| Revision as of 02:42, 14 November 2023 view sourceTheNEWNEWpope (talk | contribs)2 editsmNo edit summaryTag: Reverted← Previous edit | Latest revision as of 16:07, 27 December 2024 view source Marginataen (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users4,078 edits TemplatesTag: Visual edit | ||
| (41 intermediate revisions by 34 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| {{Short description|none}} | {{Short description|none}} | ||
| ⚫ | ] had |
||
| ⚫ | This is a '''list of sexually active popes''', ] ] who were not celibate before they became pope, and those who were legally married before becoming pope. Some candidates were allegedly ] before their election as ], and others were |
||
| {{pp|small=yes}}{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}{{Use British English|date=December 2024}} | |||
| ⚫ | There are various classifications for those who were sexually active during their lives. Allegations of sexual activities are of varying levels of reliability, with several having been made by political opponents |
||
| ⚫ | ] had four illegitimate children and made his illegitimate son ] the first ].]] | ||
| ⚫ | This is a '''list of sexually active popes''', ] ] who were not ] before they became ], and those who were legally married before becoming pope. Some candidates were allegedly ] before their election as ], and others were thought to have been sexually active during their papacies. A number of them had children. | ||
| ⚫ | There are various classifications for those who were sexually active during their lives. Allegations of sexual activities are of varying levels of reliability, with several having been made by contemporary political or religious opponents. Some claims are generally accepted by modern historians, while other remain more contested. | ||
| == Background == | == Background == | ||
| Line 10: | Line 13: | ||
| For many years of the Church's history, celibacy was considered optional. Based on the customs of the times, it is assumed{{By whom|date=June 2021}} by many that most of the ] were married and had families. The ] (Mark 1:29–31;<ref>{{bibleverse|Mark|1:29–31}}</ref> Matthew 8:14–15;<ref>{{bibleverse|Matthew|8:14–15}}</ref> Luke 4:38–39;<ref>{{bibleverse|Luke|4:38–39}}</ref> 1 Timothy 3:2, 12;<ref>{{bibleverse|1 Timothy|3:2–12}}</ref> Titus 1:6)<ref>{{bibleverse|Titus|1:6}}</ref> depicts at least Peter as being married, and ], ] and ] of the ] were often married as well. In epigraphy, the testimony of the ], synodal legislation, and papal decretals in the following centuries, a married clergy, in greater or lesser numbers, was a feature of the life of the Church. Celibacy was not required for those ordained and was accepted in the early Church, particularly by those in the monastic life. | For many years of the Church's history, celibacy was considered optional. Based on the customs of the times, it is assumed{{By whom|date=June 2021}} by many that most of the ] were married and had families. The ] (Mark 1:29–31;<ref>{{bibleverse|Mark|1:29–31}}</ref> Matthew 8:14–15;<ref>{{bibleverse|Matthew|8:14–15}}</ref> Luke 4:38–39;<ref>{{bibleverse|Luke|4:38–39}}</ref> 1 Timothy 3:2, 12;<ref>{{bibleverse|1 Timothy|3:2–12}}</ref> Titus 1:6)<ref>{{bibleverse|Titus|1:6}}</ref> depicts at least Peter as being married, and ], ] and ] of the ] were often married as well. In epigraphy, the testimony of the ], synodal legislation, and papal decretals in the following centuries, a married clergy, in greater or lesser numbers, was a feature of the life of the Church. Celibacy was not required for those ordained and was accepted in the early Church, particularly by those in the monastic life. | ||
| Although various local Church councils had demanded celibacy of the clergy in a particular |
Although various local Church councils had demanded celibacy of the clergy in a particular episcopal jurisdiction,<ref>{{cite CE1913|wstitle=Celibacy of the Clergy}}</ref> it was not until the ] (1139) that official made the promise to remain ] a prerequisite to ordination within the ] (and effectively ended any practice of a married priesthood). Subsequently sexual relationships were generally undertaken outside the bonds of ], and each sexual act thus committed would have been considered a ]. | ||
| == Popes who were legally married == | == Popes who were legally married == | ||
| Line 23: | Line 26: | ||
| |] | |] | ||
| |30/33–64/68 | |30/33–64/68 | ||
| |Mother-in-law (Greek πενθερά, ''penthera'') is mentioned in the ] verses {{bibleverse||Matthew|8:14–15|KJV}}, {{bibleverse||Luke|4:38|KJV}}, {{bibleverse||Mark|1:29–31|KJV}}, and who ] at her home in ]. {{Bibleref2|1 Cor.|9:5}} asks whether others have the right to be accompanied by Christian wives as does "]" (Peter). ] wrote: "When the blessed Peter saw his own wife led out to die, he rejoiced because of her summons and her return home, and called to her very encouragingly and comfortingly, addressing her by name, and saying, 'Remember the Lord.' Such was the marriage of the blessed, and their perfect disposition toward those dearest to them |
|Mother-in-law (Greek πενθερά, ''penthera'') is mentioned in the ] verses {{bibleverse||Matthew|8:14–15|KJV}}, {{bibleverse||Luke|4:38|KJV}}, {{bibleverse||Mark|1:29–31|KJV}}, and who ] at her home in ]. {{Bibleref2|1 Cor.|9:5}} asks whether others have the right to be accompanied by Christian wives as does "]" (Peter). ] wrote: "When the blessed Peter saw his own wife led out to die, he rejoiced because of her summons and her return home, and called to her very encouragingly and comfortingly, addressing her by name, and saying, 'Remember the Lord.' Such was the marriage of the blessed, and their perfect disposition toward those dearest to them"<ref>Cited by Eusebius, ''Church History'', . Full text at .</ref> | ||
| |Yes<ref>] wrote: "For Peter and Philip begat children" in {{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250103.htm|title=Clements, Stromata (book VII) / Eusebius, Church History (Book III)|publisher=Newadvent.org|access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> | |Yes<ref>] wrote: "For Peter and Philip begat children" in {{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250103.htm|title=Clements, Stromata (book VII) / Eusebius, Church History (Book III)|publisher=Newadvent.org|access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> | ||
| |Later legends, dating from the 6th century onwards, suggested that Peter had a daughter – identified as ]. This is likely to be a result of the similarity of their names |
|Later legends, dating from the 6th century onwards, suggested that Peter had a daughter – identified as ]. This connection is likely to be a result of the similarity of their names<ref>{{Cite CE1913 |wstitle=St. Petronilla}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saintpetersbasilica.org/Altars/StPetronilla/StPetronilla.htm |title=St. Peter's – Altar of St Petronilla |publisher=Saintpetersbasilica.org |access-date=2011-10-18}}</ref> | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| |] | |] | ||
| Line 31: | Line 34: | ||
