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{{Short description|King of Croatia}} {{Short description|King of Croatia}}
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'''Krešimir III''' ({{lang-la|Cresimir}}) was King of ] from 1000 until his death in 1030. He was from the ] and founder of the ] of the family. He was the middle son of former King ]. Until 1020, he co-ruled with his brother ]. '''Krešimir III''' ({{langx|la|Cresimir}}) was King of ] from 1000 until his death in 1030. He was from the ] and founder of the ] of the family. He was the middle son of former King ]. Until 1020, he co-ruled with his brother ].


==Biography== ==Biography==
Line 26: Line 26:
===Reign=== ===Reign===
] c. 1025.]] ] c. 1025.]]
After Croatia's King Stjepan Držislav died in 997, his brother ] became King of Croatia. His two brothers, ] and Krešimir contested his accession, resulting in civil war. His brothers probably used his alliance with the ] to obtain help from ]. The Bulgarian monarch ] pillaged the ] and great parts of Bosnia.<ref>Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja</ref> During the last two years (999–1000) of the Croatian civil war, the rebels, probably with some Bulgarian help, had managed to depose ], who allied himself with the Venetian Doge ] in 1000. The Doge then began a successful campaign in Dalmatia. After Croatia's King Stjepan Držislav died in 997, his son ] became King of Croatia, apparently sidelining his brothers, ] and Krešimir, who opposed him, resulting in civil war.<ref>Fine 1983: 274.</ref> Svetoslav's brothers may have used his alliance with the ] to obtain help from ]. The Bulgarian monarch ] pillaged the ] as far north as ], as well as parts of Bosnia on his return.<ref>''Gesta Regum Sclavorum'', ed. Živković 2009: 126, 128 (cap. 36).</ref> During the last two years (999–1000) of the Croatian civil war, the rebels, probably with some Bulgarian help, had managed to depose ], who allied himself with the Venetian Doge ] in 1000. The Doge then began a successful campaign in Dalmatia.<ref>Fine 1983: 276-277.</ref>


In ], which was brought under Venetian control, the Doge and the deposed king reached an agreement in which Svetoslav's son Stephen was to be taken hostage and marry the Doge's daughter, Joscella (Hicela) Orseolo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Marek |first=Miroslav |url=http://genealogy.euweb.cz/italy/orseolo.html |title= genealogy of Orseolo family |publisher= Genealogy.EU}}{{Self-published source|date=August 2012}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=August 2012}} It is assumed that he is the same one who succeeded Krešimir III as king, but this is controversial, since the father of ] is referred as Krešimir in other sources. At that point, all the Dalmatian rulers submitted to the Doge "except for the King of the Croats".<ref>Fine, When ethnicity did not matter in the Balkans, pp 39-40.</ref> In ], which was brought under Venetian control, the Doge and the deposed king reached an agreement in which Svetoslav's son Stephen was to be taken hostage and marry the Doge's daughter, Hicela Orseolo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Marek |first=Miroslav |url=http://genealogy.euweb.cz/italy/orseolo.html |title= genealogy of Orseolo family |publisher= Genealogy.EU}}</ref><ref>Fine 1983: 276.</ref> This Stephen has been sometimes confused with Krešimir III's son and successor ].<ref>Fine 1983: 278.</ref> At that point, all the Dalmatian rulers submitted to the Doge "except for the King of the Croats".<ref>Fine, When ethnicity did not matter in the Balkans, pp 39-40.</ref>


Around 1015, Krešimir was given the honorary title of ] from the Byzantines, possibly as a token of gratitude for his policy in the Balkans. Around 1015, Krešimir was given the honorary title of ] from the Byzantines, possibly as a token of gratitude for his policy in the Balkans.<ref>Fine 1983: 277.</ref>


The war between Venice and Croatia was renewed in Summer 1018, when Krešimir launched a campaign against the Dalmatian cities in an attempt to retake the lost territories. The cities requested help from ], who intervened on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea and managed to successfully repel these incursions from Croatia. According to surviving legal documents, the islands ] and ], previously under Croatian control, repledged their allegiance to Venice and promised to pay an annual tribute.<ref name="sisic-1">Šišić, pp. 479</ref> The war between Venice and Croatia was renewed in Summer 1018, when Krešimir launched a campaign against the Dalmatian cities in an attempt to retake the lost territories. The cities requested help from ], who intervened on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea and managed to successfully repel these incursions from Croatia. According to surviving legal documents, the islands ] and ], previously under Croatian control, repledged their allegiance to Venice and promised to pay an annual tribute.<ref name="sisic-1">Šišić, pp. 479</ref>


Krešimir III and ] spent their reign attempting to restore control over the Dalmatian cities that were now under Venetian rule. After the defeat and absorption of the First Bulgarian Empire, ] records that certain Croats "who had two brothers as their rulers", after approaching Basil, had subjected themselves to him, after which the tribes did as well. The later chronicler Cedrenus makes a similar record, but implies instead that the two brothers had subjected themselves to him directly.<ref name="sisic-2">Šišić, pp. 482</ref> Krešimir III and his brother Gojslav spent their reign attempting to restore control over the Dalmatian cities that were now under Venetian rule. After describing the defeat and absorption of the First Bulgarian Empire by Emperor Basil II, ] records that certain Croats "who had two brothers as their rulers", after approaching Basil, subjected themselves to him, after which the tribes did as well. The later chronicler Cedrenus makes a similar record, but implies instead that the two brothers subjected themselves to him in person.<ref name="sisic-2">Šišić, pp. 482</ref>


===Later years=== ===Later years===
On 1 September 1024, ], Byzantine general and governor of the ], sailed across the Adriatic from ] and invaded Croatia. In subsequent clashes, he captured Krešimir's wife, who was first taken to ], and then to ] as a hostage.<ref>Rački doc. 434</ref> Although Croatia and Boioannes possibly harbored ill will towards each other, this clash does not necessarily prove that Constantinople itself had poor relations with Croatia. On 1 September 1024, ], Byzantine general and governor of the ], sailed across the Adriatic from ] and invaded Croatia. In subsequent clashes, he captured Krešimir's wife and son, who were first taken to ], and then to ] as hostages.<ref>Rački doc. 434</ref> Although Croatia and Boioannes possibly harbored ill will towards each other, this clash does not necessarily prove that Constantinople itself had poor relations with Croatia.


After the death of Emperor Basil II in 1025, Krešimir stopped paying tribute to the empire.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} Around 1027, he collaborated with ] against Venice in an attempt to regain the cities of Dalmatia. The Hungarian king previously took his nephew ], who was forced to flee from the republic when his father was deposed in a 1026 revolt.<ref name="sisic-3">Šišić, pp. 484</ref> It is also assumed by one chronicle that Krešimir took part in the 1030 war against the ] on the Hungarian side, though this is not corroborated in any other source.<ref>Švab, pp. 138</ref> Stephen I also might have betrothed his son, ], to one of Krešimir's daughters, but records show that the preparations were cancelled due to Emeric's sudden death.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} After the death of Emperor Basil II in 1025, Krešimir stopped paying tribute to the empire.<ref>Fine 1983: 278.</ref> Around 1027, he collaborated with ] against Venice in an attempt to regain the cities of Dalmatia. The Hungarian king previously took his nephew ], who was forced to flee from the republic when his father was deposed in a 1026 revolt.<ref name="sisic-3">Šišić, pp. 484</ref> It is also assumed by one chronicle that Krešimir took part in the 1030 war against the ] on the Hungarian side, though this is not corroborated in any other source.<ref>Švab, pp. 138</ref> Stephen I also might have betrothed his son, ], to one of Krešimir's daughters, but records show that the preparations were cancelled due to Emeric's sudden death.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}


Krešimir III was succeeded by his son ] around 1030, who should not be confused with Krešimir's nephew, also named Stephen, the son of Svetoslav, who had moved from Venice to Hungary in c. 1024 and was subsequently able to assert himself in ].<ref>Fine 1983: 276, 278.</ref>
Krešimir was succeeded by his nephew Stjepan around 1030, when he returned to Croatia from Venice.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}


==See also== ==See also==
*] *]
* ] *]
* ] *]
*] *]


==Literature== ==Literature==
*Ferdo Šišić, Povijest Hrvata u vrijeme narodnih vladara, 1925, Zagreb {{ISBN|86-401-0080-2}} *Ferdo Šišić, Povijest Hrvata u vrijeme narodnih vladara, Zagreb, 1925 {{ISBN|86-401-0080-2}}
*Fine (Jr), John V. A. (2006). When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans: A Study of Identity in Pre-Nationalist Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia in the Medieval and Early-Modern Periods. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. *Fine (Jr), John V. A., ''The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century'', Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1983.
*Fine (Jr), John V. A., ''When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans: A Study of Identity in Pre-Nationalist Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia in the Medieval and Early-Modern Periods'', Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2006.
*Mladen Švab, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105127/http://www.historiografija.hr/hz/1982/HZ_35_5_SVAB.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}, Historijski zbornik, god. XXXVI pp.&nbsp;119–160 *Mladen Švab, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105127/http://www.historiografija.hr/hz/1982/HZ_35_5_SVAB.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}, ''Historijski zbornik'', god. XXXVI pp.&nbsp;119–160
*Živković, Tibor (ed.), ''Gesta Regum Sclavorum'', vol. 1, Belgrade, 2009.


==Footnotes== ==Footnotes==

Latest revision as of 05:29, 25 October 2024

King of Croatia
Krešimir III
King of Croatia
Reign1000–1030
PredecessorSvetoslav Suronja
SuccessorStephen I
Died1030
BurialChurch of St. Stephen, Solin
IssueStephen I of Croatia
DynastyTrpimirović
FatherStjepan Držislav
ReligionChristianity

Krešimir III (Latin: Cresimir) was King of Croatia from 1000 until his death in 1030. He was from the Trpimirović dynasty and founder of the Krešimirović branch of the family. He was the middle son of former King Stjepan Držislav. Until 1020, he co-ruled with his brother Gojslav.

Biography

Reign

Croatian Kingdom c. 1025.

After Croatia's King Stjepan Držislav died in 997, his son Svetoslav Suronja became King of Croatia, apparently sidelining his brothers, Gojslav and Krešimir, who opposed him, resulting in civil war. Svetoslav's brothers may have used his alliance with the Byzantine Empire to obtain help from Bulgaria. The Bulgarian monarch Samuil pillaged the Dalmatian cities as far north as Zadar, as well as parts of Bosnia on his return. During the last two years (999–1000) of the Croatian civil war, the rebels, probably with some Bulgarian help, had managed to depose Svetoslav Suronja, who allied himself with the Venetian Doge Pietro II Orseolo in 1000. The Doge then began a successful campaign in Dalmatia.

In Trogir, which was brought under Venetian control, the Doge and the deposed king reached an agreement in which Svetoslav's son Stephen was to be taken hostage and marry the Doge's daughter, Hicela Orseolo. This Stephen has been sometimes confused with Krešimir III's son and successor Stephen I. At that point, all the Dalmatian rulers submitted to the Doge "except for the King of the Croats".

Around 1015, Krešimir was given the honorary title of patrician from the Byzantines, possibly as a token of gratitude for his policy in the Balkans.

The war between Venice and Croatia was renewed in Summer 1018, when Krešimir launched a campaign against the Dalmatian cities in an attempt to retake the lost territories. The cities requested help from Otto Orseolo, who intervened on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea and managed to successfully repel these incursions from Croatia. According to surviving legal documents, the islands Krk and Rab, previously under Croatian control, repledged their allegiance to Venice and promised to pay an annual tribute.

Krešimir III and his brother Gojslav spent their reign attempting to restore control over the Dalmatian cities that were now under Venetian rule. After describing the defeat and absorption of the First Bulgarian Empire by Emperor Basil II, John Skylitzes records that certain Croats "who had two brothers as their rulers", after approaching Basil, subjected themselves to him, after which the tribes did as well. The later chronicler Cedrenus makes a similar record, but implies instead that the two brothers subjected themselves to him in person.

Later years

On 1 September 1024, Basil Boioannes, Byzantine general and governor of the Catapanate of Italy, sailed across the Adriatic from Bari and invaded Croatia. In subsequent clashes, he captured Krešimir's wife and son, who were first taken to Bari, and then to Constantinople as hostages. Although Croatia and Boioannes possibly harbored ill will towards each other, this clash does not necessarily prove that Constantinople itself had poor relations with Croatia.

After the death of Emperor Basil II in 1025, Krešimir stopped paying tribute to the empire. Around 1027, he collaborated with Stephen I of Hungary against Venice in an attempt to regain the cities of Dalmatia. The Hungarian king previously took his nephew Peter Urseolo, who was forced to flee from the republic when his father was deposed in a 1026 revolt. It is also assumed by one chronicle that Krešimir took part in the 1030 war against the Holy Roman Emperor Conrad on the Hungarian side, though this is not corroborated in any other source. Stephen I also might have betrothed his son, Emeric, to one of Krešimir's daughters, but records show that the preparations were cancelled due to Emeric's sudden death.

Krešimir III was succeeded by his son Stephen around 1030, who should not be confused with Krešimir's nephew, also named Stephen, the son of Svetoslav, who had moved from Venice to Hungary in c. 1024 and was subsequently able to assert himself in Slavonia.

See also

Literature

  • Ferdo Šišić, Povijest Hrvata u vrijeme narodnih vladara, Zagreb, 1925 ISBN 86-401-0080-2
  • Fine (Jr), John V. A., The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1983.
  • Fine (Jr), John V. A., When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans: A Study of Identity in Pre-Nationalist Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia in the Medieval and Early-Modern Periods, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2006.
  • Mladen Švab, Prilog kritici "kronologije" dijela pripisivanog arhiđakonu goričkomu Ivanu Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine, Historijski zbornik, god. XXXVI pp. 119–160
  • Živković, Tibor (ed.), Gesta Regum Sclavorum, vol. 1, Belgrade, 2009.

Footnotes

  1. Fine 1983: 274.
  2. Gesta Regum Sclavorum, ed. Živković 2009: 126, 128 (cap. 36).
  3. Fine 1983: 276-277.
  4. Marek, Miroslav. "genealogy of Orseolo family". Genealogy.EU.
  5. Fine 1983: 276.
  6. Fine 1983: 278.
  7. Fine, When ethnicity did not matter in the Balkans, pp 39-40.
  8. Fine 1983: 277.
  9. Šišić, pp. 479
  10. Šišić, pp. 482
  11. Rački doc. 434
  12. Fine 1983: 278.
  13. Šišić, pp. 484
  14. Švab, pp. 138
  15. Fine 1983: 276, 278.
Krešimir III Trpimirović Dynasty Died: c. 1030
Regnal titles
Preceded bySvetoslav Suronja King of Croatia
1000–1030
With: Gojislav 		Succeeded byStephen I
House of Trpimirović
Monarchs of Croatia
House of Trpimirović
House of Árpád
House of Snačić
Croatia in personal
union with Hungary
House of Savoy-Aosta
(Independent State of Croatia)
Categories: