Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic: Difference between revisions

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			{{Short description\|Former autonomous republic of Azerbaijan}}
	]
			{{distinguish\|text=the ], a Bolshevik state that existed between March & June 1919}}
	]
			{{Infobox country
	The '''Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic''' (also known as '''Talyshstan''') was a short-lived self-proclaimed autonomous republic in ], that lasted from June to August 1993.<ref name="bbc"></ref> It was located in extreme southeastern Azerbaijan, envisaging to consist in the 6 administrative districts of Azerbaijan around the regional capital city Lankaran: ], ], ], ], ] and ]. Historically the area had been a ], one of 15 historic Azerbaijani khanates.
			\| native_name = Толъш-Мъғонә Мохтарә Республикә
			\| conventional_long_name = Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic
			\| common_name = Talysh Republic
			\| status = Unrecognized autonomy
			\| era = Post-Cold War
			\| date_start = 21 June
			\| year_start = 1993
			\| date_end = 23 August
			\| year_end =
			\| p1 = Azerbaijan
			\| flag_p1 = Flag of Azerbaijan.svg
			\| s1 = Azerbaijan
			\| flag_s1 = Flag of Azerbaijan.svg
			\| image_flag = Flag of the Talysh National Movement.svg
			\| flag =
			\| image_coat =
			\| symbol_type = National emblem
			\| image_map = Azerbaijan districts Talysh-Mughan.png
			\| image_map_caption = Map of the districts of Azerbaijan highlighting the six that declared the short-lived Talysh-Mughan Republic.
			\| capital = ] (largest city)
			\| common_languages = ]
			\| government_type = Republic
			\| title_leader = President
			\| leader1 = ]
			\| year_leader1 = 1993
			\| legislature =
			\| religion = Islam
			\| stat_year1 =
			\| stat_area1 =
			\| stat_pop1 =
			\| currency =
			\| today = ]
			}}

			'''Talysh-Mughan''', officially known as the '''Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic''' (]: Толъш-Мъғонә Мохтарә Республикә, ''Tolış-Mığonə Muxtara Respublika''), was a short-lived autonomous republic in ] that lasted from June to August 1993.<ref name="bbc"></ref>
⚫	The autonomous republic was proclaimed amid political turmoil in Azerbaijan~~, with the tacit support from Russia~~. In June 1993 a military rebellion against president ] broke out under the leadership of Colonel ]. Colonel ] ~~(Alikram~~ ~~Gumbatov)~~, the leader of the Talysh nationalists, seized power in the southern part of Azerbaijan and proclaimed the new republic in Lankaran, escalating violence. However, as the situation settled and ] rose to power in Azerbaijan, the Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic, which failed to gain any significant public support, was swiftly suppressed.

			It was located in southeastern Azerbaijan, envisaging to consist of seven administrative districts of Azerbaijan around the regional capital city Lankaran: ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ]. Historically, the area had been a ]. The flag of the Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic and the modern Talysh flag is a vertical tricolour of red, white, and green with a centred rising sun over the blue sea.<ref>James B. Minahan. Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the world. — Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2016. P. 409 {{ISBN\|978-1-61069-953-2}}</ref>
⚫	Hummatov was arrested and initially received death sentence which was subsequently commuted to life imprisonment. In 2004 he was pardoned and released from custody under pressure from the Council of Europe. He was allowed to ~~emigrate~~ to Europe after making a public promise not to engage in politics. Gumbatov was expected to be released due to the amnesty proclaimed on Azerbaijan's International Solidarity Day (], 2000). However this never happened. Today, a ] is still active, their aspiration being the restructuring of the Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic. However, those who were involved in proclamation of the autonomy say they always envisaged the autonomous republic as a constituent part of Azerbaijan.<ref name="bbc"/>

			==Political turmoil==
	TMAR should not be confused with ], a Bolshevik state, that existed in March-June 1919 in opposition to Musavatist Azerbaijani Government in Baku (see ]).

		⚫	The autonomous republic was proclaimed amid political turmoil in Azerbaijan. In June 1993 ] against president ] broke out under the leadership of Colonel ]. Colonel ], a close associate of Huseynov, and the leader of the Talysh nationalists, seized power in the southern part of Azerbaijan and proclaimed the new republic in Lankaran, escalating violence. However, as the situation settled and ] rose to power in Azerbaijan, the Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic, which failed to gain any significant public support, was swiftly suppressed.<ref> {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930184901/http://jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2369811 \|date=September 30, 2007 }}</ref>
⚫	~~According to some, the Azerbaijani government~~ has ~~also~~ ~~implemented~~ a ~~policy of forceful integration of some minorities, including ], ], ] and ].<ref>Christina Bratt (EDT) Paulston, Donald Peckham, Linguistic Minorities~~ in ~~Central~~ ~~and~~ ~~Eastern~~ ~~Europe,~~ ~~Multilingual~~ ~~Matters.~~ ~~1853594164,~~ ~~pg 106</ref> However, official reports from international organizations, such as~~ the ~~leading~~ ~~human~~ ~~rights~~ ~~organization~~ in ~~the European Community, the ],~~ ~~paint a favorable picture: "~~In Azerbaijan, the importance of the protection and promotion of cultures of national minorities is recognised and the long history of cultural diversity of the country is largely valued".<ref>, on the implementation of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities by Azerbaijan, Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 13 July 2004 at the 893rd meeting of the Ministers Deputies.</ref>

			Alikram Hummatov had to flee ], when an estimated 10,000 protesters gathered outside his headquarters in the city to demand his ouster.<ref name="NYT"></ref>
	==References==

	<references/>
			According to Professor Bruce Parrott,

			{{cquote\|This adventure rapidly turned into farce. The Talysh character of the "republic" was minimal, while the clear threat to Azerbaijani territorial integrity posed by its mere existence only discredited Gumbatov and, by association, Guseinov.<ref>Bruce Parrott. State Building and Military Power in Russia and the New States of Eurasia. M.E. Sharpe, 1995. {{ISBN\|1-56324-360-1}}, {{ISBN\|978-1-56324-360-8}}</ref>{{Page needed\|date=July 2023}}}}

			Some observers believe that this revolt was part of a larger conspiracy to bring back to power the former president ].<ref>''Humbatov received the support of former defence minister Rahim Gaziev and swore loyalty to former president Mutalibov. This revolt, which collapsed in August with almost no bloodshed, appeared to be part of the same larger design as Hussienov’s rebellion in Ganje''. Thomas De Waal, Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War, NYU Press, 2004</ref><ref>''One likely scenario is that this episode was another example of a powerful local warlord attempting to take advantage of the internal instability within Azerbaijan, on this occasion by appealing to ethnic Persian sentiment. Gummatov had previously benefited under Mutalibov and appears to have borne a grudge against Aliev. There are reports that the rebel colonel had at one time demanded as a price for the end of his rebellion the resignation of Aliev and the return to power of Mutalibov''. Alvin Z. Rubinstein, Oles M. Smolansky. Regional Power Rivalries in the New Eurasia: Russia, Turkey, and Iran. M.E. Sharpe, 1995. {{ISBN\|1-56324-623-6}}, {{ISBN\|978-1-56324-623-4}}</ref>

		⚫	Hummatov was arrested and initially received a death sentence which was subsequently commuted to life imprisonment. In 2004, he was pardoned and released from custody under pressure from the Council of Europe. He was allowed to immigrate to Europe after making a public promise not to engage in politics. However, those who were involved in the proclamation of the autonomy say they always envisaged the autonomous republic as a constituent part of Azerbaijan.<ref name="bbc"/>

			==Ethnic status==

			According to some, the Azerbaijani government has also implemented a policy of forceful integration of some minorities, including ], ], ] and ].<ref>Christina Bratt (EDT) Paulston, Donald Peckham, Linguistic Minorities in Central and Eastern Europe, Multilingual Matters. 1853594164, pg 106</ref> However, according to a 2004 resolution of ]:

		⚫	{{cquote\|Azerbaijan has made particularly commendable efforts in opening up the personal scope of application of the Framework Convention to a wide range of minorities. In Azerbaijan, the importance of the protection and promotion of cultures of national minorities is recognised and the long history of cultural diversity of the country is largely valued;<ref name="wcd.coe.int">, on the implementation of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities by Azerbaijan, Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 13 July 2004 at the 893rd meeting of the Ministers Deputies.</ref>}}

