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{{short description|Standardized set of metadata elements}} {{short description|Standardized set of metadata elements}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
] ]


The '''Dublin Core''', also known as the '''Dublin Core Metadata Element Set''' ('''DCMES'''), is a set of fifteen main ] items for describing digital or physical resources. The '''Dublin Core Metadata Initiative''' ('''DCMI''') is responsible for formulating the Dublin The '''Dublin Core vocabulary''', also known as the '''Dublin Core Metadata Terms''' ('''DCMT'''), is a general purpose ] vocabulary for describing resources of any type. It was first developed for describing web content in the early days of the World Wide Web. The '''Dublin Core Metadata Initiative''' ('''DCMI''') is responsible for maintaining the Dublin
Core vocabulary.
Core; DCMI is a project of the ] (ASIS&T), a non-profit organization.


Initially developed as fifteen terms in 1998 the set of elements has grown over time and in 2008 was redefined as an ] (RDF) vocabulary.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dublin Core|url=https://www.dublincore.org/resources/glossary/dublin_core/|website=Dublin Core Metadata Initiative|date=22 December 2011}}</ref>
Dublin Core has been formally standardized internationally as '''ISO 15836''' by the ] (ISO)<ref>{{cite web|date=May 2017|title=ISO 15836-1:2017 – Information and documentation – The Dublin Core metadata element set – Part 1: Core elements|url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=71339|access-date=2 October 2018|publisher=Iso.org}}</ref> and as '''IETF RFC 5013''' by the ] (IETF),<ref>, Dublin Core Metadata Initiative, August 2007</ref>
as well as in the U.S. as '''ANSI/NISO Z39.85''' by the ] (NISO).<ref>{{cite web|date=22 May 2007|title=NISO Standards – National Information Standards Organization|url=http://www.niso.org/kst/reports/standards?step=2&gid=None&project_key=9b7bffcd2daeca6198b4ee5a848f9beec2f600e5|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116005843/http://www.niso.org/kst/reports/standards?step=2&gid=None&project_key=9b7bffcd2daeca6198b4ee5a848f9beec2f600e5|archive-date=16 November 2011|access-date=5 April 2013|publisher=Niso.org}}</ref>


Designed with minimal constraints, each Dublin Core element is optional and may be repeated. There is no prescribed order in Dublin Core for presenting or using the elements.
The core properties are part of a larger set of '''DCMI Metadata Terms'''. "Dublin Core" is also used as an adjective for Dublin Core metadata, a style of ] that draws on multiple ] (RDF) vocabularies, packaged and constrained in Dublin Core application profiles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dublin Core|url=https://www.dublincore.org/resources/glossary/dublin_core/|website=Dublin Core Metadata Initiative|date=22 December 2011}}</ref>


==Milestones==
The resources described using the Dublin Core may be digital resources (video, images, web pages, etc.) as well as physical resources such as books or works of art.
* 1995 - In 1995 an invitational meeting hosted by the Ohio College Library Center (]) and the ] (NCSA) takes place at ], the headquarters of OCLC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dublincore.org/news/1995/03-01-the-oclcncsa-metadata-workshop-the-essential-elements-of-network-object-description/ |title=DCMI: The OCLC/NCSA Metadata Workshop: The Essential Elements of Network Object Description|website=dublincore.org|date=March 1995|access-date=13 October 2019}}</ref>
Dublin Core metadata may be used for multiple purposes, from simple resource description to combining metadata vocabularies of different ], to providing interoperability for metadata vocabularies in the ] cloud and ] implementations.
* 1998, September - RFC 2413 "Dublin Core Metadata for Resource Discovery" details the original 15-element vocabulary.<ref name="rfc1">{{cite journal |last1=Weibel |first1=S. |last2=Kunze |first2=J. |last3=Lagoze |first3=C. |last4=Wolf |first4=M. |title=Dublin Core Metadata for Resource Discovery |url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2413 |website=RFC Editor |date=September 1998 |access-date=3 June 2024}}</ref>
* 2000 - Issuance of Qualified Dublin Core.
* 2001 - Publication of the Dublin Core Metadata Element Set as ANSI/NISO Z39.85.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://webstore.ansi.org/preview-pages/NISO/preview_ANSI+NISO+Z39.85-2001.pdf|publisher=ANSI/NISO|date=2001|title=ANSI/NISO Z39.85-2001}}</ref>
* 2008 - Publication of Dublin Core Metadata Initiative Terms in RDF.<ref name="bakerLHT">{{cite journal |last=Baker |first=Tom |title=Libraries, languages of description, and linked data: a Dublin Core perspective |journal=Library Hi Tech |volume=30 |number=1 |pages=116–133 |date=2012 |issn=0737-8831 |doi=10.1108/07378831211213256}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dublincore.org/specifications/dublin-core/dces/2012-06-14/ |title=Expressing Dublin Core Metadata Using RDF |website=Dublin Core Metadata Initiative |date=2012-06-14 }}</ref>