| |Widowed before his election as pope | |Widowed before his election as pope | ||
| |Yes | |Yes | ||
| |Himself the son of a priest, |
|Himself the son of a priest, Felix fathered two children, one of whom was subsequently the mother of Pope ] (making the latter his grandson)<ref>R.A. Markus, Gregory the Great and his world (Cambridge: University Press, 1997), p.8</ref> | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| |] | |] | ||
| Line 37: | Line 40: | ||
| |Widowed before he took holy orders | |Widowed before he took holy orders | ||
| |Yes | |Yes | ||
| |Father of ] |
|Father of ]<ref>{{cite CE1913|first=Johann Peter |last=Kirsch|wstitle=Pope St. Hormisdas |volume=7}}</ref> | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| |] | |] | ||
| |867–872 | |867–872 | ||
| |Married to ] before he took holy orders,<ref>{{cite CE1913|first=James Francis |last=Loughlin |wstitle=Pope Adrian II |volume=1}}</ref> she was still living when he was elected pope and resided with him in the ] | |Married to ] before he took holy orders,<ref>{{cite CE1913|first=James Francis |last=Loughlin |wstitle=Pope Adrian II |volume=1}}</ref> she was still living when he was elected pope and resided with him in the ]. | ||
| |Yes (a daughter) | |Yes (a daughter) | ||
| |His wife and daughter both resided with him until they were murdered by Eleutherius, brother of ], the Church's chief librarian |
|His wife and daughter both resided with him until they were murdered by Eleutherius, brother of ], the Church's chief librarian<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dopierała |first=K. |title=Księga Papieży |publisher=Pallotinum |location=Poznań |year=1996 |page=106}}</ref> | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| |] | |] | ||
| Line 49: | Line 52: | ||
| |Married before his election as pope | |Married before his election as pope | ||
| |Yes (three sons) | |Yes (three sons) | ||
| |All of his children became priests |
|All of his children became priests<ref>* {{Cite CE1913 |first=Johann Peter |last=Kirsch |wstitle=Pope John XVII (XVIII) |volume=8}}</ref> | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| |] | |] | ||
| |1265–1268 | |1265–1268 | ||
| | |
|Widowed before taking holy orders | ||
| |Yes (two daughters) | |Yes (two daughters) | ||
| |Both children entered a ]<ref>{{cite CE1913 |volume=4 |first=James Francis |last=Loughlin |wstitle=Pope Clement IV}}</ref> | |Both children entered a ]<ref>{{cite CE1913 |volume=4 |first=James Francis |last=Loughlin |wstitle=Pope Clement IV}}</ref> | ||
| Line 77: | Line 80: | ||
| |Not married | |Not married | ||
| |Yes (at least two) | |Yes (at least two) | ||
| |Two children, both born before he formally entered the clergy. The first child, fathered while in Scotland, died in infancy. A second child fathered while in ] with a Breton woman named Elizabeth died 14 months later. He delayed becoming a cleric because of the requirement of chastity |
|Two children, both born before he formally entered the clergy. The first child, fathered while in Scotland, died in infancy. A second child fathered while in ] with a Breton woman named Elizabeth died 14 months later. He delayed becoming a cleric because of the requirement of chastity<ref>{{cite CE1913 |volume=12 | ||
| |first=Nicholas Aloysius |last=Weber |wstitle=Pope Pius II}}</ref> | |first=Nicholas Aloysius |last=Weber |wstitle=Pope Pius II}}</ref> | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| Line 85: | Line 88: | ||
| |Yes (two) | |Yes (two) | ||
| |Both born before he entered the clergy.<ref>{{cite CE1913 |volume=8 | |Both born before he entered the clergy.<ref>{{cite CE1913 |volume=8 | ||
| |first= Nicholas Aloysius |last=Weber |wstitle=Pope Innocent VIII}}</ref> Married elder son ] to ], who in return obtained the cardinal's hat for his 13-year-old son Giovanni, who became ].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Life of Girolamo Savonarola |url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofgirolamosa00rido |url-access=registration |year=1959 |first=Roberto |last=Ridolfi|publisher=New York, Knopf }}</ref> His daughter Teodorina Cybo married Gerardo Usodimare |
|first= Nicholas Aloysius |last=Weber |wstitle=Pope Innocent VIII}}</ref> Married elder son ] to ], who in return obtained the cardinal's hat for his 13-year-old son Giovanni, who became ].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Life of Girolamo Savonarola |url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofgirolamosa00rido |url-access=registration |year=1959 |first=Roberto |last=Ridolfi|publisher=New York, Knopf }}</ref> His daughter Teodorina Cybo married Gerardo Usodimare | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| |] | |] | ||
| Line 91: | Line 94: | ||
| |Not married. Relationship with a slave girl – possibly Simonetta da Collevecchio | |Not married. Relationship with a slave girl – possibly Simonetta da Collevecchio | ||
| |Yes (one) | |Yes (one) | ||
| |Identified as ], Duke of Florence |
|Identified as ], Duke of Florence<ref>George L. Williams, ''Papal Genealogy: The Families And Descendants Of The Popes'', page 74: "Clement now made Alessandro de Medici "his illegitimate son by a slave" into the first duke of Florence", McFarland & Company, 1998, {{ISBN|0-7864-2071-5}}</ref><ref>Mara Wade, ''Gender Matters: Discourses of violence in early modern literature and the arts'', Editions Rodopi, 2013</ref> | ||
| |} | |} | ||
| Line 106: | Line 109: | ||
| |Not married | |Not married | ||
| |Yes (three daughters) | |Yes (three daughters) | ||
| |Three illegitimate daughters, one of whom was ] (born in 1483, twenty years before his election as pope, and twelve years after his enthronement as bishop of Lausanne).<ref>{{cite CE1913 |volume=8 |first=Michael |last=Ott |wstitle=Pope Julius II }}</ref> The schismatic ], which sought to depose him in 1511, also accused him of being a "]" |
|Three illegitimate daughters, one of whom was ] (born in 1483, twenty years before his election as pope, and twelve years after his enthronement as bishop of Lausanne).<ref>{{cite CE1913 |volume=8 |first=Michael |last=Ott |wstitle=Pope Julius II }}</ref> The schismatic ], which sought to depose him in 1511, also accused him of being a "]"<ref>Louis Crompton, ''Homosexuality and Civilization'', page 278 (], 2006) {{ISBN|978-0-674-01197-7}}</ref> | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| |] | |] | ||
| Line 112: | Line 115: | ||
| |Not married. Silvia Ruffini as mistress | |Not married. Silvia Ruffini as mistress | ||
| |Yes (three sons and one daughter) | |Yes (three sons and one daughter) | ||
| |Held off ordination in order to continue his lifestyle, fathering four illegitimate children (three sons and one daughter) by Silvia Ruffini after his appointment as cardinal-deacon of Santi Cosimo and Damiano. He broke his relations with her ca. 1513. He made his illegitimate son ] the first ] |
|Held off ordination in order to continue his lifestyle, fathering four illegitimate children (three sons and one daughter) by Silvia Ruffini after his appointment as cardinal-deacon of Santi Cosimo and Damiano. He broke his relations with her ca. 1513. He made his illegitimate son ] the first ]<ref>Jean de Pins, ''Letters and Letter Fragments'', page 292, footnote 5 (Libraire Droze S.A., 2007) {{ISBN|978-2-600-01101-3}}</ref><ref>Katherine McIver, ''Women, Art, And Architecture in Northern Italy, 1520–1580: Negotiating Power'', page 26 (Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 2006) {{ISBN|0-7546-5411-7}}</ref> | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| |] | |] | ||
| Line 119: | Line 122: | ||
| |Allegedly three | |Allegedly three | ||
| | One was a son born in 1541 or 1542. He also had two daughters |
| One was a son born in 1541 or 1542. He also had two daughters<ref>{{Cite book|first=Miles|last=Pattenden|title=Pius IV and the Fall of The Carafa: Nepotism and Papal Authority in Counter-Reformation Rome (page 34)|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2013}}</ref> | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| |] | |] | ||
| Line 125: | Line 128: | ||
| |Not married. Affair with Maddalena Fulchini | |Not married. Affair with Maddalena Fulchini | ||
| |Yes | |Yes | ||
| | Received the ecclesiastical tonsure in Bologna in June 1539, and subsequently had an affair that resulted in the birth of ] in 1548. Giacomo remained illegitimate, with Gregory later appointing him ] of the Church, governor of the ] and ] |
| Received the ecclesiastical tonsure in Bologna in June 1539, and subsequently had an affair that resulted in the birth of ] in 1548. Giacomo remained illegitimate, with Gregory later appointing him ] of the Church, governor of the ] and ]<ref>{{cite CE1913 |volume=7 | ||
| |first=Michael |last=Ott |wstitle=Pope Gregory XIII}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1565.htm#Boncompagni |title=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: Ugo Boncompagni |publisher=Fiu.edu |date=2007-12-03 |access-date=2011-10-18}}</ref> | |first=Michael |last=Ott |wstitle=Pope Gregory XIII}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1565.htm#Boncompagni |title=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: Ugo Boncompagni |publisher=Fiu.edu |date=2007-12-03 |access-date=2011-10-18}}</ref> | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| Line 132: | Line 135: | ||
| |Not married | |Not married | ||
| |Allegedly three | |Allegedly three | ||
| |As a young prelate, he came under suspicion of having a liaison with the wife of a Swiss Guard soldier and as ] in Germany allegedly fathered three illegitimate children |
|As a young prelate, he came under suspicion of having a liaison with the wife of a Swiss Guard soldier and as ] in Germany allegedly fathered three illegitimate children<ref>''Letters from Rome'' in: , pp. 468–471.</ref> | ||
| |} | |} | ||
| Line 151: | Line 154: | ||
| |Yes (at least one) | |Yes (at least one) | ||
| |Accused of being the illegitimate father of ] by ], the fifteen year old daughter of ] and ].<ref>{{cite CE1913 |volume=13 | |Accused of being the illegitimate father of ] by ], the fifteen year old daughter of ] and ].<ref>{{cite CE1913 |volume=13 | ||
| |first=Horace Kinder |last=Mann |wstitle=Pope Sergius III}}</ref><ref>George Williams, ''Papal Genealogy: The family and descendants of the Popes'', McFarland, 1998</ref> Such accusations lay in ]'s ''Antapodosis''<ref name="fmg.ac">{{cite |
|first=Horace Kinder |last=Mann |wstitle=Pope Sergius III}}</ref><ref name="auto">George Williams, ''Papal Genealogy: The family and descendants of the Popes'', McFarland, 1998</ref> Such accusations lay in ]'s ''Antapodosis''<ref name="fmg.ac">{{cite journal | last=Brook | first=Lindsay Leonard | date=January 2003 | title=Popes and pornocrats: Rome in the early middle ages | journal=Foundations | volume=1 | number=1 | pages=5–21 | publication-place=Hereford, UK | publisher=Foundation for Medieval Genealogy | issn=1479-5078 | url=http://fmg.ac/phocadownload/userupload/foundations1/issue1/05Popes.pdf}}</ref> and the ].<ref>Liber Pontificalis (first ed., 500s; it has papal biographies up to Pius II, d. 1464)</ref><ref>Reverend Horace K. Mann, ''The Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages, Volumes 1–13'' quote: "Was John XI the son of Pope Sergius by the abandoned Marozia? Liutprand says he was, and so does the author of the anonymous catalogue in the ''Liber Pontificalis'' in his one-line notice of John XI." (1928)</ref><ref>Anura Gurugé, ''The Next Pope: After Pope Benedict XVI'', page 37: "John XI (#126) would also appear to have been born out of wedlock. His mother, Marozia, from the then powerful Theophylacet family, was around sixteen years old at the time. ''Liber Pontificalis'', among others, claim that Sergius III (#120), during his tenure as pope, was the father." (WOWNH LLC, 2010). {{ISBN|978-0-615-35372-2}}</ref> The accusations have discrepancies with another early source, the annalist ] (c. 894–966): John XI was the brother of ], the latter being the offspring of Marozia and her husband ], so John too may have been the son of Marozia and Alberic I.{{fact|date=October 2023}} Fauvarque emphasises that contemporary sources are dubious, Liutprand being "prone to exaggeration" while other mentions of this fatherhood appear in satires written by supporters of ].<ref>Fauvarque, Bertrand (2003). "De la tutelle de l'aristocratie italienne à celle des empereurs germaniques". In Y.-M. Hilaire (Ed.), ''Histoire de la papauté, 2000 ans de missions et de tribulations''. Paris:Tallandier. {{ISBN|2-02-059006-9}}, p. 163.</ref> | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| |]{{efn|name=alleged|This allegation is disputed by some modern historians.}} | |]{{efn|name=alleged|This allegation is disputed by some modern historians.}} | ||
| |914–928 | |914–928 | ||
| |Not married. Affairs with Theodora and Marozia |
|Not married. Affairs with Theodora and Marozia | ||
| |No | |No | ||
| |Had romantic affairs with both ] and her daughter Marozia, according to ] in his ''Antapodosis''.<ref |
|Had romantic affairs with both ] and her daughter Marozia, according to ] in his ''Antapodosis''.<ref name="auto"/><ref>], ''Crises in The history of The Papacy: A Study of Twenty Famous Popes whose Careers and whose Influence were important in the Development of The Church and in The History of The World'', page 130 (New York; London: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1916)</ref> However, Monsignor ] (ecclesiastical historian and Catholic priest) wrote, "This statement is, however, generally and rightly rejected as a calumny. Liutprand wrote his history some fifty years later, and constantly slandered the Romans, whom he hated."<ref name="Kirsch"> Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 23 September 2017</ref> | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| |] | |] | ||
| Line 164: | Line 167: | ||
| |No | |No | ||
| |Accused by adversaries of ] and ].<ref name="CE1913, Pope John XII">{{cite CE1913 |volume=8 | |Accused by adversaries of ] and ].<ref name="CE1913, Pope John XII">{{cite CE1913 |volume=8 | ||
| |first=Johann Peter |last=Kirsch |wstitle=Pope John XII}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Martin |first=Malachi |title=Decline and Fall of the Roman Church |location=New York |publisher=Bantam Books |year=1981 |isbn=0-553-22944-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/declinefalloft00mala }} p. 105</ref> ] noted that he had "a collection of women". According to ],<ref name="fmg.ac" /> "they testified about his adultery, which they did not see with their own eyes, but nonetheless knew with certainty: he had fornicated with the widow of Rainier, with Stephana his father's concubine, with the widow Anna, and with his own niece, and he made the sacred palace into a whorehouse". According to Chamberlin, John was "a Christian Caligula whose crimes were rendered particularly horrific by the office he held".<ref>The Bad Popes by E. R. Chamberlin</ref> Some sources report that he died eight days after being stricken by paralysis while in the act of adultery,<ref name="CE1913, Pope John XII" /> others that he was killed by the jealous husband while in the act of committing adultery.<ref>Peter de Rosa, ''Vicars of Christ: The Dark Side of the Papacy'', Poolbeg Press, Dublin 1988/2000, pages 211–215.</ref><ref>Hans Kung, ''The Catholic Church: A Short History'' (translated by John Bowden), Modern Library, New York. 2001/2003. page 79</ref><ref>''The Popes' Rights & Wrongs'', published by Truber & Co., 1860</ref><ref>Dr. Angelo S. Rappaport, ''The Love Affairs of the Vatican'', 1912</ref> | |first=Johann Peter |last=Kirsch |wstitle=Pope John XII}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Martin |first=Malachi |title=Decline and Fall of the Roman Church |location=New York |publisher=] |year=1981 |isbn=0-553-22944-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/declinefalloft00mala }} p. 105</ref> ] noted that he had "a collection of women". According to ],<ref name="fmg.ac" /> "they testified about his adultery, which they did not see with their own eyes, but nonetheless knew with certainty: he had fornicated with the widow of Rainier, with Stephana his father's concubine, with the widow Anna, and with his own niece, and he made the sacred palace into a whorehouse". According to Chamberlin, John was "a Christian Caligula whose crimes were rendered particularly horrific by the office he held".<ref>The Bad Popes by E. R. Chamberlin</ref> Some sources report that he died eight days after being stricken by paralysis while in the act of adultery,<ref name="CE1913, Pope John XII" /> others that he was killed by the jealous husband while in the act of committing adultery.<ref>Peter de Rosa, ''Vicars of Christ: The Dark Side of the Papacy'', Poolbeg Press, Dublin 1988/2000, pages 211–215.</ref><ref>Hans Kung, ''The Catholic Church: A Short History'' (translated by John Bowden), Modern Library, New York. 2001/2003. page 79</ref><ref>''The Popes' Rights & Wrongs'', published by Truber & Co., 1860</ref><ref>Dr. Angelo S. Rappaport, ''The Love Affairs of the Vatican'', 1912</ref> | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| |] | |] | ||
| |1492–1503 | |1492–1503 | ||
| |Not married. Relationships with Vanozza dei Catanei and Giulia Farnese |
|Not married. Relationships with Vanozza dei Catanei and Giulia Farnese | ||
| |Possibly | |Possibly | ||
| | Had a long affair with ] while still a priest, and before he became pope; and by her had his illegitimate children ], ], ], and ] |
| Had a long affair with ] while still a priest, and before he became pope; and by her had his illegitimate children ], ], ], and ].<ref name="auto"/> A later mistress, ], was the sister of ], giving birth to a daughter Laura while Alexander was in his 60s and reigning as pope.<ref>Eamon Duffy, ''Saints and Sinners: A history of the popes'', ], 2006</ref> | ||
| |} | |} | ||
| Line 188: | Line 191: | ||
| |1471–1484 | |1471–1484 | ||
| |Not married | |Not married | ||
| |According to ], Sixtus was a "lover of boys and ]" – awarding benefices and bishoprics in return for sexual favours, and nominating a number of young men as cardinals, some of whom were celebrated for their good looks.<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BM6DAz1tefoC |title=Studies in the psychology of sex — Havelock Ellis — Google Boeken |date=2007-07-30 |access-date=2013-06-23|last1=Ellis |first1=Havelock }}</ref><ref name="NC">{{cite book |last=Cawthorne |first=Nigel |title=Sex Lives of the Popes |publisher=Prion |year=1996 |page=160|id={{ASIN|185375546X|country=uk}} }}</ref><ref>Stefano Infessura, ''Diario della città di Roma (1303–1494)'', Ist. St. italiano, Tip. Forzani, Roma 1890, pp. 155–156</ref> Infessura had partisan allegiances to the ] family and so is not considered to be always reliable or impartial.<ref>Egmont Lee, ''Sixtus IV and Men of Letters'', Rome, 1978</ref> | |According to ], Sixtus was a "lover of boys and ]" – awarding benefices and bishoprics in return for sexual favours, and nominating a number of young men as cardinals, some of whom were celebrated for their good looks.<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BM6DAz1tefoC |title=Studies in the psychology of sex — Havelock Ellis — Google Boeken |date=2007-07-30 |access-date=2013-06-23|last1=Ellis |first1=Havelock }}</ref><ref name="NC">{{cite book |last=Cawthorne |first=Nigel |title=Sex Lives of the Popes |publisher=Prion |year=1996 |page=160|id={{ASIN|185375546X|country=uk}} }}</ref><ref>Stefano Infessura, ''Diario della città di Roma (1303–1494)'', Ist. St. italiano, Tip. Forzani, Roma 1890, pp. 155–156</ref> Infessura had partisan allegiances to the ] family and so is not considered to be always reliable or impartial.<ref>Egmont Lee, ''Sixtus IV and Men of Letters'', Rome, 1978</ref> | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| |]{{efn|name=alleged|This allegation is disputed by some modern historians.}} | |]{{efn|name=alleged|This allegation is disputed by some modern historians.}} | ||
| |1513–1521 | |1513–1521 | ||
| |Not married | |Not married | ||
| | |
|Posthumously accused of homosexuality (by ] and ]). Falconi suggests he may have offered preferment to ] because he was attracted to him.<ref>C. Falconi, ''Leone X'', Milan, 1987</ref> Historians have dealt with the issue of Leo's sexuality at least since the late 18th century, and few have given credence to the imputations made against him in his later years and decades following his death, or else have at least regarded them as unworthy of notice; without necessarily reaching conclusions on whether he was homosexual.<ref>Those who have rejected the evidence include: Fabroni, Angelo, ''Leone X: Pontificis Maximi Vita'', Pisa (1797) at p. 165 with note 84; {{harvnb|Roscoe|1806|pp=478–486}}; and {{harv|Pastor|1908|pp=80f. with a long footnote}}. Those who have treated of the life of Leo at any length and ignored the imputations, or summarily dismissed them, include: ], ''History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages'' Eng. trans. Hamilton, Annie, London (1902, vol. VIII.1), p. 243; {{harvnb|Vaughan|1908|p=280}}; ], article "Leo X" in ''The Encyclopædia Britannica'', Cambridge (1911, vol. XVI); ], ''A History of the Papacy from the Great Schism to the Sack of Rome'', London (new edn., 1919), vol. 6, p. 210; Pellegrini, Marco, articles "Leone X" in ''Enciclopedia dei Papi'', (2000, vol.3) and '']'' (2005, vol. 64); and ] ''The Medici: Godfathers of the Renaissance'' (a popular history), London (2003, pbk 2005), p. 277. Of these, ] and Hayes are known Catholics, and Roscoe, Gregorovius, and Creighton are known non-Catholics.</ref> | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| |] | |] | ||
| |1550–1555 | |||
| |1550 - 1555 | |||
| |Not married. Alleged affair with |
|Not married. Alleged affair with ennobled cardinal | ||
| |Accusations of his homosexuality spread across Europe during his reign due to the favouritism shown to ], who rose from beggar to cardinal under Julius' patronage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cromptom |first=Louis |date=2007-10-11 |title=Julius III |url=http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/julius_III.html |access-date=2023-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011091614/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/julius_III.html |archive-date=2007-10-11 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Johnson |first=E. Joe |title=Idealized Male Friendship in French Narrative from the Middle Ages to the Enlightenment |publisher=Summa Publications |year=2003 |isbn=1883479428 |edition=1st |location=USA |pages=69 |language=English}}</ref> | |Accusations of his homosexuality spread across Europe during his reign due to the favouritism shown to ], who rose from beggar to cardinal under Julius' patronage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cromptom |first=Louis |date=2007-10-11 |title=Julius III |url=http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/julius_III.html |access-date=2023-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011091614/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/julius_III.html |archive-date=2007-10-11 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Johnson |first=E. Joe |title=Idealized Male Friendship in French Narrative from the Middle Ages to the Enlightenment |publisher=Summa Publications |year=2003 |isbn=1883479428 |edition=1st |location=USA |pages=69 |language=English}}</ref> | ||
| |} | |} | ||
| Line 217: | Line 220: | ||
| |No | |No | ||
| |Accused by Bishop Benno of ] of "many vile adulteries".<ref>"Post multa turpia adulteria et homicidia manibus suis perpetrata, postremo, etc." {{cite journal|last=Dümmler |first=Ernst Ludwig |author-link=Ernst Dümmler |title=Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Libelli de lite |publisher=Deutsches Institut für Erforschung des Mittelalters |year=1891 |location=Hannover |pages=584 |volume=I |edition=Bonizonis episcopi Sutriensis: Liber ad amicum |url=http://www.uan.it/alim/letteratura.nsf/(volumiID)/A9E60829767DA2D2C1256D6B0074177B/$FILE/AlimBonizoAdamicum.doc?openelement |access-date=2008-01-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713211642/http://www.uan.it/alim/letteratura.nsf/%28volumiID%29/A9E60829767DA2D2C1256D6B0074177B/%24FILE/AlimBonizoAdamicum.doc?openelement |archive-date=2007-07-13 }}</ref><ref>''The Book of Saints'', by Ramsgate Benedictine Monks of St. Augustine's Abbey, A. C. Black, 1989. {{ISBN|978-0-7136-5300-7}}</ref> Pope ] referred in his third book of Dialogues to "his rapes… and other unspeakable acts".<ref>"''Cuius vita quam turpis, quam freda, quamque execranda extiterit, horresco referre''." {{cite journal|last=Victor III |first=Pope |author-link=Pope Victor III |title=Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Libelli de lite |publisher=Deutsches Institut für Erforschung des Mittelalters |year=1934 |location=Hannover |pages=141 |edition=Dialogi de miraculis Sancti Benedicti Liber Tertius auctore Desiderio abbate Casinensis |url=http://www.uan.it/alim/letteratura.nsf/(volumiID)/D8115E7BB6446DC9C1256D660075CE62/$FILE/AlimDesiderioDialogi.doc?openelement |access-date=2008-01-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715072854/http://www.uan.it/alim/letteratura.nsf/%28volumiID%29/D8115E7BB6446DC9C1256D660075CE62/%24FILE/AlimDesiderioDialogi.doc?openelement |archive-date=2007-07-15 }}</ref> In May 1045, Benedict IX resigned his office to get married.<ref>Dr. Angelo S. Rappaport, ''The Love Affairs of the Vatican'', 1912, pp. 81–82.</ref> | |Accused by Bishop Benno of ] of "many vile adulteries".<ref>"Post multa turpia adulteria et homicidia manibus suis perpetrata, postremo, etc." {{cite journal|last=Dümmler |first=Ernst Ludwig |author-link=Ernst Dümmler |title=Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Libelli de lite |publisher=Deutsches Institut für Erforschung des Mittelalters |year=1891 |location=Hannover |pages=584 |volume=I |edition=Bonizonis episcopi Sutriensis: Liber ad amicum |url=http://www.uan.it/alim/letteratura.nsf/(volumiID)/A9E60829767DA2D2C1256D6B0074177B/$FILE/AlimBonizoAdamicum.doc?openelement |access-date=2008-01-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713211642/http://www.uan.it/alim/letteratura.nsf/%28volumiID%29/A9E60829767DA2D2C1256D6B0074177B/%24FILE/AlimBonizoAdamicum.doc?openelement |archive-date=2007-07-13 }}</ref><ref>''The Book of Saints'', by Ramsgate Benedictine Monks of St. Augustine's Abbey, A. C. Black, 1989. {{ISBN|978-0-7136-5300-7}}</ref> Pope ] referred in his third book of Dialogues to "his rapes… and other unspeakable acts".<ref>"''Cuius vita quam turpis, quam freda, quamque execranda extiterit, horresco referre''." {{cite journal|last=Victor III |first=Pope |author-link=Pope Victor III |title=Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Libelli de lite |publisher=Deutsches Institut für Erforschung des Mittelalters |year=1934 |location=Hannover |pages=141 |edition=Dialogi de miraculis Sancti Benedicti Liber Tertius auctore Desiderio abbate Casinensis |url=http://www.uan.it/alim/letteratura.nsf/(volumiID)/D8115E7BB6446DC9C1256D660075CE62/$FILE/AlimDesiderioDialogi.doc?openelement |access-date=2008-01-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715072854/http://www.uan.it/alim/letteratura.nsf/%28volumiID%29/D8115E7BB6446DC9C1256D660075CE62/%24FILE/AlimDesiderioDialogi.doc?openelement |archive-date=2007-07-15 }}</ref> In May 1045, Benedict IX resigned his office to get married.<ref>Dr. Angelo S. Rappaport, ''The Love Affairs of the Vatican'', 1912, pp. 81–82.</ref> | ||
| |- | |||
| |] | |||
| |2002–2023, 2498, 9997–9999 | |||
| |Married | |||
| |Yes | |||
| |Baked many, many cakes. | |||
| |} | |} | ||
| Line 228: | Line 225: | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| * |
*] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
Latest revision as of 16:07, 27 December 2024
_-_National_Museum_of_Capodimonte.jpg)
This is a list of sexually active popes, Catholic priests who were not celibate before they became pope, and those who were legally married before becoming pope. Some candidates were allegedly sexually active before their election as pope, and others were thought to have been sexually active during their papacies. A number of them had children.
There are various classifications for those who were sexually active during their lives. Allegations of sexual activities are of varying levels of reliability, with several having been made by contemporary political or religious opponents. Some claims are generally accepted by modern historians, while other remain more contested.
Background
Main articles: Clerical celibacy (Catholic Church) and Catholic teachings on sexual moralityFor many years of the Church's history, celibacy was considered optional. Based on the customs of the times, it is assumed by many that most of the Twelve Apostles were married and had families. The New Testament (Mark 1:29–31; Matthew 8:14–15; Luke 4:38–39; 1 Timothy 3:2, 12; Titus 1:6) depicts at least Peter as being married, and bishops, priests and deacons of the Early Church were often married as well. In epigraphy, the testimony of the Church Fathers, synodal legislation, and papal decretals in the following centuries, a married clergy, in greater or lesser numbers, was a feature of the life of the Church. Celibacy was not required for those ordained and was accepted in the early Church, particularly by those in the monastic life.
Although various local Church councils had demanded celibacy of the clergy in a particular episcopal jurisdiction, it was not until the Second Lateran Council (1139) that official made the promise to remain celibate a prerequisite to ordination within the Latin Church (and effectively ended any practice of a married priesthood). Subsequently sexual relationships were generally undertaken outside the bonds of marriage, and each sexual act thus committed would have been considered a mortal sin.
Popes who were legally married
| Name | Reign(s) | Relationship | Offspring | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saint Peter | 30/33–64/68 | Mother-in-law (Greek πενθερά, penthera) is mentioned in the Gospel verses Matthew 8:14–15, Luke 4:38, Mark 1:29–31, and who was healed by Jesus at her home in Capernaum. 1 Cor. 9:5 asks whether others have the right to be accompanied by Christian wives as does "Cephas" (Peter). Clement of Alexandria wrote: "When the blessed Peter saw his own wife led out to die, he rejoiced because of her summons and her return home, and called to her very encouragingly and comfortingly, addressing her by name, and saying, 'Remember the Lord.' Such was the marriage of the blessed, and their perfect disposition toward those dearest to them" | Yes | Later legends, dating from the 6th century onwards, suggested that Peter had a daughter – identified as Saint Petronilla. This connection is likely to be a result of the similarity of their names |
| Felix III | 483–492 | Widowed before his election as pope | Yes | Himself the son of a priest, Felix fathered two children, one of whom was subsequently the mother of Pope Gregory the Great (making the latter his grandson) |
| Hormisdas | 514–523 | Widowed before he took holy orders | Yes | Father of Pope Silverius |
| Adrian II | 867–872 | Married to Stephania before he took holy orders, she was still living when he was elected pope and resided with him in the Lateran Palace. | Yes (a daughter) | His wife and daughter both resided with him until they were murdered by Eleutherius, brother of Anastasius Bibliothecarius, the Church's chief librarian |
| John XVII | 1003 | Married before his election as pope | Yes (three sons) | All of his children became priests |
| Clement IV | 1265–1268 | Widowed before taking holy orders | Yes (two daughters) | Both children entered a convent |
| Honorius IV | 1285–1287 | Widowed before entering the clergy | Yes (at least two sons) |
Fathered illegitimate children before holy orders
| Name | Reign | Relationship | Offspring | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pius II | 1458–1464 | Not married | Yes (at least two) | Two children, both born before he formally entered the clergy. The first child, fathered while in Scotland, died in infancy. A second child fathered while in Strasbourg with a Breton woman named Elizabeth died 14 months later. He delayed becoming a cleric because of the requirement of chastity |
| Innocent VIII | 1484–1492 | Not married | Yes (two) | Both born before he entered the clergy. Married elder son Franceschetto Cybo to the daughter of Lorenzo de' Medici, who in return obtained the cardinal's hat for his 13-year-old son Giovanni, who became Pope Leo X. His daughter Teodorina Cybo married Gerardo Usodimare |
| Clement VII | 1523–1534 | Not married. Relationship with a slave girl – possibly Simonetta da Collevecchio | Yes (one) | Identified as Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence |
Known to or suspected of having fathered illegitimate children after receiving holy orders
| Name | Reign | Relationship | Offspring | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Julius II | 1503–1513 | Not married | Yes (three daughters) | Three illegitimate daughters, one of whom was Felice della Rovere (born in 1483, twenty years before his election as pope, and twelve years after his enthronement as bishop of Lausanne). The schismatic Conciliabulum of Pisa, which sought to depose him in 1511, also accused him of being a "sodomite" |
| Paul III | 1534–1549 | Not married. Silvia Ruffini as mistress | Yes (three sons and one daughter) | Held off ordination in order to continue his lifestyle, fathering four illegitimate children (three sons and one daughter) by Silvia Ruffini after his appointment as cardinal-deacon of Santi Cosimo and Damiano. He broke his relations with her ca. 1513. He made his illegitimate son Pier Luigi Farnese the first duke of Parma |
| Pius IV | 1559–1565 | Not married | Allegedly three | One was a son born in 1541 or 1542. He also had two daughters |
| Gregory XIII | 1572–1585 | Not married. Affair with Maddalena Fulchini | Yes | Received the ecclesiastical tonsure in Bologna in June 1539, and subsequently had an affair that resulted in the birth of Giacomo Boncompagni in 1548. Giacomo remained illegitimate, with Gregory later appointing him Gonfalonier of the Church, governor of the Castel Sant'Angelo and Fermo |
| Leo XII | 1823–1829 | Not married | Allegedly three | As a young prelate, he came under suspicion of having a liaison with the wife of a Swiss Guard soldier and as nuncio in Germany allegedly fathered three illegitimate children |
Popes alleged to be sexually active during pontificate
A majority of the allegations made in this section are disputed by modern historians.
Relationships with women
| Name | Reign | Relationship | Offspring | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sergius III | 904–911 | Not married | Yes (at least one) | Accused of being the illegitimate father of Pope John XI by Marozia, the fifteen year old daughter of Theodora and Theophylact I, Count of Tusculum. Such accusations lay in Liutprand of Cremona's Antapodosis and the Liber Pontificalis. The accusations have discrepancies with another early source, the annalist Flodoard (c. 894–966): John XI was the brother of Alberic II, the latter being the offspring of Marozia and her husband Alberic I, so John too may have been the son of Marozia and Alberic I. Fauvarque emphasises that contemporary sources are dubious, Liutprand being "prone to exaggeration" while other mentions of this fatherhood appear in satires written by supporters of Pope Formosus. |
| John X | 914–928 | Not married. Affairs with Theodora and Marozia | No | Had romantic affairs with both Theodora and her daughter Marozia, according to Liutprand of Cremona in his Antapodosis. However, Monsignor Johann Peter Kirsch (ecclesiastical historian and Catholic priest) wrote, "This statement is, however, generally and rightly rejected as a calumny. Liutprand wrote his history some fifty years later, and constantly slandered the Romans, whom he hated." |
| John XII | 955–964 | Not married | No | Accused by adversaries of adultery and incest. Benedict of Soracte noted that he had "a collection of women". According to Liutprand of Cremona, "they testified about his adultery, which they did not see with their own eyes, but nonetheless knew with certainty: he had fornicated with the widow of Rainier, with Stephana his father's concubine, with the widow Anna, and with his own niece, and he made the sacred palace into a whorehouse". According to Chamberlin, John was "a Christian Caligula whose crimes were rendered particularly horrific by the office he held". Some sources report that he died eight days after being stricken by paralysis while in the act of adultery, others that he was killed by the jealous husband while in the act of committing adultery. |
| Alexander VI | 1492–1503 | Not married. Relationships with Vanozza dei Catanei and Giulia Farnese | Possibly | Had a long affair with Vannozza dei Cattanei while still a priest, and before he became pope; and by her had his illegitimate children Cesare Borgia, Giovanni Borgia, Gioffre Borgia, and Lucrezia. A later mistress, Giulia Farnese, was the sister of Alessandro Farnese, giving birth to a daughter Laura while Alexander was in his 60s and reigning as pope. |
Relationships with men
| Name | Reign | Relationship | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Paul II | 1464–1471 | Not married. Alleged affair with a page | Thought to have died of indigestion arising from eating melon, though his opponents alleged he died while being sodomized by a page. |
| Sixtus IV | 1471–1484 | Not married | According to Stefano Infessura, Sixtus was a "lover of boys and sodomites" – awarding benefices and bishoprics in return for sexual favours, and nominating a number of young men as cardinals, some of whom were celebrated for their good looks. Infessura had partisan allegiances to the Colonna family and so is not considered to be always reliable or impartial. |
| Leo X | 1513–1521 | Not married | Posthumously accused of homosexuality (by Francesco Guicciardini and Paolo Giovio). Falconi suggests he may have offered preferment to Marcantonio Flaminio because he was attracted to him. Historians have dealt with the issue of Leo's sexuality at least since the late 18th century, and few have given credence to the imputations made against him in his later years and decades following his death, or else have at least regarded them as unworthy of notice; without necessarily reaching conclusions on whether he was homosexual. |
| Julius III | 1550–1555 | Not married. Alleged affair with ennobled cardinal | Accusations of his homosexuality spread across Europe during his reign due to the favouritism shown to Innocenzo Ciocchi Del Monte, who rose from beggar to cardinal under Julius' patronage. |
Relationships with women and men
| Name | Reign | Relationship | Offspring | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Benedict IX | 1032–1044, 1045, 1047–1048 | Not married | No | Accused by Bishop Benno of Piacenza of "many vile adulteries". Pope Victor III referred in his third book of Dialogues to "his rapes… and other unspeakable acts". In May 1045, Benedict IX resigned his office to get married. |
See also
Notes
- Mark 1:29–31
- Matthew 8:14–15
- Luke 4:38–39
- 1 Timothy 3:2–12
- Titus 1:6
- Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Celibacy of the Clergy" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- Cited by Eusebius, Church History, III, 30. Full text at Clement of Alexandria, Stromata VII, 11.
- Clement of Alexandria wrote: "For Peter and Philip begat children" in "Clements, Stromata (book VII) / Eusebius, Church History (Book III)". Newadvent.org. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
- Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "St. Petronilla" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company..
- "St. Peter's – Altar of St Petronilla". Saintpetersbasilica.org. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
- R.A. Markus, Gregory the Great and his world (Cambridge: University Press, 1997), p.8
- Kirsch, Johann Peter (1910). "Pope St. Hormisdas" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- Loughlin, James Francis (1907). "Pope Adrian II" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- Dopierała, K. (1996). Księga Papieży. Poznań: Pallotinum. p. 106.
- * Kirsch, Johann Peter (1910). "Pope John XVII (XVIII)" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- Loughlin, James Francis (1908). "Pope Clement IV" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: Cardinal Giacomo Savelli". Fiu.edu. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
- Weber, Nicholas Aloysius (1911). "Pope Pius II" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- Weber, Nicholas Aloysius (1910). "Pope Innocent VIII" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- Ridolfi, Roberto (1959). The Life of Girolamo Savonarola. New York, Knopf.
- George L. Williams, Papal Genealogy: The Families And Descendants Of The Popes, page 74: "Clement now made Alessandro de Medici "his illegitimate son by a slave" into the first duke of Florence", McFarland & Company, 1998, ISBN 0-7864-2071-5
- Mara Wade, Gender Matters: Discourses of violence in early modern literature and the arts, Editions Rodopi, 2013
- Ott, Michael (1910). "Pope Julius II" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- Louis Crompton, Homosexuality and Civilization, page 278 (Harvard University Press, 2006) ISBN 978-0-674-01197-7
- Jean de Pins, Letters and Letter Fragments, page 292, footnote 5 (Libraire Droze S.A., 2007) ISBN 978-2-600-01101-3
- Katherine McIver, Women, Art, And Architecture in Northern Italy, 1520–1580: Negotiating Power, page 26 (Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 2006) ISBN 0-7546-5411-7
- Pattenden, Miles (2013). Pius IV and the Fall of The Carafa: Nepotism and Papal Authority in Counter-Reformation Rome (page 34). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Ott, Michael (1910). "Pope Gregory XIII" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: Ugo Boncompagni". Fiu.edu. 3 December 2007. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
- Letters from Rome in: The New Monthly Magazine and Literary Journal, Tom 11, pp. 468–471.
- Mann, Horace Kinder (1912). "Pope Sergius III" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ George Williams, Papal Genealogy: The family and descendants of the Popes, McFarland, 1998
- ^ Brook, Lindsay Leonard (January 2003). "Popes and pornocrats: Rome in the early middle ages" (PDF). Foundations. 1 (1). Hereford, UK: Foundation for Medieval Genealogy: 5–21. ISSN 1479-5078.
- Liber Pontificalis (first ed., 500s; it has papal biographies up to Pius II, d. 1464)
- Reverend Horace K. Mann, The Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages, Volumes 1–13 quote: "Was John XI the son of Pope Sergius by the abandoned Marozia? Liutprand says he was, and so does the author of the anonymous catalogue in the Liber Pontificalis in his one-line notice of John XI." (1928)
- Anura Gurugé, The Next Pope: After Pope Benedict XVI, page 37: "John XI (#126) would also appear to have been born out of wedlock. His mother, Marozia, from the then powerful Theophylacet family, was around sixteen years old at the time. Liber Pontificalis, among others, claim that Sergius III (#120), during his tenure as pope, was the father." (WOWNH LLC, 2010). ISBN 978-0-615-35372-2
- Fauvarque, Bertrand (2003). "De la tutelle de l'aristocratie italienne à celle des empereurs germaniques". In Y.-M. Hilaire (Ed.), Histoire de la papauté, 2000 ans de missions et de tribulations. Paris:Tallandier. ISBN 2-02-059006-9, p. 163.
- Joseph McCabe, Crises in The history of The Papacy: A Study of Twenty Famous Popes whose Careers and whose Influence were important in the Development of The Church and in The History of The World, page 130 (New York; London: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1916)
- Kirsch, Johann Peter. "Pope John X." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 23 September 2017
- ^ Kirsch, Johann Peter (1910). "Pope John XII" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- Martin, Malachi (1981). Decline and Fall of the Roman Church. New York: Bantam Books. ISBN 0-553-22944-3. p. 105
- The Bad Popes by E. R. Chamberlin
- Peter de Rosa, Vicars of Christ: The Dark Side of the Papacy, Poolbeg Press, Dublin 1988/2000, pages 211–215.
- Hans Kung, The Catholic Church: A Short History (translated by John Bowden), Modern Library, New York. 2001/2003. page 79
- The Popes' Rights & Wrongs, published by Truber & Co., 1860
- Dr. Angelo S. Rappaport, The Love Affairs of the Vatican, 1912
- Eamon Duffy, Saints and Sinners: A history of the popes, Yale University Press, 2006
- Paolo II in Enciclopedia dei Papi", Enciclopedia Treccani, http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/paolo-ii_%28Enciclopedia_dei_Papi%29/
- "Vita Pauli Secundi Pontificis Maximi", Michael Canensius, 1734 p. 175
- Leonie Frieda, The Deadly Sisterhood: A Story of Women, Power, and Intrigue in the Italian Renaissance, 1427–1527, chapter 3 (HarperCollins, 2013) ISBN 978-0-06-156308-9
- Karlheinz Deschner, Storia criminale del cristianesimo (tomo VIII), Ariele, Milano, 2007, pag. 216. Nigel Cawthorne, Das Sexleben der Päpste. Die Skandalchronik des Vatikans, Benedikt Taschen Verlag, Köln, 1999, pag. 171.
- Claudio Rendina, I Papi, Storia e Segreti, Newton Compton, Roma, 1983, p. 589
- Ellis, Havelock (30 July 2007). Studies in the psychology of sex — Havelock Ellis — Google Boeken. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
- Cawthorne, Nigel (1996). Sex Lives of the Popes. Prion. p. 160. ASIN 185375546X.
- Stefano Infessura, Diario della città di Roma (1303–1494), Ist. St. italiano, Tip. Forzani, Roma 1890, pp. 155–156
- Egmont Lee, Sixtus IV and Men of Letters, Rome, 1978
- C. Falconi, Leone X, Milan, 1987
- Those who have rejected the evidence include: Fabroni, Angelo, Leone X: Pontificis Maximi Vita, Pisa (1797) at p. 165 with note 84; Roscoe 1806, pp. 478–486; and (Pastor 1908, pp. 80f. with a long footnote). Those who have treated of the life of Leo at any length and ignored the imputations, or summarily dismissed them, include: Gregorovius, Ferdinand, History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages Eng. trans. Hamilton, Annie, London (1902, vol. VIII.1), p. 243; Vaughan 1908, p. 280; Hayes, Carlton Huntley, article "Leo X" in The Encyclopædia Britannica, Cambridge (1911, vol. XVI); Creighton, Mandell, A History of the Papacy from the Great Schism to the Sack of Rome, London (new edn., 1919), vol. 6, p. 210; Pellegrini, Marco, articles "Leone X" in Enciclopedia dei Papi, (2000, vol.3) and Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (2005, vol. 64); and Strathern, Paul The Medici: Godfathers of the Renaissance (a popular history), London (2003, pbk 2005), p. 277. Of these, Ludwig von Pastor and Hayes are known Catholics, and Roscoe, Gregorovius, and Creighton are known non-Catholics.
- Cromptom, Louis (11 October 2007). "Julius III". Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
- Johnson, E. Joe (2003). Idealized Male Friendship in French Narrative from the Middle Ages to the Enlightenment (1st ed.). USA: Summa Publications. p. 69. ISBN 1883479428.
- "Post multa turpia adulteria et homicidia manibus suis perpetrata, postremo, etc." Dümmler, Ernst Ludwig (1891). "Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Libelli de lite". I (Bonizonis episcopi Sutriensis: Liber ad amicum ed.). Hannover: Deutsches Institut für Erforschung des Mittelalters: 584. Archived from the original on 13 July 2007. Retrieved 3 January 2008.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - The Book of Saints, by Ramsgate Benedictine Monks of St. Augustine's Abbey, A. C. Black, 1989. ISBN 978-0-7136-5300-7
- "Cuius vita quam turpis, quam freda, quamque execranda extiterit, horresco referre." Victor III, Pope (1934). "Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Libelli de lite" (Dialogi de miraculis Sancti Benedicti Liber Tertius auctore Desiderio abbate Casinensis ed.). Hannover: Deutsches Institut für Erforschung des Mittelalters: 141. Archived from the original on 15 July 2007. Retrieved 3 January 2008.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - Dr. Angelo S. Rappaport, The Love Affairs of the Vatican, 1912, pp. 81–82.
References
- Bunson, Matthew, The Pope Encyclopedia: An A to Z of the Holy See, Crown Trade Paperbacks, New York, 1995.
- Cawthorne, Nigel, Sex Lives of the Popes, Prion, London, 1996.
- Chamberlin, E.R.,The Bad Popes, Sutton History Classics, 1969 / Dorset; New Ed edition 2003.
- Mathieu-Rosay, Jean, La véritable histoire des papes, Grancher, Paris, 1991
- McBrien, Richard P., Lives of the Popes, Harper Collins, San Francisco, 1997.
- Pastor, Ludwig von (1908). History of the Popes from the Close of the Middle Ages; Drawn from the Secret Archives of the Vatican and other original sources. Vol. 8. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. (English translation)
- Roscoe, William (1806). The Life and Pontificate of Leo the Tenth. Vol. 4 (2nd ed.). London.
- Schimmelpfennig, Bernhard, The Papacy, Columbia University Press, New York, 1984.
- Vaughan, Herbert M. (1908). The Medici Popes. London: Methuen & Co.
- Wilcox, John, Popes and Anti-Popes, Xlibris Corporation, 2005.
- Williams, George L., Papal Genealogy, McFarland & Co., Jefferson, North Carolina, 1998.