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==Leading up to the Operation== ==Leading up to the Operation==
Commander ] and the crew of the ] were some of the most successful aggressive submariners against the Japanese in the Pacific. Morton's aggressive tactics and desire to attack the enemy from inside the sea of Japan set in motion development for the technology for submarines to navigate underwater minefields.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lockwood |first1=Charles |last2=Adamson |first2=Hans |title=Hellcats of the Sea |date=1955 |publisher=Greeberg |location=New York |page=8 |url=https://archive.org/details/hellcatsofsea00lock |access-date=23 September 2023}}</ref> The Wahoo and her crew were sunk by the Japanese in the ], 11 October 1943, trying to gain access to the ]. Commander ] and the crew of the ] were some of the most successful aggressive submariners against the Japanese in the Pacific. According to ], Morton's aggressive tactics and desire to attack the enemy from inside the sea of Japan set in motion development for the technology for submarines to navigate underwater minefields.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lockwood |first1=Charles |last2=Adamson |first2=Hans |title=Hellcats of the Sea |date=1955 |publisher=Greeberg |location=New York |page=8 |url=https://archive.org/details/hellcatsofsea00lock |access-date=23 September 2023}}</ref> The Wahoo and her crew were sunk by the Japanese in the ], 11 October 1943, trying to gain access to the ].

==Development of Frequency Modulated Sonar (FMS)==
The Frequency Modulated Sonar (FMS), was developed at the top-secret ] at ].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lockwood |first1=Charles |last2=Adamson |first2=Hans |title=Hellcats of the Sea |date=1955 |publisher=Greeberg |location=New York |page=24 |url=https://archive.org/details/hellcatsofsea00lock |access-date=23 September 2023}}</ref> Admiral Lockwood was introduced to the first FMS prototype and the development team in April 1943. The FMS team included several top scientists including ] and Dr. ], and originally began developing the FMS to be used by ]. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Lockwood |first1=Charles |last2=Adamson |first2=Hans |title=Hellcats of the Sea |date=1955 |publisher=Greeberg |location=New York |page=25 |url=https://archive.org/details/hellcatsofsea00lock |access-date=23 September 2023}}</ref><ref name="NavyShoes">{{cite book |last1=Bryant |first1=Douglas |last2=Wignall |first2=Jeff |title=The Navy Gave Me Shoes |date=2017 |publisher=CreateSpace |location=South Carolina |isbn=1544869657 |pages=121-122 |url=https://archive.org/details/navygavemeshoes0000brya |access-date=23 September 2023}}</ref> The research team were not successful applying the new technology to minesweepers, because turbulent surface water distorted the signal.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lockwood |first1=Charles |last2=Adamson |first2=Hans |title=Hellcats of the Sea |date=1955 |publisher=Greeberg |location=New York |page=26 |url=https://archive.org/details/hellcatsofsea00lock |access-date=23 September 2023}}</ref> It took more than a year before many of the problems were worked out and the first FMS was installed on a submarine for testing. During that time a number of submarines had been reported overdue and presumed lost. It was the opinion of the admiralty that these losses were due to mines. This was because of several factors, the path of the lost submarine patrols, Japanese propaganda had not reported the successful sinking of these submarines, military intelligence, and an increasing number of run-away mines found along the Japanese coast.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lockwood |first1=Charles |last2=Adamson |first2=Hans |title=Hellcats of the Sea |date=1955 |publisher=Greeberg |location=New York |page=30 |url=https://archive.org/details/hellcatsofsea00lock |access-date=23 September 2023}}</ref>

In 1944, the new submarine ], under command of ], had been build at Mare Island with FMS installed. During the sea trials, the Spadefish's crew had learned how to use the new equipment, but found it somewhat temperamental.


== Operation == == Operation ==
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Under the command of E.T. Hydeman, three groups of three submarines (''wolfpacks'') entered the Sea of Japan through the ] on June 5 and 6, 1945, reaching their operation areas three days later. Over the span of eleven days, they sank 27 merchant ships totaling 54,784 BRT, as well as the Japanese submarine ''I-122'' and accidentally the Soviet freighter ''Transbalt''. The ''USS Bonefish'' was sunk by Japanese forces on June 19. On the night of June 24, the remaining eight submarines retreated from the Sea of Japan through the ]. It was one of the most successful submarine operations of the war. Under the command of E.T. Hydeman, three groups of three submarines (''wolfpacks'') entered the Sea of Japan through the ] on June 5 and 6, 1945, reaching their operation areas three days later. Over the span of eleven days, they sank 27 merchant ships totaling 54,784 BRT, as well as the Japanese submarine ''I-122'' and accidentally the Soviet freighter ''Transbalt''. The ''USS Bonefish'' was sunk by Japanese forces on June 19. On the night of June 24, the remaining eight submarines retreated from the Sea of Japan through the ]. It was one of the most successful submarine operations of the war.


Operation Barney was considered dangerous enough that every submarine commander that took part in Operation Barney was awarded the Navy Cross. Even George E. Pierce, who was Operation Barney was considered dangerous enough that every submarine commander that took part in Operation Barney was awarded the Navy Cross.


Submarines, units sank, commanders, and awards for Operation Barney: Submarines, units sank, commanders, and awards for Operation Barney:
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== In Media == == In Media ==
* ''Hellcats of the Navy'', Columbia Pictures 1957 (starring ]) * ''Hellcats of the Navy'', Columbia Pictures 1957 (starring ])
* ''The Silent Service'' - Season 1, Episode 35: '''', Twin Dolphin Productions Inc. (aired on Friday, July 11, 1958)<ref>{{cite web |title=The Tshushima Straits Story |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4886946/?ref_=ttep_ep35 |website=IMDb |access-date=19 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Silent Service S2 E19 :The USS Tinosa Story |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q1wqMF3AGQg |website=YouTube |access-date=19 September 2023}}</ref> * ''The Silent Service'' - Season 1, Episode 35: '''', Twin Dolphin Productions Inc. (aired on Friday, July 11, 1958)<ref>{{cite web |title=The Tshushima Straits Story |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4886946/?ref_=ttep_ep35 |website=IMDb |access-date=19 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Silent Service S2 E19 :The USS Tinosa Story |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q1wqMF3AGQg |website=YouTube |access-date=19 September 2023}}</ref> (starring ])


== External Links == == External Links ==

Latest revision as of 18:15, 23 September 2023

Operation Barney
Part of the Pacific War, World War II
Map of the Sea of Japan
Map of the Sea of Japan
DateJune 5–24, 1945
LocationSea of Japan
Result Significant damage to Japanese merchant fleet; One American submarine sunk
Combatants
 United States  Japan
Commanders and leaders
Units involved

US Submarines:

Japanese merchant fleet
Submarine I-122
Strength
9 submarines
Casualties and losses
USS Bonefish (SS-223) 27 merchant ships
Submarine I-122

The Operation Barney was an operation conducted by the United States Navy during the Pacific War in World War II. In June 1945, nine American submarines penetrated the Sea of Japan and sank numerous ships.

Leading up to the Operation

Commander Dudley W. Morton and the crew of the USS Wahoo (SS-238) were some of the most successful aggressive submariners against the Japanese in the Pacific. According to Charles A. Lockwood, Morton's aggressive tactics and desire to attack the enemy from inside the sea of Japan set in motion development for the technology for submarines to navigate underwater minefields. The Wahoo and her crew were sunk by the Japanese in the La Pérouse Strait, 11 October 1943, trying to gain access to the Sea of Japan.

Development of Frequency Modulated Sonar (FMS)

The Frequency Modulated Sonar (FMS), was developed at the top-secret University of California Division of War Research at Point Loma, San Diego. Admiral Lockwood was introduced to the first FMS prototype and the development team in April 1943. The FMS team included several top scientists including Franz N. D. Kurie and Dr. Gaylord Harnwell, and originally began developing the FMS to be used by minesweepers. The research team were not successful applying the new technology to minesweepers, because turbulent surface water distorted the signal. It took more than a year before many of the problems were worked out and the first FMS was installed on a submarine for testing. During that time a number of submarines had been reported overdue and presumed lost. It was the opinion of the admiralty that these losses were due to mines. This was because of several factors, the path of the lost submarine patrols, Japanese propaganda had not reported the successful sinking of these submarines, military intelligence, and an increasing number of run-away mines found along the Japanese coast.

In 1944, the new submarine USS Spadefish (SS-411), under command of Gordon Waite Underwood, had been build at Mare Island with FMS installed. During the sea trials, the Spadefish's crew had learned how to use the new equipment, but found it somewhat temperamental.

Operation

In 1944, the Japanese merchant fleet suffered heavy losses inflicted by American submarines, aircraft, and naval mines. Only a few Japanese ships were still moving in coastal areas, where they were relatively safe from submarine operations. In the secluded Sea of Japan, which was considered Japan's backyard, there was still active maritime traffic.

After experimenting with Frequency Modulated Sonar (FMS) from minesweepers in submarines, Admiral Lockwood conceived the idea to launch an attack using submarines equipped with mine sonar to navigate through the mine belts around the Sea of Japan. This would demonstrate to the Japanese that they were no longer safe anywhere, potentially aiding psychologically in bringing Japan to surrender. William Bernard (Barney) Sieglaff was tasked with devising the plan, which was subsequently named Operation Barney after him.

Under the command of E.T. Hydeman, three groups of three submarines (wolfpacks) entered the Sea of Japan through the Korea Strait on June 5 and 6, 1945, reaching their operation areas three days later. Over the span of eleven days, they sank 27 merchant ships totaling 54,784 BRT, as well as the Japanese submarine I-122 and accidentally the Soviet freighter Transbalt. The USS Bonefish was sunk by Japanese forces on June 19. On the night of June 24, the remaining eight submarines retreated from the Sea of Japan through the La Pérouse Strait. It was one of the most successful submarine operations of the war.

Operation Barney was considered dangerous enough that every submarine commander that took part in Operation Barney was awarded the Navy Cross.

Submarines, units sank, commanders, and awards for Operation Barney:

Encouraged by the success, Admiral Lockwood subsequently sent a group of seven boats into the Sea of Japan.

Literature

In Media

External Links

References

  1. Lockwood, Charles; Adamson, Hans (1955). Hellcats of the Sea. New York: Greeberg. p. 8. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
  2. Lockwood, Charles; Adamson, Hans (1955). Hellcats of the Sea. New York: Greeberg. p. 24. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
  3. Lockwood, Charles; Adamson, Hans (1955). Hellcats of the Sea. New York: Greeberg. p. 25. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
  4. Bryant, Douglas; Wignall, Jeff (2017). The Navy Gave Me Shoes. South Carolina: CreateSpace. pp. 121–122. ISBN 1544869657. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
  5. Lockwood, Charles; Adamson, Hans (1955). Hellcats of the Sea. New York: Greeberg. p. 26. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
  6. Lockwood, Charles; Adamson, Hans (1955). Hellcats of the Sea. New York: Greeberg. p. 30. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
  7. Jack Sweetman: 50 Years Ago . . . Operation Barney, Proceedings, Vol. 121/6/1,108, June 1995.
  8. John A. Adams: If Mahan ran the Great Pacific War – An Analysis of World War II Naval Strategy, Indiana University Press 2008, ISBN 978-0-253-35105-0, p. 376.
  9. "The Tshushima Straits Story". IMDb. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
  10. "Silent Service S2 E19 :The USS Tinosa Story". YouTube. Retrieved 19 September 2023.