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{{See also|Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents}} |
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{{See also|Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents}} |
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This article lists notable civilian accidents involving ] materials or involving ] from artificial sources such as ]s and ]. Accidents related to ] that involve ]s are listed at ]. Military accidents are listed at ]. |
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This article lists notable civilian accidents involving ] materials or involving ] from artificial sources such as ]s and ]. Accidents related to ] that involve ]s are listed at ]. Military accidents are listed at ]. |
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*] (1865–1904) – No ] – ] – overexposure of laboratory worker |
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*] (1865–1904) – No ] – ] – overexposure of laboratory worker |
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*Various dates – No INES level – ] – overexposure of scientists |
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*Various dates – No INES level – ] – overexposure of scientists |
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**] (1867–1934) was a Polish-French physicist and chemist. She was a pioneer in the early field of radioactivity, later becoming the first two-time ] and the only person with Nobel Prizes in physics and chemistry. Her death, at age 67, in 1934 was from ] due to massive exposure to radiation in her work,<ref>Rollyson, Carl (2004). ''Marie Curie: Honesty In Science''. iUniverse, prologue, x. {{ISBN|0-595-34059-8}}</ref> much of which was carried out in a shed with no proper safety measures being taken, as the damaging effects of hard radiation were not generally understood at that time. She was known to carry test tubes full of radioactive isotopes in her pocket, and to store them in her desk drawer, resulting in massive exposure to radiation. She was known to remark on the pretty blue-green light the metals gave off in the dark. Because of their levels of radioactivity, her papers from the 1890s are considered too dangerous to handle. Even her cookbook is highly radioactive. They are kept in lead-lined boxes, and those who wish to consult them must wear protective clothing.<ref>Bryson, ''A Short History of Nearly Everything'', p. 148.</ref> |
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**] (1867–1934) was a Polish-French physicist and chemist. She was a pioneer in the early field of radioactivity, later becoming the first two-time ] and the only person with Nobel Prizes in physics and chemistry. Her death, at age 67, in 1934 was from ] due to massive exposure to radiation in her work,<ref>Rollyson, Carl (2004). ''Marie Curie: Honesty In Science''. iUniverse, prologue, x. {{ISBN|0-595-34059-8}}</ref> much of which was carried out in a shed with no proper safety measures being taken, as the damaging effects of hard radiation were not generally understood at that time. She was known to carry test tubes full of radioactive isotopes in her pocket, and to store them in her desk drawer, resulting in massive exposure to radiation. She was known to remark on the pretty blue-green light the metals gave off in the dark. Although her papers are likely to present little risk today, they are nonetheless contaminated with Radium. They are kept in lead-lined boxes, and those who wish to consult them must wear gloves and sign a waiver out of caution.<ref>Bryson, ''A Short History of Nearly Everything'', p. 148.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.acsh.org/news/2022/01/03/marie-curie%E2%80%99s-notebooks-16033 |title=Marie Curie's Notebooks |date=3 January 2022 |website=www.acsh.org |publisher=American Council on Science and Health |access-date=30 July 2023}}</ref> |
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*Various dates – No INES level – various locations – overexposure of workers |
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*Various dates – No INES level – various locations – overexposure of workers |
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**Luminescent ] was used to paint watches and other items that glowed. The most notable incident is the "]" of ] where many workers suffered from radiation poisoning. Other towns including ] experienced contamination of homes and other structures, and became ] cleanup sites. |
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**Luminescent ] was used to paint watches and other items that glowed. The most notable incident is the "]" of ] where many workers suffered from radiation poisoning. Other towns including ] experienced contamination of homes and other structures, and became ] cleanup sites. |
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*March, 1957 – No INES level – ], USA – exposure of workers |
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*March, 1957 – No INES level – ], USA – exposure of workers |
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**Two employees of a company licensed by the ] to encapsulate sources for ] cameras received ]s after being exposed to ] powder. The incident was reported in '']'' in 1961, but investigations published by the ] that same year found few of the radiological injuries claimed in widespread press reports.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}} |
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**Two employees of a company licensed by the ] to encapsulate sources for ] cameras received ]s after being exposed to ] powder. The incident was reported in '']'' in 1961, but investigations published by the ] that same year found few of the radiological injuries claimed in widespread press reports.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}} |
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*10 October 1957 – ] at the facility in Cumberland, Northern England (now ], ]), UK. It is amongst the world's worst incidents, rated '''5''' on the ], lasted for 3 days, spreading significant quantities of radioactive isotopes across UK and Europe. |
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*10 October 1957 – ] at the facility in Cumberland, Northern England (now ], ]), UK. It lasted for three days and spread significant quantities of radioactive isotopes across the UK and Europe. Modern assessment of historical data rated the event a 5 on the ], indicating an accident with widespread consequences. |
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*2 July 1956 - ] in ], ]. Explosions of thorium slugs resulted in the death by ] of one plant employee.<ref name=Newsday-Sylvania>Mark Harrington, "Sad Memories of '56 Sylvania Explosion", '']'', August 17, 2003, at the ], February 4, 2012.</ref> |
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*2 July 1956 – ] in ], ]. Explosions of thorium slugs resulted in the death by ] of one plant employee.<ref name=Newsday-Sylvania>Mark Harrington, "Sad Memories of '56 Sylvania Explosion", '']'', August 17, 2003, at the ], February 4, 2012.</ref> |
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*June, 1958 – ] – Eight workers injured in the incident. |
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*June, 1958 – ] – Eight workers injured in the incident. |
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* In the ], a boy found a 5 Curie ] lost source in Mexico City and brought it home. Prolonged exposure to the source caused the death of the boy and three other members of the family. |
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* In the ], a boy found a 5 Curie ] lost source in Mexico City and brought it home. Prolonged exposure to the source caused the death of the boy and three other members of the family. |
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In 1964 Robert Peabody died after an accident in Wood River Junction Rhode Island. |
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* In 1964, Robert Peabody died after an accident at the United Nuclear Corporation Fuels Recovery Plant in Wood River Junction Rhode Island. |
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==1970s== |
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==1970s== |
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*1975 – ], Italy, at a cereal irradiation facility with four ] sources, a worker entered the irradiation room by climbing onto the conveyor belt. His first symptoms of exposure (nausea, vomiting, headache and ]) were attributed to insecticides. For more than two days, his exposure to an unshielded 500 ] source remained unknown to the physicians. He died 13 days after exposure; his whole body ] was evaluated at 12 ], non-uniform.<ref name="Nenot 2009">{{cite journal |last1=Nénot |first1=Jean-Claude |title=Radiation accidents over the last 60 years |journal=Journal of Radiological Protection |date=18 January 2009 |volume=2009 |issue=29 |pages=301–320 |doi=10.1088/0952-4746/29/3/R01 |pmid=19690364 |s2cid=4309369 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/11201114.pdf |access-date=6 January 2021 |language=English}}</ref> |
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*1975 – ], Italy, at a cereal irradiation facility with four ] sources, a worker entered the irradiation room by climbing onto the conveyor belt. His first symptoms of exposure (nausea, vomiting, headache and ]) were attributed to insecticides. For more than two days, his exposure to an unshielded 500 ] source remained unknown to the physicians. He died 13 days after exposure; his whole body ] was evaluated at 12 ], non-uniform.<ref name="Nenot 2009">{{cite journal |last1=Nénot |first1=Jean-Claude |title=Radiation accidents over the last 60 years |journal=Journal of Radiological Protection |date=18 January 2009 |volume=2009 |issue=29 |pages=301–320 |doi=10.1088/0952-4746/29/3/R01 |pmid=19690364 |s2cid=4309369 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/11201114.pdf |access-date=6 January 2021 |language=English}}</ref> |
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*1977 – ], ] – release of nuclear material |
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*1977 – ], ] – release of nuclear material |
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:*An explosion at the ] caused a mixture of unrecorded waste to be leaked from a waste disposal shaft.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/81798.stm |title=UK | Dounreay: 'Waste dump for the world' |work=BBC News |date=1998-04-22 |access-date=2013-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106070936/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/81798.stm |archive-date=2015-11-06 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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:*An explosion at the ] caused a mixture of unrecorded waste to be leaked from a waste disposal shaft.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/81798.stm |title=UK {{pipe}} Dounreay: 'Waste dump for the world' |work=BBC News |date=1998-04-22 |access-date=2013-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106070936/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/81798.stm |archive-date=2015-11-06 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*July 13, 1978 – ] in Protvino, Russia – ] survives high-energy proton beam from a particle accelerator passing through his brain.<ref>{{Cite web|title=If You Stuck Your Head in a Particle Accelerator ...|url=https://www.discovermagazine.com/health/if-you-stuck-your-head-in-a-particle-accelerator|access-date=2021-08-18|website=Discover Magazine|language=en}}</ref> |
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*July 13, 1978 – ] in Protvino, Russia – ] survives high-energy proton beam from a particle accelerator passing through his brain.<ref>{{Cite web|title=If You Stuck Your Head in a Particle Accelerator ...|url=https://www.discovermagazine.com/health/if-you-stuck-your-head-in-a-particle-accelerator|access-date=2021-08-18|website=Discover Magazine|language=en}}</ref> |
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==1980s== |
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==1980s== |
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*Early 1981 - ], an unemployed industrial ], was injured by an unknown source of radiation, suffering ] from which he would ultimately die. Although the source of radiation was never conclusively determined, the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission strongly suspected that the source was an ] industrial radiographic source which had temporarily gone missing and had been in the care of a fellow industrial radiographer living near Crofut. At the time of his injury and death, Crofut was reported to have been the first such death in the US since the ]. Crofut’s death is notable for being the only US death attributable to an unknown source of radiation, along with being the only known case in the US of a suspected suicide undertaken via ].<ref name=NYT1>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=AROUND THE NATION; Radiation Poisoning Kills A Former Radiographer |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/07/30/us/around-the-nation-radiation-poisoning-kills-a-former-radiographer.html |work=New York Times |date=July 30, 1981 |access-date=March 28, 2020 }}</ref> |
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*Early 1981 – ], an unemployed industrial ], was injured by an unknown source of radiation, suffering severe ] from which he would ultimately die. Although the source of radiation was never conclusively determined, the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission strongly suspected that the source was an ] industrial radiographic source which had temporarily gone missing and had been in the care of a fellow industrial radiographer living near Crofut. At the time of his injury and death, Crofut was reported to have been the first such death in the US since the ]. Crofut's death is notable for being the only US death attributable to an unknown source of radiation, along with being the only known case in the US of a suspected suicide undertaken via ].<ref name=NYT1>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=AROUND THE NATION; Radiation Poisoning Kills A Former Radiographer |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/07/30/us/around-the-nation-radiation-poisoning-kills-a-former-radiographer.html |work=New York Times |date=July 30, 1981 |access-date=March 28, 2020 }}</ref> |
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*July 1981 – Lycoming, ], ]. An overloaded ] tank was deliberately flushed into a building subbasement, resulting in a pool four feet deep. This caused a number of the approximately 150 55-gallon drums stored there to overturn and spill their contents. Fifty thousand U.S. gallons (190 m<sup>3</sup>) of contaminated water was discharged into ].<ref>David Lochbaum '' {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050830020800/http://www.disinfo.com/archive/pages/article/id2165/pg1/index.html |date=2005-08-30}}'' The Disinformation Company, May 18, 2002 {{ISBN|0-9713942-0-2}} (NRC Region 1 augmented inspection team (AIT) inspection report# (50-220/89-90) of the use of the Radwaste building sub-basement as a long term liquid retention facility at Nine Mile Point unit 1.)</ref> |
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*July 1981 – Lycoming, ], ]. An overloaded ] tank was deliberately flushed into a building subbasement, resulting in a pool four feet deep. This caused a number of the approximately 150 55-gallon drums stored there to overturn and spill their contents. Fifty thousand U.S. gallons (190 m<sup>3</sup>) of contaminated water was discharged into ].<ref>David Lochbaum '' {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050830020800/http://www.disinfo.com/archive/pages/article/id2165/pg1/index.html |date=2005-08-30}}'' The Disinformation Company, May 18, 2002 {{ISBN|0-9713942-0-2}} (NRC Region 1 augmented inspection team (AIT) inspection report# (50-220/89-90) of the use of the Radwaste building sub-basement as a long term liquid retention facility at Nine Mile Point unit 1.)</ref> |
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*1982 – ] of ] spilled an unknown quantity of ] solution used to treat gems, modify chemicals, and sterilize food and medical supplies. The solution spilled into the Dover sewer system and forced shutdown of the plant. The ] was only informed of the accident ten months later by a ].{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}} |
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*1982 – ] of ] spilled an unknown quantity of ] solution used to treat gems, modify chemicals, and sterilize food and medical supplies. The solution spilled into the Dover sewer system and forced shutdown of the plant. The ] was only informed of the accident ten months later by a ].{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}} |
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*1982 – Cobalt-60 (possibly from a radiotherapy source) became recycled into steel rebar and used in the construction of buildings in northern ], principally in ], from 1982 through 1984. Over 200 residential and other buildings were found to have been built using the material.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hwang |first1=JY |last2=B. H. Chang |first2=Joseph |last3=P. Chang |first3=Wushou |title=Spread of Co-60 contaminated steel and its legal consequences in Taiwan |journal=] |date=2002}}</ref> About 7000 people are believed to have been exposed to long-term low-level irradiation as a result.<ref name="Yu-Tzu_rebar">{{cite news |author=Chiu Yu-Tzu |title=Radioactive rebar linked to cancer |newspaper=Taipei Times |date=Apr 29, 2001 |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/local/archives/2001/04/29/0000083627 |access-date=2011-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310105324/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/local/archives/2001/04/29/0000083627 |archive-date=March 10, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the summer of 1992, a utility worker for the Taiwanese state-run electric utility ] brought a ] to his apartment to learn more about the device, and discovered that his apartment was contaminated.<ref name="Yu-Tzu_rebar"/> Despite awareness of the problem, owners of some of the buildings suspected to be contaminated have continued to rent apartments out to tenants (in part because selling the units is illegal). Some research has found that the radiation has had an apparent "beneficial" effect upon the health of the tenants based on the death rate from cancers.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=W.L. |last2=Luan |first2=Y.C. |last3=Shieh |first3=M.C. |last4=Chen |first4=S.T. |last5=Kung |first5=H.T. |last6=Soong |first6=K.L |last7=Yeh |first7=Y.C. |last8=Chou |first8=T.S. |last9=Wu |first9=J.T. |last10=Sun |first10=C.P. |last11=Deng |first11=W.P. |last12=Wu |first12=M.F. |last13=Shen |first13=M.L. |title=Effects of Cobalt-60 Exposure on Health of Taiwan Residents Suggest New Approach Needed in Radiation Protection |journal=Dose-Response |year=2004 |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=63–75 |doi=10.2203/dose-response.06-105.Chen |url=http://ecolo.org/documents/documents_in_english/low-dose-Cobalt-taiw-06.pdf |access-date=2011-03-20 |pmid=18648557 |pmc=2477708 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429011358/http://www.ecolo.org/documents/documents_in_english/low-dose-Cobalt-taiw-06.pdf |archive-date=2011-04-29 |url-status=live }} (ecolo.org and authors of the paper are not associated with one another.)</ref> Another study looking at the incidence of cancer found that although the overall risk of cancer was sharply reduced (SIR = 0.6, 95% CI 0.5 – 0.7), the incidence of certain leukemias in men (n = 6, SIR = 3.4, 95% CI 1.2 – 7.4) and thyroid cancer in women (n = 6, SIR = 2.6, 95% CI 1.0 – 5.7) was greater.<ref>{{cite journal |doi= 10.1080/09553000601085980 |volume= 82 |issue= 12 |pages= 849–58 |last= Hwang |first= S-L |author2=H-R Guo |author3=W-A Hsieh |author4=J-S Hwang |author5=S-D Lee |author6=J-L Tang |author7=C-C Chen |author8=T-C Chang |author9=J-D Wang |author10=W P Chang |title= Cancer risks in a population with prolonged low dose-rate gamma-radiation exposure in radiocontaminated buildings, 1983-2002 |journal= International Journal of Radiation Biology |date= December 2006 |pmid= 17178625|s2cid= 20545464 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |volume= 170 |issue= 2 |pages= 143–148 |last= Hwang |first= S-L |author2=J-S Hwang |author3=Y-T Yang |author4=W A Hsieh |author5=T-C Chang |author6=H-R Guo |author7=M-H Tsai |author8=J-L Tang |author9=I-F Lin |author10=W P Chang |title= Estimates of Relative Risks for Cancers in a Population after Prolonged Low-Dose-Rate Radiation Exposure: A Follow-up Assessment from 1983 to 2005 |journal= Radiation Research |doi=10.1667/RR0732.1 |pmid=18666807|year= 2008|bibcode= 2008RadR..170..143H |s2cid= 41512364 |url= http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/246925/2/2.pdf }}</ref> |
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*1982 – Cobalt-60 (possibly from a radiotherapy source) became recycled into steel rebar and used in the construction of buildings in northern ], principally in ], from 1982 through 1984. Over 200 residential and other buildings were found to have been built using the material.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hwang |first1=JY |last2=B. H. Chang |first2=Joseph |last3=P. Chang |first3=Wushou |title=Spread of Co-60 contaminated steel and its legal consequences in Taiwan |journal=] |date=2002}}</ref> About 7000 people are believed to have been exposed to long-term low-level radiation as a result.<ref name="Yu-Tzu_rebar">{{cite news |author=Chiu Yu-Tzu |title=Radioactive rebar linked to cancer |newspaper=Taipei Times |date=Apr 29, 2001 |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/local/archives/2001/04/29/0000083627 |access-date=2011-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310105324/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/local/archives/2001/04/29/0000083627 |archive-date=March 10, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the summer of 1992, a utility worker for the Taiwanese state-run electric utility ] brought a ] to his apartment to learn more about the device, and discovered that his apartment was contaminated.<ref name="Yu-Tzu_rebar"/> Despite awareness of the problem, owners of some of the buildings suspected to be contaminated have continued to rent apartments out to tenants (in part because selling the units is illegal). Some research has found that the radiation has had an apparent "beneficial" effect upon the health of the tenants based on the death rate from cancers.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=W.L. |last2=Luan |first2=Y.C. |last3=Shieh |first3=M.C. |last4=Chen |first4=S.T. |last5=Kung |first5=H.T. |last6=Soong |first6=K.L |last7=Yeh |first7=Y.C. |last8=Chou |first8=T.S. |last9=Wu |first9=J.T. |last10=Sun |first10=C.P. |last11=Deng |first11=W.P. |last12=Wu |first12=M.F. |last13=Shen |first13=M.L. |title=Effects of Cobalt-60 Exposure on Health of Taiwan Residents Suggest New Approach Needed in Radiation Protection |journal=Dose-Response |year=2004 |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=63–75 |doi=10.2203/dose-response.06-105.Chen |url=http://ecolo.org/documents/documents_in_english/low-dose-Cobalt-taiw-06.pdf |access-date=2011-03-20 |pmid=18648557 |pmc=2477708 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429011358/http://www.ecolo.org/documents/documents_in_english/low-dose-Cobalt-taiw-06.pdf |archive-date=2011-04-29 |url-status=live }} (ecolo.org and authors of the paper are not associated with one another.)</ref> Another study looking at the incidence of cancer found that although the overall risk of cancer was sharply reduced (SIR = 0.6, 95% CI 0.5 – 0.7), the incidence of certain leukemias in men (n = 6, SIR = 3.4, 95% CI 1.2 – 7.4) and thyroid cancer in women (n = 6, SIR = 2.6, 95% CI 1.0 – 5.7) was greater.<ref>{{cite journal |doi= 10.1080/09553000601085980 |volume= 82 |issue= 12 |pages= 849–58 |last= Hwang |first= S-L |author2=H-R Guo |author3=W-A Hsieh |author4=J-S Hwang |author5=S-D Lee |author6=J-L Tang |author7=C-C Chen |author8=T-C Chang |author9=J-D Wang |author10=W P Chang |title= Cancer risks in a population with prolonged low dose-rate gamma-radiation exposure in radiocontaminated buildings, 1983-2002 |journal= International Journal of Radiation Biology |date= December 2006 |pmid= 17178625|s2cid= 20545464 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |volume= 170 |issue= 2 |pages= 143–148 |last= Hwang |first= S-L |author2=J-S Hwang |author3=Y-T Yang |author4=W A Hsieh |author5=T-C Chang |author6=H-R Guo |author7=M-H Tsai |author8=J-L Tang |author9=I-F Lin |author10=W P Chang |title= Estimates of Relative Risks for Cancers in a Population after Prolonged Low-Dose-Rate Radiation Exposure: A Follow-up Assessment from 1983 to 2005 |journal= Radiation Research |doi=10.1667/RR0732.1 |pmid=18666807|year= 2008|bibcode= 2008RadR..170..143H |s2cid= 41512364 |url= http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/246925/2/2.pdf }}</ref> |
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*December 6, 1983 – ], ].<ref>{{cite news |access-date=2015-02-08 |author=Sandra Blakeslee |date=1984-05-01 |title=Nuclear Spill At Juarez Looms As One of Worst |work=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/01/science/nuclear-spill-at-juarez-looms-as-one-of-worst.html |author-link=Sandra Blakeslee |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208041927/http://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/01/science/nuclear-spill-at-juarez-looms-as-one-of-worst.html |archive-date=2015-02-08 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the ], a local resident salvaged materials from a discarded radiation therapy machine containing 6,010 pellets of ]. The transport of the material led to severe contamination of his truck. When the truck was scrapped, it in turn contaminated another five tonnes of steel to an estimated {{convert|300|Ci|TBq|abbr=on}} of activity. This steel was used to manufacture kitchen and restaurant table legs and rebar, some of which was shipped to the U.S. and Canada. The incident was discovered months later when a truck delivering contaminated building materials to the ] drove through a ] station. Contamination was later measured on roads used to transport the original damaged radiation source. Some pellets were actually found embedded in the roadway. In the state of ], 109 houses were condemned due to use of contaminated building material. This incident prompted the ] and ] to install radiation detection equipment at all major border crossings.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.window.state.tx.us/border/ch09/cobalto.html |title=El Cobalto |date=July 1998 |website=Window on State Government |publisher=Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603024432/http://www.window.state.tx.us/border/ch09/cobalto.html |archive-date=2008-06-03 |url-status=dead |access-date=2005-11-27 }}</ref> |
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*December 6, 1983 – ], ].<ref>{{cite news |access-date=2015-02-08 |author=Sandra Blakeslee |date=1984-05-01 |title=Nuclear Spill At Juarez Looms As One of Worst |work=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/01/science/nuclear-spill-at-juarez-looms-as-one-of-worst.html |author-link=Sandra Blakeslee |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208041927/http://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/01/science/nuclear-spill-at-juarez-looms-as-one-of-worst.html |archive-date=2015-02-08 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the ], a local resident salvaged materials from a discarded radiation therapy machine containing 6,010 pellets of ]. The transport of the material led to severe contamination of his truck. When the truck was scrapped, it in turn contaminated another five tonnes of steel to an estimated {{convert|300|Ci|TBq|abbr=on}} of activity. This steel was used to manufacture kitchen and restaurant table legs and rebar, some of which was shipped to the U.S. and Canada. The incident was discovered months later when a truck delivering contaminated building materials to the ] drove through a ] station. Contamination was later measured on roads used to transport the original damaged radiation source. Some pellets were actually found embedded in the roadway. In the state of ], 109 houses were condemned due to use of contaminated building material. This incident prompted the ] and ] to install radiation detection equipment at all major border crossings.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.window.state.tx.us/border/ch09/cobalto.html |title=El Cobalto |date=July 1998 |website=Window on State Government |publisher=Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603024432/http://www.window.state.tx.us/border/ch09/cobalto.html |archive-date=2008-06-03 |url-status=dead |access-date=2005-11-27 }}</ref> |
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*1984 Lost source accident in ], a ] source was taken home by a labouer resulting in eight deaths in the ]. Either a drive cable detached from a pigtail or the connection between the pigtail and the source failed. As a result the source was lost within an industrial site, the source was taken home by a non-radiographic worker who along with seven members of his family died.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/gen-comm/info-notices/1985/in85057.html | title=Information Notice No. 85-57: Lost Iridium-192 Source Resulting in the Death of Eight Persons in M }}</ref> |
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*1984 – Lost source accident in ], a ] source was taken home by a laborer resulting in eight deaths in the ]. Either a drive cable detached from a pigtail or the connection between the pigtail and the source failed. As a result, the source was lost within an industrial site, the source was taken home by a non-radiographic worker who along with seven members of his family died.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/gen-comm/info-notices/1985/in85057.html | title=Information Notice No. 85-57: Lost Iridium-192 Source Resulting in the Death of Eight Persons in M }}</ref> |
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*1985 to 1987 – The ] was a radiation therapy machine produced by ] (AECL). It is known to be responsible for six accidents between 1985 and 1987, in which patients were given massive overdoses of radiation, which were in some cases on the order of hundreds of ]. Three patients died as a result of the overdoses. These accidents highlighted the dangers of inadequate software control of ] systems. |
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*1985 to 1987 – The ] was a radiation therapy machine produced by ] (AECL). It is known to be responsible for six accidents between 1985 and 1987, in which patients were given massive overdoses of radiation, which were in some cases on the order of hundreds of ]. Three patients died as a result of the overdoses. These accidents highlighted the dangers of inadequate software control of ] systems. |
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*September 13, 1987 – In the ], scavengers broke open a radiation-therapy machine in an abandoned clinic in ], ]. They sold the kilocurie (40 TBq) ] source as a glowing curiosity. Two hundred and fifty people were contaminated; four died.<ref name="BAS_10.2968/056003005">• {{cite journal|last=Llumá |first=Diego |title=Former Soviet Union: What the Russians left behind |journal=] |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=14–17 |date=May–June 2000 |doi=10.2968/056003005 |s2cid=145248534 }}<br>• <!--Last name was originally spelt without an accented á -->{{cite journal|last=Lluma |first=Diego |title=Former Soviet Union: What the Russians Left Behind |journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=14–17 |doi=10.2968/056003005 |date=May–June 2000 |s2cid=145248534 |url=https://thebulletin.org/2000/05/former-soviet-union-what-the-russians-left-behind/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021112155755/http://www.thebulletin.org/issues/2000/mj00/mj00diego.html |archive-date=2002-11-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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*September 13, 1987 – In the ], scavengers broke open a radiation-therapy machine in an abandoned clinic in ], ]. They sold the kilocurie (40 TBq) ] source as a glowing curiosity. Two hundred and fifty people were contaminated; four died.<ref name="BAS_10.2968/056003005">{{cite journal|last=Llumá |first=Diego |title=Former Soviet Union: What the Russians left behind |journal=] |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=14–17 |date=May–June 2000 |doi=10.2968/056003005 |s2cid=145248534 |url=https://thebulletin.org/2000/05/former-soviet-union-what-the-russians-left-behind/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021112155755/http://www.thebulletin.org/issues/2000/mj00/mj00diego.html |archive-date=2002-11-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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*June 6, 1988 – Radiation Sterilizers, Inc. (now Sterigenics) in ] reported of ] at their facility. Seventy thousand medical supply containers and milk cartons were recalled.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1990-02-01 |title=Leakage of an irradiator source: The June 1988 Georgia RSI (Radiation Sterilizers, Inc. ) incident |doi=10.2172/7147975 |osti=7147975 |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7147975 |language=English}}</ref> |
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*June 6, 1988 – Radiation Sterilizers, Inc. (now Sterigenics) in ] reported of ] at their facility. Seventy thousand medical supply containers and milk cartons were recalled.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1990-02-01 |title=Leakage of an irradiator source: The June 1988 Georgia RSI (Radiation Sterilizers, Inc. ) incident |doi=10.2172/7147975 |osti=7147975 |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7147975 |language=English}}</ref> |
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*5 February 1989 – Three workers were exposed to ]s from the ] source in a medical products irradiation plant in ], ]. The most exposed person died; another lost two limbs. A number of safety systems at the plant had been disabled, and workers were unaware of the danger posed by the radioactive source.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub847_web.pdf |title=The Radiological Accident in San Salvador |publisher=] |isbn=92-0-129090-X |date=1990 |access-date=2013-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729061051/http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub847_web.pdf |archive-date=2013-07-29 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*5 February 1989 – Three workers were exposed to ]s from the ] source in a medical products irradiation plant in ], ]. The most exposed person died; another lost two limbs. A number of safety systems at the plant had been disabled, and workers were unaware of the danger posed by the radioactive source.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub847_web.pdf |title=The Radiological Accident in San Salvador |publisher=] |isbn=92-0-129090-X |date=1990 |access-date=2013-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729061051/http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub847_web.pdf |archive-date=2013-07-29 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*December 10–20, 1990 – a ] that occurred at the ] of ], in ]. In the accident, at least 27 patients were ], and 11 of them died, according to ]. All of the injured were ] patients receiving ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/radevents/1990SPA1.html|title=Zaragoza radiotherapy accident, 1990|website=www.johnstonsarchive.net|access-date=3 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228005024/http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/radevents/1990SPA1.html|archive-date=28 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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*December 10–20, 1990 – a ] that occurred at the ] of ], in ]. In the accident, at least 27 patients were ], and 11 of them died, according to ]. All of the injured were ] patients receiving ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/radevents/1990SPA1.html|title=Zaragoza radiotherapy accident, 1990|website=www.johnstonsarchive.net|access-date=3 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228005024/http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/radevents/1990SPA1.html|archive-date=28 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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*October 26, 1991 – ], ] – An operator at an atomic sterilization facility bypassed the safety systems to clear a jammed conveyor. Upon entering the irradiation chamber he was exposed to an estimated whole body dose of 11 Gy, with some portions of the body receiving upwards of 20 Gy. Despite prompt intensive medical care, he died 113 days after the accident.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1010_web.pdf |title=The Radiological Accident at the Irradiation Facility in Nesvizh |publisher=] |date=December 1996 |isbn=92-0-101396-5 |access-date=2013-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728163853/http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1010_web.pdf |archive-date=2013-07-28 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*October 26, 1991 – ], ] – An operator at an atomic sterilization facility bypassed the safety systems to clear a jammed conveyor. Upon entering the irradiation chamber he was exposed to an estimated whole body dose of 11 Gy, with some portions of the body receiving upwards of 20 Gy. Despite prompt intensive medical care, he died 113 days after the accident.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1010_web.pdf |title=The Radiological Accident at the Irradiation Facility in Nesvizh |publisher=] |date=December 1996 |isbn=92-0-101396-5 |access-date=2013-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728163853/http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1010_web.pdf |archive-date=2013-07-28 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*June, 1992 - A ] ] at the ] in the UK, now the ], received an approximately 2.5 Gy dose from ] labelled organo-phosphate as part of an experiment to label virus infected cells. The company shipping the material had supplied over 1000 times the amount and the receiving site did not have adequate monitoring facilities for source material.{{Clarify|date=March 2022}}{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}} |
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*June, 1992 – A ] ] at the ] in the UK, now the ], received an approximately 2.5 Gy dose from ] labelled organo-phosphate as part of an experiment to label virus infected cells. The company shipping the material had supplied over 1000 times the amount and the receiving site did not have adequate monitoring facilities for source material.{{Clarify|date=March 2022}}{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}} |
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*November 16, 1992 – ] – After treating a patient with HDR ], personnel ignored alarms indicating high radiation levels and an available radiation survey meter was not used to confirm or rule out the area alarm's signal. A radioactive pellet of ] had broken off inside the patient during treatment. The patient was transported back to a nursing home where the catheter containing the radioactive pellet fell out four days later. The patient received a thousand times the intended dose and died several days later.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rpop.iaea.org/RPOP/RPoP/Content/InformationFor/HealthProfessionals/2_Radiotherapy/AccidentPrevention.htm |title=Accident Prevention |publisher=] |date=2001-06-01 |access-date=2013-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718161904/https://rpop.iaea.org/RPOP/RPoP/Content/InformationFor/HealthProfessionals/2_Radiotherapy/AccidentPrevention.htm |archive-date=2014-07-18 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*November 16, 1992 – ] – After treating a patient with HDR ], personnel ignored alarms indicating high radiation levels and an available radiation survey meter was not used to confirm or rule out the area alarm's signal. A radioactive pellet of ] had broken off inside the patient during treatment. The patient was transported back to a nursing home where the catheter containing the radioactive pellet fell out four days later. The patient received a thousand times the intended dose and died several days later.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rpop.iaea.org/RPOP/RPoP/Content/InformationFor/HealthProfessionals/2_Radiotherapy/AccidentPrevention.htm |title=Accident Prevention |publisher=] |date=2001-06-01 |access-date=2013-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718161904/https://rpop.iaea.org/RPOP/RPoP/Content/InformationFor/HealthProfessionals/2_Radiotherapy/AccidentPrevention.htm |archive-date=2014-07-18 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*November 17, 1992 – ], the director of the ] National Centre for Scientific Research in ] placed his hands into a ] to adjust a sample of gold ore. This adjustment would usually be done using compressed air, but Thiệp entered the room and adjusted the samples by hand. At the same time, his colleagues, mistakenly believing he had left the room to wash his hands with soap in a sink placed outside the containment room, switched the machine on. Thiệp was exposed to a beam current of 6 μA for between two and four minutes. Thiệp suffered severe ] in his hands requiring specialist treatment in ], and ultimately had to have his right hand ]. Thiệp lost the fourth and fifth fingers on his left hand, which subsequently suffered chronic stiffness and radiation-induced ]. He returned to work at the facility in Hanoi in 1994, after more than 600 days of treatment for acute radiation injuries.<ref>{{cite web |title=AN ELECTRON ACCELERATOR ACCIDENT IN HANOI, VIET NAM |url=https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/Pub1008_web.pdf |publisher=International Atomic Energy Agency |access-date=17 February 2024 |date=1996 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218170716/https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/Pub1008_web.pdf |archive-date=18 February 2024}}</ref> |
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*November 19, 1992 – A {{convert|10|Ci|GBq|abbr=on}} ] source (which was used for an agricultural project) was taken home by a worker from a well within a construction site which used to be part of an environmental monitoring station in ], ] (China). This resulted in three deaths and affected 100+ people. A woman was exposed to radiation while nursing her sick husband. Her dose was estimated to be 2.3 Gy by means of a blood test 41 days after the accident, 16 years after the accident the woman has been subject to premature aging which may be a result of her radiation exposure. Her then unborn child (induced at 37 weeks, birth weight 2 kilograms) got a dose of almost 2 Gy in utero, and at the age of 16 the child had an ] of 46.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/radevents/1992PRC1.html |title=Jilin orphaned source, 1992 |author=Wm. Robert Johnston |publisher=Johnston's Archive |date=26 October 2008 |access-date=2013-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420012453/http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/radevents/1992PRC1.html |archive-date=20 April 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ZhangLiang2011">{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Zhao-hui |last2=Liang |first2=Li |last3=Zhang |first3=Shu-lan |last4=Jia |first4=Ting-zhen |last5=Liu |first5=Qing-jie |last6=Ma |first6=Li-wen |last7=Su |first7=Xu |last8=Liu |first8=Ying |last9=Chen |first9=Sen |last10=Qing |first10=Bin |last11=Cao |first11=Bao-Shan |last12=Xiao |first12=Yu |last13=Ying |first13=Wen-chen |last14=Zhang |first14=Yu |last15=Wang |first15=Wen-xue |last16=Wang |first16=Zuo-yuan |title=Follow-up study of a pregnant woman 16 years after exposure in the Xinzhou radiation accident |journal=Journal of Radiological Protection |volume=31 |issue=4 |year=2011 |pages=489–494 |issn=0952-4746 |doi=10.1088/0952-4746/31/4/N01|pmid=22089365|s2cid=29297615 }}</ref><ref name="LiangZhang2011">{{cite journal |last1=Liang |first1=Li |last2=Zhang |first2=Zhao-hui |last3=Chen |first3=Sen |last4=Ma |first4=Li-wen |last5=Chen |first5=Ya-mai |last6=Zhang |first6=Shu-luan |last7=Jia |first7=Ting-zhen |last8=Liu |first8=Ying |last9=Liu |first9=Qing-jie |last10=Su |first10=Xu |last11=Qin |first11=Bin |last12=Wang |first12=Zuo-yuan |title=Clinical observation of a 16-year-old female exposed to radiationin utero: follow-up after the Shanxi Xinzhou radiation accident |journal=Journal of Radiological Protection |volume=31 |issue=4 |year=2011 |pages=495–498 |issn=0952-4746 |doi=10.1088/0952-4746/31/4/N02|pmid=22089422|s2cid=30871088 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/4212-In-Shanxi-lasting-pain-1- |author=Cui Zheng |date=April 6, 2011 |access-date=August 1, 2014 |title=In Shanxi, lasting pain |newspaper=chinadialogue |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904181921/https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/4212-In-Shanxi-lasting-pain-1- |archive-date=September 4, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://finance.qq.com/a/20110328/000084.htm|author=崔筝|date=March 28, 2011|access-date=February 22, 2016|title=辐射摧残忻州少女 放射源事故堪比核泄露|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309120547/http://finance.qq.com/a/20110328/000084.htm|archive-date=March 9, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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*November 19, 1992 – A {{convert|10|Ci|GBq|abbr=on}} ] source (which was used for an agricultural project) was taken home by a worker from a well within a construction site which used to be part of an environmental monitoring station in ], ] (China). This resulted in three deaths and affected 100+ people. A woman was exposed to radiation while nursing her sick husband. Her dose was estimated to be 2.3 Gy by means of a blood test 41 days after the accident, 16 years after the accident the woman has been subject to premature aging which may be a result of her radiation exposure. Her then unborn child (induced at 37 weeks, birth weight 2 kilograms) got a dose of almost 2 Gy in utero, and at the age of 16 the child had an ] of 46.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/radevents/1992PRC1.html |title=Jilin orphaned source, 1992 |author=Wm. Robert Johnston |publisher=Johnston's Archive |date=26 October 2008 |access-date=2013-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420012453/http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/radevents/1992PRC1.html |archive-date=20 April 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ZhangLiang2011">{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Zhao-hui |last2=Liang |first2=Li |last3=Zhang |first3=Shu-lan |last4=Jia |first4=Ting-zhen |last5=Liu |first5=Qing-jie |last6=Ma |first6=Li-wen |last7=Su |first7=Xu |last8=Liu |first8=Ying |last9=Chen |first9=Sen |last10=Qing |first10=Bin |last11=Cao |first11=Bao-Shan |last12=Xiao |first12=Yu |last13=Ying |first13=Wen-chen |last14=Zhang |first14=Yu |last15=Wang |first15=Wen-xue |last16=Wang |first16=Zuo-yuan |title=Follow-up study of a pregnant woman 16 years after exposure in the Xinzhou radiation accident |journal=Journal of Radiological Protection |volume=31 |issue=4 |year=2011 |pages=489–494 |issn=0952-4746 |doi=10.1088/0952-4746/31/4/N01|pmid=22089365|s2cid=29297615 }}</ref><ref name="LiangZhang2011">{{cite journal |last1=Liang |first1=Li |last2=Zhang |first2=Zhao-hui |last3=Chen |first3=Sen |last4=Ma |first4=Li-wen |last5=Chen |first5=Ya-mai |last6=Zhang |first6=Shu-luan |last7=Jia |first7=Ting-zhen |last8=Liu |first8=Ying |last9=Liu |first9=Qing-jie |last10=Su |first10=Xu |last11=Qin |first11=Bin |last12=Wang |first12=Zuo-yuan |title=Clinical observation of a 16-year-old female exposed to radiationin utero: follow-up after the Shanxi Xinzhou radiation accident |journal=Journal of Radiological Protection |volume=31 |issue=4 |year=2011 |pages=495–498 |issn=0952-4746 |doi=10.1088/0952-4746/31/4/N02|pmid=22089422|s2cid=30871088 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/4212-In-Shanxi-lasting-pain-1- |author=Cui Zheng |date=April 6, 2011 |access-date=August 1, 2014 |title=In Shanxi, lasting pain |newspaper=chinadialogue |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904181921/https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/4212-In-Shanxi-lasting-pain-1- |archive-date=September 4, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://finance.qq.com/a/20110328/000084.htm|author=崔筝|date=March 28, 2011|access-date=February 22, 2016|title=辐射摧残忻州少女 放射源事故堪比核泄露|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309120547/http://finance.qq.com/a/20110328/000084.htm|archive-date=March 9, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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*August 31, 1994 – ], ] – A home-made neutron source built by 17-year-old ] was discovered in his mother's back yard. The unshielded neutron source exposed his neighborhood to 1,000 times the normal levels of background radiation.<ref>Ken Silverstein {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328215946/https://harpers.org/archive/1998/11/the-radioactive-boy-scout/ |date=2019-03-28 }} Harper's Magazine, November 1998</ref> |
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*August 31, 1994 – ], ] – A home-made neutron source built by 17-year-old ] was discovered in his mother's back yard. The unshielded neutron source exposed his neighborhood to 1,000 times the normal levels of background radiation.<ref>Ken Silverstein {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328215946/https://harpers.org/archive/1998/11/the-radioactive-boy-scout/ |date=2019-03-28 }} Harper's Magazine, November 1998</ref> |
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*December 1998 – ], ] – two sealed transport packages for spent ] teletherapy sources from a shipment of three planned for export in 1993 were instead stored in a warehouse in ], then moved to ], where a new owner sold them off as scrap metal. The buyers dismantled the containers, exposing themselves and others to ionizing radiation. Eighteen people, including seven children, were admitted to hospital. Ten of the adults developed acute radiation syndrome. One exposed <sup>60</sup>Co source was retrieved, but the source from the other package was still unaccounted for one year later. It is believed that the second container was empty all along, but this could not be conclusively proven from company records.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/Pub1102_web.pdf |title=The radiological accident in Istanbul |year=2000 |publisher=] |location=Vienna |isbn=92-0-101400-7 |access-date=2013-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728143921/http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1102_web.pdf |archive-date=2013-07-28 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*December 1998 – ], ] – two sealed transport packages for spent ] teletherapy sources from a shipment of three planned for export in 1993 were instead stored in a warehouse in ], then moved to ], where a new owner sold them off as scrap metal. The buyers dismantled the containers, exposing themselves and others to ionizing radiation. Eighteen people, including seven children, were admitted to hospital. Ten of the adults developed acute radiation syndrome. One exposed <sup>60</sup>Co source was retrieved, but the source from the other package was still unaccounted for one year later. It is believed that the second container was empty all along, but this could not be conclusively proven from company records.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/Pub1102_web.pdf |title=The radiological accident in Istanbul |year=2000 |publisher=] |location=Vienna |isbn=92-0-101400-7 |access-date=2013-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728143921/http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1102_web.pdf |archive-date=2013-07-28 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*1999 – A road near Mrima Hill, ] was rebuilt using local materials later found to be radioactive. Some workers were exposed to excessive radiation, and many residents of the area were tested for exposure. 2,975 t of roadway material were to be dug up to eliminate the hazard.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/484034.stm |title=World: Africa Kenyan 'radioactive road' scare |work=] |date=1999-10-24 |access-date=2013-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111194725/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/484034.stm |archive-date=2015-01-11 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*1999 – A road near Mrima Hill, ] was rebuilt using local materials later found to be radioactive. Some workers were exposed to excessive radiation, and many residents of the area were tested for exposure. 2,975 t of roadway material were to be dug up to eliminate the hazard.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/484034.stm |title=World: Africa Kenyan 'radioactive road' scare |work=] |date=1999-10-24 |access-date=2013-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111194725/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/484034.stm |archive-date=2015-01-11 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*1999 - Yanango, ]: A construction worker and his family were exposed to an Ir-192 industrial radiography source after the worker picked-up the source and carried it in his back pocket for several hours.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-28 |title=The Radiological Accident in Yanango |url=https://www.iaea.org/publications/6090/the-radiological-accident-in-yanango |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=www.iaea.org |language=en}}</ref> The exposure received to his whole body was estimated to be approximately 150 Rem, and exposure to his right buttocks was 10,000 Rad. |
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*1999 – Yanango, ] – A construction worker and his family were exposed to an Ir-192 industrial radiography source after the worker picked-up the source and carried it in his back pocket for several hours.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-28 |title=The Radiological Accident in Yanango |url=https://www.iaea.org/publications/6090/the-radiological-accident-in-yanango |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=www.iaea.org |language=en}}</ref> The exposure received to his whole body was estimated to be approximately 150 Rem, and exposure to his right buttocks was 10,000 Rad. |
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==2000s== |
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==2000s== |
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*February 1, 2000 – ]: The radiation source of an expired ] unit was purchased and transferred without registration, and stored in an unguarded car park in ], ] without warning signs.<ref> Bangkok Post, 2009{{dead link|date=June 2013}}</ref> It was then stolen from the car park and dismantled in a junkyard for scrap metal. Workers completely removed the ] source from the lead shielding, and became ill shortly thereafter. The radioactive nature of the metal and the resulting contamination was not discovered until 18 days later. Seven injuries and three deaths resulted from this incident.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1124_scr.pdf |title=The Radiological Accident at Samut Prakarn |publisher=] |date=2002 |access-date=2013-06-13 |isbn=92-0-110902-4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727232005/http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1124_scr.pdf |archive-date=2013-07-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*February 1, 2000 – ]: The radiation source of an expired ] unit was purchased and transferred without registration, and stored in an unguarded car park in ], ] without warning signs.<ref> Bangkok Post, 2009{{dead link|date=June 2013}}</ref> It was then stolen from the car park and dismantled in a junkyard for scrap metal. Workers completely removed the ] source from the lead shielding, and became ill shortly thereafter. The radioactive nature of the metal and the resulting contamination was not discovered until 18 days later. Seven injuries and three deaths resulted from this incident.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1124_scr.pdf |title=The Radiological Accident at Samut Prakarn |publisher=] |date=2002 |access-date=2013-06-13 |isbn=92-0-110902-4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727232005/http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1124_scr.pdf |archive-date=2013-07-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*August 2000 – March 2001; at the ] of ], 28 patients receiving treatment for prostate cancer and cancer of the cervix received lethal doses of radiation due to a modification in the protocol for measuring radiation used without a verification test. The negligence, unique in its scope, was investigated by the IAT from May 26 – June 1, 2001.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1114_scr.pdf |title=Investigation of an accidental Exposure of radiotherapy patients in Panama |publisher=] |date=2001 |access-date=2013-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730064055/http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1114_scr.pdf |archive-date=2013-07-30 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*August 2000 to March 2001 – At the ] of ], 28 patients receiving treatment for prostate cancer and cancer of the cervix received lethal doses of radiation due to a modification in the protocol for measuring radiation used without a verification test. The negligence, unique in its scope, was investigated by the IAT from May 26 – June 1, 2001.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1114_scr.pdf |title=Investigation of an accidental Exposure of radiotherapy patients in Panama |publisher=] |date=2001 |access-date=2013-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730064055/http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1114_scr.pdf |archive-date=2013-07-30 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*February 2001 – A medical accelerator at the ] in ] malfunctioned, resulting in five female patients receiving excessive doses of radiation while undergoing breast cancer treatment.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1180_web.pdf |title=Accidental Overexposure of Radiotherapy Patients in Białystok |isbn=92-0-114203-X |publisher=] |date=2004 |access-date=2013-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728213259/http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1180_web.pdf |archive-date=2013-07-28 |url-status=live }}</ref> The incident was discovered when one of the patients complained of a painful ]. In response, a local technician was called in to repair the device, but was unable to do so, and in fact caused further damage. Subsequently, competent authorities were notified, but as the apparatus had been tampered with, they were unable to ascertain the exact doses of radiation received by the patients (localized doses might have been in excess of 60 Gy). No deaths were reported as a result of this incident, although all affected patients required skin grafts. The attending doctor was charged with ], but in 2003 a district court ruled that she was not responsible for the incident. The hospital technician was fined.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://serwisy.gazeta.pl/kraj/1,34309,1412481.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714094304/http://serwisy.gazeta.pl/kraj/1,34309,1412481.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-07-14 |title=Wyrok w sprawie poparzenia pacjentek |language=pl |year=2003 |access-date=2013-06-13}}</ref> |
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*February 2001 – A medical accelerator at the ] in ] malfunctioned, resulting in five female patients receiving excessive doses of radiation while undergoing breast cancer treatment.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1180_web.pdf |title=Accidental Overexposure of Radiotherapy Patients in Białystok |isbn=92-0-114203-X |publisher=] |date=2004 |access-date=2013-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728213259/http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1180_web.pdf |archive-date=2013-07-28 |url-status=live }}</ref> The incident was discovered when one of the patients complained of a painful ]. In response, a local technician was called in to repair the device, but was unable to do so, and in fact caused further damage. Subsequently, competent authorities were notified, but as the apparatus had been tampered with, they were unable to ascertain the exact doses of radiation received by the patients (localized doses might have been in excess of 60 Gy). No deaths were reported as a result of this incident, although all affected patients required skin grafts. The attending doctor was charged with ], but in 2003 a district court ruled that she was not responsible for the incident. The hospital technician was fined.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://serwisy.gazeta.pl/kraj/1,34309,1412481.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714094304/http://serwisy.gazeta.pl/kraj/1,34309,1412481.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-07-14 |title=Wyrok w sprawie poparzenia pacjentek |language=pl |year=2003 |access-date=2013-06-13}}</ref> |
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*December 2, 2001 – ]: In the village of Lia, Georgia three lumberjacks discovered two ] cores from ] ]s. These were of the Beta-M type, built in the 80s, with an activity of 1295 TBq each. The lumberjacks were scavenging the forest for firewood, when they came across two metal cylinders melting snow within a one meter radius laying in the road. They picked up these objects to use as personal heaters, sleeping with their backs to them. All lumberjacks sought medical attention individually, and were treated for radiation injuries. One patient, DN-1, was seriously injured and required multiple skin grafts. After 893 days in the hospital, he was declared dead after sepsis caused by complications and infections of a radiation ulcer on the subject's back.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/Pub1660web-81061875.pdf |title=The radiological accident in Lia, Georgia |isbn=978-92-0-103614-8 |publisher=] |date=2014 |access-date=2019-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712212256/http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/Pub1660web-81061875.pdf |archive-date=2017-07-12 |url-status=live }}</ref> The disposal team consisted of 24 men who were restricted to a maximum of 40 seconds worth of exposure (max. 20mSv) each while transferring the canisters to ]-lined drums.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/900016880|title=The radiological accident in Lia, Georgia.|date=2014|publisher=]|isbn=978-92-0-103614-8|location=Vienna|oclc=900016880}}</ref> |
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*December 2, 2001 – ]: In the village of Lia, Georgia three lumberjacks discovered two ] cores from ] ]s. These were of the Beta-M type, built in the 80s, with an activity of 1295 TBq each. The lumberjacks were scavenging the forest for firewood, when they came across two metal cylinders melting snow within a one-meter radius laying in the road. They picked up these objects to use as personal heaters, sleeping with their backs to them. All lumberjacks sought medical attention individually, and were treated for radiation injuries. One patient, DN-1, was seriously injured and required multiple skin grafts. After 893 days in the hospital, he was declared dead after sepsis caused by complications and infections of a radiation ulcer on the subject's back.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/Pub1660web-81061875.pdf |title=The radiological accident in Lia, Georgia |isbn=978-92-0-103614-8 |publisher=] |date=2014 |access-date=2019-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712212256/http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/Pub1660web-81061875.pdf |archive-date=2017-07-12 |url-status=live }}</ref> The disposal team consisted of 24 men who were restricted to a maximum of 40 seconds worth of exposure (max. 20mSv) each while transferring the canisters to ]-lined drums.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/900016880|title=The radiological accident in Lia, Georgia.|date=2014|publisher=]|isbn=978-92-0-103614-8|location=Vienna|oclc=900016880}}</ref> |
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*March 11, 2002 – INES Level 2 – A 2.5 ] ] ] source was transported from ], ], to ] with defective shielding<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/heritage-and-retro/heritage/day-lorry-leaked-radioactive-waste-across-yorkshire-during-130-mile-trip-1754415 | title=The day a lorry leaked radioactive waste across Yorkshire during 130-mile trip | date=5 June 2019 }}</ref> at the bottom of the container. As the radiation escaped from the package downwards into the ground, it is thought that this event did not cause any injury or disease in either a human or an animal. This event was treated in a serious manner because the ] type of protection for the source had been eroded. Had the container been tipped over in a road crash, people at the scene would have been exposed to 83.5 Gy/h. The company responsible for the transport of the source, ] plc, was fined ]250,000 by a ] ].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/feb/18/uknews2.mainsection | title=Disposal firm's blunder led to radiation leak | newspaper=The Guardian | date=18 February 2006 | last1=Booth | first1=Robert }}</ref><ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113201140/http://www.hse.gov.uk/press/2006/e06017.htm |date=January 13, 2016}} ''Health and Safety Executive''. 20 February 2006.</ref> |
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*March 11, 2002 – INES Level 2 – A 2.5 ] ] ] source was transported from ], ], to ] with defective shielding<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/heritage-and-retro/heritage/day-lorry-leaked-radioactive-waste-across-yorkshire-during-130-mile-trip-1754415 | title=The day a lorry leaked radioactive waste across Yorkshire during 130-mile trip | date=5 June 2019 }}</ref> at the bottom of the container. As the radiation escaped from the package downwards into the ground, it is thought that this event did not cause any injury or disease in either a human or an animal. This event was treated in a serious manner because the ] type of protection for the source had been eroded. Had the container been tipped over in a road crash, people at the scene would have been exposed to 83.5 Gy/h. The company responsible for the transport of the source, ] plc, was fined ]250,000 by a ] ].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/feb/18/uknews2.mainsection | title=Disposal firm's blunder led to radiation leak | newspaper=The Guardian | date=18 February 2006 | last1=Booth | first1=Robert }}</ref><ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113201140/http://www.hse.gov.uk/press/2006/e06017.htm |date=January 13, 2016}} ''Health and Safety Executive''. 20 February 2006.</ref> |
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*2003 – Cape of Navarin, ], ]. A ] (RTG) located on the ] ] was discovered in a highly degraded state. The exposure rate at the generator surface was as high as 15 ]/]; in July 2004 a second inspection of the same RTG showed that ] emission had risen to 87 R/h and that ] had begun to leak into the environment.<ref name="bellona1">{{cite web|url=http://www.bellona.no/en/international/russia/navy/northern_fleet/incidents/37598.html |title=Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators – Bellona |publisher=] |date=2005-04-02 |access-date=2013-06-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060613062909/http://bellona.no/en/international/russia/navy/northern_fleet/incidents/37598.html |archive-date=2006-06-13 }}</ref> In November 2003, a completely dismantled RTG located on the island of ] in the ] was found. The generator's radioactive heat source was found on the ground near the shoreline in the northern part of the island.<ref name="bellona1"/> |
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*2003 – Cape of Navarin, ], ]. A ] (RTG) located on the ] ] was discovered in a highly degraded state. The exposure rate at the generator surface was as high as 15 ]/]; in July 2004 a second inspection of the same RTG showed that ] emission had risen to 87 R/h and that ] had begun to leak into the environment.<ref name="bellona1">{{cite web|url=http://www.bellona.no/en/international/russia/navy/northern_fleet/incidents/37598.html |title=Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators – Bellona |publisher=] |date=2005-04-02 |access-date=2013-06-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060613062909/http://bellona.no/en/international/russia/navy/northern_fleet/incidents/37598.html |archive-date=2006-06-13 }}</ref> In November 2003, a completely dismantled RTG located on the island of ] in the ] was found. The generator's radioactive heat source was found on the ground near the shoreline in the northern part of the island.<ref name="bellona1"/> |
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*September 10, 2004 – ], ]. Two ]s were dropped 50 ]s onto the tundra at ] during an ] when the ] flew into heavy weather. According to the nuclear regulators, the impact compromised the RTGs' external radiation shielding. At a height of 10 meters above the impact site, the intensity of gamma radiation was measured at 4 ]/h.<ref name="bellona1"/> |
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*September 10, 2004 – ], ]. Two ]s were dropped 50 ]s onto the tundra at ] during an ] when the ] flew into heavy weather. According to the nuclear regulators, the impact compromised the RTGs' external radiation shielding. At a height of 10 meters above the impact site, the intensity of gamma radiation was measured at 4 ]/h.<ref name="bellona1"/> |
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*2005 – ], U.K. In September, the site's cementation plant was closed when 266 liters of radioactive reprocessing residues were spilled inside containment.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/4283610.stm |title=UK | Scotland | Dounreay hit by radioactive spill |work=BBC News |date=2005-09-26 |access-date=2013-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060530233836/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/4283610.stm |archive-date=2006-05-30 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051219091128/http://www.ukaea.org.uk/press/2005/26_09_05.htm|date=December 19, 2005}}</ref> In October, another of the site's reprocessing laboratories was closed down after nose-blow tests of eight workers tested positive for trace radioactivity.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/4350386.stm |title=UK | Scotland | Fresh safety alert at Dounreay |work=BBC News |date=2005-10-17 |access-date=2013-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060309215118/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/4350386.stm |archive-date=2006-03-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*2005 – ], U.K. In September, the site's cementation plant was closed when 266 liters of radioactive reprocessing residues were spilled inside containment.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/4283610.stm |title=UK {{pipe}} Scotland {{pipe}} Dounreay hit by radioactive spill |work=BBC News |date=2005-09-26 |access-date=2013-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060530233836/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/4283610.stm |archive-date=2006-05-30 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051219091128/http://www.ukaea.org.uk/press/2005/26_09_05.htm|date=December 19, 2005}}</ref> In October, another of the site's reprocessing laboratories was closed down after nose-blow tests of eight workers tested positive for trace radioactivity.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/4350386.stm |title=UK {{pipe}} Scotland {{pipe}} Fresh safety alert at Dounreay |work=BBC News |date=2005-10-17 |access-date=2013-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060309215118/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/4350386.stm |archive-date=2006-03-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*2005-2006 – {{Interlanguage link|Epinal radiotherapy accident|fr|3=Affaire des surirradiés de l'hôpital d'Épinal}}: a problem in dosimetry software caused an overdosage during radiotherapy. During this period 7500 patients were treated for prostate cancer at the Jean Monnet Hospital in Epinal, France. An investigation showed that 5 people died from radiation, 24 were severely injured, 700 were significantly overexposed, and 4500 were mildly exposed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualites/2008/04/22/01001-20080422ARTFIG00014--epinal-personnes-ont-ete-victimes-de-surirradiation-.php |title=À Épinal, 5 500 personnes ont été victimes de surirradiation |newspaper=Le Figaro |date=2008-04-12 |access-date=2016-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918100417/http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualites/2008/04/22/01001-20080422ARTFIG00014--epinal-personnes-ont-ete-victimes-de-surirradiation-.php |archive-date=2016-09-18 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*2005-2006 – {{Interlanguage link|Epinal radiotherapy accident|fr|3=Affaire des surirradiés de l'hôpital d'Épinal}}: a problem in dosimetry software caused an overdosage during radiotherapy. During this period 7500 patients were treated for prostate cancer at the Jean Monnet Hospital in Epinal, France. An investigation showed that 5 people died from radiation, 24 were severely injured, 700 were significantly overexposed, and 4500 were mildly exposed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualites/2008/04/22/01001-20080422ARTFIG00014--epinal-personnes-ont-ete-victimes-de-surirradiation-.php |title=À Épinal, 5 500 personnes ont été victimes de surirradiation |newspaper=Le Figaro |date=2008-04-12 |access-date=2016-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918100417/http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualites/2008/04/22/01001-20080422ARTFIG00014--epinal-personnes-ont-ete-victimes-de-surirradiation-.php |archive-date=2016-09-18 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*March 11, 2006 – at ], ], an operator working for ], at a medical equipment sterilization site, entered the irradiation room and remained there for 20 ]s. The room contained a source of ] which was not immersed in the pool of water.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.sterigenics.com/sterigenics_international/News_Fleurus_Employee_Accident.aspx |title= Employee Accident at Sterigenics' Fleurus, Belgium Facility|access-date=May 25, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060903034432/http://www.sterigenics.com/sterigenics_international/News_Fleurus_Employee_Accident.aspx |archive-date=September 3, 2006}}</ref> Three weeks later, the worker suffered symptoms typical of acute radiation syndrome (vomiting, loss of hair, fatigue). One estimate that he was exposed to a dose of between 4.4 and 4.8 Gy due to a malfunction of the control-command hydraulic system maintaining the radioactive source in the pool. The operator spent over one month in a specialized hospital before going back home. To protect workers, the federal nuclear control agency AFCN and private auditors from AVN recommended Sterigenics to install a redundant system of security. It is an accident of level 4 on the INES scale.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/radevents/2006BELG1.html |title=Fleurus irradiator accident, 2006 |publisher=Johnston's Archive |date=2011-11-19 |access-date=2013-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701043724/http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/radevents/2006BELG1.html |archive-date=2013-07-01 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fanc.fgov.be/fr/news_2006_04_11_dossier_streigenics.htm |access-date=May 25, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220173522/http://www.fanc.fgov.be/fr/news_2006_04_11_dossier_streigenics.htm |archive-date=February 20, 2007|title=Fanc - Afcn }}</ref><ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103174921/http://www.vrtnieuws.net/nieuwsnet_master/versie2/english/details/060406_nuclear/index.shtml|date=January 3, 2007}}</ref> |
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*March 11, 2006 – at ], ], an operator working for ], at a medical equipment sterilization site, entered the irradiation room and remained there for 20 ]s. The room contained a source of ] which was not immersed in the pool of water.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.sterigenics.com/sterigenics_international/News_Fleurus_Employee_Accident.aspx |title= Employee Accident at Sterigenics' Fleurus, Belgium Facility|access-date=May 25, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060903034432/http://www.sterigenics.com/sterigenics_international/News_Fleurus_Employee_Accident.aspx |archive-date=September 3, 2006}}</ref> Three weeks later, the worker suffered symptoms typical of acute radiation syndrome (vomiting, loss of hair, fatigue). One estimate that he was exposed to a dose of between 4.4 and 4.8 Gy due to a malfunction of the control-command hydraulic system maintaining the radioactive source in the pool. The operator spent over one month in a specialized hospital before going back home. To protect workers, the federal nuclear control agency AFCN and private auditors from AVN recommended Sterigenics to install a redundant system of security. It is an accident of level 4 on the INES scale.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/radevents/2006BELG1.html |title=Fleurus irradiator accident, 2006 |publisher=Johnston's Archive |date=2011-11-19 |access-date=2013-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701043724/http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/radevents/2006BELG1.html |archive-date=2013-07-01 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fanc.fgov.be/fr/news_2006_04_11_dossier_streigenics.htm |access-date=May 25, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220173522/http://www.fanc.fgov.be/fr/news_2006_04_11_dossier_streigenics.htm |archive-date=February 20, 2007|title=Fanc - Afcn }}</ref><ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103174921/http://www.vrtnieuws.net/nieuwsnet_master/versie2/english/details/060406_nuclear/index.shtml|date=January 3, 2007}}</ref> |
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*Teenager Lisa Norris<!--NOT Lisa Norris the American author!--> died in 2006 after she was given an overdose of radiation as a result of ]. The overdose occurred during treatment for a ] at ], in ], Scotland.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/4691748.stm |work=BBC News |title=Apology for radiation error girl |date=2006-02-08 |access-date=2013-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803183937/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/4691748.stm |archive-date=2017-08-03 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Kirsty Scott |url=https://www.theguardian.com/print/0,,329605510-103690,00.html |title=Teenage cancer patient dies after radiation blunder | Society |newspaper=The Guardian |date=2006-10-20 |access-date=2013-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.healthjockey.com/2006/10/19/teen-girl-dies-from-overdose-of-radiation-in-the-hospital/ |title=Teen Girl dies from Overdose of Radiation in the Hospital |publisher=Health Jockey |date=2006-10-19 |access-date=2013-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910045524/http://www.healthjockey.com/2006/10/19/teen-girl-dies-from-overdose-of-radiation-in-the-hospital/ |archive-date=2011-09-10 |url-status=live }}</ref> The ] published an independent investigation of this case.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/27_10_06_lisa.pdf |title=Unintended overexposure of patient Lisa Norris during radiotherapy treatment at the Beatson Oncology Centre, Glasgow in January 2006 |access-date=2013-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803183940/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/27_10_06_lisa.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-03 |url-status=live }}</ref> The intended treatment for Norris was 35 ] to be delivered by a ] machine to the whole of the central nervous system to be delivered in twenty equal fractions of 1.75 Gy, which was to be followed by 19.8 Gy to be delivered to the tumor only (in eleven fractions of 1.8 Gy). In the first phase of the treatment a 58% overdose occurred, and Norris's CNS suffered a dose of 55.5 Gy. The second phase of the treatment was abandoned on medical advice, and Norris survived for some time after the overdose. |
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*Teenager Lisa Norris<!--NOT Lisa Norris the American author!--> died in 2006 after she was given an overdose of radiation as a result of ]. The overdose occurred during treatment for a ] at ], in ], Scotland.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/4691748.stm |work=BBC News |title=Apology for radiation error girl |date=2006-02-08 |access-date=2013-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803183937/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/4691748.stm |archive-date=2017-08-03 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Kirsty Scott |url=https://www.theguardian.com/print/0,,329605510-103690,00.html |title=Teenage cancer patient dies after radiation blunder {{pipe}} Society |newspaper=The Guardian |date=2006-10-20 |access-date=2013-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.healthjockey.com/2006/10/19/teen-girl-dies-from-overdose-of-radiation-in-the-hospital/ |title=Teen Girl dies from Overdose of Radiation in the Hospital |publisher=Health Jockey |date=2006-10-19 |access-date=2013-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910045524/http://www.healthjockey.com/2006/10/19/teen-girl-dies-from-overdose-of-radiation-in-the-hospital/ |archive-date=2011-09-10 |url-status=live }}</ref> The ] published an independent investigation of this case.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/27_10_06_lisa.pdf |title=Unintended overexposure of patient Lisa Norris during radiotherapy treatment at the Beatson Oncology Centre, Glasgow in January 2006 |access-date=2013-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803183940/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/27_10_06_lisa.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-03 |url-status=live }}</ref> The intended treatment for Norris was 35 ] to be delivered by a ] machine to the whole of the central nervous system to be delivered in twenty equal fractions of 1.75 Gy, which was to be followed by 19.8 Gy to be delivered to the tumor only (in eleven fractions of 1.8 Gy). In the first phase of the treatment a 58% overdose occurred, and Norris's CNS suffered a dose of 55.5 Gy. The second phase of the treatment was abandoned on medical advice, and Norris survived for some time after the overdose. |
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*January 23, 2008 – A licensed radiology technologist, ], at ] in ], ] performed 151 ] slices on a single 3 mm level on the head of a 23-month-old child over a 65-minute period. The child suffered ]s (skin ]) to a small strip of his face and head. In one report, an independent investigation of the child's blood was said to have found "substantial chromosomal damage"<ref name="diagnosticimaging.com">{{cite web |last=Domino |first=Donna |url=https://www.diagnosticimaging.com/article/two-second-ct-scan-turns-65-minute-ordeal-toddler |title=Two-second CT scan turns into 65-minute ordeal for toddler |publisher=UBM Medica |date=2008-11-10 |access-date=2018-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826114933/http://www.diagnosticimaging.com/article/two-second-ct-scan-turns-65-minute-ordeal-toddler |archive-date=2018-08-26 |url-status=live }}</ref> but subsequent reports reported no lasting harm.<ref name=NYT-knickerbocker>{{cite news |last=Bogdanich |first=Walt |title=Radiation Overdoses Point Up Dangers of CT Scans |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/16/us/16radiation.html |access-date=3 September 2012 |newspaper=New York Times |date=15 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911005457/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/16/us/16radiation.html |archive-date=11 September 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> The technologist was fired, and her license was permanently revoked on March 16, 2011 by the state of ], citing "gross negligence".<ref name="diagnosticimaging.com"/> The hospital's radiology manager, ], testified that Knickerbocker's conduct was "a rogue act of insanity". |
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*January 23, 2008 – A licensed radiology technologist, Raven Knickerbocker, at ] in ], ] performed 151 ] slices on a single 3 mm level on the head of a 23-month-old child over a 65-minute period. The child suffered ]s (skin ]) to a small strip of his face and head. In one report, an independent investigation of the child's blood was said to have found "substantial chromosomal damage"<ref name="diagnosticimaging.com">{{cite web |last=Domino |first=Donna |url=https://www.diagnosticimaging.com/article/two-second-ct-scan-turns-65-minute-ordeal-toddler |title=Two-second CT scan turns into 65-minute ordeal for toddler |publisher=UBM Medica |date=2008-11-10 |access-date=2018-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826114933/http://www.diagnosticimaging.com/article/two-second-ct-scan-turns-65-minute-ordeal-toddler |archive-date=2018-08-26 |url-status=live }}</ref> but subsequent reports reported no lasting harm.<ref name=NYT-knickerbocker>{{cite news |last=Bogdanich |first=Walt |title=Radiation Overdoses Point Up Dangers of CT Scans |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/16/us/16radiation.html |access-date=3 September 2012 |newspaper=New York Times |date=15 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911005457/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/16/us/16radiation.html |archive-date=11 September 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> The technologist was fired, and her license was permanently revoked on March 16, 2011, by the state of ], citing "gross negligence".<ref name="diagnosticimaging.com"/> The hospital's radiology manager, Bruce Fleck, testified that Knickerbocker's conduct was "a rogue act of insanity". |
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*August 23–24, 2008 – INES Level 3 – ], ] – Nuclear material leak. A gaseous leak of a radioisotope of iodine, ], was detected at a large medical radioisotope laboratory, ]. Belgian authorities implemented restrictions on use of local farming produce within 5 km of the leak, when higher-than-expected levels of contamination was detected in local grass. The particular isotope of iodine has a half-life of 8 ]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5glGyNkMWfaCgVrofcHS1r4xBO8jA |title=AFP: Belgium reduces safety zone near nuclear iodine leak site |publisher=] |date=2008-08-30 |access-date=2013-06-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605211951/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5glGyNkMWfaCgVrofcHS1r4xBO8jA |archive-date=2013-06-05 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://africa.reuters.com/world/news/usnBRU006721.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130201061529/http://africa.reuters.com/world/news/usnBRU006721.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-02-01 |title=Reuters.com | Africa |work=Reuters |date=2009-02-09 |access-date=2013-06-13}}</ref> The ] sent out a warning over their ]-alert system on the 29th of August.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-08-1279_en.htm?locale=en |title=ECURIE ALERT: Belgian nuclear authorities alert the Commission about measures taken after releases of radioactive iodine |publisher=Communication department of the European Commission |date=2008-08-29 |access-date=2013-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012165854/http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-08-1279_en.htm?locale=en |archive-date=2012-10-12 |url-status=live }}</ref> The quantity of radioactivity released into the environment was estimated at 45 GBq <sup>131</sup>I, which corresponds to a dose of 160 µSv (effective dose) for a hypothetical person remaining permanently at the site's enclosure.<ref>] NEWS database: {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604013321/http://www-news.iaea.org/news/topics/topic/default.asp?topicID=874 |date=2011-06-04 }}</ref> |
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*August 23–24, 2008 – INES Level 3 – ], ] – Nuclear material leak. A gaseous leak of a radioisotope of iodine, ], was detected at a large medical radioisotope laboratory, ]. Belgian authorities implemented restrictions on use of local farming produce within 5 km of the leak, when higher-than-expected levels of contamination was detected in local grass. The particular isotope of iodine has a half-life of 8 ]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5glGyNkMWfaCgVrofcHS1r4xBO8jA |title=AFP: Belgium reduces safety zone near nuclear iodine leak site |publisher=] |date=2008-08-30 |access-date=2013-06-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605211951/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5glGyNkMWfaCgVrofcHS1r4xBO8jA |archive-date=2013-06-05 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://africa.reuters.com/world/news/usnBRU006721.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130201061529/http://africa.reuters.com/world/news/usnBRU006721.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-02-01 |title=Reuters.com {{pipe}} Africa |work=Reuters |date=2009-02-09 |access-date=2013-06-13}}</ref> The ] sent out a warning over their ]-alert system on 29 August.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-08-1279_en.htm?locale=en |title=ECURIE ALERT: Belgian nuclear authorities alert the Commission about measures taken after releases of radioactive iodine |publisher=Communication department of the European Commission |date=2008-08-29 |access-date=2013-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012165854/http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-08-1279_en.htm?locale=en |archive-date=2012-10-12 |url-status=live }}</ref> The quantity of radioactivity released into the environment was estimated at 45 GBq <sup>131</sup>I, which corresponds to a dose of 160 μSv (effective dose) for a hypothetical person remaining permanently at the site's enclosure.<ref>] NEWS database: {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604013321/http://www-news.iaea.org/news/topics/topic/default.asp?topicID=874 |date=2011-06-04 }}</ref> |
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*February 2008-August 2009 – A software misconfiguration in a ]ner used for brain ] at ] in ], ], resulted in 206 patients receiving radiation doses approximately 8 times higher than intended during an 18-month period starting in February 2008. Some patients reported temporary hair loss and ]. The ] (FDA) has estimated that patients received doses between 3 Gy and 4 Gy.<ref>Safety Investigation of CT Brain Perfusion Scans: Initial Notification: {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118092956/http://www.fda.gov/medicaldevices/safety/alertsandnotices/ucm185898.htm|date=2017-01-18}}</ref> |
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*February 2008 to August 2009 – A software misconfiguration in a ]ner used for brain ] at ] in ], ], resulted in 206 patients receiving radiation doses approximately 8 times higher than intended during an 18-month period starting in February 2008. Some patients reported temporary hair loss and ]. The ] (FDA) has estimated that patients received doses between 3 Gy and 4 Gy.<ref>Safety Investigation of CT Brain Perfusion Scans: Initial Notification: {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118092956/http://www.fda.gov/medicaldevices/safety/alertsandnotices/ucm185898.htm|date=2017-01-18}}</ref> |
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==2010s== |
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==2010s== |
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*April 2010 – INES level 4 – A 35-year-old man was hospitalized in ] after handling radioactive scrap metal. Investigation led to the discovery of an amount of scrap metal containing ] in the Delhi's industrial district of ]. The 35-year-old man later died from his injuries, while six others remained hospitalized.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/28/world/asia/28india.html|title=Indian Man Dies After Radiation Exposure|first=Jim|last=Yardley|newspaper=The New York Times|date=27 April 2010|access-date=3 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203013900/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/28/world/asia/28india.html|archive-date=3 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/24/world/asia/24india.html|title=Scrap Metal Radiation Raises Concerns in India|first=Jim|last=Yardley|newspaper=The New York Times|date=23 April 2010|access-date=3 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203013851/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/24/world/asia/24india.html|archive-date=3 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The radioactivity was from a gammacell 220 research source which was incorrectly disposed of by sale as scrap metal.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Origin-of-Cobalt-60-traced-to-Delhi-University/articleshow/5869157.cms|title=Origin of Cobalt-60 traced to Delhi University – Times of India|website=] |date=28 April 2010 |access-date=3 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204013126/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Origin-of-Cobalt-60-traced-to-Delhi-University/articleshow/5869157.cms|archive-date=4 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The gammacell 220 was originally made by ] whose gamma irradiation work is now under the name of ]. Nordion does not offer servicing for gammacell 220 machines but can arrange for, in theory, safe disposal of unwanted units.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nordion.com/our_products/discontinued_products.asp |title=Nordion - Discontinued Gamma Sterilization Products; Gammacell 220, Theratron, Agiris |access-date=2014-01-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106034537/http://www.nordion.com/our_products/discontinued_products.asp |archive-date=2014-01-06 }}</ref> A year later, ] charged six ] professors from the Chemistry Department for negligent disposal of the radioactive device.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Six DU professors charged in Mayapuri radiation case|url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/six-du-professors-charged-in-mayapuri-radiation-case-466484|access-date=2020-11-22|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> |
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*April 2010 – INES level 4 – A 35-year-old man was hospitalized in ] after handling radioactive scrap metal. Investigation led to the discovery of an amount of scrap metal containing ] in the Delhi's industrial district of ]. The 35-year-old man later died from his injuries, while six others remained hospitalized.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/28/world/asia/28india.html|title=Indian Man Dies After Radiation Exposure|first=Jim|last=Yardley|newspaper=The New York Times|date=27 April 2010|access-date=3 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203013900/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/28/world/asia/28india.html|archive-date=3 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/24/world/asia/24india.html|title=Scrap Metal Radiation Raises Concerns in India|first=Jim|last=Yardley|newspaper=The New York Times|date=23 April 2010|access-date=3 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203013851/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/24/world/asia/24india.html|archive-date=3 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The radioactivity was from a gammacell 220 research source which was incorrectly disposed of by sale as scrap metal.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Origin-of-Cobalt-60-traced-to-Delhi-University/articleshow/5869157.cms|title=Origin of Cobalt-60 traced to Delhi University – Times of India|website=] |date=28 April 2010 |access-date=3 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204013126/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Origin-of-Cobalt-60-traced-to-Delhi-University/articleshow/5869157.cms|archive-date=4 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The gammacell 220 was originally made by ] whose gamma irradiation work is now under the name of ]. Nordion does not offer servicing for gammacell 220 machines but can arrange for, in theory, safe disposal of unwanted units.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nordion.com/our_products/discontinued_products.asp |title=Nordion - Discontinued Gamma Sterilization Products; Gammacell 220, Theratron, Agiris |access-date=2014-01-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106034537/http://www.nordion.com/our_products/discontinued_products.asp |archive-date=2014-01-06 }}</ref> A year later, ] charged six ] professors from the Chemistry Department for negligent disposal of the radioactive device.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Six DU professors charged in Mayapuri radiation case|url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/six-du-professors-charged-in-mayapuri-radiation-case-466484|access-date=2020-11-22|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> |
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*July 2010 – During a routine inspection at the ], on ]'s northwest coast, a ] from ] containing nearly {{nowrap|23,000 kg}} of scrap ] was detected to be emitting ] at a rate of around {{nowrap|500 ]/h.}} After quarantining the container for over a year on Port grounds, Italian officials dissected it using robots and discovered a rod of ] {{nowrap|23 cm}} long and 0.8 cm in diameter intermingled with the scrap. Officials suspected its ] to be inappropriately disposed-of medical or food-processing equipment. The rod was sent to ] for further analysis, after which it was likely to be recycled.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Curry|first=Andrew|title=Why Is This Cargo Container Emitting So Much Radiation?|url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/mystery-box|magazine=Wired|access-date=2011-11-03|date=2011-10-21|volume=19|issue=11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106011406/http://www.wired.com/magazine/2011/10/ff_radioactivecargo/all/1|archive-date=2011-11-06|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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*July 2010 – During a routine inspection at the ], on ]'s northwest coast, a ] from ] containing nearly {{nowrap|23,000 kg}} of scrap ] was detected to be emitting ] at a rate of around {{nowrap|500 ]/h.}} After quarantining the container for over a year on Port grounds, Italian officials dissected it using robots and discovered a rod of ] {{nowrap|23 cm}} long and 0.8 cm in diameter intermingled with the scrap. Officials suspected its ] to be inappropriately disposed-of medical or food-processing equipment. The rod was sent to ] for further analysis, after which it was likely to be recycled.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Curry|first=Andrew|title=Why Is This Cargo Container Emitting So Much Radiation?|url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/mystery-box|magazine=Wired|access-date=2011-11-03|date=2011-10-21|volume=19|issue=11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106011406/http://www.wired.com/magazine/2011/10/ff_radioactivecargo/all/1|archive-date=2011-11-06|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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*August 2010 - A ] radioactive source was fortuitously discovered beneath the asphalt of Stargarder Straße in ], Germany, where it had probably been for the past 20 years. The site was dug up, and the source transferred to the ].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thelocal.de/20100810/29063/ |title=Police investigate radioactive waste found under Berlin street |newspaper=The Local Germany |date=10 August 2010 |access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref> |
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*August 2010 – A ] radioactive source was fortuitously discovered beneath the asphalt of Stargarder Straße in ], Germany, where it had probably been for the past 20 years. The site was dug up, and the source transferred to the ].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thelocal.de/20100810/29063/ |title=Police investigate radioactive waste found under Berlin street |newspaper=The Local Germany |date=10 August 2010 |access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref> |
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*October 2011 – At a hospital in ], a 7-year-old girl was treated for ] with whole brain radiation. The prescriptions were done manually in a form with no formal peer review process. Because of an error in the registration of the number of sessions, she received the full dose in each session of radiotherapy. Even with early toxicity, the doctor refused to assess the patient, because some of the complaints were usual. The full treatment was finished in about 8 sessions and the girl was admitted with ]s. She developed ] ] and died in June 2012. After an investigation, the physicist, technician, and physician were charged with ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://g1.globo.com/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2012/06/hospital-apura-morte-de-menina-queimada-em-radioterapia-no-rio.html |title=Hospital Apura Morte de Menina Queimada em Radioterapia no Rio |publisher=Globo.com |date=2 Jun 2012 |access-date=2014-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006183619/http://g1.globo.com/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2012/06/hospital-apura-morte-de-menina-queimada-em-radioterapia-no-rio.html |archive-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*October 2011 – At a hospital in ], a 7-year-old girl was treated for ] with whole brain radiation. The prescriptions were done manually in a form with no formal peer review process. Because of an error in the registration of the number of sessions, she received the full dose in each session of radiotherapy. Even with early toxicity, the doctor refused to assess the patient, because some of the complaints were usual. The full treatment was finished in about 8 sessions and the girl was admitted with ]s. She developed ] ] and died in June 2012. After an investigation, the physicist, technician, and physician were charged with ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://g1.globo.com/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2012/06/hospital-apura-morte-de-menina-queimada-em-radioterapia-no-rio.html |title=Hospital Apura Morte de Menina Queimada em Radioterapia no Rio |publisher=Globo.com |date=2 Jun 2012 |access-date=2014-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006183619/http://g1.globo.com/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2012/06/hospital-apura-morte-de-menina-queimada-em-radioterapia-no-rio.html |archive-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*May 2013 – J-PARC radioactive isotope leakage accident. On 23 May 2013, accidental leakage of radioactive isotopes occurred in the high-intensity proton accelerator facility, one of the nuclear research facilities in ]. In addition to the diffusion of radioactive isotopes due to the malfunction of equipment, the response to the accident was mishandled, with 33 out of 55 personnel who were on site at the time exposed. A small amount of radioactive isotope leaked outside the controlled area as well. This incident was tentatively evaluated as an ] Level 1 event by the Japanese Nuclear Regulatory Commission.{{Citation needed|date=May 2013}} |
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*May 2013 – J-PARC radioactive isotope leakage accident. On 23 May 2013, accidental leakage of radioactive isotopes occurred in the high-intensity proton accelerator facility, one of the nuclear research facilities in ]. In addition to the diffusion of radioactive isotopes due to the malfunction of equipment, the response to the accident was mishandled, with 33 out of 55 personnel who were on site at the time exposed. A small amount of radioactive isotope leaked outside the controlled area as well. This incident was tentatively evaluated as an ] Level 1 event by the Japanese Nuclear Regulatory Commission.{{Citation needed|date=May 2013}} |
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== 2020s == |
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== 2020s == |
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*February 2020 - There was a ] contamination in ], ]. Radioactive contamination has been found on empty land close to a residential building, with estimated dose exposure about 148 mSv/h.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Setiawan |first1=B. |last2=Iskandar |first2=D. |last3=Nurliati |first3=G. |last4=Sriwahyuni |first4=H. |last5=Mirawaty |first5=M. |last6=Artiani |first6=P. A. |last7=Heriyanto |first7=K. |last8=Ekaningrum |first8=N. E. |last9=Purwanto |first9=Y. |last10=Sumarbagiono |first10=S. |date=2021-04-22 |title=Proposed Managements of 137Cs Contaminated Soil: Case Study in South Tangerang City |url=http://aij.batan.go.id/index.php/aij/article/view/1055 |journal=Atom Indonesia |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=65–76 |doi=10.17146/aij.2021.1055 |s2cid=236631150 |issn=0126-1568|doi-access=free }}</ref> Depleted uranium and an empty cylinder has also been found in two houses in the same neighborhood. The owner is known to be a retired ] (National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia) employee.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indonesian Police: Radioactive Waste Traced to Ex-Nuclear Agency Employee |url=https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/indonesian/radioactive-waste-02252020165601.html |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=Benar News |language=en}}</ref> Decontamination procedure has been done by removing 87 drums of radioactive soil, and cutting trees and grass.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-18 |title=Radioactive Clean-Up Continues in Serpong |url=https://jakartaglobe.id/vision/radioactive-cleanup-continues-in-serpong |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=Jakarta Globe}}</ref> A measurable Caesium-137 trace has been detected on two residents, at 0,12 mSv and 0,5 mSv each.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Indonesia |first=C. N. N. |title=Fakta Radioaktif Cesium-137 yang Kontaminasi 2 Warga Tangsel |url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/teknologi/20200221164154-199-476866/fakta-radioaktif-cesium-137-yang-kontaminasi-2-warga-tangsel |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=teknologi |language=id-ID}}</ref> |
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*February 2020 – ] contamination in ], ]. Radioactive contamination was found on empty land close to a residential building, with estimated dose exposure about 148 mSv/h.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Setiawan |first1=B. |last2=Iskandar |first2=D. |last3=Nurliati |first3=G. |last4=Sriwahyuni |first4=H. |last5=Mirawaty |first5=M. |last6=Artiani |first6=P. A. |last7=Heriyanto |first7=K. |last8=Ekaningrum |first8=N. E. |last9=Purwanto |first9=Y. |last10=Sumarbagiono |first10=S. |date=2021-04-22 |title=Proposed Managements of 137Cs Contaminated Soil: Case Study in South Tangerang City |url=http://aij.batan.go.id/index.php/aij/article/view/1055 |journal=Atom Indonesia |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=65–76 |doi=10.17146/aij.2021.1055 |s2cid=236631150 |issn=0126-1568|doi-access=free }}</ref> Depleted uranium and an empty cylinder was also found in two houses in the same neighborhood. The owner was known to be a retired ] (National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia) employee.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indonesian Police: Radioactive Waste Traced to Ex-Nuclear Agency Employee |url=https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/indonesian/radioactive-waste-02252020165601.html |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=Benar News |language=en}}</ref> Decontamination procedure was done by removing 87 drums of radioactive soil, and cutting trees and grass.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-18 |title=Radioactive Clean-Up Continues in Serpong |url=https://jakartaglobe.id/vision/radioactive-cleanup-continues-in-serpong |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=Jakarta Globe}}</ref> A measurable Caesium-137 trace was detected on two residents, at 0,12 mSv and 0,5 mSv each.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Indonesia |first=C. N. N. |title=Fakta Radioaktif Cesium-137 yang Kontaminasi 2 Warga Tangsel |url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/teknologi/20200221164154-199-476866/fakta-radioaktif-cesium-137-yang-kontaminasi-2-warga-tangsel |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=teknologi |language=id-ID}}</ref> |
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*May 2021 - In ], Maharashtra Anti Terrorism Squad arrested two people on 5 May with 7.1 kg of natural uranium estimated worth {{INRconvert|21.3|c}}. It was unclear how they acquired the material. The ] later took over the case.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kaur Sandhu|first=Kamaljit|date=2021-05-09|title=NIA takes over probe into seizure of 7 kg uranium worth Rs 21 crore in Mumbai|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nia-probe-recovery-7kg-radioactive-uranium-maharashtra-ats-mumbai-1800551-2021-05-09|access-date=2021-05-12|website=India Today}}</ref> |
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*May 2021 – In ], Maharashtra Anti Terrorism Squad arrested two people on 5 May with 7.1 kg of natural uranium estimated worth {{INRconvert|21.3|c}}. It was unclear how they acquired the material. The ] later took over the case.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kaur Sandhu|first=Kamaljit|date=2021-05-09|title=NIA takes over probe into seizure of 7 kg uranium worth Rs 21 crore in Mumbai|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nia-probe-recovery-7kg-radioactive-uranium-maharashtra-ats-mumbai-1800551-2021-05-09|access-date=2021-05-12|website=India Today}}</ref> |
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*January 2023 - ]: Between 10 January 2023 and 16 January 2023, a ] capsule containing a 19 giga becquerel ]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hastie |first1=Hamish |date=27 January 2023 |title=WA health risk as tiny amount of radioactive substance lost in transit |url=https://www.watoday.com.au/national/western-australia/wa-health-risk-as-tiny-amount-of-radioactive-substance-lost-in-transit-20230127-p5cg2t.html |access-date=27 January 2023 |website=WAtoday}}</ref> ceramic source<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bunch |first1=Aaron |date=28 January 2023 |title=Lost radioactive capsule from Rio Tinto |url=https://www.aap.com.au/news/search-for-missing-radioactive-capsule/ |access-date=28 January 2023 |website=Australian Associated Press}}</ref> went missing from a truck on which it was being transported across ]. On 27 January 2023, Members of the public were warned to observe a safe distance of five metres if they found the capsule, and drivers who had recently used the ] were asked to check their vehicle tyres in case it was lodged in the tread.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Guardian Staff |date=2023-01-27 |title=Missing radioactive capsule sparks urgent health alert in Western Australia |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/jan/27/missing-radioactive-capsule-sparks-urgent-health-alert-in-western-australia |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> It was located on 1 February 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Guardian Staff |date=2023-02-01 |title=Tiny radioactive capsule lost in Australian outback found by side of 1,400km stretch of road |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/feb/01/tiny-radioactive-capsule-lost-in-australian-outback-found-by-side-of-1400km-stretch-of-road |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> |
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*January 2023 – ]: between 10 January 2023 and 16 January 2023, a ] capsule containing a 19 giga becquerel ]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hastie |first1=Hamish |date=27 January 2023 |title=WA health risk as tiny amount of radioactive substance lost in transit |url=https://www.watoday.com.au/national/western-australia/wa-health-risk-as-tiny-amount-of-radioactive-substance-lost-in-transit-20230127-p5cg2t.html |access-date=27 January 2023 |website=WAtoday}}</ref> ceramic source<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bunch |first1=Aaron |date=28 January 2023 |title=Lost radioactive capsule from Rio Tinto |url=https://www.aap.com.au/news/search-for-missing-radioactive-capsule/ |access-date=28 January 2023 |website=Australian Associated Press |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128045609/https://www.aap.com.au/news/search-for-missing-radioactive-capsule/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> went missing from a truck on which it was being transported across ]. On 27 January 2023, members of the public were warned to observe a safe distance of five metres if they found the capsule, and drivers who had recently used the ] were asked to check their vehicle tyres in case it was lodged in the tread.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Guardian Staff |date=2023-01-27 |title=Missing radioactive capsule sparks urgent health alert in Western Australia |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/jan/27/missing-radioactive-capsule-sparks-urgent-health-alert-in-western-australia |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> It was located on 1 February 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Guardian Staff |date=2023-02-01 |title=Tiny radioactive capsule lost in Australian outback found by side of 1,400km stretch of road |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/feb/01/tiny-radioactive-capsule-lost-in-australian-outback-found-by-side-of-1400km-stretch-of-road |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
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==See also== |
In listing civilian radiation accidents, the following criteria have been followed: