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{{Short description|8th century battle between Umayyads and Brahmin dynasty of Sindh}} {{Short description|8th century battle between Umayyads and Brahmin dynasty of Sindh}}
⚫ {{Copy edit|date=September 2023}}The '''Battle of Aror also known as the Battle of Rewar took place in 711 AD between the ] forces under ] and the army of ] led by ]. It was the last military conflict of Raja Dahir, in which the Umayyads defeated his army near ] and he was killed the battle.'''

{{Infobox military conflict {{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Aror | conflict = Battle of Aror
| place = ] | place = ], ]
| date = 711 AD | date = 711 AD
| partof = ] | partof = ]
| result = ] victory | result = ] victory
| combatant1 = ] | combatant1 = ] ]
| combatant2 = ] | combatant2 = ]
| commander1 = ] | commander1 = ] ]
| commander2 = ]{{KIA}} | commander2 = ]{{KIA}}
| strength1 = 2,000 | strength1 = 20,000
| strength2 = 20,000–25,000<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khushalani |first=Gobind |title=Chachnamah Retold : An Account Of The Arab Conquest Of Sindh |publisher=Bibliophile South Asia |year=2006 |isbn=9788185002682 |pages=127}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sāvitrī Kotūmal Mansukhānī |first=Rāmu Amarlaʻlu Panjvāṇī |title=Sindh land of hope and glory |publisher=Har-anand publication |year=2002| pages = 103|isbn=9788124108468}}</ref><br>50,000 (modern estimates)
| strength2 = 50,000
| image = Indus river basin without boundaries of disputed regions.png | image = Sukkur Satellite Image.JPG
| caption = Indus river | caption = Indus river near Aror
| coordinates = {{coord|27.65|N|68.9833|E|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = Sindh#Pakistan
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
}} }}
⚫ The '''Battle of Aror''' took place in 711 AD between the ] forces under ] and the army of the ] under ]. It was the last military conflict of Raja Dahir, in which the Umayyads defeated his army near the ] and resulted in the death of Dahir.


⚫ == Battle ==
The fight took place on the left bank of the Indus river. The name of that place on those occasions were Jiwar, Bet and Rawer.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=DFzxOS4GAhsC&pg=PA330&dq=Indus+Kasim+Dahir&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi5r-DGw5uBAxWnmFYBHWKjBCsQ6AF6BAgMEAM |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |date=1887 |publisher=Soc. |pages=330–331 |language=en}}</ref> After ], Muhammad ibn Qasim joined with 2,000 horsemen<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=www.DiscoverSikhism.com |url=http://archive.org/details/TheHistoryOfIndia-VolumeI |title=The History Of India - Volume I |pages=512 |language=English}}</ref> from ] and marched towards Aror. He was opposed by the forces of Raja Dahir consisted of 50,000 men.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=7JwIAAAAQAAJ |title=General Report on Public Instruction in the North Western Provinces of the Bengal Presidency |date=1853 |pages=200 |language=en}}</ref>
The battle took place on the left bank of the Indus. The names of that place on those occasions were Jiwar, Bet, and Rawer.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFzxOS4GAhsC&dq=Indus+Kasim+Dahir&pg=PA330 |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |date=1887 |publisher=Soc. |pages=330–331 |language=en}}</ref> After ], Muhammad ibn Qasim joined with 2,000 cavalry from ] in addition to the rest of his forces making it 20,000 men, and marched towards ]. He was opposed by Raja Dahir's forces. According to the ], the strength of the forces was 20,000-25,000. According to modern historians such as ], the forces included not less than 50,000 men.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rapson |first1=Edward James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=05dEAQAAMAAJ |title=The Cambridge History of India: Turks and Afghans, edited by W. Haig |last2=Haig |first2=Sir Wolseley |last3=Burn |first3=Sir Richard |last4=Dodwell |first4=Henry |date=1958 |publisher=S. Chand |pages=5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wynbrandt |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xQGwgJnCPZgC |title=A Brief History of Pakistan |date=2009 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-0-8160-6184-6 |pages=48 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=Kishori Saran |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MscKAQAAIAAJ |title=Early Muslims in India |date=1984 |publisher=Books & Books |isbn=978-81-85016-08-5 |pages=14–19 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Satyapal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O-AgAAAAMAAJ |title=Sixty Years of Congress: India Lost; India Regained, a Detailed Record of Its Struggle for Freedom |last2=Chandra |first2=Prabodh |date=1946 |publisher=Lion Press |pages=32–36 |language=en}}</ref>


⚫ Qasim, seeing the imbalance, took advantage of the ground. He waited for Dahir to attack after getting in a good position. During the battle, a fireball struck Dahir's elephant, and the elephant bore Dahir off the field.<ref name=":1" /> Even though Dahir fought, he was killed by an arrow in his neck and his army faced high casualties, resulting in an Umayyad victory.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=J. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0fmtjbaQPzMC |title=Vol. Iii: Medieval Indian Society And Culture |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-81-207-0432-9 |pages=12 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kadyan |first=Amir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hm3aDwAAQBAJ |title=Know The Jat |date=2020-04-02 |publisher=BlueRose Publishers |pages=10 |language=en}}</ref>
⚫ == The Battle ==
⚫ Qasim, seeing the disproportion of the strength, availed himself of the advantage of ground, and awaited Dahir to attack since he got a good position. In between the battle, a fireball struck Dahir's elephant, and the terrified elephant bore Dahir off the field.<ref name=":0" /> Even though Dahir managed to fight, he was killed hitten by an arrow on his neck and his army faced high casualties resulting the victory for Umayyads.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Board |first=Pratiyogita Darpan Editorial |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=4TA_WbrHHDsC |title=Pratiyogita Darpan Extra Issue Series-16 Indian History–Medieval India |publisher=Upkar Prakashan |pages=36 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=fwxeAAAAcAAJ |title=Translation of the Toofut ul Kiram, a history of Sindh. By Lieut. Postans |date=1845 |pages=21 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=J. L. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=0fmtjbaQPzMC&pg |title=Vol. Iii: Medieval Indian Society And Culture |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-81-207-0432-9 |pages=12 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kadyan |first=Amir |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=hm3aDwAAQBAJ& |title=Know The Jat |date=2020-04-02 |publisher=BlueRose Publishers |pages=10 |language=en}}</ref>


== Aftermath == == Aftermath ==
After the victory of the battle, Muhammed ibn Qasim found the dead body of Raja Dahir and it was sent to ]. He later dispatched his army to besiege the fort of Rewar.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> After the victory, Muhammed ibn Qasim found the body of Raja Dahir and sent it to ]. He later dispatched his army to besiege the fort of Rewar.<ref name=":2" /> Since his son had retreated to ] in war, the queen of Raja Dahir, ] Bai committed ] to avoid being captured by the army of Mohammed Qasim.<ref name=":0" />

==See Also==
*Battle of fort Rewar


== References == == References ==
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] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
]
] ]

Latest revision as of 22:17, 17 December 2024

8th century battle between Umayyads and Brahmin dynasty of Sindh
Battle of Aror
Part of Umayyad conquest of Sindh

Indus river near Aror
Date711 AD
LocationAror, Sindh27°39′00″N 68°59′00″E / 27.65°N 68.9833°E / 27.65; 68.9833
Result Umayyad victory
Belligerents
Umayyad Caliphate Kingdom of Sindh
Commanders and leaders
Muhammad ibn al-Qasim Raja Dahir †
Strength
20,000 20,000–25,000
50,000 (modern estimates)
Battle of Aror is located in SindhBattle of Arorclass=notpageimage| Location within SindhShow map of SindhBattle of Aror is located in PakistanBattle of ArorBattle of Aror (Pakistan)Show map of Pakistan

The Battle of Aror took place in 711 AD between the Umayyad forces under Muhammad ibn al-Qasim and the army of the Brahmin dynasty of Sindh under Raja Dahir. It was the last military conflict of Raja Dahir, in which the Umayyads defeated his army near the Indus River and resulted in the death of Dahir.

Battle

The battle took place on the left bank of the Indus. The names of that place on those occasions were Jiwar, Bet, and Rawer. After besieging Debal, Muhammad ibn Qasim joined with 2,000 cavalry from Persia in addition to the rest of his forces making it 20,000 men, and marched towards Aror. He was opposed by Raja Dahir's forces. According to the Chach Nama, the strength of the forces was 20,000-25,000. According to modern historians such as K. S. Lal, the forces included not less than 50,000 men.

Qasim, seeing the imbalance, took advantage of the ground. He waited for Dahir to attack after getting in a good position. During the battle, a fireball struck Dahir's elephant, and the elephant bore Dahir off the field. Even though Dahir fought, he was killed by an arrow in his neck and his army faced high casualties, resulting in an Umayyad victory.

Aftermath

After the victory, Muhammed ibn Qasim found the body of Raja Dahir and sent it to Al-Hajjaj. He later dispatched his army to besiege the fort of Rewar. Since his son had retreated to Brahmanabad in war, the queen of Raja Dahir, Rani Bai committed jauhar to avoid being captured by the army of Mohammed Qasim.

See Also

  • Battle of fort Rewar

References

  1. Khushalani, Gobind (2006). Chachnamah Retold : An Account Of The Arab Conquest Of Sindh. Bibliophile South Asia. p. 127. ISBN 9788185002682.
  2. Sāvitrī Kotūmal Mansukhānī, Rāmu Amarlaʻlu Panjvāṇī (2002). Sindh land of hope and glory. Har-anand publication. p. 103. ISBN 9788124108468.
  3. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Soc. 1887. pp. 330–331.
  4. Rapson, Edward James; Haig, Sir Wolseley; Burn, Sir Richard; Dodwell, Henry (1958). The Cambridge History of India: Turks and Afghans, edited by W. Haig. S. Chand. p. 5.
  5. Wynbrandt, James (2009). A Brief History of Pakistan. Infobase Publishing. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-8160-6184-6.
  6. ^ Lal, Kishori Saran (1984). Early Muslims in India. Books & Books. pp. 14–19. ISBN 978-81-85016-08-5.
  7. ^ Satyapal; Chandra, Prabodh (1946). Sixty Years of Congress: India Lost; India Regained, a Detailed Record of Its Struggle for Freedom. Lion Press. pp. 32–36.
  8. ^ Mehta, J. L. Vol. Iii: Medieval Indian Society And Culture. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 12. ISBN 978-81-207-0432-9.
  9. Kadyan, Amir (2020-04-02). Know The Jat. BlueRose Publishers. p. 10.
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