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| ] near the ], March 2021.]] | |||
| '''Ethiopian refugees in Sudan''' are individuals from ] who have sought asylum in ] due to various reasons, including the two-year ] and other challenging circumstances in Ethiopia.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Ahmed |first=Ayman |last2=Ali |first2=Yousif |last3=Siddig |first3=Emmanuel Edwar |last4=Hamed |first4=Jehan |last5=Mohamed |first5=Nouh S. |last6=Khairy |first6=Amna |last7=Zinsstag |first7=Jakob |date=2022 |title=Hepatitis E Virus Outbreak among Tigray War Refugees from Ethiopia, Sudan |url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/28/8/22-0397_article.htm |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=28 |issue=8 |pages=1722–1724 |doi=10.3201/eid2808.220397 |issn=1080-6040|doi-access=free |pmc=9328910 }}</ref> | |||
| ==Origins== | |||
| Ethiopian Refugees in Sudan are Refugees from ] who live in ] as refugees due to the 2 year ] or other conflicts in Ethiopia. | |||
| The history of Ethiopian refugees in Sudan dates back to the 1970s.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Kibreab |first=Gaim |date=1996 |title=Eritrean and Ethiopian Urban Refugees in Khartoum: What the Eye Refuses to See |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/524946 |journal=African Studies Review |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=131–178 |via=JSTOR}}</ref> Many Ethiopians were forced to flee their country due to acts of repression following the ] by the army in 1974.<ref name=":5" /> The 1974 Sudan Asylum Act significantly impacted Ethiopian refugees, as it restricted their ability to seek employment or leave their designated refugee camps, a situation that was similar for ] refugees arriving since the 1960s.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wacker |first=Elisabeth |title=Refugees and Forced Migrants in Africa and the EU: Comparative and Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Challenges and Solutions |last2=Becker |first2=Ulrich |last3=Crepaz |first3=Katharina |publisher=Springer |year=2018 |pages=154}}</ref> | |||
| In the 1980s, a severe drought in the ], particularly in Ethiopia, led to a mass exodus of around 300,000 Ethiopians seeking refuge in Sudan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Weaver |first=Jerry L. |date=1988 |title=Searching for Survival: Urban Ethiopian Refugees in Sudan |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4191695 |journal=The Journal of Developing Areas |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=457–476 |via=JSTOR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Gayle |date=1987 |title=Ethiopia and the Politics of Famine Relief |url=https://www.jstor/stable/3012425 |journal=MERIP Middle East Report |volume=145 |pages=31–37 |via=JSTOR}}</ref> Over the years, Ethiopians have continued to flee to Sudan for various reasons, including escaping ], ], and ].<ref name=":5" /> Some have crossed the border seeking to reunite with family members, while others have moved in search of employment opportunities or to participate in integration programs designed to help them establish their own businesses and livelihoods.<ref name=":0" /> Additionally, widespread famine in Ethiopia and political issues related to the ] prompted a significant number of Ethiopian refugees to seek safety in Sudan in 1984.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sorenson |first=John |date=1991-04-01 |title=Ethiopia's Refugees |url=https://refuge.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/refuge/article/view/21620 |journal=Refuge: Canada's Journal on Refugees |pages=3–5 |doi=10.25071/1920-7336.21620 |issn=1920-7336|doi-access=free }}</ref> | |||
| Estimates on the number of Ethiopian refugees in Sudan ranges anywhere from 45,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/ethiopia-conflict-trafficking/fleeing-tigray-war-ethiopian-children-seen-at-risk-of-trafficking-in-sudan-idUSL8N2IJ4OE/|title=Fleeing Tigray War, Ethiopian children seen at risk of trafficking in Sudan|access-date=25 November 2023}}</ref> to 73,000<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://adore.ifrc.org/Download.aspx?FileId=674543#:~:text=According%20to%20UNCHR%20more%20than,2%20year%20long%20Tigray%20conflict. |title=DREF OPERATION: Ethiopia - Population Movement from Sudan |website=adore.ifrc.org |date=2023-05-08}}</ref> In 2017 there were 47,000 Ethiopian refugees in Sudan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mNSBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA153&dq=%22Ethiopian+Refugees+in+Sudan%22+-wikipedia&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjip5P3x9OCAxURomoFHe98CpcQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=%22Ethiopian%20Refugees%20in%20Sudan%22%20-wikipedia&f=false|title=Refugees and Forced Migrants in Africa and the EU|access-date=November 25 2023}}</ref> By 2021 that number had increased to 73,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://minorityrights.org/programmes/library/trends2021/sudan/|title=Minority and Indigenous Peoples|last=Migration and Displacement-Sudan|access-date=November 19, 2023}}</ref> The increase in number of Ethiopian refugees crossing into Sudan in 2020 to flee conflict in the Tigray region, has worsened the refugee context in Sudan with response to it's own refugee crisis which unfolded in Darfur during the Covid-19 pandemic and the Ethiopian refugee crisis has put serious strain on the country's economic stability and health resources.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://minorityrights.org/programmes/library/trends2021/sudan/|title=Minority and Indigenous Peoples|last=Migration and Displacement-Sudan|access-date=November 19, 2023}}</ref> There are two main refugee camps in Sudan where the majority of Ethiopian refugees are being settled in, Umm Rakuba camp and El Tuneidiba camp. Both camps are located in the Gedaref region in Sudan's eastern region along the border with Ethiopia. The largest refugee camp Umm Rakuba has anywhere between 10,000 and 20,000 Ethiopian refugees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/unhcr-influx-of-ethiopian-refugees-in-sudan-unseen|title=UNHCR: Influx of Ethiopian refugees in Sudan 'unseen'|access-date=November 25 2023}}</ref> | |||
| == Recent challenges == | |||
| Since November 2020, Sudan has been grappling with a substantial influx of refugees, primarily due to the conflict in the ] of Ethiopia.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=November 19, 2020 |title=Heartbreaking stories from refugees fleeing Ethiopia violence |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/11/1078132 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |website=UN News}}</ref> The tensions between the ] and the ] have forced thousands to flee, with an expected influx of 200,000 refugees over six months.<ref name=":1" /> | |||
| The refugees face legal challenges under Sudan's 2014 Regulation of Asylum Act, which, despite being progressive, has significant gaps.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=September 21, 2022 |title=Ethiopian refugees in Sudan: A briefing note to the UNHCR and UN-OHCHR on the human rights situation of Ethiopian refugees in Sudan |url=https://www.acjps.org/ethiopian-refugees-in-sudan-a-briefing-note-to-the-unhcr-and-un-ohchr-on-the-human-rights-situation-of-ethiopian-refugees-in-sudan/ |access-date=December 11, 2023 |website=African Centre for Justice and Peace Studies}}</ref> For example, refugees must register within 30 days of arrival,<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Asylum (Organization) Act, 2014 |publisher=Republic of Sudan Ministry of Interior, Commission of Refugees |year=2014 |pages=10}}</ref> a process complicated by various factors such as fear of authority.<ref name=":2" /> Restrictions on ] within Sudan further exacerbate their plight.<ref name=":2" /> | |||
| The United Nations called the crossing of Ethiopian refugees into Sudan 'unseen' and that it warned a full scale humanitarian crisis could erupt in the region. By November 10, women, children and men had been crossing the border at a rate of 4,000 per day. In early November 2020, 27,000 Ethiopian refugees crossed into Sudan through the Hamdayet border in Kassala, as well as a new location at Aderafi south of Kassala where Ethiopian refugees started crossing the border over the weekend.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/unhcr-influx-of-ethiopian-refugees-in-sudan-unseen|title=UNHCR: Influx of Ethiopian refugees in Sudan 'unseen'|access-date=November 25 2023}}</ref> | |||
| Many Ethiopian refugees have reported the use of smugglers for entering Sudan,<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2016 |title=Human rights impacts and risks associated with the Khartoum process |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/AFR5453372016ENGLISH.pdf |access-date=December 11, 2023 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> and there have been serious issues of ], including kidnappings and abductions, particularly in eastern Sudan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 7, 2021 |title=Sudan is responding to the challenges of human trafficking in the country |url=https://www.unodc.org/romena/en/Stories/2021/July/sudan-is-responding-to-the-challenges-of-human-trafficking-in-the-country.html |access-date=December 11, 2023 |website=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime}}</ref> | |||
| At the end of 2020 $40 million US dollars had been pledged by UNHCR to help respond to the emergency in Ethiopia's ], which only covers 37 per cent of financial requirements in ], ], and ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unhcr.org/us/news/briefing-notes/unhcr-relocates-first-ethiopian-refugees-new-site-sudan|title=UNHCR relocates first Ethiopian refugees to a new site in Sudan|access-date=November 19, 2023}}</ref> | |||
| The sudden increase in refugee numbers has put a strain on resources in Sudan, leading to difficulties in providing adequate food, shelter, and healthcare services in refugee camps.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 5, 2021 |title=UNHCR relocates victims of Ethiopia's Tigray conflict to new site in Sudan |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/01/1081422 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |website=UN News}}</ref> An outbreak of ] (HEV) infections was reported among Ethiopian refugees in humanitarian camps in ], Sudan, exacerbated by poor sanitation and hygiene conditions.<ref name=":4" /> | |||
| == International response == | |||
| The ] has responded to the crisis of Ethiopian refugees in Sudan due to the conflict in the Tigray region. EU Commissioner for Crisis Management, ], visited the border areas in Sudan and ], signaling the EU's commitment to humanitarian support and Sudan's political transition.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=December 2, 2020 |title=Sudan: EU steps up aid following humanitarian visit |url=https://international-partnerships.ec.europa.eu/news-and-events/news/sudan-eu-steps-aid-following-humanitarian-visit-2020-12-02_en |access-date=December 11, 2023 |website=European Commission}}</ref> His visit included meetings with Sudanese leadership and representatives of humanitarian organizations, and he planned to meet Ethiopian Minister of Peace, ], in ], highlighting the EU's comprehensive approach to the crisis.<ref name=":3" /> | |||
| Financially, the EU has contributed significantly to assist both Ethiopia and Sudan. A €70 million contribution was made to the Sudan Family Support Programme to support Sudan's economic reforms and alleviate the impact of the pandemic on Sudanese families, part of the larger ‘Team Europe' response totaling €230 million.<ref name=":3" /> Additionally, the EU allocated an extra €4 million in emergency humanitarian assistance for Ethiopian refugees fleeing the Tigray conflict, bringing its total humanitarian aid for Sudan to €65.5 million in 2020. | |||
| <ref name=":3" /> | |||
| == References == | == References == | ||
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Latest revision as of 19:06, 10 April 2024
Ethiopian refugees in Sudan are individuals from Ethiopia who have sought asylum in Sudan due to various reasons, including the two-year civil war in the Tigray region and other challenging circumstances in Ethiopia.
Origins
The history of Ethiopian refugees in Sudan dates back to the 1970s. Many Ethiopians were forced to flee their country due to acts of repression following the usurpation of political power in Ethiopia by the army in 1974. The 1974 Sudan Asylum Act significantly impacted Ethiopian refugees, as it restricted their ability to seek employment or leave their designated refugee camps, a situation that was similar for Eritrean refugees arriving since the 1960s.
In the 1980s, a severe drought in the Horn of Africa, particularly in Ethiopia, led to a mass exodus of around 300,000 Ethiopians seeking refuge in Sudan. Over the years, Ethiopians have continued to flee to Sudan for various reasons, including escaping political persecution, guerrilla warfare, and military conscription. Some have crossed the border seeking to reunite with family members, while others have moved in search of employment opportunities or to participate in integration programs designed to help them establish their own businesses and livelihoods. Additionally, widespread famine in Ethiopia and political issues related to the Tigray People's Liberation Front prompted a significant number of Ethiopian refugees to seek safety in Sudan in 1984.
Recent challenges
Since November 2020, Sudan has been grappling with a substantial influx of refugees, primarily due to the conflict in the Tigray region of Ethiopia. The tensions between the Ethiopian government and the Tigray People's Liberation Front have forced thousands to flee, with an expected influx of 200,000 refugees over six months.
The refugees face legal challenges under Sudan's 2014 Regulation of Asylum Act, which, despite being progressive, has significant gaps. For example, refugees must register within 30 days of arrival, a process complicated by various factors such as fear of authority. Restrictions on freedom of movement within Sudan further exacerbate their plight.
Many Ethiopian refugees have reported the use of smugglers for entering Sudan, and there have been serious issues of human trafficking, including kidnappings and abductions, particularly in eastern Sudan.
The sudden increase in refugee numbers has put a strain on resources in Sudan, leading to difficulties in providing adequate food, shelter, and healthcare services in refugee camps. An outbreak of Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections was reported among Ethiopian refugees in humanitarian camps in Gedaref State, Sudan, exacerbated by poor sanitation and hygiene conditions.
International response
The European Union has responded to the crisis of Ethiopian refugees in Sudan due to the conflict in the Tigray region. EU Commissioner for Crisis Management, Janez Lenarčič, visited the border areas in Sudan and Khartoum, signaling the EU's commitment to humanitarian support and Sudan's political transition. His visit included meetings with Sudanese leadership and representatives of humanitarian organizations, and he planned to meet Ethiopian Minister of Peace, Muferiat Kamil, in Addis Ababa, highlighting the EU's comprehensive approach to the crisis.
Financially, the EU has contributed significantly to assist both Ethiopia and Sudan. A €70 million contribution was made to the Sudan Family Support Programme to support Sudan's economic reforms and alleviate the impact of the pandemic on Sudanese families, part of the larger ‘Team Europe' response totaling €230 million. Additionally, the EU allocated an extra €4 million in emergency humanitarian assistance for Ethiopian refugees fleeing the Tigray conflict, bringing its total humanitarian aid for Sudan to €65.5 million in 2020.
References
- ^ Ahmed, Ayman; Ali, Yousif; Siddig, Emmanuel Edwar; Hamed, Jehan; Mohamed, Nouh S.; Khairy, Amna; Zinsstag, Jakob (2022). "Hepatitis E Virus Outbreak among Tigray War Refugees from Ethiopia, Sudan". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 28 (8): 1722–1724. doi:10.3201/eid2808.220397. ISSN 1080-6040. PMC 9328910.
- ^ Kibreab, Gaim (1996). "Eritrean and Ethiopian Urban Refugees in Khartoum: What the Eye Refuses to See". African Studies Review. 39 (3): 131–178 – via JSTOR.
- Wacker, Elisabeth; Becker, Ulrich; Crepaz, Katharina (2018). Refugees and Forced Migrants in Africa and the EU: Comparative and Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Challenges and Solutions. Springer. p. 154.
- ^ Weaver, Jerry L. (1988). "Searching for Survival: Urban Ethiopian Refugees in Sudan". The Journal of Developing Areas. 22 (4): 457–476 – via JSTOR.
- Smith, Gayle (1987). "Ethiopia and the Politics of Famine Relief". MERIP Middle East Report. 145: 31–37 – via JSTOR.
- Sorenson, John (1991-04-01). "Ethiopia's Refugees". Refuge: Canada's Journal on Refugees: 3–5. doi:10.25071/1920-7336.21620. ISSN 1920-7336.
- ^ "Heartbreaking stories from refugees fleeing Ethiopia violence". UN News. November 19, 2020. Retrieved December 11, 2023.
- ^ "Ethiopian refugees in Sudan: A briefing note to the UNHCR and UN-OHCHR on the human rights situation of Ethiopian refugees in Sudan". African Centre for Justice and Peace Studies. September 21, 2022. Retrieved December 11, 2023.
- The Asylum (Organization) Act, 2014. Republic of Sudan Ministry of Interior, Commission of Refugees. 2014. p. 10.
- "Human rights impacts and risks associated with the Khartoum process" (PDF). Amnesty International. October 2016. Retrieved December 11, 2023.
- "Sudan is responding to the challenges of human trafficking in the country". United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. July 7, 2021. Retrieved December 11, 2023.
- "UNHCR relocates victims of Ethiopia's Tigray conflict to new site in Sudan". UN News. January 5, 2021. Retrieved December 11, 2023.
- ^ "Sudan: EU steps up aid following humanitarian visit". European Commission. December 2, 2020. Retrieved December 11, 2023.