3/63
|arxiv = 1606.08923 |arxiv = 1606.08923
|access-date= 26 July 2017}}</ref> |doi-access = free }}</ref>


<ref name="Alkema-2013c">{{Cite journal <ref name="Alkema-2013c">{{Cite journal
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|s2cid = 53493339 |access-date= 26 July 2017}}</ref> |s2cid = 53493339 |access-date= 26 July 2017}}</ref>


<ref name=hal-astro-lab>{{cite web <ref name=asteroidoccultation>{{cite web
|title=Asteroidal occultation Prediction: (319)Leona |title=Asteroidal Occultation Prediction: (319)Leona
|publisher=NASA/JPL Near-Earth Object Program Office |publisher=Asteroid Occultation Updates
|author=Steve Preston
⚫ |url=http://www.hal-astro-lab.com/asteroid/231212Betelgeuse.html
|url=https://www.asteroidoccultation.com/2023_12/1212_319_82912.htm
|accessdate=2023-06-16}}</ref>
⚫ |accessdate=2023-06-16}} </ref>

<ref name="Ortiz2023">{{cite journal
|display-authors = etal
|first1 = J. L. |last1 = Ortiz
|first2 = M. |last2 = Kretlow
|first3 = C. |last3 = Schnabel
|first4 = N. |last4 = Morales
|first5 = J. |last5 = Flores-Martín
|first6 = M. |last6 = Sánchez González
|title = The stellar occultation by (319) Leona on 13 September 2023 in preparation for the occultation of Betelgeuse
|journal = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters
|date = November 2023
|volume = 528
|issue = 1 |id = slad179
|pages = 7
|doi-access = free
|doi = 10.1093/mnrasl/slad179
|arxiv = 2309.12272
|bibcode = 2024MNRAS.528L.139O
|s2cid = 262084018}}</ref>


}} <!-- end of reflist --> }} <!-- end of reflist -->
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* {{JPL small body}} * {{JPL small body}}


⚫ {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Minor planets navigator |318 Magdalena |number=319 |320 Katharina}} {{Minor planets navigator |318 Magdalena |number=319 |320 Katharina}}
{{Small Solar System bodies}} {{Small Solar System bodies}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Leona}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Leona}}

Latest revision as of 18:46, 28 July 2024

Main-belt asteroid

319 Leona
The outline of Leona's shape revealed in a stellar occultation from 13 September 2023
Discovery 
Discovered byA. Charlois
Discovery siteNice Obs.
Discovery date8 October 1891
Designations
MPC designation(319) Leona
Pronunciation/liːˈoʊnə/
Named afterunknown Leona
Alternative designationsA920 HE
Minor planet categorymain-belt · (outer) 
Orbital characteristics 
Epoch 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc125.32 yr (45,774 days)
Aphelion4.1451 AU
Perihelion2.6655 AU
Semi-major axis3.4053 AU
Eccentricity0.2172
Orbital period (sidereal)6.28 yr (2,295 days)
Mean anomaly21.414°
Mean motion0° 9 24.48 / day
Inclination10.564°
Longitude of ascending node184.95°
Argument of perihelion228.27°
Physical characteristics
Dimensions79.6 km × 54.8 km
(± 2.2 km × 1.3 km)
Mean diameter66±2 km
Synodic rotation period430±2 h
Geometric albedo0.085±0.005
Spectral typeP  · X  · C 
Absolute magnitude (H)10.21
10.46±0.06

319 Leona (provisional designation A920 HE) is a dark, carbonaceous asteroid in the outer regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 8 October 1891, by French astronomer Auguste Charlois at Nice Observatory in France. On 12 December 2023, Leona passed in front of the bright star Betelgeuse and occulted it, which caused the star to briefly dim as seen from Central America, Europe, and east Asia. This occultation was expected to reveal the shape of Leona and the surface of Betelgeuse in high detail.

Classification and orbit

Leona orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7–4.1 AU once every 6 years and 3 months (2,295 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.22 and an inclination of 11° with respect to the ecliptic.

Physical characteristics

Spectral type

Leona has been characterized as a dark and reddish P-type asteroid by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), and as an X-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link groups it to the carbonaceous C-type asteroids.

Slow rotator and tumbler

In October 2016, a rotational lightcurve of Leona was obtained from photometric observations by astronomers Frederick Pilcher (see naming cite for 1990 Pilcher) at Organ Mesa Observatory (G50), United States, Lorenzo Franco at Balzaretto Observatory (A81), Italy, and Petr Pravec at the Ondřejov Observatory, Czech Republic. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 430±2 hours with a brightness variation of 0.5 magnitude (U=3).

This makes Leona one of the Top 100 slowest rotators known to exist. The astronomers also detected a non-principal axis rotation seen in distinct rotational cycles in successive order. This tumbling also gives an alternative candidate period solution of 1084±10 hours, one of the longest periods ever measured. It is the third-largest tumbler known to exist (also see List of tumblers).

Previous observations of Leona gave a much shorter period between 6 and 15 hours, which demonstrates the intricacy when observing slow rotators, especially those with a tumbling motion. A detailed description of the procedure of the photometric measurement is given by Pilcher.

Diameter and albedo

According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE space-telescope, Leona measures between 49.943 and 89.00 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.02 and 0.085. CALL derived an albedo of 0.0318 and a diameter of 67.97 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.2.

Naming

The origin of this minor planet's name is unknown.

Among the many thousands of named minor planets, Leona is one of 120 asteroids for which no official naming citation has been published. All of these low-numbered asteroids have numbers between 164 Eva and 1514 Ricouxa and were discovered between 1876 and the 1930s, predominantly by astronomers Auguste Charlois, Johann Palisa, Max Wolf and Karl Reinmuth.

2023 occultation of Betelgeuse

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2023)
Predicted path of the occultation of Betelgeuse by (319) Leona on 12 December 2023, using the SOLEX software

On 12 December 2023 at about 01:09–01:27 UT, Leona occulted Betelgeuse as seen from southern Europe, Turkey, Greece and Sicily. The 14th magnitude asteroid was predicted to occult Betelgeuse approximately 12 seconds; Betelgeuse was expected to dim by about 3 magnitudes. The prediction was at first uncertain, visible on a very narrow path on Earth's surface, its width and location being uncertain due to lack of precise knowledge of the size and path of the asteroid). Projections were later refined as more data were analyzed for a totality of approximately five seconds on a 60 km wide path stretching from China, Tajikistan, Armenia, Turkey, Greece, Italy, Spain, the Atlantic Ocean, Miami, Florida and the Florida Keys to parts of Mexico. Among other programmes, 80 amateur astronomers in Europe were coordinated by astrophysicist Miguel Montargès, et al. of the Paris Observatory for the event. Light curve studies of the event was expected to help understand the distribution of brightness down to the granular level of Beltegeuse's convection cells, thus providing detailed data on the giant star heretofor inaccessible.

Observations of the earlier September 2023 occultation showed that the asteroid was slightly elliptical; a preliminary 3D model of Leona was able to be constructived. Leona is approximately 80 by 55 kilometres, hence is projected to have a silhouette of roughly 46 by 41 milliarcseconds (mas). Betelgeuse has an apparent size in the sky of about 45 mas, but its diffuse atmosphere may make it appear 55 mas in size. A preliminary analysis of results showed only a slight dimming, consistent with a partial or annular eclipse.

References

  1. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Lookup: 319 Leona (A891 TA)" (2023-11-22 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  2. Noah Webster (1884) A Practical Dictionary of the English Language
  3. ^ Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(319) Leona". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (319) Leona. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 42. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_320. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3.
  4. ^ "LCDB Data for (319) Leona". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  5. ^ Ortiz, J. L.; Kretlow, M.; Schnabel, C.; Morales, N.; Flores-Martín, J.; Sánchez González, M.; et al. (November 2023). "The stellar occultation by (319) Leona on 13 September 2023 in preparation for the occultation of Betelgeuse". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters. 528 (1): 7. arXiv:2309.12272. Bibcode:2024MNRAS.528L.139O. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slad179. S2CID 262084018. slad179.
  6. ^ Pilcher, Frederick; Franco, Lorenzo; Pravec, Petr (April 2017). "319 Leona and 341 California - Two Very Slowly Rotating Asteroids" (PDF). The Minor Planet Bulletin. 44 (2): 87–90. Bibcode:2017MPBu...44...87P. ISSN 1052-8091. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  7. ^ Masiero, Joseph R.; Grav, T.; Mainzer, A. K.; Nugent, C. R.; Bauer, J. M.; Stevenson, R.; et al. (August 2014). "Main-belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE: Near-infrared Albedos". The Astrophysical Journal. 791 (2): 11. arXiv:1406.6645. Bibcode:2014ApJ...791..121M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/791/2/121. S2CID 119293330. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  8. ^ Mainzer, A.; Grav, T.; Masiero, J.; Hand, E.; Bauer, J.; Tholen, D.; et al. (November 2011). "NEOWISE Studies of Spectrophotometrically Classified Asteroids: Preliminary Results". The Astrophysical Journal. 741 (2): 25. arXiv:1109.6407. Bibcode:2011ApJ...741...90M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/90. S2CID 35447010.
  9. Veres, Peter; Jedicke, Robert; Fitzsimmons, Alan; Denneau, Larry; Granvik, Mikael; Bolin, Bryce; et al. (November 2015). "Absolute magnitudes and slope parameters for 250,000 asteroids observed by Pan-STARRS PS1 - Preliminary results". Icarus. 261: 34–47. arXiv:1506.00762. Bibcode:2015Icar..261...34V. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.08.007. S2CID 53493339. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  10. ^ "(319) Leona = 1891 TA = 1920 HE". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
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  15. Nugent, C. R.; Mainzer, A.; Bauer, J.; Cutri, R. M.; Kramer, E. A.; Grav, T.; et al. (September 2016). "NEOWISE Reactivation Mission Year Two: Asteroid Diameters and Albedos". The Astronomical Journal. 152 (3): 12. arXiv:1606.08923. Bibcode:2016AJ....152...63N. doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/3/63.
  16. Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "Appendix 11 – Minor Planet Names with Unknown Meaning". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – Fifth Revised and Enlarged revision. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 927–929. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3.
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  18. Sigismondi, Costantino (2020). "The partial asteroidal occultation of Betelgeuse on Jan 2, 2012". Gerbertvs. 13: 25. arXiv:1112.6398. Bibcode:2020Gerb...13...25S.
  19. "IOTA-ES". www.iota-es.de. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  20. "Astronomers brace for rare eclipse as asteroid to pass in front of bright star". The Guardian. Associated Press. 8 December 2023. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
  21. "MSN". www.msn.com. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
  22. Hattenbach, Jan (12 November 2023). "ASTEROID WILL COVER BETELGEUSE, MAY REVEAL ITS VISIBLE SURFACE". Sky & Telescope. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
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  24. "Betelgeuse Versus the Asteroid... What Happened?". 14 December 2023.

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