==Evolution of the Dublin Core vocabulary==
==Background==
The Dublin Core Element Set was a response to concern about accurate finding of resources on the Web, with some early assumptions that this would be a library function. In particular it anticipated a future in which scholarly materials would be searchable on the World Wide Web. Whereas HTML was being used to mark-up the structure of documents, metadata was needed to mark-up the contents of documents. Given the great number of documents on, and soon to be on, the World Wide Web, it was proposed that "self-identifying" documents would be necessary.<ref name="weibel1995">{{cite journal |last=Weibel |first=S.L. |date=1995 |title=The World Wide Web and emerging Internet resource discovery standards for scholarly literature |journal=Library Trends|volume=-43|number=4|pages=627–44}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Weibel |first=S. |date=1995 |title=Metadata: the foundations of resource description |journal=D-Lib Magazine
"Dublin" refers to ], USA where the schema originated during the 1995 invitational OCLC/NCSA Metadata Workshop,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dublincore.org/news/1995/03-01-the-oclcncsa-metadata-workshop-the-essential-elements-of-network-object-description/ |title=DCMI: The OCLC/NCSA Metadata Workshop: The Essential Elements of Network Object Description|website=dublincore.org|date=March 1995|access-date=13 October 2019}}</ref> hosted by the ] (known at that time as Online Computer Library Center), a library consortium based in Dublin, and the ] (NCSA). "Core" refers to the metadata terms as "broad and generic being usable for describing a wide range of resources".<ref name="DCMES">{{cite web|title=Dublin Core Metadata Element Set, Version 1.1|url=http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/|access-date=11 November 2017|website=dublincore.org}}</ref> The semantics of Dublin Core were established and are maintained by an international, cross-disciplinary group of professionals from ], ], ], ]s, and other related fields of scholarship and practice.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}
|doi=10.1045/july95-weibel |doi-access=free |url=http://www.dlib.org/dlib/July95/07weibel.html}}</ref>


To this end, the Dublin Core Metadata Workshop met beginning in 1995 to develop a vocabulary that could be used to insert consistent metadata into Web documents.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Weibel |first1=S. |last2=Lagoze |first2=C. |title=An element set to support resource discovery |journal=International Journal of Digital Libraries|volume=1 |pages=176–186 |date=1997 |issue=2 |doi=10.1007/s007990050013}}</ref> Originally defined as 15 metadata elements, the Dublin Core Element Set allowed authors of web pages a vocabulary and method for creating simple metadata for their works.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Greenberg |first1=Jane |first2=Maria Cristina |last2=Pattuelli |first3=Bijan |last3=Parsia |first4=W. |last4=Davenport Robertson|title=Author-generated Dublin Core metadata for web resources: a baseline study in an organization In |journal=Proceedings of the International Conference on Dublin Core and Metadata Applications|date=2001}}</ref> It provided a simple, flat element set that could be used
In 1999, the first Dublin Core encoding standard was expressed in terms of HTML 'meta' tagging.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2731|title=Encoding Dublin Core Metadata in HTML |date=December 1999 |publisher=IETF.org |access-date=2021-06-17|last1=Kunze |first1=John A. }}</ref> Starting in 2000, the Dublin Core community focused on "]s" – the idea that metadata records would use Dublin Core together with other specialized vocabularies to meet particular implementation requirements. During that time, the World Wide Web Consortium's work on a generic ] for metadata, the ] (RDF), was maturing. As part of an extended set of DCMI metadata terms, Dublin Core became one of the most popular vocabularies for use with RDF, more recently in the context of the ] movement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dublincore.org/metadata-basics/|title=Metadata Basics|date=15 December 2018|publisher=DCMI|access-date=19 February 2019}}</ref>


Qualified Dublin Core was developed in the late 1990s to provide an extension mechanism to the vocabulary of 15 elements. This was a response to communities whose metadata needs required additional detail.<ref name="chan" />
The '''Dublin Core Metadata Initiative''' (DCMI)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dublincore.org/ |title=DCMI Home: Dublin Core® Metadata Initiative (DCMI) |publisher=Dublincore.org |access-date=2015-12-04}}</ref> provides an open forum for the development of interoperable online ] for a broad range of purposes and of business models. DCMI's activities include consensus-driven working groups, global conferences and workshops, standards liaison, and educational efforts to promote widespread acceptance of metadata standards and practices. In 2008, DCMI separated from OCLC and incorporated as an independent entity.<ref>{{cite web | title=OCLC Research and the Dublin Core Metadata Initiative | url=http://www.oclc.org/research/activities/past/orprojects/dublincore/default.htm | access-date=21 April 2010}}</ref>


Currently, any and all changes that are made to the Dublin Core standard, are reviewed by a DCMI Usage Board within the context of a DCMI Namespace Policy (DCMI-NAMESPACE). This policy describes how terms are assigned and also sets limits on the amount of editorial changes allowed to the labels, definitions, and usage comments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/ |title=Dublin Core Metadata Element Set, Version 1.1 |publisher=Dublincore.org |access-date=2015-12-04}}</ref> In 2012, the ''DCMI Metadata Terms'' was created using a ] data model.<ref name="dublincore1">{{cite web|url=http://dublincore.org/documents/dcmi-terms/ |title=DCMI Metadata Terms |publisher=Dublincore.org |access-date=2015-12-04}}</ref> This expanded element set incorporates the original 15 elements and many of the qualifiers of the qualified Dublin Core as RDF properties.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} The full set of elements is found under the namespace http://purl.org/dc/terms/. There is a separate namespace for the original 15 elements as previously defined: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/|title=DCMI: Dublin Core Metadata Element Set, Version 1.1: Reference Description|website=dublincore.org|access-date=3 April 2018}}</ref>


=== Dublin Core Metadata Element Set, 1995===
==Levels of the standard==
The Dublin Core standard originally included two levels: Simple and Qualified. ''Simple Dublin Core'' comprised 15 elements; ''Qualified Dublin Core'' included three additional elements (Audience, Provenance and RightsHolder), as well as a group of element refinements (also called qualifiers) that could refine the semantics of the elements in ways that may be useful in resource discovery.


The Dublin Core vocabulary published in 1999 consisted of 15 terms:
Since 2012, the two have been incorporated into the ''DCMI Metadata Terms'' as a single set of terms using the ] data model.<ref name="dublincore1">{{cite web|url=http://dublincore.org/documents/dcmi-terms/ |title=DCMI Metadata Terms |publisher=Dublincore.org |access-date=2015-12-04}}</ref> The full set of elements is found under the namespace http://purl.org/dc/terms/. Because the definition of the terms often contains domains and ranges, which may not be compatible with the pre-RDF definitions used for the original 15 Dublin Core elements, there is a separate namespace for the original 15 elements as previously defined: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/|title=DCMI: Dublin Core Metadata Element Set, Version 1.1: Reference Description|website=dublincore.org|access-date=3 April 2018}}</ref>


{{columns-list|colwidth=10em|
===Dublin Core Metadata Element Set===
*contributor
The original DCMES Version 1.1 consists of 15 metadata elements, defined this way in the original specification:<ref name="DCMES"/><ref> of DCMI Metadata Terms at dublincore.org</ref>
*coverage
# Contributor – "An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource".
*creator
# Coverage – "The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant".
*date
# Creator – "An entity primarily responsible for making the resource".
*description
# Date – "A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource".
*format
# Description – "An account of the resource".
*identifier
# Format – "The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource".
*language
# Identifier – "An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context".
*publisher
# Language – "A language of the resource".
*relation
# Publisher – "An entity responsible for making the resource available".
*rights
# Relation – "A related resource".
*source
# Rights – "Information about rights held in and over the resource".
*subject
# Source – "A related resource from which the described resource is derived".
*title
# Subject – "The topic of the resource".
*type
# Title – "A name given to the resource".
}}
# Type – "The nature or genre of the resource".

The vocabulary was commonly expressed in HTML 'meta' tagging in the "<head>" section of an HTML-encoded page.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2731|title=Encoding Dublin Core Metadata in HTML |date=December 1999 |publisher=IETF.org |access-date=2021-06-17|last1=Kunze |first1=John A. }}</ref>
<head>
<meta name="DC.title" content="Services to Government" >
<meta name="DC.date" content="1997-07" >
</head>
The vocabulary could be used in any metadata serialization including key/value pairs and XML.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dublincore.org/specifications/dublin-core/dc-xml/ |title=Expressing Dublin Core™ metadata using XML |date=2006-05-30 |first1=Pete |last1=Johnston |first2=Andy |last2=Powell}}</ref>

===Qualified Dublin Core, 2000===


Subsequent to the specification of the original 15 elements, Qualified Dublin Core was developed to provide an extension mechanism to be used when the primary 15 terms were not sufficient. A set of common refinements was provided in the documentation. These schemes include ] and formal notations or parsing rules.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dublincore.org/specifications/dublin-core/usageguide/qualifiers/ |title=Using Dublin Core™ - Dublin Core™ Qualifiers |date=2005}}</ref> Qualified Dublin Core was not limited to these specific refinements, allowing communities to create extended metadata terms to meet their needs.<ref name="chan">{{cite book |last1=Chan |first1=Lois Mai |last2=Hodges|first2=Theodora |date=2007 |title=Cataloging and classification : an introduction|edition=Third |publisher=Scarecrow Press}}</ref>
Each Dublin Core element is optional and may be repeated. The DCMI has established standard ways to refine elements and encourage the use of encoding and vocabulary schemes. There is no prescribed order in Dublin Core for presenting or using the elements. The Dublin Core became a NISO standards, Z39.85, and IETF RFC 5013 in 2007, ISO 15836 standard in 2009 and is used as a base-level data element set for the description of learning resources in the ]-2 Metadata for learning resources (MLR) – Part 2: Dublin Core elements, prepared by the ].


The guiding principle for the qualification of Dublin Core elements, colloquially known as the ''Dumb-Down Principle'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dublincore.org/usage/documents/principles/|title=DCMI: DCMI Grammatical Principles|website=dublincore.org|access-date=3 April 2018}}</ref> states that an application that does not understand a specific element refinement term should be able to ignore the qualifier and treat the metadata value as if it were an unqualified (broader) element. While this may result in some loss of specificity, the remaining element value (without the qualifier) should continue to be generally correct and useful for discovery.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}
Full information on element definitions and term relationships can be found in the Dublin Core Metadata Registry.<ref name="registry">{{Cite web |url=http://dcmi.kc.tsukuba.ac.jp/dcregistry/ |title=Dublin Core Metadata Registry |access-date=18 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507045948/http://dcmi.kc.tsukuba.ac.jp/dcregistry/ |archive-date=7 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


Qualified Dublin Core added qualifiers to these elements:
====Encoding examples====
: {{code|2=html|1=<meta name="DC.Format" content="video/mpeg; 10 minutes" />}}
: {{code|2=html|1=<meta name="DC.Language" content="en" />}}
: {{code|2=html|1=<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="publisher-name" />}}
: {{code|2=html|1=<meta name="DC.Title" content="HYP" />}}


{| class="wikitable"
====Example of use by WebCite====
|+ Qualified Dublin Core Elements
On the "archive form" web page for ] it says,<ref name="WebCite form">{{cite web |url=http://webcitation.org/archive |title= WebCite archive form |website=] |quote=These are Dublin Core elements. Entering these will help you to correctly cite the URL. }}{{cbignore}}</ref> in part: "Metadata (optional): These are Dublin Core elements. ".
|-
! Element !! Qualifier
|-
|Title||Alternative
|-
|Description||Table Of Contents
|-
|"||Abstract
|-
|DateCreated||Valid
|-
|"||Available
|-
|"||Issued
|-
|"||Modified
|-
|FormatExtent||Medium
|-
|Relation||Is Version Of
|-
|"||Has Version
|-
|"||Is Replaced By
|-
|"||Replaces
|-
|"||Is Required By
|-
|"||Requires
|-
|"||Is Part Of
|-
|"||Has Part
|-
|"||Is Referenced By
|-
|"||References
|-
|"||Is Format Of
|-
|"||Has Format
|-
|Coverage||Spatial
|-
|"||Temporal
|}


And added three elements not in the base 15:
===Qualified Dublin Core===
* Audience
(Superseded in 2008 by the DCMI Metadata Terms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dublincore.org/documents/2000/07/11/dcmes-qualifiers/ |title=Dublin Core Qualifiers |publisher=Dublincore.org |access-date=2017-05-27}}</ref>) Subsequent to the specification of the original 15 elements, an ongoing process to develop exemplary terms extending or refining the DCMES was begun. The additional terms were identified, generally in working groups of the DCMI, and judged by the DCMI Usage Board to be in conformance with principles of good practice for the qualification of Dublin Core metadata elements.
* Provenance
* RightsHolder


Qualified Dublin Core is often used with a "dot syntax", with a period separating the element and the qualifier(s). This is shown in this excerpted example provided by Chan and Hodges:<ref name="chan" />
Element refinements make the meaning of an element narrower or more specific. A refined element shares the meaning of the unqualified element, but with a more restricted scope. The guiding principle for the qualification of Dublin Core elements, colloquially known as the ''Dumb-Down Principle'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dublincore.org/usage/documents/principles/|title=DCMI: DCMI Grammatical Principles|website=dublincore.org|access-date=3 April 2018}}</ref> states that an application that does not understand a specific element refinement term should be able to ignore the qualifier and treat the metadata value as if it were an unqualified (broader) element. While this may result in some loss of specificity, the remaining element value (without the qualifier) should continue to be generally correct and useful for discovery.


'''Title:''' D-Lib Magazine<br />
In addition to element refinements, Qualified Dublin Core includes a set of recommended encoding schemes, designed to aid in the interpretation of an element value. These schemes include ] and formal notations or parsing rules. A value expressed using an encoding scheme may thus be a token selected from a controlled vocabulary (for example, a term from a classification system or set of subject headings) or a string formatted in accordance with a formal notation, for example, "2000-12-31" as the ISO standard expression of a date. If an encoding scheme is not understood by an application, the value may still be useful to a ''human reader''.
'''Title.alternative:''' Digital Library Magazine<br />
'''Identifier.ISSN:''' 1082-9873<br />
'''Publisher:''' Corporation for National Research Initiatives<br />
'''Publisher.place:''' Reston, VA.<br />
'''Subject.topical.LCSH:''' Digital libraries - Periodicals


===DCMI Metadata Terms, 2008===
Audience, Provenance and RightsHolder are elements, but not part of the Simple Dublin Core 15 elements. Use Audience, Provenance and RightsHolder only when using Qualified Dublin Core. DCMI also maintains a small, general vocabulary recommended for use within the element Type. This vocabulary currently consists of 12 terms.<ref name="registry"/>


The DCMI Metadata Terms lists the current set of the Dublin Core vocabulary.<ref name="dublincore1"/> This set includes the fifteen terms of the DCMES (in ''italic''), as well as many of the qualified terms. Each term has a unique URI in the namespace http://purl.org/dc/terms, and all are defined as ] properties.
===DCMI Metadata Terms===
The DCMI Metadata Terms lists the current set of the Dublin Core vocabulary.<ref name="dublincore1"/> This set includes the fifteen terms of the DCMES (in ''italic''), as well as the qualified terms. Each term has a unique URI in the namespace http://purl.org/dc/terms, and all are defined as ] properties.


