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{{Short description|1323 treaty between Sweden and Novgorod}}
⚫ '''Treaty of Nöteborg''' was signed at ] ({{lang-sv|Nöteborg}}, {{lang-ru|Орешек}} (Oreshek), {{lang-fi|Pähkinäsaari}}) on ] ]. It was the first settlement between ] and ] regulating their border. Three years later, Novgorod signed the ] with the Norwegians.
]
] (Åbo) and ] (Viborg). The map represents a traditional interpretation.]]
⚫ The '''Treaty of Nöteborg''', also known as the '''Treaty of Orehovsk''' ({{langx|sv|Freden i Nöteborg}}; {{langx|ru|Ореховский мир}}; {{langx|fi|Pähkinäsaaren rauha}}), is a conventional name for the peace treaty signed at ] ({{langx|sv|Nöteborg}}; {{langx|fi|Pähkinäsaari}}) on 12 August 1323. It was the first agreement between ] and the ] regulating their border, mostly in the area which is now known as ]. Three years later, Novgorod signed the ] with the Norwegians.


== Name ==
⚫ The treaty's original text has been lost. It has survived in partial copies in Russian, Swedish, and Latin, which are somewhat conflicting.<ref> Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, No 427:2, VIII + s. 239-509. Helsingfors 1991. (97:1, 186-200). Detailed discussion about the conflict over the correct text of the treaty. See page 186.</ref> The treaty had no special name at the time, as it was just called a "permanent peace" between the parties.
At the time, the treaty had no distinguishing name. It was regarded as a "permanent peace" solution between Sweden and Novgorod.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://193.184.161.234/DF/detail.php?id=313|title=Treaty's Swedish and Latin texts|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927050446/http://193.184.161.234/DF/detail.php?id=313|archive-date=2007-09-27}} as maintained by the of Finland. Note that neither text can be said to be fully original, since both have survived as later, and possibly modified, copies.</ref> "The Treaty of Nöteborg" is a direct translation of the Swedish "''Nöteborgsfreden"''. The Russian term for the treaty, directly translated into English, is "The Peace of Orehovsk", latinized as "Orehovskii Mir", or "''Ореховский мир"'' in Cyrillic script. The Swedish "Nöteborg" and the Russian "Orehovsk" are names for an old ]. The Finnish term for the treaty, "Pähkinäsaaren Rauha", translates literally to "The Peace of Nut Island". It is a ] of the Swedish word ('nöt' meaning nut). ] is the Finnish name for the island on which the fortress was built.


== Contents ==
The treaty was negotiated with the help of Hanseatic merchants in order to conclude the ]. As a token of good will, ] ceded three of his ]n parishes to Sweden; Sweden would in turn stay out of any conflict between Novgorod and ]. Both sides would also refrain from building castles on the new border. The treaty defined the border as beginning east and north of the town ], splitting the ] in half, running across ], and, according to the traditional interpretations, ending in the ] near the ]. Only the southern part of the border, close to Vyborg, was actually considered important and clearly defined in the treaty. Some historians have expressed the view that the border in the wilderness was not meant to be as strict as the line across the Karelian Isthmus; according to this view, the treaty would have originally given both Sweden and Novgorod joint rights to the northern ] and ].<ref>See Gallén, Jarl: ''Nöteborgsfreden och Finlands medeltida östgräns'', Helsingfors 1968. Also see Gallén, Jarl; Lind, John: ''Nöteborgsfreden och Finlands medeltida östgräns'', vol. 2-3, Helsingfors 1991.</ref>
⚫ The full text of the original treaty no longer exists. It has survived in parts in Russian, Swedish, and Latin. The surviving partial texts somewhat differ from each other.<ref> Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, No 427:2, VIII + s. 239–509. Helsingfors 1991. (97:1, 186–200). Detailed discussion about the conflict over the correct text of the treaty. See page 186. The Russian text is available in S. N. Valk, ''Gramoty Velikogo Novgoroda i Pskova'' (Moscow: AN SSSR, 1949), 67–68.</ref>


The treaty was negotiated with the help of the ] in order to conclude the ]. As a token of goodwill, Novgorod ceded three ]n parishes to Sweden. Sweden would in turn stay out of any conflict between Novgorod and the Danish ]. Both sides would promise to refrain from building castles on the new border.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}
Finnish tribes living on both sides of the border, mainly ]ns, ], and ]ns, had no say in the treaty. Sweden and Novgorod had already ''de facto'' established their areas of influence in eastern Fennoscandia, with Karelians under Russian rule and other tribes in the west under Swedish rule. The treaty established international approval for that structure, but the concept of "permanent peace" did not have much effect on the long-term conflict between Novgorod and Sweden. The northern part of the border crossed wide stretches of wilderness which were uninteresting to the treaty's Hanseatic brokers, but these areas became a major reason for renewed fighting soon afterwards. Unsatisfied with the loss of northern Gulf of Bothnia, Sweden may have forged part of the treaty only a few years later,<ref>See ''Skrifter''.</ref> and claimed that the northern border went all the way up to the ]. In 1328 Sweden was already organising settlers to take over northern Ostrobothnia.<ref>Vahtola, Jouko. Tornionlaakson historia I. Birkarlit, 'pirkkalaiset'. Malungs boktryckeri AB. Malung, Sweden. 1991.</ref> Sweden also established castles at ] around 1375 and ] in 1475, clearly on the Novgorodian side of the border.


The treaty defined the border as beginning from east and north of ], running along the ] and ]s, splitting the ] in half, running across ] and, according to traditional interpretations, ending in the ] near the river ]. However the wording "''the sea in the north''" could be interpreted as the ].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ruotsin itämaa|last=Tarkiainen|first=Kari|publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|year=2010|isbn=978-951-583-212-2|location=Helsinki|pages=71}}</ref>
⚫ The Swedes' Russian counterparts refused to accept the apparent forgery until 1595, when the ] acknowledged the Swedish text as the correct one. However, long before that, Sweden had succeeded in permanently taking over large areas on the Novgorod side of the original border, including ] and ].


The southern part of the border close to Viborg was considered the most important part of the treaty and the new border. As such, it was clearly defined. The border further north, away from important settlements, was defined more vaguely. The treaty might have originally given both Sweden and Novgorod joint rights to northern ] and ].<ref>See Gallén, Jarl: ''Nöteborgsfreden och Finlands medeltida östgräns'', Helsingfors 1968. Also see Gallén, Jarl; Lind, John: ''Nöteborgsfreden och Finlands medeltida östgräns'', vol. 2–3, Helsingfors 1991.</ref>
Eventually, the territory west of the border, along with the expanse to the north, evolved into the country that is known today as ].

]

== Aftermath ==
] ] living on both sides of the border had no say in the treaty. Sweden and Novgorod had already established their respective ''de facto'' control over their areas of influence in eastern Fennoscandia, with Karelians under Russian rule and the western tribes under Swedish rule. The attempted "permanent peace" established by the treaty did not last for long. The northern part of the border crossed wide stretches of wilderness which later on became the center of contention between Sweden and Novgorod. Within five years from the treaty being signed, Swedish colonists started making inroads into northern Ostrobothnia.<ref>Vahtola, Jouko. Tornionlaakson historia I. Birkarlit, 'pirkkalaiset'. Malungs boktryckeri AB. Malung, Sweden. 1991.</ref> Sweden established castles at ] circa 1375 and ] in 1475. These fortresses were clearly on the Novgorodian side of the established border.<ref>See ''Skrifter''. See also Michael C. Paul, "Archbishop Vasilii Kalika of Novgorod, the Fortress of Orekhov, and the Defense of Orthodoxy," in Alan V. Murray, ed., The Clash of Cultures on the Medieval Baltic Frontier (Farnham, UK: Ashgate, 2009): 253–271.</ref>

⚫ In 1595, the ] acknowledged the Swedish version of the treaty as the authentic and correct one. Long before that, Sweden had permanently taken over large areas on the Novgorodian side. These new territories included ] and ]. Eventually, the territory which was under Swedish rule would become the nation we now know as ].{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}


==See also== ==See also==
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==References== ==References==
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==External links== ==Further reading==
* {{SLS Q|Q113528461}}
* as maintained by the of Finland. Note that neither text can be said to be fully original, since both have survived as later, and possibly modified, copies.
* {{SLS Q|Q113529918}}
* {{SLS Q|Q113529919}}
*Ingrid Bohn ''Finland: From the Origins to Our Times'' (Riva Publishers) {{ISBN|978-954-320-088-7}}


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Latest revision as of 15:02, 26 October 2024

1323 treaty between Sweden and Novgorod
Prevalent view of the two-branched border set in the treaty. Shown in red the undisputed section of the border, shown in black dotted line the two branches of the border and in gray the border that was in use in 16th century.

The Treaty of Nöteborg, also known as the Treaty of Orehovsk (Swedish: Freden i Nöteborg; Russian: Ореховский мир; Finnish: Pähkinäsaaren rauha), is a conventional name for the peace treaty signed at Oreshek (Swedish: Nöteborg; Finnish: Pähkinäsaari) on 12 August 1323. It was the first agreement between Sweden and the Novgorod Republic regulating their border, mostly in the area which is now known as Finland. Three years later, Novgorod signed the Treaty of Novgorod with the Norwegians.

Name

At the time, the treaty had no distinguishing name. It was regarded as a "permanent peace" solution between Sweden and Novgorod. "The Treaty of Nöteborg" is a direct translation of the Swedish "Nöteborgsfreden". The Russian term for the treaty, directly translated into English, is "The Peace of Orehovsk", latinized as "Orehovskii Mir", or "Ореховский мир" in Cyrillic script. The Swedish "Nöteborg" and the Russian "Orehovsk" are names for an old fortress in Shlisselburg. The Finnish term for the treaty, "Pähkinäsaaren Rauha", translates literally to "The Peace of Nut Island". It is a cognate of the Swedish word ('nöt' meaning nut). Pähkinäsaari is the Finnish name for the island on which the fortress was built.

Contents

The full text of the original treaty no longer exists. It has survived in parts in Russian, Swedish, and Latin. The surviving partial texts somewhat differ from each other.

The treaty was negotiated with the help of the Hanseatic League in order to conclude the Swedish-Novgorodian Wars. As a token of goodwill, Novgorod ceded three Karelian parishes to Sweden. Sweden would in turn stay out of any conflict between Novgorod and the Danish Duchy of Estonia. Both sides would promise to refrain from building castles on the new border.

The treaty defined the border as beginning from east and north of Viborg Castle, running along the Sestra and Volchya Rivers, splitting the Karelian Isthmus in half, running across Savonia and, according to traditional interpretations, ending in the Gulf of Bothnia near the river Pyhäjoki. However the wording "the sea in the north" could be interpreted as the Arctic Ocean.

The southern part of the border close to Viborg was considered the most important part of the treaty and the new border. As such, it was clearly defined. The border further north, away from important settlements, was defined more vaguely. The treaty might have originally given both Sweden and Novgorod joint rights to northern Ostrobothnia and Lappland.

Peace Memorial at Pähkinäsaari

Aftermath

Finnic tribes living on both sides of the border had no say in the treaty. Sweden and Novgorod had already established their respective de facto control over their areas of influence in eastern Fennoscandia, with Karelians under Russian rule and the western tribes under Swedish rule. The attempted "permanent peace" established by the treaty did not last for long. The northern part of the border crossed wide stretches of wilderness which later on became the center of contention between Sweden and Novgorod. Within five years from the treaty being signed, Swedish colonists started making inroads into northern Ostrobothnia. Sweden established castles at Uleåborg circa 1375 and Olofsborg in 1475. These fortresses were clearly on the Novgorodian side of the established border.

In 1595, the Treaty of Teusina acknowledged the Swedish version of the treaty as the authentic and correct one. Long before that, Sweden had permanently taken over large areas on the Novgorodian side. These new territories included Ostrobothnia and Savonia. Eventually, the territory which was under Swedish rule would become the nation we now know as Finland.

See also

References

  1. Georg Haggren, Petri Halinen, Mika Lavento, Sami Raninen ja Anna Wessman (2015). Muinaisuutemme jäljet. Helsinki: Gaudeamus. p. 376.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. Jensen, Kurt Villads (2019). Ristiretket. Turku: Turun Historiallinen Yhdistys. p. 280. ISBN 978-952-7045-09-1.
  3. Uino, Pirjo (1997). Ancient Karelia. Helsinki: Suomen muinaismuistoyhdistyksen aikakausikirja 104. p. 201.
  4. Jensen, Kurt Villads (2019). Ristiretket. Turku: Turun Historiallinen Yhdistys. p. 280. ISBN 978-952-7045-09-1.
  5. "Treaty's Swedish and Latin texts". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. as maintained by the National Archives Service of Finland. Note that neither text can be said to be fully original, since both have survived as later, and possibly modified, copies.
  6. Nöteborgsfreden och Finlands medeltida östgräns. Andra delen. Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, No 427:2, VIII + s. 239–509. Helsingfors 1991. (97:1, 186–200). Detailed discussion about the conflict over the correct text of the treaty. See page 186. The Russian text is available in S. N. Valk, Gramoty Velikogo Novgoroda i Pskova (Moscow: AN SSSR, 1949), 67–68.
  7. Tarkiainen, Kari (2010). Ruotsin itämaa. Helsinki: Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland. p. 71. ISBN 978-951-583-212-2.
  8. See Gallén, Jarl: Nöteborgsfreden och Finlands medeltida östgräns, Helsingfors 1968. Also see Gallén, Jarl; Lind, John: Nöteborgsfreden och Finlands medeltida östgräns, vol. 2–3, Helsingfors 1991.
  9. Vahtola, Jouko. Tornionlaakson historia I. Birkarlit, 'pirkkalaiset'. Malungs boktryckeri AB. Malung, Sweden. 1991.
  10. See Skrifter. See also Michael C. Paul, "Archbishop Vasilii Kalika of Novgorod, the Fortress of Orekhov, and the Defense of Orthodoxy," in Alan V. Murray, ed., The Clash of Cultures on the Medieval Baltic Frontier (Farnham, UK: Ashgate, 2009): 253–271.

Further reading

Categories: