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| native_name = {{ubl|{{native name|mk|Вардар}}|{{native name|sq|Vardari}}|{{native name|el|Αξιός}}}} | native_name = {{ubl|{{native name|mk|Вардар}}|{{native name|sq|Vardari}}|{{native name|el|Αξιός}}}}
| name_other = Вардар | name_other = Вардар
| image = Vardar Veles Macedonia.jpg | image = Vardar Skopje 2.jpg
| image_caption = Vardar in ] | image_caption = Vardar in ]
| source1_location = ], near ] | source1_location = ], near ]
| mouth_location = ], near ] | mouth_location = ], near ]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|40|30|27|N|22|43|3|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|40|30|27|N|22|43|3|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type1 = Countries | subdivision_type1 = Countries
| subdivision_name1 = ] and ] | subdivision_name1 = ] and ]
| length = {{convert|388|km|abbr=on}}| source1_elevation = | length = {{convert|388|km|abbr=on}}
| source1_elevation =
| discharge1_avg = | discharge1_avg =
| basin_size = | basin_size =
| extra = {{Infobox mapframe |wikidata=yes |zoom=6 |height=250 | stroke-width=1.5 |coord {{WikidataCoord|display=i}}}}
}} }}


The '''Vardar''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|v|ɑr|d|ɑr}}; {{lang-mk|{{audio|Mk-Vardar.ogg|Вардар}}}}, {{Lang-sq|Vardar/-i}}, {{Lang-tr|Vardar}}) or '''Axios''' ({{Lang-el|Αξιός|Aksiós}}, {{Lang-sq|Asi (historically)}}<ref name=":1" />) is the longest ] in ] and a major river in ], in which it reaches the ] at ].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=The rivers – Axios Delta National Park|url=https://axiosdelta.gr/en/national-park/protected-area/rivers/|access-date=2020-08-05|website=axiosdelta.gr}}</ref> It is {{convert|388|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} long, out of which {{convert|76|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} are in Greece,<ref name=":0" /> and drains an area of around {{convert|25000|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}. The maximum depth of the river is {{convert|4|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. The '''Vardar''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|v|ɑr|d|ɑr}}; {{langx|mk|{{audio|Mk-Vardar.ogg|Вардар}}}}, {{Langx|sq|Vardar/-i}}, {{Langx|tr|Vardar}}) or '''Axios''' ({{Langx|el|Αξιός|Aksiós}}, {{Langx|sq|Asi (historically)}}<ref name=":1" />) is the longest ] in ] and a major river in ], where it reaches the ] at ].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=The rivers – Axios Delta National Park|url=https://axiosdelta.gr/en/national-park/protected-area/rivers/|access-date=2020-08-05|website=axiosdelta.gr}}</ref> It is {{convert|388|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} long, out of which {{convert|76|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} are in Greece,<ref name=":0" /> and drains an area of around {{convert|25000|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}. The maximum depth of the river is {{convert|4|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}.


==Etymology== ==Etymology==
The name ''Vardar'' for the river may have been derived from ], although ], ], ] and ] were also spoken in the lands drained by the river.
⚫ The name ''Vardar'' for the river may derive from ], though ] and ] were also spoken in lands drained by the river. In any case, Vardar is thought to derive from an earlier *''Vardários'', which may ultimately derive from ] (PIE) *''(s)wordo-wori-'' ("black water").<ref>Orel, Vladimir. ''A Handbook of Germanic Etymology''. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 2003: 392.</ref><ref>Mallory, J.P. and D.Q. Adams. ''Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture''. London: Fitzroy and Dearborn, 1997: 147</ref> Vardar/Vardarios may be a translation of (or otherwise had a similar meaning as compared to) ''Axios'', which itself may be Thracian and may have meant 'not-shining' from PIE *''n.-sk(e)i'' (cf. Avestan ''axšaēna'' ("dark-coloured")).<ref>Mallory, J.P. and D.Q. Adams. ''Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture''. London: Fitzroy and Dearborn, 1997, p. 146</ref> This same hypothetical Thracian Axio- meaning “dark, not-shining” is theorized to be found in the name of a city at the mouth of the Danube, called Axiopolis in Greek and ''Axíopa'' (perhaps meaning "dark water") in Thracian, which may later have been translated into Slavic as '']'' (“black water”).<ref name="auto">Katičic', Radoslav. ''Ancient Languages of the Balkans''. Paris: Mouton, 1976: 149</ref> The name ''Vardários'' (Βαρδάριος) was sometimes used by the ] in the 3rd century BC. The same name was widely used in the ] era.<ref name="auto"/> The word may ultimately be derived from the PIE root '']'', which is also the source of the English '']''. Its name ''Axios'' is mentioned by ] (Il. 21.141, Il. 2.849)<ref></ref> as the home of the ] allies of ]. ] would call it ''Asi'', an earlier Albanian-language name for the river.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Arapi |first1=Ina |title=Konferenca për Eposin e Kreshnikëve, Pjetër Bogdani dhe Dardania në gusht 2014 (rreth vendlindjes së arqipeshkvit Pjetër Bogdani) |journal=Epoka e Re, Mittwoch, 17. 12. 2014 |date=17 December 2014 |publisher=Mittwoch |page=6 |url=https://www.academia.edu/40609685}}</ref>

The modern Vardar is thought to derive from an earlier *''Vardários'', which may ultimately derive from ] (PIE) *''(s)wordo-wori-'' "black water".<ref>Orel, Vladimir. ''A Handbook of Germanic Etymology''. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 2003: 392.</ref><ref>Mallory, J. P. and D. Q. Adams. ''Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture''. London: Fitzroy and Dearborn, 1997: 147.</ref> The name ''Vardários'' (Βαρδάριος) was sometimes used by the ] in the 3rd century BC. The same name was widely used in the ] era.<ref name="auto"/>

⚫ Vardar/Vardarios may be a translation of (or otherwise have a similar meaning as) ''Axios'', which may be Thracian and may have meant "not-shining" from PIE *''n.-sk(e)i'' (cf. Avestan ''axšaēna'' "dark-coloured").<ref>Mallory, J. P. and D. Q. Adams. ''Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture''. London: Fitzroy and Dearborn, 1997: 146.</ref> The oldest known name of the river, ''Axios'', is mentioned by ] (Il. 21.141, Il. 2.849)<ref></ref> as the home of the ] allies of ]. ] would use the form ''Asi'', an earlier Albanian-language name for the river.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Arapi |first1=Ina |title=Konferenca për Eposin e Kreshnikëve, Pjetër Bogdani dhe Dardania në gusht 2014 (rreth vendlindjes së arqipeshkvit Pjetër Bogdani) |journal=Epoka e Re |date=17 December 2014 |publisher=|page=6 |url=https://www.academia.edu/40609685}}</ref>

This same hypothetical Thracian ''Axio-'' meaning "dark, not-shining" is theorized to be found in the name of a city at the mouth of the Danube, called Axiopolis in Greek and ''Axíopa'' (perhaps again meaning just "dark water") in Thracian, which may later have been translated into Slavic as '']'', also meaning "black water".<ref name="auto">Katičic', Radoslav. ''Ancient Languages of the Balkans''. Paris: Mouton, 1976: 149.</ref>


==Geography== ==Geography==
]: the ]]] ]: the ]]]
The river rises at ], a few kilometers southwest of ] in North Macedonia. It passes through ], ] and into ], crosses the ] border near ], ] and ] ("town on the Axiós"), before emptying into the ] in ], west of ] in northern Greece. The river rises at ], a few kilometers southwest of ] in North Macedonia. It passes through ], ] and into ], crosses the ] border near ], ] and ] ("town on the Axiós"), before emptying into the ] in ], west of ] in northern Greece. The river forms a large ] along with ] and ] at the ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The creation of the Delta – Axios Delta National Park |url=https://axiosdelta.gr/en/national-park/protected-area/delta-creation/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=axiosdelta.gr}}</ref>


The Vardar basin comprises two-thirds of the ] of ]. The valley features fertile lands in the ] region, around ] and in the ]. The river is surrounded by mountains elsewhere. The superhighways ] in Greece and M1 and E75 run within the valley along the river's entire length to near Skopje. The Vardar basin comprises two-thirds of the ] of ]. The valley features fertile lands in the ] region, around ] and in the ]. The river is surrounded by mountains elsewhere. The superhighways ] in Greece and M1 and E75 run within the valley along the river's entire length to near Skopje.


The river was very famous during the ] and remains so in modern-day ] as the inspiration for many folk songs, of which the most famous is Vardar Ovasi. It has also been depicted on the coat of arms of Skopje, which in turn is incorporated in the city's flag.<ref>Official portal of the city of Skopje: {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140929172138/http://www.skopje.gov.mk/EN/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabindex=0&tabid=34 |date=2014-09-29 }}.&nbsp;– Retrieved on 13 May 2009.</ref> The river was very famous during the ] and remains so in modern-day ] as the inspiration for many folk songs, of which the most famous is Vardar Ovasi. It has also been depicted on the coat of arms of Skopje, which in turn is incorporated in the city's flag.<ref>Official portal of the city of Skopje: {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140929172138/http://www.skopje.gov.mk/EN/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabindex=0&tabid=34 |date=2014-09-29 }}.&nbsp;– Retrieved on 13 May 2009.</ref>

{{Clear}}


==Project to construct the Danube-Vardar-Aegean Canal== ==Project to construct the Danube-Vardar-Aegean Canal==
{{Main|Morava-Vardar Canal}}
The project to construct the Danube-Morava-Vardar-Aegean Canal has been a dream for a long time.<ref>The Project to Construct the Danube-Aegean Canal(2013)</ref> Le Figaro published a project of Athens and Belgrade on 28.08.2017. The Greek-Serbian proposal made in Beijing is Pharaonic: 651 km. A project worth 17 billion.<ref>The Greek-Serbian proposal made in Beijing</ref> A proposal to construct a canal connecting the Morava river valley with the Vardar, and hence linking the Danube to the Aegean Canal, has been a dream for a long time.<ref>The Project to Construct the Danube-Aegean Canal(2013)</ref> ] published a project of Athens and Belgrade on 28.08.2017. The Greek-Serbian proposal made in Beijing is Pharaonic: 651 km. A project worth 17 billion.<ref>The Greek-Serbian proposal made in Beijing</ref>


==Vardaris wind== ==Vardaris wind==
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] ]
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Latest revision as of 07:13, 23 October 2024

River in North Macedonia and Greece For other uses, see Vardar (disambiguation).
Vardar
Вардар
Vardar in Skopje
Native name
Location
CountriesNorth Macedonia and Greece
Physical characteristics
Source 
 • locationVrutok, near Gostivar
Mouth 
 • locationAegean Sea, near Thessaloniki
 • coordinates40°30′27″N 22°43′3″E / 40.50750°N 22.71750°E / 40.50750; 22.71750
Length388 km (241 mi)

The Vardar (/ˈvɑːrdɑːr/; Macedonian: Вардар, Albanian: Vardar/-i, Turkish: Vardar) or Axios (Greek: Αξιός, romanized: Aksiós, Albanian: Asi (historically)) is the longest river in North Macedonia and a major river in Greece, where it reaches the Aegean Sea at Thessaloniki. It is 388 km (241 mi) long, out of which 76 km (47 mi) are in Greece, and drains an area of around 25,000 km (9,653 sq mi). The maximum depth of the river is 4 m (13 ft).

Etymology

The name Vardar for the river may have been derived from Thracian, although Dardanian, Paeonian, Ancient Macedonian and Ancient Greek were also spoken in the lands drained by the river.

The modern Vardar is thought to derive from an earlier *Vardários, which may ultimately derive from Proto-Indo-European (PIE) *(s)wordo-wori- "black water". The name Vardários (Βαρδάριος) was sometimes used by the Ancient Greeks in the 3rd century BC. The same name was widely used in the Byzantine era.

Vardar/Vardarios may be a translation of (or otherwise have a similar meaning as) Axios, which may be Thracian and may have meant "not-shining" from PIE *n.-sk(e)i (cf. Avestan axšaēna "dark-coloured"). The oldest known name of the river, Axios, is mentioned by Homer (Il. 21.141, Il. 2.849) as the home of the Paeonians allies of Troy. Pjetër Bogdani would use the form Asi, an earlier Albanian-language name for the river.

This same hypothetical Thracian Axio- meaning "dark, not-shining" is theorized to be found in the name of a city at the mouth of the Danube, called Axiopolis in Greek and Axíopa (perhaps again meaning just "dark water") in Thracian, which may later have been translated into Slavic as Cernavodă, also meaning "black water".

Geography

Vardar in Skopje: the Stone Bridge

The river rises at Vrutok, a few kilometers southwest of Gostivar in North Macedonia. It passes through Gostivar, Skopje and into Veles, crosses the Greek border near Gevgelija, Polykastro and Axioupoli ("town on the Axiós"), before emptying into the Aegean Sea in Central Macedonia, west of Thessaloniki in northern Greece. The river forms a large delta along with Loudias and Haliacmon at the Axios-Loudias-Aliakmonas National Park.

The Vardar basin comprises two-thirds of the territory of North Macedonia. The valley features fertile lands in the Polog region, around Gevgelija and in the Thessaloniki regional unit. The river is surrounded by mountains elsewhere. The superhighways Greek National Road 1 in Greece and M1 and E75 run within the valley along the river's entire length to near Skopje.

The river was very famous during the Ottoman Empire and remains so in modern-day Turkey as the inspiration for many folk songs, of which the most famous is Vardar Ovasi. It has also been depicted on the coat of arms of Skopje, which in turn is incorporated in the city's flag.

Project to construct the Danube-Vardar-Aegean Canal

Main article: Morava-Vardar Canal

A proposal to construct a canal connecting the Morava river valley with the Vardar, and hence linking the Danube to the Aegean Canal, has been a dream for a long time. Le Figaro published a project of Athens and Belgrade on 28.08.2017. The Greek-Serbian proposal made in Beijing is Pharaonic: 651 km. A project worth 17 billion.

Vardaris wind

The Vardaris or Vardarec is a powerful prevailing northerly ravine wind which blows across the river valley in Greece as well as in North Macedonia. At first it descends along the "canal" of the Vardar valley, usually as a breeze. When it encounters the high mountains that separate Greece from North Macedonia, it descends the other side, gathering a tremendous momentum and bringing cold conditions to the city of Thessaloniki and the Axios delta. Somewhat similar to the mistral wind of France, it occurs when atmospheric pressure over eastern Europe is higher than over the Aegean Sea, as is often the case in winter.

Gallery

  • Map of the northwestern part of North Macedonia including the source of the Vardar Map of the northwestern part of North Macedonia including the source of the Vardar
  • Axios/Vardar river map Axios/Vardar river map
  • Veles Gorge Veles Gorge
  • River Vardar near Gradsko River Vardar near Gradsko
  • River Vardar near Gradsko (2) River Vardar near Gradsko (2)
  • Vardar (Axios) river in Greece Vardar (Axios) river in Greece
  • Longitudinal hidrographic profile of the flow of river Vardar Longitudinal hidrographic profile of the flow of river Vardar

See also

References

  1. ^ Arapi, Ina (17 December 2014). "Konferenca për Eposin e Kreshnikëve, Pjetër Bogdani dhe Dardania në gusht 2014 (rreth vendlindjes së arqipeshkvit Pjetër Bogdani)". Epoka e Re: 6.
  2. ^ "The rivers – Axios Delta National Park". axiosdelta.gr. Retrieved 2020-08-05.
  3. Orel, Vladimir. A Handbook of Germanic Etymology. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 2003: 392.
  4. Mallory, J. P. and D. Q. Adams. Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. London: Fitzroy and Dearborn, 1997: 147.
  5. ^ Katičic', Radoslav. Ancient Languages of the Balkans. Paris: Mouton, 1976: 149.
  6. Mallory, J. P. and D. Q. Adams. Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. London: Fitzroy and Dearborn, 1997: 146.
  7. Axios, Georg Autenrieth, A Homeric Dictionary, at Perseus
  8. "The creation of the Delta – Axios Delta National Park". axiosdelta.gr. Retrieved 2024-08-22.
  9. Official portal of the city of Skopje: City symbols Archived 2014-09-29 at the Wayback Machine. – Retrieved on 13 May 2009.
  10. The Project to Construct the Danube-Aegean Canal(2013)
  11. The Greek-Serbian proposal made in Beijing

External links

Categories: