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| name = TRAPPIST-1c |
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| name = TRAPPIST-1c |
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| image = File:Rocky Exoplanet TRAPPIST-1 c (Artist Concept).jpg |
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| image = File:Rocky Exoplanet TRAPPIST-1 c (Artist Concept).jpg |
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| caption = Artist's impression of TRAPPIST-1c (June 2023) |
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| caption = Artist's impression of TRAPPIST-1c (June 2023) with ] in the background |
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<!-- DISCOVERY --> |
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<!-- DISCOVERY --> |
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| discovery_ref = <ref name="Gillon2016"/> |
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| discovery_ref = <ref name="Gillon2016"/> |
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| discovered = May 2, 2016 |
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| discovered = May 2, 2016 |
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| discovery_method = ] |
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| discovery_method = ] |
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| atmosphere_composition = None or extremely thin<ref name="Zieba2023"/><ref name="JWST-20230619"/><ref name=Radica2024 /> |
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'''TRAPPIST-1c''', also designated as '''2MASS J23062928-0502285 c''', is a mainly rocky ] orbiting around the ultracool dwarf ] ], located {{convert|40.7|ly|pc|lk=on|abbr=off}} away from Earth in the ]. It is the third most massive and third largest planet of the system, with about 131% the mass and 110% the radius of Earth.<ref name="Agol2021"/> Its density indicates a primarily rocky composition, and observations by the ] announced in 2023 suggest that it has either a very thin atmosphere or no atmosphere, similar to ].<ref name="JWST-20230619"/><ref name="Zieba2023"/> |
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'''TRAPPIST-1c''', also designated as '''2MASS J23062928-0502285 c''', is a mainly rocky ] orbiting around the ultracool dwarf ] ], located {{convert|40.7|ly|pc|lk=on|abbr=off}} away from Earth in the ]. It is the third most massive and third largest planet of the system, with about 131% the mass and 110% the radius of Earth.<ref name="Agol2021"/> Its density indicates a primarily rocky composition, and observations by the ] announced in 2023 suggests against a thick CO<sub>2</sub> atmosphere, however this does not exclude a thick abiotic oxygen-dominated atmosphere as is hypothesized to be common around ].{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}} |
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==Physical characteristics== |
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==Physical characteristics== |
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TRAPPIST-1c was observed with the transit method, which enabled scientists to calculate its radius. Transit-timing variations and computer simulations were able to determine the mass, density, and gravity of the planet. TRAPPIST-1c is the third-largest planet of the TRAPPIST-1 system, with a radius of {{val|1.097|ul=Earth radius}}. It is also the third-most massive of the system, with a mass of {{val|1.308|ul=Earth mass}}, slightly lower than that of the next most massive, ].<ref name="Agol2021"/> Initial estimates suggested that TRAPPIST-1c has a lower density (4.89 g/cm<sup>3</sup>) and gravity (0.966g) than Earth, consistent with a rock-based composition and a thick, Venus-like atmosphere.<ref name="Grimm2018"/><ref name="Delrez2018"/> However, refined density estimates show that the planet's density is similar to Earth.<ref name="Agol2021"/> |
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TRAPPIST-1c was observed with the transit method, which enabled scientists to calculate its radius. Transit-timing variations and computer simulations were able to determine the mass, density, and gravity of the planet. TRAPPIST-1c is the third-largest planet of the TRAPPIST-1 system, with a radius of {{val|1.097|ul=Earth radius}}. It is also the third-most massive of the system, with a mass of {{val|1.308|ul=Earth mass}}, slightly lower than that of the next most massive, ].<ref name="Agol2021"/> Initial estimates suggested that TRAPPIST-1c has a lower density (4.89 g/cm<sup>3</sup>) and gravity (0.966g) than Earth, consistent with a rock-based composition and a thick, Venus-like atmosphere.<ref name="Grimm2018"/><ref name="Delrez2018"/> However, refined density estimates show that the planet's density is similar to Earth.<ref name="Agol2021"/> |
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TRAPPIST-1c's atmosphere was expected to be large enough to raise its surface temperature far above the calculated {{convert|334.8|K|C F}} equilibrium temperature.<ref name="Grimm2018"/><ref name="Delrez2018"/> However, an observation of the secondary eclipse of TRAPPIST-1c by the James Webb Space Telescope, announced in 2023, suggests that the planet has either a very thin atmosphere or no atmosphere, with a measured surface temperature of {{convert|380|K|C F}}.<ref name="JWST-20230619"/><ref name="Zieba2023"/> In addition, the planet may be very geologically active due to tidal squeezing similar to Jupiter's moon Io, which happens to have a similar orbital period and eccentricity (see ] for references). |
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TRAPPIST-1c's atmosphere was expected to be large enough to raise its surface temperature far above the calculated {{convert|334.8|K|C F}} ].<ref name="Grimm2018"/><ref name="Delrez2018"/> However, an observation of the secondary eclipse of TRAPPIST-1c by the James Webb Space Telescope, announced in 2023, suggests against a thick CO2 atmosphere, however this does not exclude a thick abiotic oxygen dominated atmosphere as is hypothesized to be Common around Red dwarf stars, with a measured surface temperature of {{convert|380|K|C F}}.<ref name="JWST-20230619"/><ref name="Zieba2023"/> In addition, the planet may be very geologically active due to tidal squeezing similar to Jupiter's moon Io, which happens to have a similar orbital period and eccentricity (see ] for references). |
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===Orbit=== |
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===Orbit=== |
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The orbit of TRAPPIST-1c is very close to its host star. One year on this planet lasts a mere 2.42 days (58 hours), a fraction as long as that of our Solar System's innermost planet, ]. The planet orbits at a distance of 0.0158 ], which is about 1.6% the distance between Earth and the ]. At this proximity, TRAPPIST-1c is most likely ]. However, due to the small size of its host star, the planet only receives about 2.1 times the sunlight as Earth (similar to Venus, at 1.9 times). Its orbital eccentricity is very low at 0.00654, similar to that of TRAPPIST-1b. |
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The orbit of TRAPPIST-1c is very close to its host star. One year on the planet lasts a mere 2.42 days (58 hours), a fraction as long as that of the Solar System's innermost planet, ], at 176 days. The planet orbits at a distance of 0.0158 ], which is about 1.6% the distance between Earth and the ]. At this proximity, TRAPPIST-1c is most likely ]. However, due to the small size of its host star, the planet only receives about 2.1 times the sunlight as Earth (similar to Venus, at 1.9 times). Its orbital eccentricity is very low at 0.00654, similar to that of TRAPPIST-1b. |
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===Host star=== |
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===Host star=== |
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TRAPPIST-1c orbits the ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1. It is 0.121 R☉ and 0.089 M☉, with a temperature of 2511 K and an age between 3 and 8 billion years. For comparison, the Sun has a temperature of 5778 K and is about 4.5 billion years old. TRAPPIST-1 is also very dim, with about 0.0005 times (0.05%) the luminosity of the Sun. It is too faint to be see with the naked eye, having an apparent magnitude of 18.80. |
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TRAPPIST-1c orbits the ] TRAPPIST-1. It is {{solar radius|0.121}} and {{solar mass|0.089}}, with a temperature of 2511 K and an age between 3 and 8 billion years. For comparison, the Sun has a temperature of 5778 K and is about 4.5 billion years old. TRAPPIST-1 is also very dim, with about 0.0005 times (0.05%) the luminosity of the Sun. It is too faint to be seen with the naked eye, having an apparent magnitude of 18.80. |
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===Atmosphere=== |
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===Atmosphere=== |
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The combined transmission spectrum of TRAPPIST-1 b and c rules out a cloud-free hydrogen-dominated atmosphere for each planet, so they are unlikely to harbor an extended gas envelope. Prior to JWST observations, other atmospheres, from a cloud-free water-vapor atmosphere to a Venus-like atmosphere, remained consistent with the featureless spectrum.<ref name="deWit2016"/> |
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The combined transmission spectrum of TRAPPIST-1 b and c rules out a cloud-free hydrogen-dominated atmosphere for each planet, so they are unlikely to harbor an extended gas envelope. Prior to JWST observations, other atmospheres, from a cloud-free water-vapor atmosphere to a Venus-like atmosphere, remained consistent with the featureless spectrum.<ref name="deWit2016"/> |
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In 2018, the composition of TRAPPIST-1c was determined, and has been found to be rock-based. The presence of an atmosphere could not be confirmed.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Landau|first=NASA, Liz|title=New clues to compositions of TRAPPIST-1 planets|url=https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/news/1481/new-clues-to-compositions-of-trappist-1-planets/|access-date=2021-05-21|website=Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System}}</ref><ref name="Grimm2018"/> An observation of the secondary eclipse of TRAPPIST-1c by the ], announced in 2023, suggests that the planet has either a very thin atmosphere or no atmosphere, ruling out a thick ] atmosphere like that of Venus.<ref name="JWST-20230619"/><ref name="Zieba2023"/> This is similar to JWST results on the inner planet ] announced earlier the same year, which suggest that it does not have any significant atmosphere.<ref name="JWST-20230327"/> |
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In 2018, the composition of TRAPPIST-1c was determined, and has been found to be rock-based. The presence of an atmosphere could not be confirmed.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Landau|first=NASA, Liz|title=New clues to compositions of TRAPPIST-1 planets|url=https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/news/1481/new-clues-to-compositions-of-trappist-1-planets/|access-date=2021-05-21|website=Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System}}</ref><ref name="Grimm2018"/> An observation of the secondary eclipse of TRAPPIST-1c by the ], announced in 2023 rules out a thick ] atmosphere like that of Venus.<ref name="JWST-20230619"/><ref name="Zieba2023"/> This is similar to JWST results on the inner planet ] announced earlier the same year, which suggest that it does not have a thick CO<sub>2</sub> dominated atmosphere.<ref name="JWST-20230327"/> In 2024, transmission spectra of the planet had ruled out a hydrogen-dominated atmosphere with >3σ confidence and an atmosphere rich in ], ] or ] with a pressure of 1 bar when taking into account stellar contamination.<ref name=Radica2024 /> |
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==See also== |
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==See also== |
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<!--<ref name="Gillon2017">{{Cite journal|last=Gillon|first=Michaël|last2=Triaud|first2=Amaury H. M. J.|last3=Demory|first3=Brice-Olivier|last4=Jehin|first4=Emmanuël|last5=Agol|first5=Eric|last6=Deck|first6=Katherine M.|last7=Lederer|first7=Susan M.|last8=Wit|first8=Julien de|last9=Burdanov|first9=Artem|display-authors=2|title=Seven temperate terrestrial planets around the nearby ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1|url= |journal=Nature|volume=542|issue=7642|pages=456–460|arxiv=1703.01424|doi=10.1038/nature21360|pmid=28230125|pmc=5330437|bibcode = 2017Natur.542..456G |year=2017}}</ref>--> |
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<!--<ref name="Gillon2017">{{Cite journal|last=Gillon|first=Michaël|last2=Triaud|first2=Amaury H. M. J.|last3=Demory|first3=Brice-Olivier|last4=Jehin|first4=Emmanuël|last5=Agol|first5=Eric|last6=Deck|first6=Katherine M.|last7=Lederer|first7=Susan M.|last8=Wit|first8=Julien de|last9=Burdanov|first9=Artem|display-authors=2|title=Seven temperate terrestrial planets around the nearby ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1|url= |journal=Nature|volume=542|issue=7642|pages=456–460|arxiv=1703.01424|doi=10.1038/nature21360|pmid=28230125|pmc=5330437|bibcode = 2017Natur.542..456G |year=2017}}</ref>--> |
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<ref name="vangrootel2017">{{Cite journal|title=Stellar parameters for TRAPPIST-1 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=853 |pages=30 |arxiv=1712.01911 |first1=Valerie |last1=Van Grootel |first2=Catarina S. |last2=Fernandes |first3=Michaël |last3=Gillon |first4=Emmanuel |last4=Jehin |first5=Richard |last5=Scuflaire |first6=Adam J. |last6=Burgasser |first7=Artem |last7=Burdanov |first8=Laetitia |last8=Delrez |first9=Brice-Olivier |last9=Demory |first10=Julien |last10=de Wit |first11=Didier |last11=Queloz |first12=Amaury H. M. J. |last12=Triaud |display-authors=5 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aaa023 |year=2018 |issue=1 |bibcode=2018ApJ...853...30V |s2cid=54034373 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="vangrootel2017">{{Cite journal|title=Stellar parameters for TRAPPIST-1 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=853 |pages=30 |arxiv=1712.01911 |first1=Valerie |last1=Van Grootel |first2=Catarina S. |last2=Fernandes |first3=Michaël |last3=Gillon |first4=Emmanuel |last4=Jehin |first5=Richard |last5=Scuflaire |first6=Adam J. |last6=Burgasser |first7=Artem |last7=Burdanov |first8=Laetitia |last8=Delrez |first9=Brice-Olivier |last9=Demory |first10=Julien |last10=de Wit |first11=Didier |last11=Queloz |first12=Amaury H. M. J. |last12=Triaud |display-authors=5 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aaa023 |year=2018 |issue=1 |bibcode=2018ApJ...853...30V |s2cid=54034373 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Delrez2018">{{Cite journal|title=Early 2017 observations of TRAPPIST-1 with Spitzer |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=475 |issue=3 |pages=3577–3597 |arxiv=1801.02554 |first1=Laetitia |last1=Delrez |first2=Michael |last2=Gillon |first3=Amaury |last3=H.M.J |first4=Triaud |last4=Brice-Oliver Demory |first5=Julien |last5=de Wit |first6=James |last6=Ingalls |first7=Eric |last7=Agol |first8=Emeline |last8=Bolmont |first9=Artem |last9=Burdanov |first10=Adam J. |last10=Burgasser |first11=Sean J. |last11=Carey |first12=Emmanuel |last12=Jehin |first13=Jeremy |last13=Leconte |first14=Susan |last14=Lederer |first15=Didier |last15=Queloz |first16=Franck |last16=Selsis |first17=Valerie Van |last17=Grootel |doi=10.1093/mnras/sty051 |year=2018 |bibcode=2018MNRAS.475.3577D }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Delrez2018">{{Cite journal|title=Early 2017 observations of TRAPPIST-1 with Spitzer |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=475 |issue=3 |pages=3577–3597 |arxiv=1801.02554 |first1=Laetitia |last1=Delrez |first2=Michael |last2=Gillon |first3=Amaury |last3=H.M.J |first4=Triaud |last4=Brice-Oliver Demory |first5=Julien |last5=de Wit |first6=James |last6=Ingalls |first7=Eric |last7=Agol |first8=Emeline |last8=Bolmont |first9=Artem |last9=Burdanov |first10=Adam J. |last10=Burgasser |first11=Sean J. |last11=Carey |first12=Emmanuel |last12=Jehin |first13=Jeremy |last13=Leconte |first14=Susan |last14=Lederer |first15=Didier |last15=Queloz |first16=Franck |last16=Selsis |first17=Valerie Van |last17=Grootel |doi=10.1093/mnras/sty051 |year=2018 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018MNRAS.475.3577D }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Grimm2018">{{Cite journal|title=The nature of the TRAPPIST-1 exoplanets |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=613 |pages=A68 |arxiv=1802.01377 |first1=Simon L. |last1=Grimm |first2=Brice-Olivier |last2=Demory |first3=Michael |last3=Gillon |first4=Caroline |last4=Dorn |first5=Eric |last5=Agol |first6=Artem |last6=Burdanov |first7=Laetitia |last7=Delrez |first8=Marko |last8=Sestovic |first9=Amaury H.M.J. |last9=Triaud |first10=Martin |last10=Turbet |first11=Emeline |last11=Bolmont |first12=Anthony |last12=Caldas |first13=Julien |last13=de Wit |first14=Emmanuel |last14=Jehin |first15=Jeremy |last15=Leconte |first16=Sean N. |last16=Raymond |first17=Valerie |last17=Van Grootel |first18=Adam J. |last18=Burgasser |first19=Sean |last19=Carey |first20=Daniel |last20=Fabrycky |first21=Kevin |last21=Heng |first22=David M. |last22=Hernandez |first23=James G. |last23=Ingalls |first24=Susan |last24=Lederer |first25=Franck |last25=Selsis |first26=Didier |last26=Queloz |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201732233 |year=2018 |bibcode=2018A&A...613A..68G |s2cid=3441829 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Grimm2018">{{Cite journal|title=The nature of the TRAPPIST-1 exoplanets |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=613 |pages=A68 |arxiv=1802.01377 |first1=Simon L. |last1=Grimm |first2=Brice-Olivier |last2=Demory |first3=Michael |last3=Gillon |first4=Caroline |last4=Dorn |first5=Eric |last5=Agol |first6=Artem |last6=Burdanov |first7=Laetitia |last7=Delrez |first8=Marko |last8=Sestovic |first9=Amaury H.M.J. |last9=Triaud |first10=Martin |last10=Turbet |first11=Emeline |last11=Bolmont |first12=Anthony |last12=Caldas |first13=Julien |last13=de Wit |first14=Emmanuel |last14=Jehin |first15=Jeremy |last15=Leconte |first16=Sean N. |last16=Raymond |first17=Valerie |last17=Van Grootel |first18=Adam J. |last18=Burgasser |first19=Sean |last19=Carey |first20=Daniel |last20=Fabrycky |first21=Kevin |last21=Heng |first22=David M. |last22=Hernandez |first23=James G. |last23=Ingalls |first24=Susan |last24=Lederer |first25=Franck |last25=Selsis |first26=Didier |last26=Queloz |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201732233 |year=2018 |bibcode=2018A&A...613A..68G |s2cid=3441829 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Ducrot2020">{{cite journal |last1=Ducrot |first1=E. |last2=Gillon |first2=M. |last3=Delrez |first3=L. |last4=Agol |first4=E. |display-authors=4|last5=Rimmer |first5=P. |last6=Turbet |first6=M. |last7=Günther |first7=M. N. |last8=Demory |first8=B.-O. |last9=Triaud |first9=A. H. M. J. |last10=Bolmont |first10=E. |last11=Burgasser |first11=A. |last12=Carey |first12=S. J. |last13=Ingalls |first13=J. G. |last14=Jehin |first14=E. |last15=Leconte |first15=J. |last16=Lederer |first16=S. M. |last17=Queloz |first17=D. |last18=Raymond |first18=S. N. |last19=Selsis |first19=F. |last20=Grootel |first20=V. Van |last21=Wit |first21=J. de |title=TRAPPIST-1: Global results of the Spitzer Exploration Science Program Red Worlds |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |date=1 August 2020 |volume=640 |pages=A112 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201937392 |arxiv=2006.13826 |bibcode=2020A&A...640A.112D |s2cid=220041987 |language=en |issn=0004-6361}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Ducrot2020">{{cite journal |last1=Ducrot |first1=E. |last2=Gillon |first2=M. |last3=Delrez |first3=L. |last4=Agol |first4=E. |display-authors=4|last5=Rimmer |first5=P. |last6=Turbet |first6=M. |last7=Günther |first7=M. N. |last8=Demory |first8=B.-O. |last9=Triaud |first9=A. H. M. J. |last10=Bolmont |first10=E. |last11=Burgasser |first11=A. |last12=Carey |first12=S. J. |last13=Ingalls |first13=J. G. |last14=Jehin |first14=E. |last15=Leconte |first15=J. |last16=Lederer |first16=S. M. |last17=Queloz |first17=D. |last18=Raymond |first18=S. N. |last19=Selsis |first19=F. |last20=Grootel |first20=V. Van |last21=Wit |first21=J. de |title=TRAPPIST-1: Global results of the Spitzer Exploration Science Program Red Worlds |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |date=1 August 2020 |volume=640 |pages=A112 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201937392 |arxiv=2006.13826 |bibcode=2020A&A...640A.112D |s2cid=220041987 |language=en |issn=0004-6361}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Agol2021">{{cite journal |last1=Agol |first1=Eric |last2=Dorn |first2=Caroline |last3=Grimm |first3=Simon L. |last4=Turbet |first4=Martin |display-authors=4|last5=Ducrot |first5=Elsa |last6=Delrez |first6=Laetitia |last7=Gillon |first7=Michaël |last8=Demory |first8=Brice-Olivier |last9=Burdanov |first9=Artem |last10=Barkaoui |first10=Khalid |last11=Benkhaldoun |first11=Zouhair |last12=Bolmont |first12=Emeline |last13=Burgasser |first13=Adam |last14=Carey |first14=Sean |last15=de Wit |first15=Julien |last16=Fabrycky |first16=Daniel |last17=Foreman-Mackey |first17=Daniel |last18=Haldemann |first18=Jonas |last19=Hernandez |first19=David M. |last20=Ingalls |first20=James |last21=Jehin |first21=Emmanuel |last22=Langford |first22=Zachary |last23=Leconte |first23=Jérémy |last24=Lederer |first24=Susan M. |last25=Luger |first25=Rodrigo |last26=Malhotra |first26=Renu |last27=Meadows |first27=Victoria S. |last28=Morris |first28=Brett M. |last29=Pozuelos |first29=Francisco J. |last30=Queloz |first30=Didier |last31=Raymond |first31=Sean N. |last32=Selsis |first32=Franck |last33=Sestovic |first33=Marko |last34=Triaud |first34=Amaury H. M. J. |last35=Grootel |first35=Valerie Van |title=Refining the Transit-timing and Photometric Analysis of TRAPPIST-1: Masses, Radii, Densities, Dynamics, and Ephemerides |journal=The Planetary Science Journal |date=1 February 2021 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=1 |doi=10.3847/psj/abd022 |arxiv=2010.01074 |bibcode=2021PSJ.....2....1A |s2cid=222125312 |language=en}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Agol2021">{{cite journal |last1=Agol |first1=Eric |last2=Dorn |first2=Caroline |last3=Grimm |first3=Simon L. |last4=Turbet |first4=Martin |display-authors=4|last5=Ducrot |first5=Elsa |last6=Delrez |first6=Laetitia |last7=Gillon |first7=Michaël |last8=Demory |first8=Brice-Olivier |last9=Burdanov |first9=Artem |last10=Barkaoui |first10=Khalid |last11=Benkhaldoun |first11=Zouhair |last12=Bolmont |first12=Emeline |last13=Burgasser |first13=Adam |last14=Carey |first14=Sean |last15=de Wit |first15=Julien |last16=Fabrycky |first16=Daniel |last17=Foreman-Mackey |first17=Daniel |last18=Haldemann |first18=Jonas |last19=Hernandez |first19=David M. |last20=Ingalls |first20=James |last21=Jehin |first21=Emmanuel |last22=Langford |first22=Zachary |last23=Leconte |first23=Jérémy |last24=Lederer |first24=Susan M. |last25=Luger |first25=Rodrigo |last26=Malhotra |first26=Renu |last27=Meadows |first27=Victoria S. |last28=Morris |first28=Brett M. |last29=Pozuelos |first29=Francisco J. |last30=Queloz |first30=Didier |last31=Raymond |first31=Sean N. |last32=Selsis |first32=Franck |last33=Sestovic |first33=Marko |last34=Triaud |first34=Amaury H. M. J. |last35=Grootel |first35=Valerie Van |title=Refining the Transit-timing and Photometric Analysis of TRAPPIST-1: Masses, Radii, Densities, Dynamics, and Ephemerides |journal=The Planetary Science Journal |date=1 February 2021 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=1 |doi=10.3847/psj/abd022 |arxiv=2010.01074 |bibcode=2021PSJ.....2....1A |s2cid=222125312 |language=en |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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<ref name="JWST-20230327">{{cite web |url=https://webbtelescope.org/contents/news-releases/2023/news-2023-110 |title=NASA's Webb Measures the Temperature of a Rocky Exoplanet |date=27 March 2023 |website=webbtelescope.org |publisher=] |access-date=27 March 2023}}</ref> |
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<ref name="JWST-20230327">{{cite web |url=https://webbtelescope.org/contents/news-releases/2023/news-2023-110 |title=NASA's Webb Measures the Temperature of a Rocky Exoplanet |date=27 March 2023 |website=webbtelescope.org |publisher=] |access-date=27 March 2023}}</ref> |
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<ref name="JWST-20230619">{{cite web |url=https://webbtelescope.org/contents/news-releases/2023/news-2023-125 |title=Webb Rules Out Thick Carbon Dioxide Atmosphere for Rocky Exoplanet |date=19 June 2023 |website=webbtelescope.org |publisher=] |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref> |
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<ref name="JWST-20230619">{{cite web |url=https://webbtelescope.org/contents/news-releases/2023/news-2023-125 |title=Webb Rules Out Thick Carbon Dioxide Atmosphere for Rocky Exoplanet |date=19 June 2023 |website=webbtelescope.org |publisher=] |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Zieba2023">{{cite journal |last1=Zieba |first1=Sebastian |last2=Kreidberg |first2=Laura |last3=Ducrot |first3=Elsa |last4=Gillon |first4=Michaël |display-authors=etal |date=June 2023 |title=No thick carbon dioxide atmosphere on the rocky exoplanet TRAPPIST-1 c |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06232-z |journal=] |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Zieba2023">{{cite journal |last1=Zieba |first1=Sebastian |last2=Kreidberg |first2=Laura |last3=Ducrot |first3=Elsa |last4=Gillon |first4=Michaël |display-authors=etal |date=June 2023 |title=No thick carbon dioxide atmosphere on the rocky exoplanet TRAPPIST-1 c |journal=] |volume= 620|issue= 7975|pages= 746–749|doi=10.1038/s41586-023-06232-z |pmid=37337068 |pmc=10447244 |arxiv=2306.10150|bibcode=2023Natur.620..746Z |s2cid=259200424 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=Radica2024>{{Cite arXiv|display-authors=etal|author=Radica, Michael|date=28 September 2024|title=Promise and Peril: Stellar Contamination and Strict Limits on the Atmosphere Composition of TRAPPIST-1c from JWST NIRISS Transmission Spectra|class=astro-ph.EP |eprint=2409.19333v2}}</ref> |
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TRAPPIST-1c was observed with the transit method, which enabled scientists to calculate its radius. Transit-timing variations and computer simulations were able to determine the mass, density, and gravity of the planet. TRAPPIST-1c is the third-largest planet of the TRAPPIST-1 system, with a radius of 1.097 R🜨. It is also the third-most massive of the system, with a mass of 1.308 M🜨, slightly lower than that of the next most massive, TRAPPIST-1g. Initial estimates suggested that TRAPPIST-1c has a lower density (4.89 g/cm) and gravity (0.966g) than Earth, consistent with a rock-based composition and a thick, Venus-like atmosphere. However, refined density estimates show that the planet's density is similar to Earth.
TRAPPIST-1c's atmosphere was expected to be large enough to raise its surface temperature far above the calculated 334.8 K (61.7 °C; 143.0 °F) equilibrium temperature. However, an observation of the secondary eclipse of TRAPPIST-1c by the James Webb Space Telescope, announced in 2023, suggests against a thick CO2 atmosphere, however this does not exclude a thick abiotic oxygen dominated atmosphere as is hypothesized to be Common around Red dwarf stars, with a measured surface temperature of 380 K (107 °C; 224 °F). In addition, the planet may be very geologically active due to tidal squeezing similar to Jupiter's moon Io, which happens to have a similar orbital period and eccentricity (see TRAPPIST-1#Resonance and tides for references).
The orbit of TRAPPIST-1c is very close to its host star. One year on the planet lasts a mere 2.42 days (58 hours), a fraction as long as that of the Solar System's innermost planet, Mercury, at 176 days. The planet orbits at a distance of 0.0158 AU, which is about 1.6% the distance between Earth and the Sun. At this proximity, TRAPPIST-1c is most likely tidally locked. However, due to the small size of its host star, the planet only receives about 2.1 times the sunlight as Earth (similar to Venus, at 1.9 times). Its orbital eccentricity is very low at 0.00654, similar to that of TRAPPIST-1b.
The combined transmission spectrum of TRAPPIST-1 b and c rules out a cloud-free hydrogen-dominated atmosphere for each planet, so they are unlikely to harbor an extended gas envelope. Prior to JWST observations, other atmospheres, from a cloud-free water-vapor atmosphere to a Venus-like atmosphere, remained consistent with the featureless spectrum.
In 2018, the composition of TRAPPIST-1c was determined, and has been found to be rock-based. The presence of an atmosphere could not be confirmed. An observation of the secondary eclipse of TRAPPIST-1c by the James Webb Space Telescope, announced in 2023 rules out a thick carbon dioxide atmosphere like that of Venus. This is similar to JWST results on the inner planet TRAPPIST-1b announced earlier the same year, which suggest that it does not have a thick CO2 dominated atmosphere. In 2024, transmission spectra of the planet had ruled out a hydrogen-dominated atmosphere with >3σ confidence and an atmosphere rich in water, ammonia or carbon monoxide with a pressure of 1 bar when taking into account stellar contamination.
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Artist's impression of TRAPPIST-1c (June 2023) with TRAPPIST-1b in the background
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