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| '''Norman R. Morrison'''<ref name=":0" /> (December 29, 1933 – November 2, 1965) was an American ]. On November 2, 1965, Morrison doused himself in kerosene and set himself on fire below the office of ] ] at ] |
'''Norman R. Morrison'''<ref name=":0" /> (December 29, 1933 – November 2, 1965) was an American ]. On November 2, 1965, Morrison doused himself in kerosene and set himself on fire below the office of ] ] at ]<ref>, ''Time Magazine'', November 12, 1965; accessed July 23, 2007.</ref> to protest ] involvement in the ], leading to his death. This action was inspired by photographs of Vietnamese children burned by napalm bombings, and may have been inspired by ] and other Buddhist monks, who burned themselves to death to ] committed by the ] government of Catholic President ].<ref name="Tucker" /> | ||
| == Background == | == Background == | ||
| Morrison was born in ], ] and was raised ].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Flintoff |first=John-Paul |date=2010-10-15 |title=I told them to be brave |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/oct/16/norman-morrison-vietnam-war-protest |access-date=2023-03-04 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> At 13, his family moved to ], ], where Morrison joined the ] and entered the ], becoming the youngest BSA member in ] to earn a ]. Morrison graduated from the ] in 1956. He had gained an interest in the ] and their ideals, but continued to attend Presbyterian seminars in ] and at the ] in ]. Morrison became a member of the ] in 1959 and by 1965, he |
Morrison was born in ], ] and was raised ].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Flintoff |first=John-Paul |date=2010-10-15 |title=I told them to be brave |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/oct/16/norman-morrison-vietnam-war-protest |access-date=2023-03-04 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> At 13, his family moved to ], ], where Morrison joined the ] and entered the ], becoming the youngest BSA member in ] to earn a ]. Morrison graduated from the ] in 1956. He had gained an interest in the ] and their ideals, but continued to attend Presbyterian seminars in ] and at the ] in ]. Morrison became a member of the ] in 1959 and by 1965, he worked for Stony Run Friends Meeting in ] as its Executive Secretary. As an ardent believer in the principle of ], he condemned the actions of the U.S. military in the Vietnam War.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=1965-11-12 |title=Churches: The Pacifists |language=en-US |magazine=Time |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,834576,00.html |access-date=2023-03-04 |issn=0040-781X}}</ref> | ||
| Six months before the act, on March 9, ] ] had authorized the use of ] in the Vietnam War, which, by the end of the war, would end up killing at least 50,000 civilians in ].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Vietnam: 1965 – 1975 {{!}} Mass Atrocity Endings |url=https://sites.tufts.edu/atrocityendings/2015/08/07/vietnam-vietnam-war/ |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=World Peace Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> This decision had spurred fellow Quaker and ] ] to set herself on fire in an open street in ], ] on March |
Six months before the act, on March 9, ] ] had authorized the use of ] in the Vietnam War, which, by the end of the war, would end up killing at least 50,000 civilians in ].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Vietnam: 1965 – 1975 {{!}} Mass Atrocity Endings |url=https://sites.tufts.edu/atrocityendings/2015/08/07/vietnam-vietnam-war/ |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=World Peace Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> This decision had spurred fellow Quaker and ] ] to set herself on fire in an open street in ], ] on March 16 of the same year, in similar vein as Thích Quảng Đức had done in 1963.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Walter |first=Donnal |date=2018-03-22 |title=Why Would Anyone Kill One's Self In an Attempt to Stop A War? |url=https://worldbeyondwar.org/why-would-anyone-kill-ones-self-in-an-attempt-to-stop-a-war/ |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=World Beyond War |language=en-US}}</ref> At the time of his death, Morrison was married to Anne Welsh, also a Quaker, with whom he had two daughters and a son.<ref name="profile"> {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121215124300/http://www.wooster.edu/news/releases/2009/august/welsh|date=2012-12-15}}, wooster.edu; accessed December 11, 2014.</ref> | ||
| ==Death== | ==Death== | ||
| {{see also|List of political self-immolations}}Morrison took his daughter Emily, then one year of age, to the Pentagon, and either set her down or handed her off to someone in the crowd before setting himself ablaze. |
{{see also|List of political self-immolations}}Morrison took his daughter Emily, then one year of age, to the Pentagon, and either set her down or handed her off to someone in the crowd before setting himself ablaze. He died within two minutes of leaving in an ambulance for ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Steinbach |first=Alice |date=1995-07-30 |title=THE SACRIFICE of NORMAN MORRISON Thirty years ago a Baltimore Quaker set himself on fire to protest the war in Vietnam. Did it make a difference? |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1995/07/30/the-sacrifice-of-norman-morrison-thirty-years-ago-a-baltimore-quaker-set-himself-on-fire-to-protest-the-war-in-vietnam-did-it-make-a-difference/ |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=Baltimore Sun |language=en-US}}</ref> | ||
| Morrison's reasons for taking Emily are not entirely known. However, Morrison's wife Anne later recalled, "Whether he thought of it that way or not, I think having Emily with him was a final and great comfort to Norman... he was a powerful symbol of the children we were killing with our bombs and napalm – who didn't have parents to hold them in their arms."<ref>Hollyday, Joyce (July–August 1995). , Sojourners Magazine</ref> | |||
| In a letter he mailed to Welsh, Morrison reassured her of the faith in his act. "Know that I love thee ... but I must go to help the children of the priest's village". McNamara described Morrison's death as "a tragedy not only for his family but also for me and the country. It was an outcry against the killing that was destroying the lives of so many Vietnamese and American youth." He was survived by Anne Welsh and three children, Ben (who died of cancer in 1976), Christina and Emily.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Times |first=Special to The New York |date=1965-11-04 |title=Colleagues Stunned by Quaker's Self-Immolation; Tactic 'Unprecedented' in the Society |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/11/04/archives/colleagues-stunned-by-quakers-selfimmolation-tactic-unprecedented.html |access-date=2023-03-04 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> | In a letter he mailed to Welsh, Morrison reassured her of the faith in his act. "Know that I love thee ... but I must go to help the children of the priest's village". McNamara described Morrison's death as "a tragedy not only for his family but also for me and the country. It was an outcry against the killing that was destroying the lives of so many Vietnamese and American youth." He was survived by Anne Welsh and three children, Ben (who died of cancer in 1976), Christina and Emily.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Times |first=Special to The New York |date=1965-11-04 |title=Colleagues Stunned by Quaker's Self-Immolation; Tactic 'Unprecedented' in the Society |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/11/04/archives/colleagues-stunned-by-quakers-selfimmolation-tactic-unprecedented.html |access-date=2023-03-04 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> | ||
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| One week after Morrison, ] performed a similar act in ], in front of the ] building. On May 9, 1967, as part of the start to the 1967 Pentagon camp-in, demonstrators held a ] for Morrison, before occupying the Pentagon for four days until being removed and arrested.<ref name=Tucker>{{cite book|last1=Tucker|first1=Spencer C.|title=Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War, The: A Political, Social, and Military History|date=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-960-3|page=775|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qh5lffww-KsC&dq=Norman+Morrison+Pentagon+camp-in+vigil&pg=PA775|accessdate=9 October 2015}}</ref> | One week after Morrison, ] performed a similar act in ], in front of the ] building. On May 9, 1967, as part of the start to the 1967 Pentagon camp-in, demonstrators held a ] for Morrison, before occupying the Pentagon for four days until being removed and arrested.<ref name=Tucker>{{cite book|last1=Tucker|first1=Spencer C.|title=Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War, The: A Political, Social, and Military History|date=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-960-3|page=775|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qh5lffww-KsC&dq=Norman+Morrison+Pentagon+camp-in+vigil&pg=PA775|accessdate=9 October 2015}}</ref> | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| Morrison's widow, Anne, and the couple's two daughters visited Vietnam in 1999, where they met with Tố Hữu, the poet who had written the popular poem |
Morrison's widow, Anne, and the couple's two daughters visited Vietnam in 1999, where they met with Tố Hữu, the poet who had written the popular poem "Emily, My Child".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Steinbach|first=Alice|date=30 July 1995|title=The Sacrifice of Norman Morrison – Thirty years ago a Baltimore Quaker set himself on fire to protest the war in Vietnam. Did it make a difference?|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1995-07-30-1995211002-story.html|access-date=2021-04-05|website=The Baltimore Sun|language=en-US}}</ref> Anne Morrison Welsh recounts the visit and her husband's tragedy in her monograph, ''Fire of the Heart: Norman Morrison's Legacy In Vietnam And At Home''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Flintoff|first=John-Paul|date=15 October 2010|title=I told them to be brave|url=http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/oct/16/norman-morrison-vietnam-war-protest|access-date=2021-04-05|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> | ||
| On his visit to the United States in 2007, ] ] visited a site on the ] near the place where Morrison immolated himself and read the poem by Tố Hữu to commemorate Morrison.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tuoitre.vn/doc-tho-to-huu-ben-bo-song-potomac-209230.htm|title=Đọc thơ Tố Hữu bên bờ sông Potomac|author=Thanh Tuấn|date=July 7, 2007|publisher=Tuoi Tre|accessdate=2007-07-07}}</ref> | On his visit to the United States in 2007, ] ] visited a site on the ] near the place where Morrison immolated himself and read the poem by Tố Hữu to commemorate Morrison.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tuoitre.vn/doc-tho-to-huu-ben-bo-song-potomac-209230.htm|title=Đọc thơ Tố Hữu bên bờ sông Potomac|author=Thanh Tuấn|date=July 7, 2007|publisher=Tuoi Tre|accessdate=2007-07-07}}</ref> | ||
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| {{more citations needed section|date=October 2017}}Filmmaker ] interviewed Secretary McNamara at length on camera in his documentary film, '']'', in which McNamara says, " came to the Pentagon, doused himself with gasoline. Burned himself to death below my office ... his wife issued a very moving statement – 'human beings must stop killing other human beings' – and that's a belief that I shared, I shared it then, I believe it even more strongly today". McNamara then posits, "How much evil must we do in order to do good? We have certain ideals, certain responsibilities. Recognize that at times you will have to engage in evil, but minimize it." | {{more citations needed section|date=October 2017}}Filmmaker ] interviewed Secretary McNamara at length on camera in his documentary film, '']'', in which McNamara says, " came to the Pentagon, doused himself with gasoline. Burned himself to death below my office ... his wife issued a very moving statement – 'human beings must stop killing other human beings' – and that's a belief that I shared, I shared it then, I believe it even more strongly today". McNamara then posits, "How much evil must we do in order to do good? We have certain ideals, certain responsibilities. Recognize that at times you will have to engage in evil, but minimize it." | ||
| Morrison's self-immolation at the Pentagon is depicted in the 2002 HBO drama '']'', with Morrison being played by Victor Slezak.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0218505/fullcredits |title=Path to War (TV Movie 2002) - IMDb |access-date=2024-05-23 |via=www.imdb.com}}</ref> | |||
| Perhaps the most detailed treatment of Morrison's death appears in ''The Living and the Dead: Robert McNamara and Five Lives of a Lost War'', by prizewinning author ], published in 1997.<ref>''The Washington Post''. Washington, D.C., November 4, 1999, p. C14.</ref> | |||
| Morrison's widow Anne Welsh appears |
In the omnibus French documentary, '']'' (1967), Morrison's widow Anne Welsh appears with her young children in a segment directed by ]. Welsh describes the circumstances of her husband's death and expresses approval of his act. This footage is interspersed with an interview with a Vietnamese expatriate, Ann Uyen, living in Paris, who describes what Morrison's sacrifice meant to the Vietnamese people. | ||
| Morrison's immolation is portrayed in the HBO film '']'', in which he is portrayed by ]. | |||
| Morrison is the subject of a poem by ] called "The Dahlia Gardens" in her 1983 book ''The Kingfisher''. | |||
| The incident inspired ]'s poem ''Of Late''.<ref>{{cite web|title="of Late"|url= https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/poems/30436/of-late |website=Poetryfoundation.org|publisher=Poetry Foundation|accessdate=19 January 2017}}</ref> | |||
| A play by Canadian playwright ], ''Re:Union'', imagines a meeting between Morrison's daughter Emily and Robert McNamara. The play was published by Scirocco Drama in 2013. | |||
| ==Memorials== | ==Memorials== | ||
| In the Vietnamese |
In the Vietnamese cities of ] and Hồ Chí Minh City, a road is named after Morrison (albeit spelt as 'Morison' in Ho Chi Minh City).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.baodanang.vn/channel/6060/201311/an-nhan-cua-nhan-loai-2285029/|date=9 November 2013|first=Gia Lộc|last=Lê|work=Báo Đà Nẵng|title=Ân nhân của nhân loại}}</ref> ] named a ] street after him, and issued a postage stamp in his honor.<ref>BBC (21 december, 2010). </ref> Possession of the stamp was prohibited in the United States due to the U.S. embargo against North Vietnam.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mitchell|first1=Greg|title=When Antiwar Protest Turned Fatal: The Ballad of Norman Morrison|url=http://www.thenation.com/article/when-antiwar-protest-turned-fatal-ballad-norman-morrison/|accessdate=9 October 2015|work=The Nation|date=13 November 2010}}</ref> | ||
| ] named a ] street after him, and issued a postage stamp in his honor.<ref>BBC (21 december, 2010). </ref> Possession of the stamp was prohibited in the United States due to the U.S. embargo against North Vietnam.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mitchell|first1=Greg|title=When Antiwar Protest Turned Fatal: The Ballad of Norman Morrison|url=http://www.thenation.com/article/when-antiwar-protest-turned-fatal-ballad-norman-morrison/|accessdate=9 October 2015|work=The Nation|date=13 November 2010}}</ref> | |||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * '']'' | * '']'' | ||
| * ] | |||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
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| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
Latest revision as of 18:25, 7 June 2024
American anti-Vietnam War protester (1933–1965)| Norman Morrison | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | (1933-12-29)December 29, 1933 Erie, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Died | November 2, 1965(1965-11-02) (aged 31) The Pentagon, Arlington County, Virginia, U.S. |
| Cause of death | Self-immolated to protest American involvement in the Vietnam War |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | College of Wooster |
| Spouse | Anne Welsh |
| Children | 3 |
Norman R. Morrison (December 29, 1933 – November 2, 1965) was an American anti-war activist. On November 2, 1965, Morrison doused himself in kerosene and set himself on fire below the office of Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara at the Pentagon to protest United States involvement in the Vietnam War, leading to his death. This action was inspired by photographs of Vietnamese children burned by napalm bombings, and may have been inspired by Thích Quảng Đức and other Buddhist monks, who burned themselves to death to protest the repression committed by the South Vietnam government of Catholic President Ngo Dinh Diem.
Background
Morrison was born in Erie, Pennsylvania and was raised Presbyterian. At 13, his family moved to Chautauqua, New York, where Morrison joined the Boy Scouts of America and entered the God and Country Program, becoming the youngest BSA member in Chautauqua County to earn a God and Country award. Morrison graduated from the College of Wooster in 1956. He had gained an interest in the Quakers and their ideals, but continued to attend Presbyterian seminars in Pittsburgh and at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland. Morrison became a member of the Religious Society of Friends in 1959 and by 1965, he worked for Stony Run Friends Meeting in Baltimore as its Executive Secretary. As an ardent believer in the principle of pacifism, he condemned the actions of the U.S. military in the Vietnam War.
Six months before the act, on March 9, President of the United States Lyndon B. Johnson had authorized the use of napalm in the Vietnam War, which, by the end of the war, would end up killing at least 50,000 civilians in airstrikes. This decision had spurred fellow Quaker and peace activist Alice Herz to set herself on fire in an open street in Detroit, Michigan on March 16 of the same year, in similar vein as Thích Quảng Đức had done in 1963. At the time of his death, Morrison was married to Anne Welsh, also a Quaker, with whom he had two daughters and a son.
Death
See also: List of political self-immolationsMorrison took his daughter Emily, then one year of age, to the Pentagon, and either set her down or handed her off to someone in the crowd before setting himself ablaze. He died within two minutes of leaving in an ambulance for Fort Myer.
Morrison's reasons for taking Emily are not entirely known. However, Morrison's wife Anne later recalled, "Whether he thought of it that way or not, I think having Emily with him was a final and great comfort to Norman... he was a powerful symbol of the children we were killing with our bombs and napalm – who didn't have parents to hold them in their arms."
In a letter he mailed to Welsh, Morrison reassured her of the faith in his act. "Know that I love thee ... but I must go to help the children of the priest's village". McNamara described Morrison's death as "a tragedy not only for his family but also for me and the country. It was an outcry against the killing that was destroying the lives of so many Vietnamese and American youth." He was survived by Anne Welsh and three children, Ben (who died of cancer in 1976), Christina and Emily.
Legacy
Morrison was seen as devout and sincere in sacrificing himself for a cause greater than himself. In Vietnam, Morrison quickly became a folk hero to some, his name rendered as Mo Ri Xon. Five days after Morrison died, Vietnamese poet Tố Hữu wrote a poem, "Emily, My Child", assuming the voice of Morrison addressing his daughter Emily and telling her the reasons for his sacrifice.
One week after Morrison, Roger Allen LaPorte performed a similar act in New York City, in front of the United Nations building. On May 9, 1967, as part of the start to the 1967 Pentagon camp-in, demonstrators held a vigil for Morrison, before occupying the Pentagon for four days until being removed and arrested.
Morrison's widow, Anne, and the couple's two daughters visited Vietnam in 1999, where they met with Tố Hữu, the poet who had written the popular poem "Emily, My Child". Anne Morrison Welsh recounts the visit and her husband's tragedy in her monograph, Fire of the Heart: Norman Morrison's Legacy In Vietnam And At Home.
On his visit to the United States in 2007, President of Vietnam Nguyễn Minh Triết visited a site on the Potomac near the place where Morrison immolated himself and read the poem by Tố Hữu to commemorate Morrison.
Cultural depictions
 | This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
Filmmaker Errol Morris interviewed Secretary McNamara at length on camera in his documentary film, The Fog of War, in which McNamara says, " came to the Pentagon, doused himself with gasoline. Burned himself to death below my office ... his wife issued a very moving statement – 'human beings must stop killing other human beings' – and that's a belief that I shared, I shared it then, I believe it even more strongly today". McNamara then posits, "How much evil must we do in order to do good? We have certain ideals, certain responsibilities. Recognize that at times you will have to engage in evil, but minimize it."
Morrison's self-immolation at the Pentagon is depicted in the 2002 HBO drama Path to War, with Morrison being played by Victor Slezak.
In the omnibus French documentary, Far from Vietnam (1967), Morrison's widow Anne Welsh appears with her young children in a segment directed by William Klein. Welsh describes the circumstances of her husband's death and expresses approval of his act. This footage is interspersed with an interview with a Vietnamese expatriate, Ann Uyen, living in Paris, who describes what Morrison's sacrifice meant to the Vietnamese people.
Memorials
In the Vietnamese cities of Đà Nẵng and Hồ Chí Minh City, a road is named after Morrison (albeit spelt as 'Morison' in Ho Chi Minh City). North Vietnam named a Hanoi street after him, and issued a postage stamp in his honor. Possession of the stamp was prohibited in the United States due to the U.S. embargo against North Vietnam.
See also
References
- ^ Steinbach, Alice (30 July 1995). "The Sacrifice of Norman Morrison – Thirty years ago a Baltimore Quaker set himself on fire to protest the war in Vietnam. Did it make a difference?". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2021-04-05.
- "The Pacifists", Time Magazine, November 12, 1965; accessed July 23, 2007.
- ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (2011). Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War, The: A Political, Social, and Military History (2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 775. ISBN 978-1-85109-960-3. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
- Flintoff, John-Paul (2010-10-15). "I told them to be brave". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
- "Churches: The Pacifists". Time. 1965-11-12. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
- "Vietnam: 1965 – 1975 | Mass Atrocity Endings". World Peace Foundation. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
- Walter, Donnal (2018-03-22). "Why Would Anyone Kill One's Self In an Attempt to Stop A War?". World Beyond War. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
- Profile Archived 2012-12-15 at archive.today, wooster.edu; accessed December 11, 2014.
- Steinbach, Alice (1995-07-30). "THE SACRIFICE of NORMAN MORRISON Thirty years ago a Baltimore Quaker set himself on fire to protest the war in Vietnam. Did it make a difference?". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2024-05-23.
- Hollyday, Joyce (July–August 1995). Grace Like a Balm, Sojourners Magazine
- Times, Special to The New York (1965-11-04). "Colleagues Stunned by Quaker's Self-Immolation; Tactic 'Unprecedented' in the Society". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
- My Lai Peace Park website Archived 2004-03-06 at the Wayback Machine
- Christian G. Appy (2008) Vietnam: the Definitive Oral History Told From All Sides. Ebury Press, p. 155
- Flintoff, John-Paul (15 October 2010). "I told them to be brave". The Guardian. Retrieved 2021-04-05.
- Thanh Tuấn (July 7, 2007). "Đọc thơ Tố Hữu bên bờ sông Potomac". Tuoi Tre. Retrieved 2007-07-07.
- Path to War (TV Movie 2002) - IMDb. Retrieved 2024-05-23 – via www.imdb.com.
- Lê, Gia Lộc (9 November 2013). "Ân nhân của nhân loại". Báo Đà Nẵng.
- BBC (21 december, 2010). A life in flames: Anne Morrison Welch
- Mitchell, Greg (13 November 2010). "When Antiwar Protest Turned Fatal: The Ballad of Norman Morrison". The Nation. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
Further reading
- Welsh, Anne Morrison & Joyce Hollyday. Held in the light: One Man's Sacrifice for Peace and His Family's Search for Healing, Orbis (2008); ISBN 978-1-57075-802-7
- King, Sallie B. (2000). "They Who Burned Themselves for Peace: Quaker and Buddhist Self-Immolators during the Vietnam War". Buddhist-Christian Studies. 20 (1): 127–150. doi:10.1353/bcs.2000.0016. JSTOR 1390328. S2CID 171031594.
- Patler, Nicholas (2015). "Norman's Triumph: The Transcendent Language of Self-Immolation" (PDF). Quaker History. 104 (2): 18–39. doi:10.1353/qkh.2015.0010. S2CID 159996254.
External links
- Claus Bernet (2009). "Norman Morrison". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 30. Nordhausen: Bautz. cols. 1023–1024. ISBN 978-3-88309-478-6.