| Revision as of 16:14, 22 March 2024 editSkeptical1800 (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users1,148 editsm Skeptical1800 moved page Trialeti culture to Trialeti-Vanadzor culture over redirect: Revert undiscussed move (WP:RMUM): Page was previously called Trialeti-Vanadzor culture, is universally accepted academic name of said culture (and is reflected in cited material on page). Shortening the name to "Trialeti culture" opens up possibility for confusion with separate/urelated "Trialetian culture." Naming conventions for other cultures (i.e. Kura-Araxes culture, Shulaveri-Shomu culture...← Previous edit | Latest revision as of 02:04, 14 December 2024 edit undoRMCD bot (talk | contribs)Bots, Template editors997,140 edits Notifying subject page of move discussion on Talk:Trialeti–Vanadzor culture | ||
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| <noinclude>{{Requested move notice|1=Trialeti culture|2=Talk:Trialeti–Vanadzor culture#Requested move 14 December 2024}} | |||
| </noinclude><!--Page was previously called Trialeti-Vanadzor culture, which is the universally accepted academic name of said culture (and is reflected in cited material on page). Shortening the name to "Trialeti culture" opens up possibility for confusion with separate/urelated "Trialetian culture." Naming conventions for other cultures (i.e. Kura-Araxes culture, Shulaveri-Shomu culture, Lchashen-Metsamor culture, etc. ANY INAPPROPRIATE EDITS WILL BE REVERTED.--> | |||
| {{Short description|Bronze Age archaeological culture in the Caucasus}} | {{Short description|Bronze Age archaeological culture in the Caucasus}} | ||
| {{Not to be confused with|Trialetian Mesolithic}} | {{Not to be confused with|Trialetian Mesolithic}} | ||
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| {{History of Georgia (country)}}{{History of Armenia}} | {{History of Georgia (country)}}{{History of Armenia}} | ||
| The ''' |
The '''Trialeti–Vanadzor culture''', previously known as the '''Trialeti–Kirovakan culture''', is named after the ] region of ] and the city of ], ]. It is attributed to the late 3rd and early 2nd millennium BCE.<ref>Munchaev 1994, p. 16; cf., Kushnareva and Chubinishvili 1963, pp. 16 ff.</ref> The Trialeti–Vanadzor culture emerged in the areas of the preceding ].<ref>''The Making of Bronze Age Eurasia'' - Page 266 by Philip L. Kohl</ref> Some scholars speculate that it was an ] culture.<ref>John A. C. Greppin and I. M. Diakonoff, "Some Effects of the Hurro-Urartian People and Their Languages upon the Earliest Armenians" ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'' Vol. 111, No. 4 (Oct.–Dec. 1991), p. 721 </ref><ref>Joan Aruz, Kim Benzel, Jean M. Evans, ''Beyond Babylon: Art, Trade, and Diplomacy in the Second Millennium B.C.'' Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York) (2008) p. 92 </ref><ref>{{citation |url=https://docplayer.net/108120425-The-mushki-problem-reconsidered.html|title=The Mushki Problem Reconsidered |date=1997 |first=Aram V.|last=Kossian}} pp. 254</ref> It developed into the ].<ref>Robert Hewsen. ''Armenia: A Historical Atlas.'' University of Chicago Press. 2001. p. 22.</ref> It may have also given rise to the ] confederation mentioned in ] texts,<ref name=Kosyan2014>{{cite book|first=Aram|last=Kosyan|chapter=To the East of Hatti|title=Essays in Honour of Veli Sevin|editor-first=Aynur|editor-last=Özfırat|publisher=Yayinlari|year=2014|page=279|url=https://www.academia.edu/7779387}}</ref><ref name="auto">Serkan Demirel, "A Contribution to Localization of Azzi-Hayaša Mentioned in Hittite Cuneiform Texts." ''Archivum Anatolicum-Anadolu Arşivleri (ArAn)''. 2017. pp. 97-110. https://www.academia.edu/38267672</ref>and the ] mentioned by the ].<ref name="auto1">{{citation |url=https://docplayer.net/108120425-The-mushki-problem-reconsidered.html|title=The Mushki Problem Reconsidered |date=1997 |first=Aram V.|last=Kossian}} pp. 260-261</ref> | ||
| Vol. 111, No. 4 (Oct. - Dec., 1991), pp. 721 </ref><ref>Joan Aruz, Kim Benzel, Jean M. Evans, ''Beyond Babylon: Art, Trade, and Diplomacy in the Second Millennium B.C.'' Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.) (2008) pp. 92 </ref><ref>{{citation |url=https://docplayer.net/108120425-The-mushki-problem-reconsidered.html|title=The Mushki Problem Reconsidered |date=1997 |first=Aram V.|last=Kossian}} pp. 254</ref> It developed into the ].<ref>Robert Hewsen. ''Armenia: A Historical Atlas.'' University of Chicago Press. 2001. p. 22.</ref> It may have also given rise to the ] confederation mentioned in ] texts,<ref name=Kosyan2014>{{cite book|first=Aram|last=Kosyan|chapter=To the East of Hatti|title=Essays in Honour of Veli Sevin|editor-first=Aynur|editor-last=Özfırat|publisher=Yayinlari|year=2014|page=279|url=https://www.academia.edu/7779387}}</ref> and the ] mentioned by the ].<ref>{{citation |url=https://docplayer.net/108120425-The-mushki-problem-reconsidered.html|title=The Mushki Problem Reconsidered |date=1997 |first=Aram V.|last=Kossian}} pp. 260-261</ref> | |||
| ==Background== | ==Background== | ||
| The earliest ] existed in the area from 6000 to 4000 BC.<ref name="drummingnet.com">Geraldine Reinhardt, Lecture Delivered 29 July 1991; </ref> The ] followed after. | The earliest ] existed in the area from 6000 to 4000 BC.<ref name="drummingnet.com">Geraldine Reinhardt, Lecture Delivered 29 July 1991; </ref> The ] followed after. | ||
| The flourishing stage of the |
The flourishing stage of the Trialeti–Vanadzor culture began near the end of the third millennium BC.<ref name="books.google.ca">Joan Aruz, Sarah B. Graff, Yelena Rakic, The Metropolitan Museum of art symposia. Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2013 {{ISBN|1588394751}} p12</ref> | ||
| During the final phase of the Middle Bronze Age (c.1700–1500 BC), in addition to the |
During the final phase of the Middle Bronze Age (c.1700–1500 BC), in addition to the Trialeti–Vanadzor culture, three other geographically overlapping material culture horizons predominate in the South Caucasus (Transcaucasia) and eastern Anatolia: Karmir Berd (a.k.a. Tazakend), Karmir Vank (a.k.a. Kizil Vank, Van-Urmia), and Sevan-Uzerlik (a.k.a. Sevan-Artsakh).<ref>Daniel T. Potts Volume 94 of Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. John Wiley & Sons, 2012 {{ISBN|1405189886}} p.681</ref> | ||
| Black-burnished and monochrome painted wares vessels from the cemeteries of ] and Küçük Çatma (Maly Pergit), both in the ] of Turkey, and ] IV in ] resemble those of Trialeti.<ref>Aynur ÖZFIRAT (2008), </ref> | Black-burnished and monochrome painted wares vessels from the cemeteries of ] and Küçük Çatma (Maly Pergit), both in the ] of Turkey, and ] IV in ] resemble those of Trialeti.<ref>Aynur ÖZFIRAT (2008), </ref> Sos Höyük IV may have been associated with Hayasa-Azzi.<ref name="auto"/> | ||
| ===Kurgans=== | ===Kurgans=== | ||
| At that time, there was already strong social differentiation indicated by rich mound burials. There are parallels to the Early ] culture. Cremation was practised. Painted pottery was introduced. Tin-based bronze became predominant. Geographical interconnectedness and links with other areas of the Near East are seen in many aspects of the culture. For example, a cauldron found in Trialeti is nearly identical to the one from ] 4 of ] in Greece.<ref name="books.google.ca"/> | At that time, there was already strong social differentiation indicated by rich mound burials. There are parallels to the Early ] culture. Cremation was practised. Painted pottery was introduced. Tin-based bronze became predominant. Geographical interconnectedness and links with other areas of the Near East are seen in many aspects of the culture. For example, a cauldron found in Trialeti is nearly identical to the one from ] of ] in Greece.<ref name="books.google.ca"/> | ||
| The |
The Trialeti–Vanadzor culture shows ties with the highly developed cultures of the ancient world, particularly with the Aegean,<ref name="Trialeti culture">{{Cite web |url=http://www.visitgeorgia.ge/English/Tours/Other_tours/Archaeological_Tour.htm |title=Trialeti culture |access-date=2007-02-16 |archive-date=2007-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210212/http://www.visitgeorgia.ge/English/Tours/Other_tours/Archaeological_Tour.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> but also with cultures to the south and east.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Edens|first=Christoper|title=Transcaucasia at the End of the Early Bronze Age|journal=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research|date=Aug–Nov 1995|volume=299/300|issue=The Archaeology of Empire in Ancient Anatolia|pages=60, 53–64|jstor=1357345|publisher=The American Schools of Oriental Research|doi=10.2307/1357345|s2cid=163585471 }}</ref> | ||
| Trialeti painted monochrome and polychrome pottery is very similar to that in the other areas of the Near East. In particular, similar ceramics are known as ''Urmia ware'' (named after ] in Iran). Also, similar pottery was produced by the Sevan-Uzerlik culture, and the Karmir Berd-Sevan culture. | Trialeti-Vanadzor painted monochrome and polychrome pottery is very similar to that in the other areas of the Near East. In particular, similar ceramics are known as ''Urmia ware'' (named after ] in Iran). Also, similar pottery was produced by the Sevan-Uzerlik culture, and the Karmir Berd-Sevan culture. | ||
| The site at Trialeti was originally excavated in 1936–1940 in advance of a hydroelectric scheme, when forty-six barrows were uncovered. A further six barrows were uncovered in 1959–1962.<ref>The Peoples of the Hills: Ancient Ararat and Caucasus. Charles Burney and David Marshall Lang p 90- 96.</ref> | The site at Trialeti was originally excavated in 1936–1940 in advance of a hydroelectric scheme, when forty-six barrows were uncovered. A further six barrows were uncovered in 1959–1962.<ref>The Peoples of the Hills: Ancient Ararat and Caucasus. Charles Burney and David Marshall Lang p 90- 96.</ref> | ||
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| ] kurgans are somewhat similar, and are contemporary to the earliest among the Trialeti kurgans. Together, they represent the early stage of the Early Kurgan culture of Central Transcaucasia. | ] kurgans are somewhat similar, and are contemporary to the earliest among the Trialeti kurgans. Together, they represent the early stage of the Early Kurgan culture of Central Transcaucasia. | ||
| This Early Kurgan period, known as Martkopi-Bedeni, has been interpreted as a transitional phase and the first stage of the Middle Bronze Age.<ref> |
This Early Kurgan period, known as Martkopi-Bedeni, has been interpreted as a transitional phase and the first stage of the Middle Bronze Age.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.geocities.ws/komblege/ansch1.htm|title=The Beginnings of Metallurgy|website=www.geocities.ws}}</ref> | ||
| ===Burial practices=== | ===Burial practices=== | ||
| The |
The Trialeti–Vanadzor culture was known for its particular form of burial. The elite were interred in large, very rich burials under earth and stone mounds, which sometimes contained four-wheeled carts. Also there were many gold objects found in the graves.<ref name="Trialeti culture"/> These gold objects were similar to those found in ] and ].<ref name="drummingnet.com"/> They also worked tin and arsenic.<ref>Edens, page 56</ref> This form of burial in a ] or "kurgan", along with wheeled vehicles, is the same as that of the ] which has been associated with the speakers of ]. In fact, the black burnished pottery of especially early Trialeti kurgans is similar to Kura-Araxes pottery.<ref>Edens page 58</ref> In a historical context, their impressive accumulation of wealth in burial kurgans, like that of other associated and nearby cultures with similar burial practices, is particularly noteworthy.<ref>Edens page 59</ref> This practice was probably a result of influence from the older civilizations to the south in the ].<ref>Edens, see generally</ref> | ||
| The |
The Trialeti–Vanadzor pottery style is believed to have developed into the ] Transcaucasian ceramic ware found throughout much of what is now eastern Turkey. This pottery has been connected to the expansion of the Mushki.<ref name="auto1"/> | ||
| == See also == | == See also == | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
Latest revision as of 02:04, 14 December 2024
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The Trialeti–Vanadzor culture, previously known as the Trialeti–Kirovakan culture, is named after the Trialeti region of Georgia and the city of Vanadzor, Armenia. It is attributed to the late 3rd and early 2nd millennium BCE. The Trialeti–Vanadzor culture emerged in the areas of the preceding Kura–Araxes culture. Some scholars speculate that it was an Indo-European culture. It developed into the Lchashen–Metsamor culture. It may have also given rise to the Hayasa-Azzi confederation mentioned in Hittite texts,and the Mushki mentioned by the Assyrians.
Background
The earliest Shulaveri–Shomu culture existed in the area from 6000 to 4000 BC. The Kura–Araxes culture followed after.
The flourishing stage of the Trialeti–Vanadzor culture began near the end of the third millennium BC.
During the final phase of the Middle Bronze Age (c.1700–1500 BC), in addition to the Trialeti–Vanadzor culture, three other geographically overlapping material culture horizons predominate in the South Caucasus (Transcaucasia) and eastern Anatolia: Karmir Berd (a.k.a. Tazakend), Karmir Vank (a.k.a. Kizil Vank, Van-Urmia), and Sevan-Uzerlik (a.k.a. Sevan-Artsakh).
Black-burnished and monochrome painted wares vessels from the cemeteries of Ani and Küçük Çatma (Maly Pergit), both in the Kars Province of Turkey, and tr:Sos Höyük IV in Erzurum Province resemble those of Trialeti. Sos Höyük IV may have been associated with Hayasa-Azzi.
Kurgans
At that time, there was already strong social differentiation indicated by rich mound burials. There are parallels to the Early Kurgan culture. Cremation was practised. Painted pottery was introduced. Tin-based bronze became predominant. Geographical interconnectedness and links with other areas of the Near East are seen in many aspects of the culture. For example, a cauldron found in Trialeti is nearly identical to the one from Shaft Grave 4 of Mycenae in Greece.
The Trialeti–Vanadzor culture shows ties with the highly developed cultures of the ancient world, particularly with the Aegean, but also with cultures to the south and east.
Trialeti-Vanadzor painted monochrome and polychrome pottery is very similar to that in the other areas of the Near East. In particular, similar ceramics are known as Urmia ware (named after Lake Urmia in Iran). Also, similar pottery was produced by the Sevan-Uzerlik culture, and the Karmir Berd-Sevan culture.
The site at Trialeti was originally excavated in 1936–1940 in advance of a hydroelectric scheme, when forty-six barrows were uncovered. A further six barrows were uncovered in 1959–1962.
Related kurgans
Martqopi kurgans are somewhat similar, and are contemporary to the earliest among the Trialeti kurgans. Together, they represent the early stage of the Early Kurgan culture of Central Transcaucasia.
This Early Kurgan period, known as Martkopi-Bedeni, has been interpreted as a transitional phase and the first stage of the Middle Bronze Age.
Burial practices
The Trialeti–Vanadzor culture was known for its particular form of burial. The elite were interred in large, very rich burials under earth and stone mounds, which sometimes contained four-wheeled carts. Also there were many gold objects found in the graves. These gold objects were similar to those found in Iran and Iraq. They also worked tin and arsenic. This form of burial in a tumulus or "kurgan", along with wheeled vehicles, is the same as that of the Kurgan culture which has been associated with the speakers of Proto-Indo-European. In fact, the black burnished pottery of especially early Trialeti kurgans is similar to Kura-Araxes pottery. In a historical context, their impressive accumulation of wealth in burial kurgans, like that of other associated and nearby cultures with similar burial practices, is particularly noteworthy. This practice was probably a result of influence from the older civilizations to the south in the Fertile Crescent.
The Trialeti–Vanadzor pottery style is believed to have developed into the Late Bronze Age Transcaucasian ceramic ware found throughout much of what is now eastern Turkey. This pottery has been connected to the expansion of the Mushki.
See also
- Kura–Araxes culture
- Lchashen–Metsamor culture
- Shulaveri–Shomu culture
- Prehistoric Georgia
- Prehistoric Armenia
References
- Munchaev 1994, p. 16; cf., Kushnareva and Chubinishvili 1963, pp. 16 ff.
- The Making of Bronze Age Eurasia - Page 266 by Philip L. Kohl
- John A. C. Greppin and I. M. Diakonoff, "Some Effects of the Hurro-Urartian People and Their Languages upon the Earliest Armenians" Journal of the American Oriental Society Vol. 111, No. 4 (Oct.–Dec. 1991), p. 721
- Joan Aruz, Kim Benzel, Jean M. Evans, Beyond Babylon: Art, Trade, and Diplomacy in the Second Millennium B.C. Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York) (2008) p. 92
- Kossian, Aram V. (1997), The Mushki Problem Reconsidered pp. 254
- Robert Hewsen. Armenia: A Historical Atlas. University of Chicago Press. 2001. p. 22.
- Kosyan, Aram (2014). "To the East of Hatti". In Özfırat, Aynur (ed.). Essays in Honour of Veli Sevin. Yayinlari. p. 279.
- ^ Serkan Demirel, "A Contribution to Localization of Azzi-Hayaša Mentioned in Hittite Cuneiform Texts." Archivum Anatolicum-Anadolu Arşivleri (ArAn). 2017. pp. 97-110. https://www.academia.edu/38267672
- ^ Kossian, Aram V. (1997), The Mushki Problem Reconsidered pp. 260-261
- ^ Geraldine Reinhardt, Bronze Age in Eurasia Lecture Delivered 29 July 1991; Archived 21 JUL 2015
- ^ Joan Aruz, Sarah B. Graff, Yelena Rakic, Cultures in Contact: From Mesopotamia to the Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C. The Metropolitan Museum of art symposia. Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2013 ISBN 1588394751 p12
- Daniel T. Potts A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East. Volume 94 of Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. John Wiley & Sons, 2012 ISBN 1405189886 p.681
- Aynur ÖZFIRAT (2008), THE HIGHLAND PLATEAU OF EASTERN ANATOLİA IN THE SECOND MILLENNIUM BCE: MIDDLE/LATE BRONZE AGES
- ^ "Trialeti culture". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-02-16.
- Edens, Christoper (Aug–Nov 1995). "Transcaucasia at the End of the Early Bronze Age". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 299/300 (The Archaeology of Empire in Ancient Anatolia). The American Schools of Oriental Research: 60, 53–64. doi:10.2307/1357345. JSTOR 1357345. S2CID 163585471.
- The Peoples of the Hills: Ancient Ararat and Caucasus. Charles Burney and David Marshall Lang p 90- 96.
- "The Beginnings of Metallurgy". www.geocities.ws.
- Edens, page 56
- Edens page 58
- Edens page 59
- Edens, see generally
External links
- Middle Bronze Age, Trialeti Culture, South Caucasus - collection of articles at academia.edu
