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| {{short description|Group of conspiracy theories related to global warming}} | |||
| {{mergeto|global warming controversy|discuss=Talk:Climate change conspiracy theory#Merger|date=November 2023}} | |||
| '''Climate change conspiracy theories''' assert that the ] is based on conspiracies to produce manipulated data or suppress dissent. It is one of a number of tactics used in ] to attempt to ] disputing this consensus.<ref name="Diethelm McKie">{{Cite journal | author = Pascal Diethelm | author-link = Pascal Diethelm | author2 = Martin McKee | author2-link = Martin McKee | name-list-style = amp | title = Denialism: what is it and how should scientists respond? | journal = ] | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 2–4 |date=January 2009 | doi = 10.1093/eurpub/ckn139 | pmid = 19158101 | doi-access = free }}</ref> ] typically allege that, through worldwide acts of professional and criminal misconduct, the science behind ] has been invented or distorted for ideological or financial reasons.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Goldenberg|first1=Suzanne|title=US Senate's top climate sceptic accused of waging 'McCarthyite witch-hunt'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/mar/01/inhofe-climate-mccarthyite|access-date=7 July 2015|work=The Guardian|date=1 March 2010}}</ref><ref name="Achenbach" /> | |||
| == Key claims == | |||
| Despite the ], allegations have been made that scientists and institutions involved in global warming research are part of a global scientific conspiracy or engaged in a manipulative hoax.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Goertzel |first=Ted |author-link=Ted Goertzel |date=June 2010 |title=Conspiracy theories in science |journal=EMBO Reports |volume=11 |issue=7 |pages=493–99 |doi=10.1038/embor.2010.84 |pmc=2897118 |pmid=20539311}}</ref> | |||
| There have been allegations of malpractice, most notably in the ] ("ClimateGate"). Eight committees investigated these allegations and published reports, each finding no evidence of fraud or scientific misconduct.<ref name="6committees">Six of the major investigations covered by secondary sources include: (UK); (UK); {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509041910/http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2010/04/oxburgh-report-clears-controvers.html|date=May 9, 2013}} (UK); (US); (US); (US).</ref> The Muir Russell report stated that the scientists' "rigor and honesty as scientists are not in doubt," that the investigators "did not find any evidence of behavior that might undermine the conclusions of the IPCC assessments," but that there had been "a consistent pattern of failing to display the proper degree of openness."<ref>{{cite web |last=Jonsson |first=Patrik |date=7 July 2010 |title=Climate scientists exonerated in 'climategate' but public trust damaged |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/2010/0707/Climate-scientists-exonerated-in-climategate-but-public-trust-damaged |access-date=17 Aug 2011 |publisher=Christian Science Monitor |page=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Russell |first=Sir Muir |date=July 2010 |title=The Independent Climate Change E-mails Review |url=http://www.cce-review.org/pdf/FINAL%20REPORT.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206132925/http://www.cce-review.org/pdf/FINAL%20REPORT.pdf |archive-date=6 February 2020 |access-date=17 Aug 2011 |page=11}}</ref> The scientific consensus that global warming is occurring as a result of ] remained unchanged at the end of the investigations.<ref name="scientificamerican">Biello, David (Feb., 2010). "". ''Scientific American''. '''(302)''':2. 16. {{ISSN|0036-8733}}. "In fact, nothing in the stolen material undermines the scientific consensus that climate change is happening and that humans are to blame"; See also: Lubchenco, Jane (2 December 2009) House Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming (House Select Committee). "". House Hearing, 111 Congress. U.S. Government Printing Office. "...the e-mails really do nothing to undermine the very strong scientific consensus and the independent scientific analyses of thousands of scientists around the world that tell us that the Earth is warming and that the warming is largely a result of human activities." As quoted in the report published by .</ref> | |||
| === Alleged conspiracies by scientists who accept the reality of global warming === | |||
| * '''Faked scientific data:''' In 2002, after ] criticized ], the ] published an article supporting the Lavoisier Group's conspiracy theory that hundreds of climate scientists have twisted their results to support the climate change theory in order to protect their research funding.<ref>{{cite web|title=Antarctic Cooling Down; The Antarctic Ice Sheet is Growing; Hansen Downgrades Warming Threat|url=http://www.globalwarming.org/node/160|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070918192314/http://www.globalwarming.org/node/160|archive-date=September 18, 2007|publisher=Cooler Heads Coalition}}</ref> In 2007, climate change denier ] wrote a blog post claiming that global warming is "the greatest scam in history". He wrote "So when these researchers did climate change studies in the late 90's they were eager to produce findings that would be important and be widely noticed and trigger more research funding. It was easy for them to manipulate the data to come up with the results they wanted to make headlines and at the same time drive their environmental agendas".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gross |first1=Tom |title=Weather Channel boss calls global warming "the greatest scam in history" |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/media-blog/weather-channel-boss-calls-global-warming-greatest-scam-history-tom-gross/ |access-date=25 January 2021 |publisher=National Review}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=D’Aleo |first1=Joe |title=Weather Channel Founder: Global Warming 'Greatest Scam in History' |url=http://icecap.us/index.php/go/joes-blog/comments_about_global_warming/ |website=ICECAP |access-date=25 January 2021 |ref=Icecap_(blog)}}</ref> The climate deniers involved in ] in 2009 claimed that researchers faked the data in their research publications and suppressed their critics in order to receive more funding (i.e. taxpayer money).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Greene |first1=R. |last2=Robison-Greene |first2=R. |title=Conspiracy Theories: Philosophers Connect the Dots |date=2020 |publisher=Open Court}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=McKie |first1=Robin |title=Climategate 10 years on: what lessons have we learned? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2019/nov/09/climategate-10-years-on-what-lessons-have-we-learned |access-date=18 January 2021 |date=Nov 9, 2019}}</ref> Some ]s claim that there is no scientific consensus on climate change, and they sometimes claim that any evidence that shows there is scientific consensus is faked.<ref name="Uscinski20017" /> Some of them even claim that governments have used the research grant money to pervert the science.<ref name="Uscinski20017" /> | |||
| * '''Corrupted peer-review process:''' It is claimed that the peer-review process for papers in climate science has become corrupted by scientists seeking to suppress dissent.<ref name="Uscinski20017">{{cite journal |last1=Uscinski |first1=Joseph E. |last2=Douglas |first2=Karen |last3=Lewandowsky |first3=Stephan |title=Climate Change Conspiracy Theories |journal=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Climate Science |date=Sep 27, 2017 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.328 |isbn=9780190228620 |access-date=18 January 2021 |url=https://oxfordre.com/climatescience/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228620-e-328}}</ref> For example, climate change denier ] wrote an article in Wall Street Journal in 1996 criticizing ]. He suspected corruption in the peer-review process, writing that "A comparison between the report approved by the contributing scientists and the published version reveals that key changes were made after the scientists had met and accepted what they thought was the final peer-reviewed version".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Seitz |first1=Frederick |title=A Major Deception On Global Warming |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB834512411338954000 |access-date=18 January 2021 |date=June 12, 1996}}</ref> | |||
| === Alleged political conspiracies === | |||
| * '''Aiming at ]:''' In a speech given to the US Senate Committee on the Environment and Public Works on July 28, 2003, entitled "The Science of Climate Change",<ref name="Inhofe">{{Cite web|title=James M. Inhofe – U.S. Senator (OK)|url=http://inhofe.senate.gov/pressreleases/climate.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070328212952/http://inhofe.senate.gov/pressreleases/climate.htm|archive-date=2007-03-28|access-date=2007-03-23}}</ref> senator ], a ] from ], concluded by asking the following question: "With all of the hysteria, all of the fear, all of the phony science, could it be that man-made global warming is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people?" He further stated, "some parts of the ] process resembled a Soviet-style trial, in which the facts are predetermined, and ideological purity trumps technical and scientific rigor."<ref name="Inhofe-FactsAndScience">Senator James Inhofe, Chairman of Committee on Environment and Public Works, U.S. Senate.</ref> Inhofe has suggested that supporters of the ] such as ] are aiming at ].<ref>{{cite web|title=Senate Environment And Public Works Committee|url=http://epw.senate.gov/speechitem.cfm?party=rep&id=263759|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070328212224/http://epw.senate.gov/speechitem.cfm?party=rep&id=263759|archive-date=2007-03-28|access-date=2007-03-25}}</ref> ] said in 2006 that global warming became a political cause because of the lack of any other enemy following the end of the ]. He went on to say that its purpose was to exercise political influence, to try to introduce world government, and to control people, adding, "I have a demonic view on this."<ref name="Achenbach">{{cite news|last=Achenbach|first=Joel|title=The Tempest|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/23/AR2006052301305_pf.html|access-date=2010-03-31}}</ref><ref name="douglas2015">{{cite journal |last1=Douglas |first1=Karen M. |last2=Sutton |first2=Robbie M. |title=Climate change: Why the conspiracy theories are dangerous |journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |date=March 1, 2015 |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=98–106 |doi=10.1177/0096340215571908 |bibcode=2015BuAtS..71b..98D |s2cid=144008955 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0096340215571908 |access-date=25 January 2021}}</ref> The TV documentary ] was made by ], who called global warming "a multi-billion-dollar worldwide industry, created by fanatically anti-industrial environmentalists." In the '']'' in 2007 he said that his film would change history, and predicted that "in five years the idea that the greenhouse effect is the main reason behind global warming will be seen as total bunk."<ref name="Swindle">{{cite web|title=Global warming labeled a 'scam' - Washington Times|url=http://washingtontimes.com/news/2007/mar/06/20070306-122226-6282r/|access-date=2010-03-15|publisher=washingtontimes.com}}</ref> | |||
| * '''Liberal extremists{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}:''' There are theories claiming that "climate change is a hoax perpetrated by leftist radicals to undermine local sovereignty",<ref>{{cite web |title=The Rocky Road to a Sustainable Future |url=https://humanjourney.us/the-rocky-road-to-a-sustainable-future/ |website=The Human Journey |access-date=25 January 2021}}</ref> or "climate science is less about science and more about socialist ideology".<ref name="Uscinski20017" /> In 2017, ] told the 12th ] "The liberal extremists are not going to give up. Obama has built a culture of radical alarmists, and they’ll be back. You and I and the American people have won a great victory, but the war goes on. Stay vigilant."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Harris |first1=Tom |title=Misleading Clean Power Plan fueled climate deception |url=https://www.thespectrum.com/story/opinion/2017/04/23/misleading-clean-power-plan-fueled-climate-deception/100721298/ |access-date=25 January 2021 |publisher=The Spectrum |date=April 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Davenport |first1=Coral |title=Climate Change Denialists in Charge |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/27/us/politics/climate-change-denialists-in-charge.html |access-date=25 January 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=March 27, 2017}}</ref> | |||
| * '''Green scam:''' "Another conspiracy theory argues that because many people have invested in renewable-energy companies, they stand to lose a lot of money if global warming is shown to be a myth. According to this theory, environmental groups therefore bribe climate scientists to doctor their data so that they are able to secure their financial investment in green energy."<ref name="douglas2015" /> | |||
| * '''China is behind it:''' In 2010, ] claimed that "With the coldest winter ever recorded, with snow setting record levels up and down the coast, the Nobel committee should take the Nobel Prize back from Al Gore....Gore wants us to clean up our factories and plants in order to protect us from global warming, when China and other countries couldn’t care less. It would make us totally noncompetitive in the manufacturing world, and China, Japan and India are laughing at America’s stupidity." Then in 2012, he tweeted that "The concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive." Later in 2016 during his presidential campaign he suggested that his 2012 tweet was a joke saying that "Obviously, I joke. But this is done for the benefit of China, because China does not do anything to help climate change. They burn everything you could burn; they couldn’t care less. They have very—you know, their standards are nothing. But they—in the meantime, they can undercut us on price. So it’s very hard on our business."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Schulman |first1=Jeremy |title=Every Insane Thing Donald Trump Has Said About Global Warming |url=https://www.motherjones.com/environment/2016/12/trump-climate-timeline/ |access-date=25 January 2021 |publisher=Mother Jones}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Wong |first1=Edward |title=Trump Has Called Climate Change a Chinese Hoax. Beijing Says It Is Anything But. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/19/world/asia/china-trump-climate-change.html |access-date=25 January 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=November 18, 2016}}</ref> | |||
| * '''To promote nuclear power:''' One of the claims made in ] is that the "threat of global warming is an attempt to promote nuclear power".<ref name="douglas2015" /> | |||
| == Effects on public opinion and climate inaction == | |||
| {{excerpt|Climate change denial#Effects on public opinion and climate inaction|paragraphs=1-3}} | |||
| ==Reception and push-back== | |||
| {{multiple image | |||
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| | image1 = 20200324 Global average temperature - NASA-GISS HadCrut NOAA Japan BerkeleyE.svg | |||
| | caption1 = ''Temperature data:'' ] from various scientific organizations show substantial agreement concerning the progress and extent of global warming: pairwise correlations of 1850+/1880+ datasets exceed ]. | |||
| | image2 = 2017 Global warming attribution - based on NCA4 Fig 3.3 - single-panel version.svg | |||
| | caption2 = ''Causation:'' The ] ("NCA4", USGCRP, 2017) includes charts<ref name=4thNCA>{{cite journal |title=Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I - Chapter 3: Detection and Attribution of Climate Change |url=https://science2017.globalchange.gov/chapter/3/ |website=science2017.globalchange.gov |publisher=U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923190450/https://science2017.globalchange.gov/chapter/3/ |archive-date=23 September 2019 |date=2017 |pages=1–470 |url-status=live}} Adapted directly from Fig. 3.3.</ref> illustrating how human factors, especially accumulation in the atmosphere of greenhouse gases, are the predominant cause of observed global warming. | |||
| }} | |||
| Steve Connor links the terms "hoax" and "conspiracy," saying, "Reading through the technical summary of this draft (IPCC) report, it is clear that no one could go away with the impression that climate change is some conspiratorial hoax by the science establishment, as some would have us believe."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://comment.independent.co.uk/commentators/article2193668.ece |title=Steve Connor: Global warming is not some conspiratorial hoax - Independent Online Edition > Commentators |access-date=2007-11-16 |work=The Independent |location=London |date=2007-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071123205651/http://comment.independent.co.uk/commentators/article2193668.ece |archive-date=2007-11-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
| The documentary ''The Great Global Warming Swindle'' received criticism from several experts. ] described it as "the same old conspiracy theory that we’ve been hearing from the denial industry for the past ten years".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.monbiot.com/archives/2007/01/30/another-species-of-denial |title=Another Species of Denial |date=30 January 2007 |access-date=2014-01-02}}</ref> Similarly, in response to ], Monbiot stated that his Spectator article was "the usual conspiracy theories about the 'powerful and very extensive body of vested interests' working to suppress the truth, which presumably now includes virtually the entire scientific community and everyone from ] to ] and ] to ]".<ref>George Monbiot, '''', 2009-07-09</ref> Some Australian meteorologists also weighed in, saying that the film made no attempt to offer a "critical deconstruction of climate science orthodoxies", but instead used various other means to suggest that climate scientists are guilty of lying or are seriously misguided. Although the film's publicist's asserted that "global warming is 'the biggest scam of modern times'", these meteorologists concluded that the film was "not scientifically sound and presents a flawed and very misleading interpretation of the science".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jones|first=D|author2=Watkins, A.|author3=Braganza, K.|author4=Coughlan, M|title="The Great Global Warming Swindle": a critique|journal=Bulletin of the Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society|year=2007|volume=20|issue=3|pages=63–72|url=https://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/15044376/646064305/name/Bulletin+of+the+Australian+Meteorological+and+Oceanographic+Society+2007+Jones.pdf|access-date=2 January 2014|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202042138/https://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/15044376/646064305/name/Bulletin+of+the+Australian+Meteorological+and+Oceanographic+Society+2007+Jones.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
| Former UK ] ] presented a rebuttal of the main points of the film and stated "There will always be people with conspiracy theories trying to do down the scientific consensus, and that is part of scientific and democratic debate, but the science of climate change looks like fact to me."<ref>{{cite web |title = The Great Climate Change Swindle? |url = http://www.davidmiliband.defra.gov.uk/blogs/ministerial_blog/archive/2007/03/14/5960.aspx |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070320212733/http://www.davidmiliband.defra.gov.uk/blogs/ministerial_blog/archive/2007/03/14/5960.aspx |archive-date = 2007-03-20 }}</ref> | |||
| '']'' fact-checked 6 persistent scientific conspiracy theories. Regarding the persistent belief in a global warming hoax they note that the Earth is continuing to warm and the rate of warming is increasing as documented in numerous scientific studies. The rise in global temperature and its rate of increase coincides with the rise of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere due to human activity. Moreover, global warming is causing Arctic sea ice to thaw at historic rates, many species of plants are blooming earlier than expected, and the migration routes of many birds, fish, mammals, and insects are changing.<ref>{{cite web|last=Than|first=Ker|date=2013-04-04|title=Fact Checking 6 Persistent Science Conspiracy Theories|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/130404-american-conspiracy-theories-polls-debunk|access-date=22 May 2013|website=National Geographic}}</ref> | |||
| ==Funding== | |||
| {{excerpt|Climate change denial#Funding for scientists and networks who are deniers|paragraphs=1-3}} | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| {{Portal|Global warming}} | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * '']'' – Analysis of climate change denial in the United States by ] and ] | |||
| == References == | |||
| {{Reflist}} | |||
| ===Sources=== | |||
| * {{citation |year=2013 |author=IPCC AR5 WG1 |editor=Stocker, T.F. |title=Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Working Group 1 (WG1) Contribution to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 5th Assessment Report (AR5) |url=http://archive.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/ |publisher=Cambridge University Press |display-editors=etal}}. | |||
| {{global warming}} | |||
| {{Conspiracy theories}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
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