			The above quote by the Council of Europe was only about the improvements done by the government of Azerbaijan since 2003. The Communique, however, goes on to say:
			{{cquote\|Despite certain positive legislative initiatives, there are several shortcomings in the legislation about the implementation of the Framework Convention. The 2002 Law on the State Language contains regrettable reductions in the legal guarantees relating to the protection of national minorities. These put at risk, for example, certain commendable practices in the field of electronic media. The process of amending the said law should be pursued further to make it compatible with the Framework Convention;
			- There is a need to couple the Law on the State Language with improved legal guarantees for the protection of national minorities in such fields as minority language education and the use of minority languages in relations with administrative authorities, to consolidate and expand the positive practices that exist. Priority should be given to the adoption of a new law on the protection of national minorities, providing the necessary guarantees for the implementation of the relevant minority language standards;<ref name="wcd.coe.int">, on the implementation of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities by Azerbaijan, Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 13 July 2004 at the 893rd meeting of the Ministers Deputies.</ref>}}

			IFPRERLOM appealed to the Commission on Human Rights to adopt a resolution, which urges Azerbaijan to guarantee the preservation of the cultural, religious and national identity of the Talysh people in light of repeated claims of repression.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.unpo.org/article/4001\|title = UNPO: Talysh: WS on the Case of the Talysh People}}</ref>

	==See also==		==See also==

			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
	* ]		* ]
	* ]		* ]

	==~~External link~~==		==References==
			{{reflist}}
⚫	*

			==Further reading==
⚫	]
			* {{cite journal \|last1=Storm \|first1=Karli \|title=‘Diffuse Support’ and Authoritarian Regime Resilience: Azerbaijanism vis-à-vis Azerbaijan’s Talysh Minority \|journal=Caucasus Survey \|date=2024 \|pages=1–26 \|doi=10.30965/23761202-bja10034}}
⚫	]

			==External links==
		⚫	*

			{{Talysh people}}
			{{Stateless nationalism in Europe}}
			{{Stateless nationalism in Asia}}

		⚫	]
	]
			]
	]
			]
			]
			]
		⚫	]
			]

Latest revision as of 19:03, 22 December 2024

Former autonomous republic of Azerbaijan Not to be confused with the Mughan Soviet Republic, a Bolshevik state that existed between March & June 1919.

Talysh-Mughan Autonomous RepublicТолъш-Мъғонә Мохтарә Республикә

1993

Flag

Map of the districts of Azerbaijan highlighting the six that declared the short-lived Talysh-Mughan Republic.

Status

Unrecognized autonomy

Capital

Lankaran (largest city)

Common languages

Talysh

Religion

Islam

Government

Republic

President

• 1993

Alikram Hummatov

Historical era

Post-Cold War

• Established

21 June 1993

• Disestablished

23 August

Preceded by

Succeeded by

Azerbaijan

Today part of

Azerbaijan

Talysh-Mughan, officially known as the Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic (Talysh: Толъш-Мъғонә Мохтарә Республикә, Tolış-Mığonə Muxtara Respublika), was a short-lived autonomous republic in Azerbaijan that lasted from June to August 1993.

It was located in southeastern Azerbaijan, envisaging to consist of seven administrative districts of Azerbaijan around the regional capital city Lankaran: Lankaran city, Lankaran, Lerik, Astara, Masally, Yardymli, Jalilabad, Bilasuvar. Historically, the area had been a khanate. The flag of the Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic and the modern Talysh flag is a vertical tricolour of red, white, and green with a centred rising sun over the blue sea.

Political turmoil

The autonomous republic was proclaimed amid political turmoil in Azerbaijan. In June 1993 a military rebellion against president Abulfaz Elchibey broke out under the leadership of Colonel Surat Huseynov. Colonel Alikram Hummatov, a close associate of Huseynov, and the leader of the Talysh nationalists, seized power in the southern part of Azerbaijan and proclaimed the new republic in Lankaran, escalating violence. However, as the situation settled and Heydar Aliyev rose to power in Azerbaijan, the Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic, which failed to gain any significant public support, was swiftly suppressed.

Alikram Hummatov had to flee Lankaran, when an estimated 10,000 protesters gathered outside his headquarters in the city to demand his ouster.

According to Professor Bruce Parrott,

This adventure rapidly turned into farce. The Talysh character of the "republic" was minimal, while the clear threat to Azerbaijani territorial integrity posed by its mere existence only discredited Gumbatov and, by association, Guseinov.

Some observers believe that this revolt was part of a larger conspiracy to bring back to power the former president Ayaz Mütallibov.

Hummatov was arrested and initially received a death sentence which was subsequently commuted to life imprisonment. In 2004, he was pardoned and released from custody under pressure from the Council of Europe. He was allowed to immigrate to Europe after making a public promise not to engage in politics. However, those who were involved in the proclamation of the autonomy say they always envisaged the autonomous republic as a constituent part of Azerbaijan.

Ethnic status

According to some, the Azerbaijani government has also implemented a policy of forceful integration of some minorities, including Talysh, Tat, Kurds and Lezgins. However, according to a 2004 resolution of Council of Europe:

Azerbaijan has made particularly commendable efforts in opening up the personal scope of application of the Framework Convention to a wide range of minorities. In Azerbaijan, the importance of the protection and promotion of cultures of national minorities is recognised and the long history of cultural diversity of the country is largely valued;

The above quote by the Council of Europe was only about the improvements done by the government of Azerbaijan since 2003. The Communique, however, goes on to say:

Despite certain positive legislative initiatives, there are several shortcomings in the legislation about the implementation of the Framework Convention. The 2002 Law on the State Language contains regrettable reductions in the legal guarantees relating to the protection of national minorities. These put at risk, for example, certain commendable practices in the field of electronic media. The process of amending the said law should be pursued further to make it compatible with the Framework Convention; - There is a need to couple the Law on the State Language with improved legal guarantees for the protection of national minorities in such fields as minority language education and the use of minority languages in relations with administrative authorities, to consolidate and expand the positive practices that exist. Priority should be given to the adoption of a new law on the protection of national minorities, providing the necessary guarantees for the implementation of the relevant minority language standards;

IFPRERLOM appealed to the Commission on Human Rights to adopt a resolution, which urges Azerbaijan to guarantee the preservation of the cultural, religious and national identity of the Talysh people in light of repeated claims of repression.

References

^ BBC News. Azerbaijan in a stir over political prisoner
James B. Minahan. Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the world. — Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2016. P. 409 ISBN 978-1-61069-953-2
Vladimir Socor. «Talysh issue, dormant in Azerbaijan, reopened in Armenia», The Jamestown Foundation, May 27, 2005 Archived September 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
The New York Times, 24.08.1993. Pro-Iranian is ousted
Bruce Parrott. State Building and Military Power in Russia and the New States of Eurasia. M.E. Sharpe, 1995. ISBN 1-56324-360-1, ISBN 978-1-56324-360-8
Humbatov received the support of former defence minister Rahim Gaziev and swore loyalty to former president Mutalibov. This revolt, which collapsed in August with almost no bloodshed, appeared to be part of the same larger design as Hussienov’s rebellion in Ganje. Thomas De Waal, Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War, NYU Press, 2004
One likely scenario is that this episode was another example of a powerful local warlord attempting to take advantage of the internal instability within Azerbaijan, on this occasion by appealing to ethnic Persian sentiment. Gummatov had previously benefited under Mutalibov and appears to have borne a grudge against Aliev. There are reports that the rebel colonel had at one time demanded as a price for the end of his rebellion the resignation of Aliev and the return to power of Mutalibov. Alvin Z. Rubinstein, Oles M. Smolansky. Regional Power Rivalries in the New Eurasia: Russia, Turkey, and Iran. M.E. Sharpe, 1995. ISBN 1-56324-623-6, ISBN 978-1-56324-623-4
Christina Bratt (EDT) Paulston, Donald Peckham, Linguistic Minorities in Central and Eastern Europe, Multilingual Matters. 1853594164, pg 106
^ Council of Europe, Committee of Ministers, Resolution ResCMN-2004-8, on the implementation of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities by Azerbaijan, Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 13 July 2004 at the 893rd meeting of the Ministers Deputies.
"UNPO: Talysh: WS on the Case of the Talysh People".

External links

Flags of the World

v t e Talysh people
Culture	Literature Music Mythology Name Folklore Rugs Folk music Tales Folk dance Calendar Cuisine Clothing Wedding traditions Clothing
Language	Talysh language Alphabet Old Azeri Kilit dialect Caspian languages Daylami language
History	Talysh studies Talish–Mughan culture Adurbadagan Bagavan Balasagan Charax Talish Talish-i Gushtasbi Caspiane Ispahbads of Gilan Bavand dynasty Dabuyid dynasty Ziyarid dynasty Kar-Kiya dynasty Daylam Khurramites Jungle Movement Safavid Talish Talysh Khanate Mughan Soviet Republic Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic Flag
Related topics	Origin Assimilation National Academy National movement Talysh People's Party Talysh Mountains
Ancestors	Cadusians Caspians Gelae Daylamites Carduchii Cadiseni

v t e Movements of regionalism, separatism and stateless nationalism in Europe
Albania	Northern Epirus
Azerbaijan	Artsakh Kurdish Lezgin Talysh
Belgium	Flemish Walloon
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Republika Srpska
Croatia	Istrian
Cyprus	Turkish Cypriot Greek Cypriot
Denmark	Greenlandic Faroese
Finland	Ålandic Sámi
France	Alsatian Basque Breton Corsican Occitan North Catalan
Georgia	Abkhazian Adjarian Javakheti Ossetian
Germany	Bavarian Sorbs Swabians
Greece	Cham Albanian
Italy	Lombard Padanian Sardinian Sicilian South Tyrolean Venetian
Kazakhstan	North Kazakhstan
North Macedonia	Ilirida
Moldova	Gagauzia Transnistria
Netherlands	Frisian
Norway	Sámi
Poland	Kashubian Silesian Free City of Danzig
Romania	Székely Transylvania–Banat
Russia	Balkar and Karachay Bashkir Chechen Chuvash Circassian Crimean Tatar Ingush Karelian Lezgin Manchu Ossetian Sámi Siberian Tatar
Serbia	Vojvodina Kosovo
Spain	Andalusian Aragonese Asturian Basque Canarian Castilian Catalan Galician Leonese Murcian Navarrese Valencian
Sweden	Sámi Scania
Turkey	Assyrian Eastern Greek Kurdish Western Armenian
Ukraine	Crimean Donetsk Luhansk
United Kingdom	Cornish Northern Irish Scottish United Ireland Welsh
See also	First-level NUTS of the European Union

v t e Regionalism, separatism and stateless nationalism in Asia
List of active separatist movements in Asia
Afghanistan	Hazara Pashtun South Turkestani
Azerbaijan	Artsakh Kurdish Lezgin Talysh
China	Bashu Cantonese East Turkestan Hong Kong Macau Manchu Southern Mongolian Shanghainese Taiwanese Tibetan
Cyprus	Turkish Cypriot
Georgia	Abkhazian Adjarian Javakheti Ossetian
India	Assamese Bodo Kashmiri Khalistan Manipuri Naga Tamil Tripuri
Indonesia	Aceh West Papuan
Iran	Assyrian Baloch Kurdish South Azerbaijani
Iraq	Assyrian Kurdish Turkmeneli
Japan	Ryukyu
Kazakhstan	North Kazakhstan
Malaysia	Sarawak
Myanmar	Chin Kachin Karen Kokang Mon Palaung Rakhine Rohingya Shan Wa
Pakistan	Balawaristan Baloch Kashmiri Pashtun Sindh
Philippines	Bangsamoro
Russia	Balkar and Karachay Bashkir Chechen Chuvash Circassian Crimean Tatar Ingush Karelian Lezgin Manchu Ossetian Sámi Siberian Tatar
Saudi Arabia	Qatifi
Sri Lanka	Tamil
Syria	Assyrian Kurdish Turkmen
Thailand	Patani
Turkey	Assyrian Eastern Greek Kurdish Western Armenian
Uzbekistan	Karakalpak
Vietnam	Cham Montagnard [vi]
Yemen	South Yemeni

Categories:

Latest revision as of 19:03, 22 December 2024

Political turmoil

Ethnic status

See also

References

Further reading

External links