{{columns-list|colwidth=18em| {{columns-list|colwidth=10em|
*abstract *abstract
*accessRights *accessRights
Line 128: Line 189:
*valid *valid
}} }}

It also includes these RDF classes which are used as domains and ranges of some properties:

{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
*Agent
*AgentClass
*BibliographicResource
*FileFormat
*Frequency
*Jurisdiction
*LicenseDocument
*LinguisticSystem
*Location
*LocationPeriod/OrJurisdiction
*MediaType
*MediaTypeOrExtent
*MethodOfAccrual
*MethodOfInstruction
*PeriodOfTime
*PhysicalMedium
*PhysicalResource
*Policy
*ProvenanceStatement
*RightsStatement
*SizeOrDuration
*Standard
}}

==Maintenance of the standard==

Changes that are made to the Dublin Core standard are reviewed by a DCMI Usage Board within the context of a DCMI Namespace Policy.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dublincore.org/specifications/dublin-core/dcmi-namespace/ |first=Andy |last=Powell |first2=Harry |last2=Wagner |title=Namespace Policy for Dublin Core Metadata Initiative |date=2007-07-02}}</ref> This policy describes how terms are assigned and also sets limits on the amount of editorial changes allowed to the labels, definitions, and usage comments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/ |title=Dublin Core Metadata Element Set, Version 1.1 |publisher=Dublincore.org |access-date=2015-12-04}}</ref>

==Dublin Core as standards==

The Dublin Core Metadata Terms vocabulary has been formally standardized internationally as '''ISO 15836''' by the ] (ISO)<ref>{{cite web|date=May 2017|title=ISO 15836-1:2017 – Information and documentation – The Dublin Core metadata element set – Part 1: Core elements|url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=71339|access-date=2 October 2018|publisher=International Organization for Standardization}}</ref> and as '''IETF RFC 5013''' by the ] (IETF),<ref>, Dublin Core Metadata Initiative, August 2007</ref>
as well as in the U.S. as '''ANSI/NISO Z39.85''' by the ] (NISO).<ref>{{cite web|date=22 May 2007|title=NISO Standards – National Information Standards Organization|url=http://www.niso.org/kst/reports/standards?step=2&gid=None&project_key=9b7bffcd2daeca6198b4ee5a848f9beec2f600e5|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116005843/http://www.niso.org/kst/reports/standards?step=2&gid=None&project_key=9b7bffcd2daeca6198b4ee5a848f9beec2f600e5|archive-date=16 November 2011|access-date=5 April 2013|publisher=Niso.org}}</ref>


==Syntax== ==Syntax==
Syntax choices for metadata expressed with the Dublin Core elements depend on context. Dublin Core concepts and semantics are designed to be syntax independent{{clarify|date=May 2019}} and apply to a variety of contexts, as long as the metadata is in a form suitable for interpretation by both machines and people. Syntax choices for metadata expressed with the Dublin Core elements depend on context. Dublin Core concepts and semantics are designed to be syntax independent{{clarify|date=May 2019}} and apply to a variety of contexts, as long as the metadata is in a form suitable for interpretation by both machines and people.

The Dublin Core Abstract Model<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dublincore.org/documents/abstract-model/|title=DCMI: DCMI Abstract Model|website=dublincore.org|access-date=3 April 2018}}</ref> provides a reference model against which particular Dublin Core encoding guidelines can be compared, independent of any particular encoding syntax. Such a reference model helps implementers get a better understanding of the kinds of descriptions they are trying to encode and facilitates the development of better mappings and translations between different syntaxes.


==Notable applications== ==Notable applications==
One ] based on Dublin Core is the Open Source Metadata Framework (OMF) specification.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/osrt/omf/|title=m e t a l a b open source metadata framework|website=ibiblio.org|access-date=3 April 2018}}</ref> OMF is in turn used by ] (superseding ]), which is used by the ] desktop and ] help browsers and the ScrollServer documentation server. One ] based on Dublin Core is the Open Source Metadata Framework (OMF) specification.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/osrt/omf/|title=m e t a l a b open source metadata framework|website=ibiblio.org|access-date=3 April 2018}}</ref> OMF is in turn used by ] (superseding ]), which is used by the ] desktop and ] help browsers and the ScrollServer documentation server.


] is also based on Dublin Core.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pbcore.org/schema/|title=PBCore Schema – PBCore|website=pbcore.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-01-19|quote=PBCore is built on the foundation of the Dublin Core (ISO 15836), an international standard for resource discovery.}}</ref> The ] ] Metadata products, used by the ], ], the Nuxeo CPS ]s, ], and ] also implement Dublin Core. The ] ] format uses Dublin Core metadata in the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idpf.org/epub/20/spec/OPF_2.0_latest.htm#Section2.2 |title=Open Packaging Format (OPF) § Publication Metadata |website=] |access-date=11 November 2017}}</ref> ] is also based on Dublin Core.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pbcore.org/schema/|title=PBCore Schema – PBCore|website=pbcore.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-01-19|quote=PBCore is built on the foundation of the Dublin Core (ISO 15836), an international standard for resource discovery.}}</ref> The ] ] Metadata products, used by the ], ], the Nuxeo CPS ]s, ], and ] also implement Dublin Core. The ] ] format uses Dublin Core metadata in the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idpf.org/epub/20/spec/OPF_2.0_latest.htm#Section2.2 |title=Open Packaging Format (OPF) § Publication Metadata |website=] |access-date=11 November 2017}}</ref> Qualified Dublin Core is used in the ] archival management software.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wiki.lyrasis.org/display/DSDOC7x/Metadata+and+Bitstream+Format+Registries |title=Dspace metadata and bitstream format registries |website=Dspace Wiki}}</ref>


The ] (AGLS) metadata standard is an application profile of Dublin Core.<ref name = "AGLS Reference">{{Cite web The ] (AGLS) metadata standard is an application profile of Dublin Core.<ref name = "AGLS Reference">{{Cite web
Line 153: Line 248:
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] (), a metadata standard maintained by the ] for describing semantic standards. Implemented on ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/release/adms-ap-joinup-version/20 |title=ADMS-AP for Joinup version 2.0 |website=] |date=December 2015}}</ref>
* ] (METS), maintained by the ] for the ]
* ] (PREMIS)
*], a Dublin Core extension for biodiversity informatics *], a Dublin Core extension for biodiversity informatics

===Related software===
* ], a ] (DAM) architecture capable of implementing ] (thus, also Dublin Core).
* ], a free and open source ] using an unqualified Dublin Core metadata standard.


==References== ==References==
{{Reflist}} {{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |title=Organising Knowledge in a Global Society |last1=Harvey |first1=Ross |last2=Hider |first2=Philip |year=2004 |publisher=] |location=Wagga Wagga NSW |isbn=1-876938-66-8}}
* , by Luca Dini, lecturer at the ]


==External links== ==External links==
{{Wikiversity|Digital Libraries/Metadata}} {{Wikiversity|Digital Libraries/Metadata}}
* {{Official website}} * {{Official website|https://www.dublincore.org/specifications/dublin-core/dcmi-terms/}}
* (''Cover Pages'', March 2005) * (''Cover Pages'', March 2005)
* *

Latest revision as of 22:21, 30 October 2024

Standardized set of metadata elements

Logo of DCMI, maintenance agency for Dublin Core Terms

The Dublin Core vocabulary, also known as the Dublin Core Metadata Terms (DCMT), is a general purpose metadata vocabulary for describing resources of any type. It was first developed for describing web content in the early days of the World Wide Web. The Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI) is responsible for maintaining the Dublin Core vocabulary.

Initially developed as fifteen terms in 1998 the set of elements has grown over time and in 2008 was redefined as an Resource Description Framework (RDF) vocabulary.

Designed with minimal constraints, each Dublin Core element is optional and may be repeated. There is no prescribed order in Dublin Core for presenting or using the elements.

Milestones

  • 1995 - In 1995 an invitational meeting hosted by the Ohio College Library Center (OCLC) and the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) takes place at Dublin, Ohio, the headquarters of OCLC.
  • 1998, September - RFC 2413 "Dublin Core Metadata for Resource Discovery" details the original 15-element vocabulary.
  • 2000 - Issuance of Qualified Dublin Core.
  • 2001 - Publication of the Dublin Core Metadata Element Set as ANSI/NISO Z39.85.
  • 2008 - Publication of Dublin Core Metadata Initiative Terms in RDF.

Evolution of the Dublin Core vocabulary

The Dublin Core Element Set was a response to concern about accurate finding of resources on the Web, with some early assumptions that this would be a library function. In particular it anticipated a future in which scholarly materials would be searchable on the World Wide Web. Whereas HTML was being used to mark-up the structure of documents, metadata was needed to mark-up the contents of documents. Given the great number of documents on, and soon to be on, the World Wide Web, it was proposed that "self-identifying" documents would be necessary.

To this end, the Dublin Core Metadata Workshop met beginning in 1995 to develop a vocabulary that could be used to insert consistent metadata into Web documents. Originally defined as 15 metadata elements, the Dublin Core Element Set allowed authors of web pages a vocabulary and method for creating simple metadata for their works. It provided a simple, flat element set that could be used

Qualified Dublin Core was developed in the late 1990s to provide an extension mechanism to the vocabulary of 15 elements. This was a response to communities whose metadata needs required additional detail.

In 2012, the DCMI Metadata Terms was created using a RDF data model. This expanded element set incorporates the original 15 elements and many of the qualifiers of the qualified Dublin Core as RDF properties. The full set of elements is found under the namespace http://purl.org/dc/terms/. There is a separate namespace for the original 15 elements as previously defined: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/.

Dublin Core Metadata Element Set, 1995

The Dublin Core vocabulary published in 1999 consisted of 15 terms:

  • contributor
  • coverage
  • creator
  • date
  • description
  • format
  • identifier
  • language
  • publisher
  • relation
  • rights
  • source
  • subject
  • title
  • type

The vocabulary was commonly expressed in HTML 'meta' tagging in the "<head>" section of an HTML-encoded page. 

<head>
   <meta name="DC.title" content="Services to Government" >
   <meta name="DC.date" content="1997-07" >
 </head>

The vocabulary could be used in any metadata serialization including key/value pairs and XML.

Qualified Dublin Core, 2000

Subsequent to the specification of the original 15 elements, Qualified Dublin Core was developed to provide an extension mechanism to be used when the primary 15 terms were not sufficient. A set of common refinements was provided in the documentation. These schemes include controlled vocabularies and formal notations or parsing rules. Qualified Dublin Core was not limited to these specific refinements, allowing communities to create extended metadata terms to meet their needs.

The guiding principle for the qualification of Dublin Core elements, colloquially known as the Dumb-Down Principle, states that an application that does not understand a specific element refinement term should be able to ignore the qualifier and treat the metadata value as if it were an unqualified (broader) element. While this may result in some loss of specificity, the remaining element value (without the qualifier) should continue to be generally correct and useful for discovery.

Qualified Dublin Core added qualifiers to these elements:

Qualified Dublin Core Elements
Element Qualifier
Title Alternative
Description Table Of Contents
" Abstract
DateCreated Valid
" Available
" Issued
" Modified
FormatExtent Medium
Relation Is Version Of
" Has Version
" Is Replaced By
" Replaces
" Is Required By
" Requires
" Is Part Of
" Has Part
" Is Referenced By
" References
" Is Format Of
" Has Format
Coverage Spatial
" Temporal

And added three elements not in the base 15:

  • Audience
  • Provenance
  • RightsHolder

Qualified Dublin Core is often used with a "dot syntax", with a period separating the element and the qualifier(s). This is shown in this excerpted example provided by Chan and Hodges:

Title: D-Lib Magazine
Title.alternative: Digital Library Magazine
Identifier.ISSN: 1082-9873
Publisher: Corporation for National Research Initiatives
Publisher.place: Reston, VA.
Subject.topical.LCSH: Digital libraries - Periodicals

DCMI Metadata Terms, 2008

The DCMI Metadata Terms lists the current set of the Dublin Core vocabulary. This set includes the fifteen terms of the DCMES (in italic), as well as many of the qualified terms. Each term has a unique URI in the namespace http://purl.org/dc/terms, and all are defined as RDF properties.

  • abstract
  • accessRights
  • accrualMethod
  • accrualPeriodicity
  • accrualPolicy
  • alternative
  • audience
  • available
  • bibliographicCitation
  • conformsTo
  • contributor
  • coverage
  • created
  • creator
  • date
  • dateAccepted
  • dateCopyrighted
  • dateSubmitted
  • description
  • educationLevel
  • extent
  • format
  • hasFormat
  • hasPart
  • hasVersion
  • identifier
  • instructionalMethod
  • isFormatOf
  • isPartOf
  • isReferencedBy
  • isReplacedBy
  • isRequiredBy
  • issued
  • isVersionOf
  • language
  • license
  • mediator
  • medium
  • modified
  • provenance
  • publisher
  • references
  • relation
  • replaces
  • requires
  • rights
  • rightsHolder
  • source
  • spatial
  • subject
  • tableOfContents
  • temporal
  • title
  • type
  • valid

It also includes these RDF classes which are used as domains and ranges of some properties:

  • Agent
  • AgentClass
  • BibliographicResource
  • FileFormat
  • Frequency
  • Jurisdiction
  • LicenseDocument
  • LinguisticSystem
  • Location
  • LocationPeriod/OrJurisdiction
  • MediaType
  • MediaTypeOrExtent
  • MethodOfAccrual
  • MethodOfInstruction
  • PeriodOfTime
  • PhysicalMedium
  • PhysicalResource
  • Policy
  • ProvenanceStatement
  • RightsStatement
  • SizeOrDuration
  • Standard

Maintenance of the standard

Changes that are made to the Dublin Core standard are reviewed by a DCMI Usage Board within the context of a DCMI Namespace Policy. This policy describes how terms are assigned and also sets limits on the amount of editorial changes allowed to the labels, definitions, and usage comments.

Dublin Core as standards

The Dublin Core Metadata Terms vocabulary has been formally standardized internationally as ISO 15836 by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and as IETF RFC 5013 by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), as well as in the U.S. as ANSI/NISO Z39.85 by the National Information Standards Organization (NISO).

Syntax

Syntax choices for metadata expressed with the Dublin Core elements depend on context. Dublin Core concepts and semantics are designed to be syntax independent and apply to a variety of contexts, as long as the metadata is in a form suitable for interpretation by both machines and people.

Notable applications

One Document Type Definition based on Dublin Core is the Open Source Metadata Framework (OMF) specification. OMF is in turn used by Rarian (superseding ScrollKeeper), which is used by the GNOME desktop and KDE help browsers and the ScrollServer documentation server.

PBCore is also based on Dublin Core. The Zope CMF's Metadata products, used by the Plone, ERP5, the Nuxeo CPS Content management systems, SimpleDL, and Fedora Commons also implement Dublin Core. The EPUB e-book format uses Dublin Core metadata in the OPF file. Qualified Dublin Core is used in the DSpace archival management software.

The Australian Government Locator Service (AGLS) metadata standard is an application profile of Dublin Core.

See also

References

  1. "Dublin Core". Dublin Core Metadata Initiative. 22 December 2011.
  2. "DCMI: The OCLC/NCSA Metadata Workshop: The Essential Elements of Network Object Description". dublincore.org. March 1995. Retrieved 13 October 2019.
  3. Weibel, S.; Kunze, J.; Lagoze, C.; Wolf, M. (September 1998). "Dublin Core Metadata for Resource Discovery". RFC Editor. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
  4. "ANSI/NISO Z39.85-2001" (PDF). ANSI/NISO. 2001.
  5. Baker, Tom (2012). "Libraries, languages of description, and linked data: a Dublin Core perspective". Library Hi Tech. 30 (1): 116–133. doi:10.1108/07378831211213256. ISSN 0737-8831.
  6. "Expressing Dublin Core Metadata Using RDF". Dublin Core Metadata Initiative. 14 June 2012.
  7. Weibel, S.L. (1995). "The World Wide Web and emerging Internet resource discovery standards for scholarly literature". Library Trends. -43 (4): 627–44.
  8. Weibel, S. (1995). "Metadata: the foundations of resource description". D-Lib Magazine. doi:10.1045/july95-weibel.
  9. Weibel, S.; Lagoze, C. (1997). "An element set to support resource discovery". International Journal of Digital Libraries. 1 (2): 176–186. doi:10.1007/s007990050013.
  10. Greenberg, Jane; Pattuelli, Maria Cristina; Parsia, Bijan; Davenport Robertson, W. (2001). "Author-generated Dublin Core metadata for web resources: a baseline study in an organization In". Proceedings of the International Conference on Dublin Core and Metadata Applications.
  11. ^ Chan, Lois Mai; Hodges, Theodora (2007). Cataloging and classification : an introduction (Third ed.). Scarecrow Press.
  12. ^ "DCMI Metadata Terms". Dublincore.org. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
  13. "DCMI: Dublin Core Metadata Element Set, Version 1.1: Reference Description". dublincore.org. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  14. Kunze, John A. (December 1999). "Encoding Dublin Core Metadata in HTML". IETF.org. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
  15. Johnston, Pete; Powell, Andy (30 May 2006). "Expressing Dublin Core™ metadata using XML".
  16. "Using Dublin Core™ - Dublin Core™ Qualifiers". 2005.
  17. "DCMI: DCMI Grammatical Principles". dublincore.org. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  18. Powell, Andy; Wagner, Harry (2 July 2007). "Namespace Policy for Dublin Core Metadata Initiative".
  19. "Dublin Core Metadata Element Set, Version 1.1". Dublincore.org. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
  20. "ISO 15836-1:2017 – Information and documentation – The Dublin Core metadata element set – Part 1: Core elements". International Organization for Standardization. May 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
  21. The Dublin Core Metadata Element Set, Dublin Core Metadata Initiative, August 2007
  22. "NISO Standards – National Information Standards Organization". Niso.org. 22 May 2007. Archived from the original on 16 November 2011. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
  23. "m e t a l a b open source metadata framework". ibiblio.org. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  24. "PBCore Schema – PBCore". pbcore.org. Retrieved 19 January 2018. PBCore is built on the foundation of the Dublin Core (ISO 15836), an international standard for resource discovery.
  25. "Open Packaging Format (OPF) § Publication Metadata". International Digital Publishing Forum. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
  26. "Dspace metadata and bitstream format registries". Dspace Wiki.
  27. "AGLS Metadata Standard Part 1 – Reference Description" (PDF). National Archives of Australia. 30 June 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2019.

External links

Semantic Web
Background
Sub-topics
Applications
Related topics
Standards
Syntax and supporting technologies
Schemas, ontologies and rules
Semantic annotation
Common vocabularies
Microformat vocabularies
Categories: