Misplaced Pages

Axis occupation of Vojvodina: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editContent deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 22:33, 30 March 2007 editWikiEditor2004 (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users51,646 edits rv (By the way, Serbian texts always "translate" all foreign names into Serbian script - it would be useful for you to learn this fact)← Previous edit Latest revision as of 18:47, 21 July 2024 edit undoShadow4ya (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users6,759 edits RV Undid revision 1235869654 by Dalmatinska (talk)Tag: Undo 
(180 intermediate revisions by 87 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Multiple issues|
⚫ ] dedicated to killed Jewish and Serb civilians in 1942 raid.]]
{{Notability|Events|date=August 2012}}
⚫ ]
{{Primary sources|date=February 2009}}
]]]
}}
⚫ The '''Occupation of Vojvodina''' (a region in modern ]) from 1941 to 1944 was carried out by ], ] ] and ]. During ], in ], ] invaded and occupied ]. The ] region was divided into three occupation zones: ] was placed under direct German control, ] was attached to ] ] and ] was attached to the ]. The occupation lasted until 1944, when the region came under control of the Soviet Red Army and Yugoslav partisans.


]
==Overview==
], dedicated to the ] in Vojvodina]]


The ] of the ] region of ] (now in ]) from 1941 to 1944 was carried out by ] and its client states / puppet regimes: ] ] and ].
⚫ During the four years of occupation, the Axis forces committed numerous war crimes against civilian population: about 50,000 people in Vojvodina were murdered and about 280,000 were arrested, violated or tortured. <ref>Enciklopedija Novog Sada, Sveska 5, Novi Sad, 1996. (page 196)</ref> The victims belonged to all ethnic groups that lived in Vojvodina, but the largest number of the victims was of ], ], and ] ethnicity.


⚫ In 1941, during ], Nazi Germany, ] and Hungary invaded and ]. The modern-day Vojvodina region (then the northern part of ] province of Yugoslavia) was divided into three occupation zones: ] was part of the area governed by the ] and was de facto under control of its ethnic German minority; ] was attached to ] ]; while ] was attached to ]. The occupation lasted until 1944, when the region came under control of the Soviet Red Army and Yugoslav partisans.
⚫ The total number of the people killed by the occupants between 1941 and 1944 in the entire Vojvodina was 55,285, including:<ref name="Ćurčić">Slobodan Ćurčić, Broj stanovnika Vojvodine, Novi Sad, 1996. (pages 42, 43)</ref>

==War crimes==
]
⚫ ] in ] dedicated to killed Serbian and Jewish civilians in the 1942 raid.]]
⚫ ]
], monument to the victims of the ], near ].]]
⚫ During the four years of occupation, the Axis forces committed numerous war crimes against civilian population: about 50,000 people in Vojvodina were murdered and about 280,000 were arrested, violated or tortured.<ref>''Enciklopedija Novog Sada'', Sveska 5, Novi Sad, 1996 (page 196).</ref> The victims belonged to several ethnic groups that lived in Vojvodina, but the largest number of the victims were ], ] and ] people.<ref>Dimitrije Boarov, Politička istorija Vojvodine, Novi Sad, 2001, page 183.</ref>

===Total number of victims===
According to historian Dragoljub Živković, approximately 55,000 civilians died in Vojvodina during the Axis occupation.<ref name = "Zivkovic">{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ]</ref> Of those, approximately 17,000 were ].

⚫ According to demographer Slobodan Ćurčić, the total number of the people killed by the occupiers between 1941 and 1944 in the entire Vojvodina was 55,285, including:<ref name="Ćurčić">Slobodan Ćurčić, ''Broj stanovnika Vojvodine'', Novi Sad, 1996 (pages 42, 43).</ref>
*18,193 people who were killed directly *18,193 people who were killed directly
*19,004 people who were sent to concentration camps and killed there *19,004 people who were sent to concentration camps and killed there
Line 15: Line 28:
*10,634 killed members of the resistance movement *10,634 killed members of the resistance movement


==Victims in Bačka== ===Victims in Bačka===

The total number of the killed people in Bačka was 19,573, including:<ref name="Ćurčić" /> The total number of the killed people in Bačka was 19,573, including:<ref name="Ćurčić" />
*6,177 people who were killed directly *6,177 people who were killed directly
Line 24: Line 36:
*1,674 killed members of the resistance movement *1,674 killed members of the resistance movement


Of the total number of the victims (excluding the killed members of the resistance movement), 11,521 were men, 3,768 were women, 1,283 were old people, and 1,327 were children. Of the total number of the victims (excluding the killed members of the resistance movement), 11,521 were men, 3,768 were women, 1,283 were elderly people, and 1,327 were children.


==Victims in Banat== ====1942 raid====
{{Main|1942 raid in southern Bačka}}
⚫ The most notable war crime during the occupation was the mass murder of the civilians, mostly of ] and ] ethnicity, performed by the Hungarian Axis troops in January 1942 raid in southern Bačka. Total number of civilians killed in the raid was 3,808, while places that were affected by the raid include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].<ref>Zvonimir Golubović, ''Racija u Južnoj Bačkoj 1942. godine'', Novi Sad, 1991 (pages 146, 147).</ref>


====1944 deportations of Jews====
In March 1944 German units that occupied Horthy's Hungary entered Bačka and Gestapo men were with them. Without any delay the most cruel measures were introduced: the plunder of Jewish property was completed to be absolutely total; Jews had to wear the yellow mark; they were all confined to transit camps before very long to be taken, sometime in June 1944 first to Hungary and then to concentration camps in Austria and Germany. Most of them ended their journey in Auschwitz. Very few of them succeeded to survive and to return. Genocide in Bačka claimed a total of 14,000 Jewish victims. According to available data out of the Jewish victims of genocide 3,800 were from Banat, 11,000 from Serbia and about 260 from Sandžak. Out of about 82,000 members of the Jewish community in Yugoslavia only 15,000 survived World War II which means that 79,2% perished.<ref>JEWS OF YUGOSLAVIA 1941 - 1945 VICTIMS OF GENOCIDE AND FREEDOM FIGHTERS By Jasa Romano (From the English summary in the book Jevreji Jugoslavije 1941-1945. Zrtve Genocida I Ucesnici Narodnosloodilckog Rata, Belgrade: Federation of Jewish Communities of Yugoslavia, 1980; pp. 573-590.)</ref>

⚫ ===Victims in Banat===
The total number of the killed people in Banat was 7,513, including:<ref name="Ćurčić" /> The total number of the killed people in Banat was 7,513, including:<ref name="Ćurčić" />
*2,211 people who were killed directly *2,211 people who were killed directly
Line 35: Line 53:
*2,358 killed members of the resistance movement *2,358 killed members of the resistance movement


Of the total number of the victims (excluding the killed members of the resistance movement), 4,010 were men, 631 were women, 243 were old people, and 271 were children. Of the total number of the victims (excluding the killed members of the resistance movement), 4,010 were men, 631 were women, 243 were old people, and 271 were children.

⚫ ==Victims in Syrmia==


===Victims in Syrmia===
The total number of the killed people in Syrmia was 28,199, including:<ref name="Ćurčić" /> The total number of the killed people in Syrmia was 28,199, including:<ref name="Ćurčić" />
*9,805 people who were killed directly *9,805 people who were killed directly
Line 46: Line 63:
*6,602 killed members of the resistance movement *6,602 killed members of the resistance movement


Of the total number of the victims (excluding the killed members of the resistance movement), 14,484 were men, 3,662 were women, 1,279 were old people, and 2,172 were children. Of the total number of the victims (excluding the killed members of the resistance movement), 14,484 were men, 3,662 were women, 1,279 were old people, and 2,172 were children.


==1942 raid== ==Liberation struggle==
]

]
⚫ The most notable war crime was the mass murder of the civilians, mostly of ] and ] ethnicity, performed by the Hungarian Axis troops in 1942 raid in southern Bačka. Total number of civilians killed in the raid was 3,808, while places that were affected by the raid include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. <ref>Zvonimir Golubović, Racija u Južnoj Bačkoj, 1942. godine, Novi Sad, 1991. (pages 146, 147)</ref>
The resistance movement against Axis occupation was started in summer of 1941 by the ]. The resistance in ] and ] was soon defeated, while resistance in ] had more success. The Syrmian resistance movement grew into a popular uprising, and a large liberated territory (that included about 40 villages) was established in Syrmia. On liberated territory, a ] authority was organized, which included mass ] organizations, publishing activity, and education. The experiences of the resistance movement in Syrmia were transferred to Banat and Bačka in the summer of 1944; before the ] ] arrived in October 1944, Vojvodina already had its new institutions of people's administration. The liberation movement was organized into 18 Vojvodinian brigades divided into 3 squadrons. 15,000 fighters of the resistance movement were killed during the liberation struggle.

The victims included 2,578 ethnic Serbs, 1,068 Jews, 64 Roma, 31 Rusyns, 21 Hungarians, and 15 Russians.

Some Hungarian sources claimed that raid was organized by some disloyal Hungarian officers (lieutenant-general ], major-general ], colonel ] and gendarmarie-captain ]), <ref name="Ilona">]: ''Becsület és kötelesség'', part I p.236 (Európa press, Budapest, 2001.) ISBN 963-07-6544-6</ref> <ref name="Horthy"> p. 235-236 ISBN 0966573439 (PDF)</ref> but it was proved that raid was well planed and organized by the highest military and political leaders of Hungary, including ] (the chief of Hungarian army), ] (the minister of defence), ] (the minister of police), Dr. ] (president of Hungarian government), and regent ] himself. <ref>Zvonimir Golubović, Racija u Južnoj Bačkoj, 1942. godine, Novi Sad, 1991. (page 194)</ref>

In 1943, the Hungarian leaders attempted to revive relations with western Allies, thus as part of such aims, Hungary organized a trial to several officers that were among those responsible for the raid. <ref name="Ilona" /> <ref name="Horthy" /> However, the officers were allowed to escape to Germany before their sentences were uttered, and no matter that court proved their guilt, their sentences were not uttered since they were not in the country. <ref>Zvonimir Golubović, Racija u Južnoj Bačkoj, 1942. godine, Novi Sad, 1991. (page 187)</ref> After the war, some of the individuals responsible for the raid were tried again by the new communist government of Hungary (which sentenced them to death or to life in prison) and again in Yugoslavia, where they were sentenced to death again, and executed. László Deák and Miklos Horthy, who were also among those responsible for the raid, were never convicted.

==Notes==
⚫ <references/>


==See also== ==See also==
⚫ *]
*] *]
*] *]
*] *]
*] *]
*] *]


==External links== ==Footnotes==
⚫ <references/>
*
⚫ *
⚫ *
⚫ * (in Serbian)


==References==
⚫ ]
*Zvonimir Golubović, ''Racija u Južnoj Bačkoj'', 1942. godine, Novi Sad, 1991.
⚫ ]
*Slobodan Ćurčić, ''Broj stanovnika Vojvodine'', Novi Sad, 1996.
⚫ ]
*''Enciklopedija Novog Sada'', Sveska 5, Novi Sad, 1996.
⚫ ]
*Dimitrije Boarov, ''Politička istorija Vojvodine'', Novi Sad, 2001.
⚫ ]
*''Autonomija Vojvodine - izabrani spisi, Politička teorija i praksa - knjiga 4'', Centar PK SKV za političke studije i marksističko obrazovanje, Novi Sad, 1976.
⚫ ]
*''Ustanak 1941. - 60 godina posle, govori i članci'', Novi Sad, 2002.
*''Vojvodina u borbi - zbirka članaka iz narodnooslobodilačke borbe'', Novi Sad, 1951.
* ], Miha Tavcar: ''Hungary, the Great Powers, and the Danubian Crisis, 1936-1939'' ({{ISBN|0820304697}})
* ], ''Miklos Horthy'' (Univ. of Georgia Press, 1980, {{ISBN|978-3-902494-14-6}})


==External links==
]
⚫ *
]
⚫ *
⚫ * (in Serbian)
*
*
*
{{Authority control}}
⚫ ]
⚫ ]
]
⚫ ]
]
⚫ ]
]
⚫ ]
]
]
]
]
]

Latest revision as of 18:47, 21 July 2024

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages)
The topic of this article may not meet Misplaced Pages's notability guideline for events. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.
Find sources: "Axis occupation of Vojvodina" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources.
Find sources: "Axis occupation of Vojvodina" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
(Learn how and when to remove this message)
Map showing occupation zones in Vojvodina from 1941 to 1944.
The Freedom Monument on the Fruška Gora, dedicated to the resistance movement in Vojvodina

The military occupation of the Yugoslav region of Vojvodina (now in Serbia) from 1941 to 1944 was carried out by Nazi Germany and its client states / puppet regimes: Horthy's Hungary and Independent State of Croatia.

In 1941, during World War II, Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and Hungary invaded and occupied Yugoslavia. The modern-day Vojvodina region (then the northern part of Danube Banovina province of Yugoslavia) was divided into three occupation zones: Banat was part of the area governed by the Military Administration in Serbia and was de facto under control of its ethnic German minority; Bačka was attached to Horthy's Hungary; while Syrmia was attached to Independent State of Croatia. The occupation lasted until 1944, when the region came under control of the Soviet Red Army and Yugoslav partisans.

War crimes

Map of places affected by the raid in January 1942 in southern Bačka, in which Hungarian occupational forces killed 3,809 civilians mostly of Serb, Jewish and Roma ethnicity (according to historian Zvonimir Golubović).
Monument in Novi Sad dedicated to killed Serbian and Jewish civilians in the 1942 raid.
Boards with the names of the victims of the 1942 raid in Novi Sad. There are 66 boards with 1,244 known names of the victims.
Crna Ćuprija, monument to the victims of the Novi Sad raid, near Žabalj.

During the four years of occupation, the Axis forces committed numerous war crimes against civilian population: about 50,000 people in Vojvodina were murdered and about 280,000 were arrested, violated or tortured. The victims belonged to several ethnic groups that lived in Vojvodina, but the largest number of the victims were Serbs, Jews and Romani people.

Total number of victims

According to historian Dragoljub Živković, approximately 55,000 civilians died in Vojvodina during the Axis occupation. Of those, approximately 17,000 were Jews.

According to demographer Slobodan Ćurčić, the total number of the people killed by the occupiers between 1941 and 1944 in the entire Vojvodina was 55,285, including:

  • 18,193 people who were killed directly
  • 19,004 people who were sent to concentration camps and killed there
  • 4,168 people who were sent to forced labour and killed there
  • 3,286 people who were mobilized and later killed
  • 10,634 killed members of the resistance movement

Victims in Bačka

The total number of the killed people in Bačka was 19,573, including:

  • 6,177 people who were killed directly
  • 8,027 people who were sent to concentration camps and killed there
  • 2,179 people who were sent to forced labour and killed there
  • 1,516 people who were mobilized and later killed
  • 1,674 killed members of the resistance movement

Of the total number of the victims (excluding the killed members of the resistance movement), 11,521 were men, 3,768 were women, 1,283 were elderly people, and 1,327 were children.

1942 raid

Main article: 1942 raid in southern Bačka

The most notable war crime during the occupation was the mass murder of the civilians, mostly of Serb and Jewish ethnicity, performed by the Hungarian Axis troops in January 1942 raid in southern Bačka. Total number of civilians killed in the raid was 3,808, while places that were affected by the raid include Novi Sad, Bečej, Vilovo, Gardinovci, Gospođinci, Đurđevo, Žabalj, Lok, Mošorin, Srbobran, Temerin, Titel, Čurug and Šajkaš.

1944 deportations of Jews

In March 1944 German units that occupied Horthy's Hungary entered Bačka and Gestapo men were with them. Without any delay the most cruel measures were introduced: the plunder of Jewish property was completed to be absolutely total; Jews had to wear the yellow mark; they were all confined to transit camps before very long to be taken, sometime in June 1944 first to Hungary and then to concentration camps in Austria and Germany. Most of them ended their journey in Auschwitz. Very few of them succeeded to survive and to return. Genocide in Bačka claimed a total of 14,000 Jewish victims. According to available data out of the Jewish victims of genocide 3,800 were from Banat, 11,000 from Serbia and about 260 from Sandžak. Out of about 82,000 members of the Jewish community in Yugoslavia only 15,000 survived World War II which means that 79,2% perished.

Victims in Banat

The total number of the killed people in Banat was 7,513, including:

  • 2,211 people who were killed directly
  • 1,294 people who were sent to concentration camps and killed there
  • 1,498 people who were sent to forced labour and killed there
  • 152 people who were mobilized and later killed
  • 2,358 killed members of the resistance movement

Of the total number of the victims (excluding the killed members of the resistance movement), 4,010 were men, 631 were women, 243 were old people, and 271 were children.

Victims in Syrmia

The total number of the killed people in Syrmia was 28,199, including:

  • 9,805 people who were killed directly
  • 9,683 people who were sent to concentration camps and killed there
  • 491 people who were sent to forced labour and killed there
  • 1,618 people who were mobilized and later killed
  • 6,602 killed members of the resistance movement

Of the total number of the victims (excluding the killed members of the resistance movement), 14,484 were men, 3,662 were women, 1,279 were old people, and 2,172 were children.

Liberation struggle

Liberated partisan territory in Syrmia in the end of 1942.
Syrmian frontline before April 1945.

The resistance movement against Axis occupation was started in summer of 1941 by the communists. The resistance in Banat and Bačka was soon defeated, while resistance in Syrmia had more success. The Syrmian resistance movement grew into a popular uprising, and a large liberated territory (that included about 40 villages) was established in Syrmia. On liberated territory, a partisan authority was organized, which included mass anti-fascist organizations, publishing activity, and education. The experiences of the resistance movement in Syrmia were transferred to Banat and Bačka in the summer of 1944; before the Soviet Red Army arrived in October 1944, Vojvodina already had its new institutions of people's administration. The liberation movement was organized into 18 Vojvodinian brigades divided into 3 squadrons. 15,000 fighters of the resistance movement were killed during the liberation struggle.

See also

Footnotes

  1. Enciklopedija Novog Sada, Sveska 5, Novi Sad, 1996 (page 196).
  2. Dimitrije Boarov, Politička istorija Vojvodine, Novi Sad, 2001, page 183.
  3. Nastradalo 110000 civila tokom i posle 2. svetskog rata, Radio Television of Vojvodina
  4. ^ Slobodan Ćurčić, Broj stanovnika Vojvodine, Novi Sad, 1996 (pages 42, 43).
  5. Zvonimir Golubović, Racija u Južnoj Bačkoj 1942. godine, Novi Sad, 1991 (pages 146, 147).
  6. JEWS OF YUGOSLAVIA 1941 - 1945 VICTIMS OF GENOCIDE AND FREEDOM FIGHTERS By Jasa Romano (From the English summary in the book Jevreji Jugoslavije 1941-1945. Zrtve Genocida I Ucesnici Narodnosloodilckog Rata, Belgrade: Federation of Jewish Communities of Yugoslavia, 1980; pp. 573-590.)

References

  • Zvonimir Golubović, Racija u Južnoj Bačkoj, 1942. godine, Novi Sad, 1991.
  • Slobodan Ćurčić, Broj stanovnika Vojvodine, Novi Sad, 1996.
  • Enciklopedija Novog Sada, Sveska 5, Novi Sad, 1996.
  • Dimitrije Boarov, Politička istorija Vojvodine, Novi Sad, 2001.
  • Autonomija Vojvodine - izabrani spisi, Politička teorija i praksa - knjiga 4, Centar PK SKV za političke studije i marksističko obrazovanje, Novi Sad, 1976.
  • Ustanak 1941. - 60 godina posle, govori i članci, Novi Sad, 2002.
  • Vojvodina u borbi - zbirka članaka iz narodnooslobodilačke borbe, Novi Sad, 1951.
  • Thomas L. Sakmyster, Miha Tavcar: Hungary, the Great Powers, and the Danubian Crisis, 1936-1939 (ISBN 0820304697)
  • Thomas L. Sakmyster, Miklos Horthy (Univ. of Georgia Press, 1980, ISBN 978-3-902494-14-6)

External links

Categories: