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| {{Short description|Term used in some post-Soviet states for the Eastern front in World War II}} | |||
| ]]] | |||
| {{italic title}} | |||
| {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}} | |||
| ], carrying portraits of their ancestors who fought in the ].]] | |||
| ] pays tribute on Victory Day in 2014 in Minsk under the cloak of the ].]] | |||
| ].]] | |||
| '''''The Great Patriotic War''''' ({{langx|ru|Великая Отечественная война|translit=Vělikaja Otěčestvěnnaja vojna}}){{efn|'''Additional translations in languages of the former Soviet Union:''' {{bulleted list|{{langx|az|Böyük Vətən müharibəsi}}|{{langx|be|Вялікая Айчынная вайна|Välikaja Ajčynnaja vajna}}|{{langx|et|Suur Isamaasõda}}|{{langx|hy|Հայրենական Մեծ պատերազմ|translit=Hayrenakan Mec paterazm}}|{{lang-ka|დიდი სამამულო ომი/Didi samamulo omi}}|{{langx|kk|Ulı Otan soğısı}}|{{langx|ky|Улуу Ата Мекендик согуш|translit=Uluu Ata Mekendik soğuş}}|{{langx|lt|Didysis Tėvynės karas}}|{{langx|lv|Lielais Tēvijas karš}}|{{langx|ro|Marele Război pentru apărarea Patriei}} ({{Moldovan Cyrillic|Мареле Рэзбой пентру апэраря Патрией}})|{{langx|tg|Ҷанги Бузурги Ватанӣ|translit=Jangi Buzurgi Vataní}}|{{langx|tk|Beýik Watançylyk urşy/Beyik Watançılıq urşı}}|{{langx|tt-Cyrl|Бөек Ватан сугышы|translit=Böyek Watan suğışı}}|{{langx|uk|Велика Вітчизняна війна|translit=Velyka Vitčyznäna vijna}}|{{langx|uz|Улуғ Ватан уруши|translit=Uluğ Vatan uruşi}}}}}} is a ] used in ] and some other ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/politics/2015/04/150409_communizm_upa_vc|script-title=uk:Рада ухвалила "декомунізаційний пакет"|last=Україна|first=Віталій Червоненко ВВС|website=BBC News Україна|date=9 April 2015|language=uk|access-date=2019-01-13}}</ref> to describe the conflict fought during the period from 22 June 1941 to 9 May 1945 along the many fronts of the ] of ], primarily between the ] and ]. For some legal purposes, this period may be extended to 11 May 1945 to include the end of the ].<ref name="veterans-law">Федеральный закон № 5-ФЗ от 12 января 1995, "О ветеранах" {{in lang|ru}}</ref> | |||
| == History == | |||
| The term '''Great Patriotic War''' ({{lang-ru|Великая Отечественная война}}, ''Velikaya Otechestvennaya Voyna''<ref>{{lang-uk|Велика Вітчизняна війна}}; {{lang-be|Вялікая Айчынная вайна}}; {{lang-uz|Улуғ Ватан уруши}}; {{lang-kk|Ұлы Отан соғысы}}; {{lang-az|Бөјүк Вәтән мүһарибәси}}; {{lang-lt|Didysis Tėvynės karas}}; {{lang-mo|Мареле Рэзбой пентру апэраря Патрией}}; {{lang-lv|Lielais Tēvijas karš}}; {{lang-ky|Улуу Ата Мекендик согуш}}; <!-- TO CONFIRM: {{lang-tg|Ҷанги Бузурги Ватанӣ}}; --> {{lang-et|Suur Isamaasõda}}; {{lang-tt|Бөек Ватан сугышы}}</ref>) is used in ] and other states of the former ] to describe the war of ] to ] between Nazi ] and its ] allies and the Soviet Union. The term is not generally used outside the former Soviet Union, see ]. | |||
| The term ''Patriotic War'' refers to the Russian resistance to the ] under ], which became known as the '']''. In ], the term {{lang|ru|отечественная война}} originally referred to a war on one's own territory ({{transliteration|ru|otechestvo}} means "the fatherland"), as opposed to a campaign abroad ({{lang|ru|заграничная война}}),<ref>For example, one of the books published shortly after the war was titled {{lang|ru|Письма русского офицера о Польше, Австрийских владениях, Пруссии и Франции, с подробным описанием похода Россиян противу Французов в 1805 и 1806 году, также <u>отечественной и заграничной войны</u>}} с 1812 по 1815 год..." (], Moscow, 1815–1816; the title was translated as "Letters of a Russian Officer on Poland, the Austrian Domains, Prussia and France; with a detailed description of the Russian campaign against the French in 1805 and 1806, and also <u>the Fatherland and foreign war</u> from 1812 to 1815..." in: A. Herzen, ''Letters from France and Italy, 1847–1851'', ], 1995, p. 272).</ref> and later was reinterpreted as a war {{em|for}} the fatherland, i.e. a defensive war for one's homeland. Sometimes the Patriotic War of 1812 was also referred to as the ''Great Patriotic War'' ({{lang|ru|Великая отечественная война}}); the phrase first appeared in 1844<ref>It can be found in ]'s essay "Russian literature in 1843" first printed in magazine ], vol. 32 (1844), see page 34 of section 5 "Critics" (each section has its own pagination).</ref> and became popular on the eve of the centenary of the Patriotic War of 1812.<ref>For example, several books had the phrase in their titles, as: {{lang|ru|П. Ниве, Великая Отечественная война. 1812 годъ, М., 1912; И. Савостинъ, Великая Отечественная война. Къ 100-лѣтнему юбилею. 1812–1912 г., М., 1911; П. М. Андріановъ, Великая Отечественная война. (1812) По поводу 100-лѣтняго юбилея, Спб., 1912.}}</ref> | |||
| After 1914, the phrase was applied to ].<ref name=dict/> It was the name of a special war-time appendix to the magazine ''Theater and Life'' ({{lang|ru|Театр и жизнь}}) in ], and referred to the ] of World War I, where Russia fought against the ] and the ].<ref name="dict" /> The phrases ''Second Patriotic War'' ({{lang|ru|Вторая отечественная война}}) and ''Great World Patriotic War'' ({{lang|ru|Великая всемирная отечественная война}}) were also used during World War I in Russia.<ref name=dict/> | |||
| The term was coined following the Axis attack against the Soviet Union on ], ] and was to mobilize the population to defend the motherland. Before then, the term referred to the ] of Russia against the French invaders under ] in ] (now known as the '''Patriotic War of 1812'''). | |||
| The term ''Great Patriotic War'' re-appeared in the official newspaper of the ], '']'', on 23 June 1941, just a day after ] ]. It was found in the title of "The Great Patriotic War of the Soviet People" ({{transliteration|ru|Vělikaja Otěčestvěnnaja Vojna Sovětskogo Naroda}}), a long article by ], a member of Pravda editors' collegium. The phrase was intended to motivate the population to defend the Soviet fatherland and to expel the invader, and a reference to the Patriotic War of 1812 was seen as a great morale booster.<ref name=dict>, by ], 2006. {{in lang|ru}}</ref> During the Soviet period, historians engaged in huge distortions to make history fit with Communist ideology, with Marshal ] and Prince ] transformed into peasant generals, ] alternatively ignored or vilified, and the war becoming a massive "People's War" fought by the ordinary people of ] with almost no involvement on the part of the government.{{sfn|Lieven|2010|pp=9–10}} The invasion by Germany was called the ''Great Patriotic War'' by the Soviet government to evoke comparisons with the victory by Tsar Alexander I over Napoleon's invading army.{{sfn|Stahel|2010|p=337}} | |||
| The term Great Patriotic War appeared in the Soviet newspaper '']'' one day after Hitler invaded the Soviet Union, in a long article titled ''The Great Patriotic War of the Soviet People'' (Russian: Великая Отечественная война cоветского народа). The term '''war against aggression''' was used by the Soviet Union before the involvement of the ] and ]. The conflict was also known as '']'' or ''The Sacred People's War'' by Soviet media in the early days of the war. | |||
| The term {{lang|ru|Отечественная война}} (Patriotic War or Fatherland War) was officially recognized by establishment of the ] on 20 May 1942, awarded for heroic deeds. | |||
| ⚫ | ==See |
||
| == Usage == | |||
| ⚫ | * ] | ||
| ]. ]s and Soviet military symbolism play an important role in the 9 May celebrations across Russia.]] | |||
| * ] | |||
| The term is not generally used outside the former Soviet Union, and the closest term is the ] (1941–1945). Neither term covers the initial phase of World War II in Eastern Europe, during which the USSR, then still in a ] with Germany, invaded ] (1939), ] (1940), ] (1940) and ] (1939–1940).<ref name="veterans-law" /><ref>{{cite book |first=Norman |last=Davies |author-link= Norman Davies |title= ] |year= 2006 |location= London |publisher= ] |isbn= 9780333692851 |oclc= 70401618 |pages=153–155|chapter= Phase 1, 1939–1941: the era of the Nazi-Soviet pact}}</ref> The term also does not cover the ] (1945).<ref name="veterans-law" /> | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| In Russia and some other post-Soviet countries, the term is given great significance; it is accepted as a representation of the most important part of ]. Until 2014, ] was the only nation in the ] that had not recognized the term, referring to it as World War II on the state holiday – the ].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1058790.html|title=World War II – 60 Years After: For Some Central Asians, 'Great Patriotic War' is More Controversial Than Ever|newspaper=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=8 April 2008 |last1=Saidazimova |first1=Gulnoza }}</ref> | |||
| ==Footnotes== | |||
| <references/> | |||
| On 9 April 2015, the ] replaced the term ''Great Patriotic War (1941–1945)'' (''Velyka vitchyzniana viina'') in the country's law with the "]" (''Druha svitova viina''),<ref>, ], (10 April 2015)</ref> as part of a set of ]. Also in 2015, Ukraine's "]" was established as a national holiday in accordance with the law of "On Perpetuation of Victory over Nazism in World War II 1939–1945". The new holiday was celebrated on May 9 and replaced the Soviet-Russian ], which is also celebrated on May 9. These laws were adopted by the Ukrainian parliament within the package of laws on decommunization.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Про увічнення Перемоги у Великій Вітчизняній війні 1941–1945 років|url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1684-14|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-02-01|website=zakon.rada.gov.ua}}</ref> In 2023 Ukraine abolished the 2015 9 May "Victory Day over Nazism" holiday and replaced it with the new ] "]" which is celebrated on 8 May annually.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zelenskyy signs law recognising 8 May as Day of Remembrance and Victory over Nazism |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2023/06/12/7406493/ |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=Ukrainska Pravda |language=en}}<br>{{cite news |title=Victory Day Celebration On May 9 Canceled In Ukraine|url=https://ukranews.com/en/news/935628-victory-day-celebration-on-may-9-canceled-in-ukraine|work=]|date=30 May 2023|access-date=30 May 2023|language=English}}<br>{{cite news |title=Rada sets Day of Remembrance and Victory over Nazism on May 8|url=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-society/3715687-rada-sets-day-of-remembrance-and-victory-over-nazism-on-may-8.html|work=]|date=30 May 2023|access-date=30 May 2023|language=English}}</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| == Gallery of stamps == | |||
| <gallery> | |||
| File:Post USSR 1963 Satlingrad battle.jpg|1963 Soviet stamp commemorating the 20th anniversary of the ], with caption reading {{lang|ru|Великая Отечественная война 1941-1945гг (The Great Patriotic War 1941-1945)}}. | |||
| File:Stamp of Ukraine s656.jpg|Ukrainian stamp commemorating the "60th anniversary of victory in the Great Patriotic War", 1945–2005 ({{Langx|uk|60-річчя Перемоги у Великій Вітчизняній війні|lit=60-richchia Peremohy u Velykii Vitchyznianii Viini}}) | |||
| File:07-z.png|Belarusian stamps for "70 years of victory in the Great Patriotic War 1945–2015" ({{Langx|be|70 hadow Peramohi w Vyalikay Aychynnay vayne 1945–2015}}). | |||
| </gallery> | |||
| ⚫ | == See also == | ||
| ] | |||
| {{Portal|Soviet Union|Russia}} | |||
| ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ] | |||
| * '']'' | |||
| ] | |||
| * '']'' | |||
| ] | |||
| ⚫ | * ] | ||
| ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| == Notes == | |||
| ] | |||
| {{Notelist}} | |||
| ] | |||
| == References == | |||
| {{Reflist}} | |||
| ===Books=== | |||
| * {{cite book | last=Lieven | first= D. C. B | date=2010 | title=Russia against Napoleon | url=https://archive.org/details/russiaagainstnap00liev_0 | access-date=15 April 2021 | publisher=Viking| isbn= 9780670021574 }} | |||
| * {{cite book | last=Stahel | first=David | date=2010 | title=Operation Barbarossa and Germany's Defeat in the East | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0-521-76847-4 | edition=Third Printing}} | |||
| == External links == | |||
| {{Commons category|Great Patriotic War}} | |||
| * '''', English-language book published in the Soviet Union in 1974. | |||
| * {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218033423/http://net-film.ru/en/topic-world-war-ii-page-1/ |date=18 December 2010 }} | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| {{Clear}} | |||
| {{Moscow Victory Parade|state=expanded}} | |||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
Latest revision as of 19:21, 26 December 2024
Term used in some post-Soviet states for the Eastern front in World War II
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The Great Patriotic War (Russian: Великая Отечественная война, romanized: Vělikaja Otěčestvěnnaja vojna) is a term used in Russia and some other former republics of the Soviet Union to describe the conflict fought during the period from 22 June 1941 to 9 May 1945 along the many fronts of the Eastern Front of World War II, primarily between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany. For some legal purposes, this period may be extended to 11 May 1945 to include the end of the Prague offensive.
History
The term Patriotic War refers to the Russian resistance to the French invasion of Russia under Napoleon I, which became known as the Patriotic War of 1812. In Russian, the term отечественная война originally referred to a war on one's own territory (otechestvo means "the fatherland"), as opposed to a campaign abroad (заграничная война), and later was reinterpreted as a war for the fatherland, i.e. a defensive war for one's homeland. Sometimes the Patriotic War of 1812 was also referred to as the Great Patriotic War (Великая отечественная война); the phrase first appeared in 1844 and became popular on the eve of the centenary of the Patriotic War of 1812.
After 1914, the phrase was applied to World War I. It was the name of a special war-time appendix to the magazine Theater and Life (Театр и жизнь) in Saint Petersburg, and referred to the Eastern Front of World War I, where Russia fought against the German Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The phrases Second Patriotic War (Вторая отечественная война) and Great World Patriotic War (Великая всемирная отечественная война) were also used during World War I in Russia.
The term Great Patriotic War re-appeared in the official newspaper of the CPSU, Pravda, on 23 June 1941, just a day after Germany invaded the Soviet Union. It was found in the title of "The Great Patriotic War of the Soviet People" (Vělikaja Otěčestvěnnaja Vojna Sovětskogo Naroda), a long article by Yemelyan Yaroslavsky, a member of Pravda editors' collegium. The phrase was intended to motivate the population to defend the Soviet fatherland and to expel the invader, and a reference to the Patriotic War of 1812 was seen as a great morale booster. During the Soviet period, historians engaged in huge distortions to make history fit with Communist ideology, with Marshal Mikhail Kutuzov and Prince Pyotr Bagration transformed into peasant generals, Alexander I alternatively ignored or vilified, and the war becoming a massive "People's War" fought by the ordinary people of Russia with almost no involvement on the part of the government. The invasion by Germany was called the Great Patriotic War by the Soviet government to evoke comparisons with the victory by Tsar Alexander I over Napoleon's invading army.
The term Отечественная война (Patriotic War or Fatherland War) was officially recognized by establishment of the Order of the Patriotic War on 20 May 1942, awarded for heroic deeds.
Usage
The term is not generally used outside the former Soviet Union, and the closest term is the Eastern Front of World War II (1941–1945). Neither term covers the initial phase of World War II in Eastern Europe, during which the USSR, then still in a non-aggression pact with Germany, invaded eastern Poland (1939), the Baltic states (1940), Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina (1940) and Finland (1939–1940). The term also does not cover the Soviet–Japanese War (1945).
In Russia and some other post-Soviet countries, the term is given great significance; it is accepted as a representation of the most important part of World War II. Until 2014, Uzbekistan was the only nation in the Commonwealth of Independent States that had not recognized the term, referring to it as World War II on the state holiday – the Day of Remembrance and Honour.
On 9 April 2015, the Ukrainian parliament replaced the term Great Patriotic War (1941–1945) (Velyka vitchyzniana viina) in the country's law with the "Second World War (1939–1945)" (Druha svitova viina), as part of a set of decommunization laws. Also in 2015, Ukraine's "Victory Day over Nazism in World War II" was established as a national holiday in accordance with the law of "On Perpetuation of Victory over Nazism in World War II 1939–1945". The new holiday was celebrated on May 9 and replaced the Soviet-Russian Victory Day, which is also celebrated on May 9. These laws were adopted by the Ukrainian parliament within the package of laws on decommunization. In 2023 Ukraine abolished the 2015 9 May "Victory Day over Nazism" holiday and replaced it with the new public holiday "Day of Remembrance and Victory over Nazism in World War II 1939 – 1945" which is celebrated on 8 May annually.
Gallery of stamps
-
1963 Soviet stamp commemorating the 20th anniversary of the Battle of Stalingrad, with caption reading Великая Отечественная война 1941-1945гг (The Great Patriotic War 1941-1945).
-
Ukrainian stamp commemorating the "60th anniversary of victory in the Great Patriotic War", 1945–2005 (Ukrainian: 60-річчя Перемоги у Великій Вітчизняній війні, lit. '60-richchia Peremohy u Velykii Vitchyznianii Viini')
-
Belarusian stamps for "70 years of victory in the Great Patriotic War 1945–2015" (Belarusian: 70 hadow Peramohi w Vyalikay Aychynnay vayne 1945–2015).
See also
- Operation Barbarossa
- Pobediteli
- Pobedobesie
- The Sacred War
- Strategic operations of the Red Army in World War II
Notes
- Additional translations in languages of the former Soviet Union:
- Azerbaijani: Böyük Vətən müharibəsi
- Belarusian: Вялікая Айчынная вайна, romanized: Välikaja Ajčynnaja vajna
- Estonian: Suur Isamaasõda
- Armenian: Հայրենական Մեծ պատերազմ, romanized: Hayrenakan Mec paterazm
- Georgian: დიდი სამამულო ომი/Didi samamulo omi
- Kazakh: Ulı Otan soğısı
- Kyrgyz: Улуу Ата Мекендик согуш, romanized: Uluu Ata Mekendik soğuş
- Lithuanian: Didysis Tėvynės karas
- Latvian: Lielais Tēvijas karš
- Romanian: Marele Război pentru apărarea Patriei (Moldovan Cyrillic: Мареле Рэзбой пентру апэраря Патрией)
- Tajik: Ҷанги Бузурги Ватанӣ, romanized: Jangi Buzurgi Vataní
- Turkmen: Beýik Watançylyk urşy/Beyik Watançılıq urşı
- Tatar: Бөек Ватан сугышы, romanized: Böyek Watan suğışı
- Ukrainian: Велика Вітчизняна війна, romanized: Velyka Vitčyznäna vijna
- Uzbek: Улуғ Ватан уруши, romanized: Uluğ Vatan uruşi
References
- Україна, Віталій Червоненко ВВС (9 April 2015). Рада ухвалила "декомунізаційний пакет". BBC News Україна (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 13 January 2019.
- ^ Федеральный закон № 5-ФЗ от 12 января 1995, "О ветеранах" (in Russian)
- For example, one of the books published shortly after the war was titled Письма русского офицера о Польше, Австрийских владениях, Пруссии и Франции, с подробным описанием похода Россиян противу Французов в 1805 и 1806 году, также отечественной и заграничной войны с 1812 по 1815 год..." (Fyodor Glinka, Moscow, 1815–1816; the title was translated as "Letters of a Russian Officer on Poland, the Austrian Domains, Prussia and France; with a detailed description of the Russian campaign against the French in 1805 and 1806, and also the Fatherland and foreign war from 1812 to 1815..." in: A. Herzen, Letters from France and Italy, 1847–1851, University of Pittsburgh Press, 1995, p. 272).
- It can be found in Vissarion Belinsky's essay "Russian literature in 1843" first printed in magazine Otechestvennye Zapiski, vol. 32 (1844), see page 34 of section 5 "Critics" (each section has its own pagination).
- For example, several books had the phrase in their titles, as: П. Ниве, Великая Отечественная война. 1812 годъ, М., 1912; И. Савостинъ, Великая Отечественная война. Къ 100-лѣтнему юбилею. 1812–1912 г., М., 1911; П. М. Андріановъ, Великая Отечественная война. (1812) По поводу 100-лѣтняго юбилея, Спб., 1912.
- ^ The dictionary of modern citations and catch phrases, by Konstantin Dushenko, 2006. (in Russian)
- Lieven 2010, pp. 9–10.
- Stahel 2010, p. 337.
- Davies, Norman (2006). "Phase 1, 1939–1941: the era of the Nazi-Soviet pact". Europe at War 1939–1945: No Simple Victory. London: Macmillan. pp. 153–155. ISBN 9780333692851. OCLC 70401618.
- Saidazimova, Gulnoza (8 April 2008). "World War II – 60 Years After: For Some Central Asians, 'Great Patriotic War' is More Controversial Than Ever". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.
- Ukraine Purges Symbols of Its Communist Past, Newsweek, (10 April 2015)
- "Про увічнення Перемоги у Великій Вітчизняній війні 1941–1945 років". zakon.rada.gov.ua. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
- "Zelenskyy signs law recognising 8 May as Day of Remembrance and Victory over Nazism". Ukrainska Pravda. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
"Victory Day Celebration On May 9 Canceled In Ukraine". Ukrainian News Agency. 30 May 2023. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
"Rada sets Day of Remembrance and Victory over Nazism on May 8". Ukrinform. 30 May 2023. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
Books
- Lieven, D. C. B (2010). Russia against Napoleon. Viking. ISBN 9780670021574. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
- Stahel, David (2010). Operation Barbarossa and Germany's Defeat in the East (Third Printing ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-76847-4.
External links
- Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union 1941–1945. A General Outline, English-language book published in the Soviet Union in 1974.
- Documentary films and newsreels about the Great Patriotic War Archived 18 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- Poems about the Great Patriotic War
- Bryan Fugate, Operation Barbarossa: Strategy And Tactics On The Eastern Front, 1941
