Hispanic: Difference between revisions

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			{{short description\|Spanish-speaking cultures and persons}}
	{{otheruses}}
			{{About\|the term referring to the people of Spanish-speaking cultures}}
	].
			{{Distinguish\|Latin Americans\|Latinx}}
	'''Hispanic''' (] '''Hispano''', ] '''Hispânico''', ]: '''Hispà''', from ] ''Hispānus'', adjective from '']'', the ] name for the ]) is a term that historically denoted relation to the ancient ] and its ]. However, when the modern day country of ] was created in the ], it inherited the term, and thus, since then, Hispanic is also related to ], its ] and its ]. In this process, ] was excluded from the term, despite the fact that the territory that nowadays covers was also in the former ]<ref>For more information about this exclusion process, see the section ] in this article.</ref>. Instead of Hispanic, ] adopted the word ] for the same purposes (in reference to the former ] of ], which was a part ]; ultimately, regarding to the ], one of the first ] tribes to settle ]). With the expansion of the ], the ] spread all over the world, creating new ] and giving place to the ]. This expansion was ] in the ], especially in what is called the ], which comprises all those countries from the ] that once belonged to the ] and where the ] is still present (] not being included since when it was discovered by the ], the sepparation between the terms Hispanic regarding to ] and ] regarding to ] was already effective). These countries, inherited the strong cultural and ancestral legacy of the ], and in consequence, their peoples and their cultures are also considered as Hispanic. Nowadays, the peoples from ] who live in the ] have developed their own identity with an unquestionable Hispanic substrate, and are also considered Hispanic.<ref>For more information about the Hispanics in the United States, see the section ] and its main article, ].</ref><ref>The four meanings explained in the header of this article, are the four entries given by the ] ] for the term Hispanic (the fourth and fifth being the same): .</ref>.
			{{redirect\|Hispano}}

	==The term Hispanic==
	===Etymology===
	], the term Hispano/Hispanic is derived from ] (whose meaning and derivation is uncertain), the name given by the ] to the entire ] — modern-day ] and ] — during the period of the ]. In the modern era, however, Hispanic/Hispano has usually only been applied to Spain and things related to it, while a derivation from or relation to Portugal and its people (including Brazil and ]-speaking Brazilians) is normally denominated ].

	In Spanish, the word "Hispano" is also used as the first element of compounds referring to Spain and the Spanish, rather like the way ] is used in compounds referring to ] and the ]. Thus, the ] in Spanish is known as ''Guerra Hispano-Estadounidense'', the "Spanish-German Treaty" is ''Tratado Hispano-Alemán'', and "Spanish America" is '']''.

	The usage of Hispanic as an ethnic indicator in the United States is believed to have come into mainstream prominence following its inclusion in a question in the 1980 ], which asked people to voluntarily identify if they were of "Spanish/Hispanic origin or descent".<ref name="historical census">
	{{cite web
	\| url = http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056.html
	\| title = Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States
	\| author = Gibson, Campbell
	\| coauthor = Jung, Kay
	\| accessdate = 2006-12-07
	\| year = 2002
	\| month = 09
	\| work = Working Paper Series No. 56
	}}</ref>

	===Synonyms and antonyms===
	Often the term "Hispanic" is used synonymously with the word "]", and frequently with "]" as well, as they are used in the U.S. Even though the terms may sometimes overlap in meaning, they are not completely synonymous.

	"Hispanic" specifically refers to ], and to the ]-speaking nations of ], as cultural and demographic extensions of Spain. It should be further noted that in a ] context, a Hispanic population consists of the people of ] and everyone with origins in any of ], regardless of ancestry of the latter (including ]). In the context of ] and ], a Hispanic population may consist of the people of ], and when regarding the inhabitants of the ], includes only ], ]s, ]s, and others with Spanish ancestry, to the exclusion of indigenous ], unmixed descendants of black Africans and whites or other peoples from later migrations without any Spanish lineage. This distinction was established in the ] in the ], as an ] ('']'') based on the person's heritage. However, when talking of Hispanic in a cultural and linguistic sense, even peoples without Spanish ancestry but living in the ] who have ] as ] or as ].
	<!-- IT DOES NOT MATCH WITH WHAT IS TOLD IN THE ARTICLE "Casta"!!!
	During the Spanish colonial period there were 8 main classifications of race: ] (born in ] or ]), ] (] born in the ]), ]s (3/4 ] and 1/4 ]), ]s (1/2 ] and 1/2 ]), ] (3/4 ] and 1/4 ]),Indio (fully ], Zambo/Lobo (1/2 mixed ] and 1/2 ]), negro (fully ]), and ] (1/2 ] and 1/2 ]). -->

	In regards to the term ], in this context it refers to the conception of "]" as a region, a concept which was introduced by the ] in the ]s when they dreamed of building an empire based in ]. See ]. This concept of a "Latin" America was closely connected to the introduction of French positivism into the region's intellectual circles. <ref>{{cite web \| url = http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv3-68 \| title = Positivism in Latin America \| accessdate = 2006-12-27}}</ref> The French understood "Latin" to include themselves and other continental European ] nations, to the exclusion of their "]" colonial rivals the ] (in the ]) and the ], as well as, the ] and ] peoples (in Europe).

	]s, meanwhile, is a contraction of "Latinoamericanos", and refers only to those from Spanish or Portuguese-speaking countries of Latin America, regardless of ancestry in all contexts. Those from ] are very rarely included, while those from ] are never. In the rare cases where they are, along with residents of ], it is with some ambiguities.

	The confusion that arises is from the similarity between the words Latino and Latin, and between the concept of Hispanic and Latino. Latino is a shortened version of the noun ''Latinoamericano'' (]). In the Spanish language "Latín" (Latin) is the name of the language of the ]. This means that "Latín" is not confined solely to Hispanics, Latin Americans, or Latinos, but has always included ] as the ], ], ], ], etc.

	Thus, of a group consisting of a ]ian, a ]n, a ], a ], and a ]n; the Brazilian, Colombian, and Mexican would all be Latinos, but not the Spaniard or the Romanian, since neither Spain nor Romania is geographically situated in Latin America. Conversely, the Colombian, Mexican and Spaniard would all be Hispanics, but not the Romanian and the Brazilian; Brazilians speak ] as Brazil has evolved from the former Portuguese colony in South America. Finally, all of the above nationalities would be Latin, including the Romanian. To further clarify, a Latino is a US citizen or resident of Latin American descent or birth.

	It should be noted that the categories of "Latino" and "Hispanic" are used primarily in the ] to socially differentiate people. As social categories they are not mutually exclusive and without ambiguities and cannot be seen as independent of social discrimination (], ] or ]). These terms are not in everyday usage in the Caribbean, Central or South America.

	Besides "Hispanic", "Latino", and "Latin", other terms are used for more specific subsets of the Hispanic population. These terms often relate to specific countries of origin, such as "]", "]", "]", "]" or "]", etc. Other terms signify distinct cultural patterns among Hispanics which have emerged in what is now the United States, including "]", "]", "]", etc.

	===The historical mistake===
	{{tone}}
	] has more languages than just the ]. In addition, the old ] also included ], so historically the ] can be considered as a Hispanic language, although if we consider Hispanic as a synonym of ], the map shows the current ] (simplified).
	{\| width="100%" style="background:none;"
	\| align=top \|{{legend\|#FF0000\|'''] ('']'')''' }}
	{{legend\|#FF33FF\|''']''', co-official }}
	{{legend\|#339999\|''']''', co-official }}
	{{legend\|#FFFF99\|''']''', co-official }}
	\| align=top \|{{legend\|#009900\|''']''', unofficial }}
	{{legend\|#9999FF\|''']''', unofficial }}
	{{legend\|#33FF66\|'''], co-official (dialect of ])'''}}
	\|}]]
	] is not an ] ]; various ] ] in its territories, and each one has its own ], ], ], and some of them have ]. However, when one talks about Hispanic, it is usual to refer to the ] or the ] background related to the ], instead of referring, for instance, to the ] or the ]. So, for example, analogously to the case of the ], Hispanic would be the equivalent to ]. Note that this is not the same as ], which would be equivalent to ]; or ] and ], which would be equivalent, for instance, to ] and ]. This may seem a subtile difference, but it is very significant: historically, while in other countries such as the ] there has been a differentiation between the ''sub-nations'' that compose the country (], ], ], ], ], etc.) and the ''supra-nation'' that engloves them (the ]), in ] the dominant nation (]) has been always directly related to the ''supra-nation'' (]). This has provoked that while when one talks about ] and ] one is aware to be talking about the historical region of ] and the whole ] respectively, in the case of ], one talks about Hispanic as a synonym of the whole ] '''but also of the cultural identity related to the ] region of ]''', and thus subordinates the rest of the nationalities that exist in ] to the predomianant one, setting them on the brink of the nullity with regard to the participation of these nationalities in the composition of the ] of ].

	] has dragged this ''historical mistake'' to the point that the peoples of the ] who began to speak ] when ] discovered the Americas in the ], instead of self-identifying themselves as peoples of Castilian cultural heritage, identified themselves as people of Hispanic heritage, using it as a synonym of the ], and hiding again the reality of those ''other Hispanics'' of ] ], ], ], and ''']'''.

	In addition, the ] peoples of the ] also adopted other ] to identify themselves, such as the term ], which results into a ] of the ] word of the same name <ref>See the ] ] entrance for the ] ''Latino'': </ref>, meaning, mainly, the ] or someone from ], or someone whose ] is a ] (a ] which derives from the ]), and which, since it is used as a ] to identify almost exclusively the peoples of ] ] or ] ] in the ], has become ] <ref>See also the ] ] entrance for the ] ''Alienate'': </ref> for other peoples who also speak ]s in other parts of the ] <ref>One just has to search the words ''Latin'' or ''Latino'' in any ] to realize the present usage of the terms.</ref> (including those in ] who were already ] by the ] of the term Hispanic by the ]).

	The ''third era'' of this ''historical mistake'' is happening nowadays in the ], where since the late ] the terms Hispanic and ] have broken the ] to become an ], thus not only perpetuating but increasing the ], not only of the ] hispanics from ] (through the term Hispanic) and the other ] from the rest of the ], including those ] ] (through the term ]), but also reaching the same ] of the ], because this time, the acceptance of the term Hispanic as an ] implies the identification of the same ] with the large ] of ] of ] and ] ]. In this context, the ] of ] have become a ], like once were the ] of the ] in front of the ]s, and thus, many cultural and linguistic issues relating the ]s are often confused and mixed with those relating to ] and other ].

	Today, although some people not only from the ] but also from other parts of the ] are conscious of these issues, they are still very few in front of the, although young, deep-rooted tradition that the terms Hispanic and ] have generated among the ] and ] community, mainly in the ]. In great part, this affection to these terms is due to three main reasons:
	# The historical exclusion from the term Hispanic of the ] of ], which was carried out by the ] of ].
	# Therefore, the ignorance and manipulation has always surrounded the term Hispanic, and the thing has gone so far that it has become an ] which has marginalized the same ] of ].
	# The ignorance inherent to the ] ] and ]s (the so-called ]s) which has helped not only to perpetuate the bad usage of the terms but also to increase it and to spread it over the ], reaching the ] and joining a ''short point of view'' with regard to these issues in this country and, again, colliding with the ignorance that surrounds the true origin of the terms Hispanic and ], facts that have lead to the ] of the ].

	Nowadays, the same reasons that have provoked all this ignorance and confusion around the words Hispanic and ] are still prevailing, and the so-called ]s, among other people from all over the ], especially in the ], keep the bad usage of the terms and, paradoxally, many of them support the ] that surrounds these words, considering themselves as people of a different race, as Hispanics or ]s, and thus establishing a common link among them, but at the same time, ] more and more ''the other ]'' from ] (both the ]) and also the ] from the rest of the ].

	==The Hispanics from Hispania==
	As said before, ] is not an ] ] but a land of contrasts and the home to a wide range of ] and ], each one of which has its own ], ]s, ], and some of them have ]. Historically, due to the ] mentioned above, there has been a confusion regarding to the real meaning of Hispanic, which has been used for centuries as a synonym for all that related to the ], marginalizing the rest of ]s that developed from the old ].

	Historically, this has not affected the ] because, instead, the modern day ] is in what anciently was known as ] (in part of the ] of ] and ]), it has been a sepparate country from ] for centuries and has fully developed its ]. Therefore, while the word Hispanic has always been used to describe all that related to ], the word ] or ] has played the same role for ]. But, on the contrary, this situation of ] ] has really affected those ] that, from inside ] have played a crucial role in the construction of the country and the ] from the ] of Hispanic, when while they were in fact from ] and the old ], they were not of ] or ].

	This section aims to clarify the lack of information existing on this subject through doing a brief review on the history of ] and the ].

	===History of Hispania===
	====Early history====
	{{main\|Prehistoric Spain\|Prehistoric Portugal}}
	The earliest record of ] living in ] has been found in the cave of ], in the ] ], and it has become a key site for world ]. ] found there are dated to roughly ]. The most conspicuous sign of prehistoric human settlements are the famous ] in the ], in ], ], which were done ca. ] and are regarded, along with those in ], ], as paramount instances of ].

	] in the form of ] began arriving in the ] from north of the ] some ]. This ] (characterized by the M173 ] in the ]), developed the ] mutation, giving rise to the ] ], which still dominant in modern ] and ] populations (especially in the ]). Meanwhile the ]s became extinct; their last refuge was today's ] or ] around ]. Far later, some ], an interstadial ] called the ] occurred, weakening the rigorous conditions of the ]. This also ended the ] period, beginning the ]. The populations sheltered in ], descendants of the ], given the ], migrated and recolonized all of ], thus spreading the ] ] populations (still dominat, in variant degrees, from Iberia to ]). Due to this fact, nowadays the genetical origins of most ] can be traced back to the ].

	====Pre-roman times====
	{{main\|Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula\|Pre-Roman Portugal}}
	The earliest urban culture documented in the ], is that of the semi-mythical southern city of ], which dates back to much before the ]. However, the ] were not the only ones: apart from them, the whole of the ] was inhabited by other ] (], ], ], ] and others), by ]s (]s, ]s and ], mainly) and by a mix of both (], a mix of ] and ]).

	Far later, the seafaring ], ] and ] began to settle along the ] coast. Around ], ] merchants founded the trading colony of ] or ] (modern day ]) near ]. In the ] the first ], such as ] (modern ], in ]), were founded along the ] coast on the East of the ], leaving the southern coast to the ]. The ] are responsible for the name ], apparently after the river Iber (] in ]). In the ] the ]s arrived in ] while struggling first with the ] and shortly after with the ] for control of the Western ]. Their most important colony was ] (] name of modern day ]).

	====Roman Hispania====
	{{main\|Conquest of Hispania\|Hispania}}
	In ], the ] disembarked in ] due to the break out of the ], which confronted ] and ], and thus started the ], which would end in ]. However, the ] control of ] would last much longer, until the beginnings of the ], when ] from the ] began to invade the ].

	====Barbarian invasions and Visigothic Kingdom====
	{{main\|Migration period\|Spain in the Middle Ages\|Visigoths}}
	At the beginnings of the ], the ], the ] (] and ]) and the ], invaded the ] and settled permanently. Others, like the ] (] and ]), were also present, before moving on to ]. Many words of ] entered into the ] that was spoken in ] by those times, and were then transmitted to the ] that originated in the ] during the ], such as the ], the ] or the ], and many more entered through other avenues (often ]) in the ensuing centuries<ref>See: ] and ], for instance.</ref>. The ] established a ] ] that lasted until the arrival of the moors at the beginnings of the ].

	====Al-Andalus====
	{{main\|Umayyad conquest of Hispania\|Al-Andalus}}
	The Umayyad conquest of Hispania (711–718) commenced when an army of the ] consisting largely of ], the Muslim inhabitants of ], invaded ]ic ] ] (] and ]) in the year 711. Under the authority of the Umayyad ] at ], and led by the ] ] ], they landed at ] on ] and worked their way northward. Tariq's forces were joined the next year by those of his superior, the ] ]. During the eight-year campaign, most of the ] was brought under ] occupation save for small areas in the northwest (] and ]) and largely ] regions in the ]. The conquered territory, under the ] name ], became part of the expanding ] empire. The invaders subsequently moved northeast across the Pyrenees, but were defeated by the ] ] at the ] in 732. Muslim control of French territory was intermittent and ended in 975. Meanwhile, the Christian '']'', or reconquest, of the Iberian Peninsula began with ]' victory at the ] in 722.

	====Reconquista and the New World====
	{{main\|Reconquista\|Spanish colonization of the Americas\|Spanish Empire}}
	The Reconquista (]: Reconquest) was the seven and a half century long process by which the ] ]s of northern ] (modern ] and ]) conquered the ] from the ] ] states of ]. The ] from the ] occurred during the early ]. Almost immediately, in ], ], a noble ], leads the fight against the ] in the ] and establishes the ]. In ], ] defeats a large force sent by ] to annihilate him at the ]. He then leads an alliance of ] and ] mountaineers in the counter-offensive against the ] beginning what will be called ].

	In ] the last ] stronghold of ] under ] was subjugated by ], and ] became a vassal state of the Christian kingdom for the next 250 years. On ] ], the last ] ruler, ] (also known as ]), surrendered to ] and ], the ]. This resulted in the creation of united ] nation encompassing most of modern day ]. ] remained separate until ]. The ] ] had already culminated in ] with the subjugation of ] by ].

	In ], the same year that ] surrendered to the ] and the ], ] discovered the ], inaugurating an age of ], a process that would last for centuris and from which the ''new Hispanics'' would appear. Notice that the ], wich would give rise to the ] (namely ]), had began in ].

	===Modern day peoples of Hispania===
	{{main\|Nationalities in Spain}}
	], the modern country of ] was formed by the accretion of several independent ] realms through dynastic inheritance, conquest and the will of the local elites. These realms had their own personalities and borders. ], an independent country since the ], was the only of the Iberian realms not to be absorbed into the Spanish kingdom.

	Since the reign of the ], there has been a process of uniformization by the central authorities. Simultaneously, this uniformization has been repelled by some of the local elites that formed their own national consciences based on ], ], ] and ] traits.

	The dynamics between centralization and decentralization is one of the forces in the history of the latest centuries. Since the beginning of the ], after the ] dictatorship, there have been many movements towards more autonomy in certain regions of the country in order to achieve full independence in some cases and to get their own autonomous community in others.

	It is a fact that it does not exist something so straightforward as just one Spanish nationality for the whole country nowadays.
	Many Spanish citizens feel no conflict in having several national identities at the same time.

	This section aims to describe the different ] that exist nowadays in ] and that have systematically and historically been forgotten by the ], to the detriment of the cultural richness of the ] and the term Hispanic, but that have still played a crucial role in the composition of the ], though at expenses, in many cases, of their ].

	====Andalusians====
	{{main\|Andalusia\|Andalusian people\|Andalusian Castilian}}

	The ] are an ] or ] living in the ] of ]. Due to the fact that the ] of ] was carried out by the ], whose dominant language was the ] (in front of other languages that were also spoken in the ] like the ]), the peoples who settled in the new conquered lands were native speakers of the ]. Therefore, the natural language of the region after the ], and the language that still speak today the modern ] is the ].

	====Aragonese====
	{{main\|Aragon\|Aragonese people\|Aragonese language}}

	The ] are an ] or ] living in the ] of ], in the northeastern ]. The language of the region is the ], although it is mainly spoken in the northern ] of ], in the ].

	====Asturians====
	{{main\|Asturias\|Asturian people\|Asturian language\|Eonavian}}

	The ] are an ] or ] living in the ] of the ], in the north of ]. The language of the region is the ], as well as the ] in the border region with ].

	====Basques====
	{{main\|Basque Country (historical territory)\|Basque people\|Basque language}}

	The ] (]: ''Euskal Herria'') is a cultural region in the western ] that spans the border between ] and ], extending down to the coast of the ]. It corresponds more or less with the ] of the ] and ].
	In ], the ] is an ] with the status of ], the capital of which is ]-] (] is the ] name, while ] is ]). It is part of the larger ] mentioned above.

	The Basques (]: ''Euskaldunak'') are the ] who inhabit the ]. The name ''Basque'' derives from ] and ultimately from the ancient tribe of the ],<ref></ref> described by ] as living south of the western ] and north of the ], in modern day ] and northern ]. This tribal name, of unknown etymology, was extended in late ] and the early ] to cover all Basque-speaking people on either side of the Pyrenees.

	The ] is spoken by about 1,000,000 people along the ]. It is an ], which means that it is different to any other known language, and it has been spoken by the inhabitants of the region for thousands of years.

	====Castilians====
	{{main\|Castile (historical region)\|Castilian people\|Castilian language}}

	] is a ] of ] that comprises the territories of the former ] (the conjunction of the ] and the ]) at the north, and the new territories that were conquered to the ] during the ] at the south. Castile's name means land or region of ]s, in reference to the castles built in the area to consolidate the ] from the ].

	In the definition of the ], the ] of ], ] and ], which correspond to the former ], may or may not be included (see ] below).

	The ] are the inhabitants of the ]. Through the ], they spreaded outside ] all over the ], especially in the southern ] of ], ], ] and the ]. After this, since the ], through the ], they also spreaded over the ], bringing with them not only their ] but also their ], ] and ].

	The ] is the native language of the ]. It originated in the ], in northern Spain, during the ] and ]. After the ], the ] was brought to the south and almost entirely replaced the languages that were spoken in the ], such as the ] and the ]. However, in this process the ] also acquired strong influences from these languages that gradually absorved.
	During the ], the ] was the dominant language in ], and therefore was the language that was transmitted to the ] by the ]. Due to this gradual process, the ] was created, and nowadays the ] is spoken by about 44,000,000 people in ] and 412,000,000 people in the rest of the ]<ref>Numbers according to the ] article for the ]: </ref>.

	=====The case of León=====
	{{main\|Leonese language}}
	In the western part of what today is the ] of ] (the ] of ], ] and ]), which corresponds to the historical land of the former ], there are still some people who refuse the annexation of the ] with the ], and defend the separation of both ]s.

	====Catalans====
	{{main\|Principality of Catalonia\|Land of Valencia\|Balearic Islands\|L'Alguer\|Catalan people\|Catalan language}}

	The ] of the ] is ], or the ] (]: ''Catalunya'', or ''Principat de Catalunya''), which is a ] in southern ], embracing a territory situated in the north-east of ] and an adjoining portion of southern ]. It is divided between the ] of ] and ] (in an ] called ]) in ], and the ] in ] (due to the ] of ]). In addition, there are other adjacent and nearby ] areas which are home to the ]. These areas include: ], a small historical country in the ], the ] and the ] in ] as a result of the ] and the ] of ] in the ] ] of ] due to the ] rule of the ] during the ages of the ]. All these territories make up what is known as the ].

	The Catalans are an ] or ] native from the former ], but that are now extended among all the ]. An important part of the ] from ] refuse to be identified as Hispanic, mainly because they have ] as ] instead of ], and as explained ], the modern definition of Hispanic has historically excluded those ] who did not have ] as ]. However, like the rest of the country, they have also played a crucial role in the development of the ].

	The ] is a ], the ] of ], and a ] in the ] of ], the ] (under the name of '''Valencian''') and the ] in ], and in the ] of ] in the ] ] of ]. It is also spoken, although with no official recognition, in the ] of ] (in ]) and ] (in ]) in ], and in the ], a ] in the southern ], which is more or less equivalent to the ] of the ]. It is spoken by about 10 million people across the ].

	=====The case of the Val d'Aran=====
	{{main\|Aranese language}}

	The Valley of Aran (]: ''Val d'Aran'', ]: ''Vall d'Aran'') is a small ] (620.47 ]) in the northwestern part of ]. It is the source of the ], and one of the highest valleys of the ]. Most of the valley constitutes the only ] on the north face of the ], hence the only part of ] whose waters drain into the ]. The region is characterized by an Atlantic climate, due to its peculiar orientation, which is different from other valleys in the area.

	The Valley of Aran has 7,130 inhabitants (as of ]), which constitute a separate group from the ]. About 5,000 of them speak the ] (''aranés'' in ]/]/]), a variety of the Pyrenean Gascon (a dialect of the ]). The ] is one of the three ] of the Valley of Aran, along with the ] and the ].

	====Galicians====
	{{main\|Galiza\|Galician people\|Galician language\|Eonavian}}

	The ] are an ] or ] living in the ] of the ]. The language of the region is the ], as well as the ] in the border region with ].

	==The Hispanics from outside Hispania==
	===Hispanics in the Philippines===
	{{main\|History of the Philippines (1521-1898)\|Hispanic cultural legacy in the Philippines\|Filipinos of Spanish descent}}
	]ans first arrived in the ] with the ] expedition around the world led by ] explorer ] in ] ] (], ] in real date; ] did not realize that they had crossed the ]). ] landed on the island of ], claiming the lands for Spain and naming them ''Islas de San Lázaro''<ref name="lac47">{{cite book\|last=Lacsamana\|first=Leodivico Cruz\|title=Philippines History and Government, Second Edition\|year=1990\|publisher=Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.\|pages=p. 47}}</ref>. Over the next several decades, other Spanish expeditions were dispatched to the islands. In 1543, ] led an expedition to the islands and gave the name ''Las Islas Felipinas'' (after ]) to the islands of ] and ].<ref>Lacsamana, Philippine History and Government, p. 52</ref> The name would later be given to the entire archipelago.
	During the following five centuries, until ] lost them to the ] in the ] in ], the ] remained as a part of the ]. Consequently, the aboriginal ] and ] received a great influence from ] and from other parts of the ], mainly ]. Although the ] was not adopted as the ] by the majority of the population, there was an important group of the population (though insignificant in number), composed mainly of ] and ], who did speak it and who ruled the islands during the ]. Other ], such as the ], were not entirely replaced, but received strong influences from the ]. New languages also originated, such as the ], a ], or the ], a ] of the ] that serves as the ] in the country (note that if the ] had not conquered the islands and unified them under the same government, nowadays probably we could not be speaking of the ] as a single unity).

	===Hispanics in the United States===
	{{main\|Hispanics in the United States}}
	====Usage of the term in the United States====
	=====Ethnicity=====
	In the ], ''Hispanic'' is one of several terms of ] employed to categorize any person, of any racial background, of any country and of any religion who has at least one ancestor from the people of ] or ], whether or not the person has Spanish ancestry. The term was first adopted in the United States by the administration of ]<ref>{{cite web
	\| url = http://www.pbs.org/newshour/essays/june97/rodriguez_6-18.html
	\| title = A Cultural Identity
	\| date= 1997-06-18
	\| accessdate = 2006-12-27
	}}</ref> and used in the 1980 Census<ref name="historical census">
	{{cite web
	\| url = http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056.html
	\| title = Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States
	\| author = Gibson, Campbell
	\| coauthor = Jung, Kay
	\| accessdate = 2006-12-07
	\| year = 2002
	\| month = 09
	\| work = Working Paper Series No. 56
	}}</ref> The term has continued to be used in the Census and since been used in local and federal employment, ], and business market research.

	The ethnic label ''Hispanic'' was the result of efforts by a Hispanic New Mexican senator, Montoya, who wanted a label that could be used to quantify the Spanish-speaking population for the US Census. The label ''Hispanic'' was chosen in part because in New Mexico, well-to-do people of Spanish descent such as Montoya referred to themselves as ''Hispanos'', and the transliteration of Hispano is Hispanic.{{fact \| date = Mar 2007}}

	The Hispanic population consists of the people of Spain and everyone with origins in any of ], regardless of ancestry of the latter (including Amerindians).

	Previously Hispanics were commonly referred to as "Spanish-Americans", "Spanish-speaking Americans", and "Spanish-surnamed Americans". These terms, however, proved even more misleading or inaccurate since:
	* Most U.S. Hispanics were not born in Spain, nor were most born to recent Spanish nationals;
	* Although most U.S. Hispanics speak Spanish, not all do, and though most Spanish-speaking people are Hispanic, not all are (e.g., many U.S. Hispanics by the fourth generation no longer speak Spanish, while there are some non-Hispanics of the ] that may be fluent in the language), and;
	* Although most Hispanics have a ], not all do, and while most Spanish-surnamed people are Hispanic, not all are (e.g., there are tens of millions of ], but very few, ], would qualify as Hispanic by ancestry. In addition, there are also many ]anians, ], and ] with Spanish surnames in US.).
	* A number of ] and ] people have Spanish ancestry, and Hispanic surnames, yet they may identify more strongly with the traditional Francophone cultures of the region.
	* Many Catalans and Basques refuse to identify themselves as Hispanic in the US census, especially those who have ] and ] as mother tongues.
	* The term ''Spanish'' to denote a person from or of descent from a Latin American country is incorrect, as ''Spanish'' means a person who is from Spain.

	The term "Spanish American" is still currently in use by many of those who, while not of recent descent from a Spanish national, have continued to practice and view Spanish culture and identity as dominant in their lives. In this usage it emphasizes ancestral history and identity, and is not meant to indicate citizenship of the 'old country'.

	Non-Hispanics may use the word ''Spanish'' when refering to the Hispanic population.{{fact \| date = Mar 2007}}

	=====Rejection of the term=====
	{{unreferenced \| date = Mar 2007}}

	Some people consider ''Hispanic'' to be too general as a label, while others consider it offensive, often preferring to use the term ''Latino'', which is viewed as a self-chosen label.{{fact \| date = Mar 2007}} The preference of ''Latino'' over ''Hispanic'' is partly because it more clearly indicates that those it is referring to are the people from Latin America (including Brazil) and not Spain.

	Whereas ''Hispanic'' is more prevalent in New Mexico and ], ''Latino'' is most preferred in ] and ]. The term '']'' is used by those who are proud of their personal association and their participation in the agricultural movement of the 1960s. Usually younger Hispanics will not refer to themselves as such, however.{{fact\| date = Mar 2007}}

	The majority of Hispanic Americans do not identify as ''Hispanic'' or ''Latino'', but instead with their national origin, e.g. Mexican-American.{{fact \| date == Mar 2007}}.

	''Hispanic'' has become more and more of a "racial term", and many people are vehemently against a racial classification, including ] and ], who identify themselves as a part of the ]. Since Hispanic can include people who are ], ], and ], many critics cite that Hispanic cannot be a race. Mexican Americans had once been only classfied as ], until ] was seen as a an alternative motive, and ''Hispanic'' was eventually coined.

	====Demographics====
	{{Infobox ethnic group		{{Infobox ethnic group
	\| group = ~~Hispanic~~ ~~Americans~~		\| group = Hispanics
			\| native_name = {{langx\|es\| Hispanos}}
	\| poptime = '''41.3 million'''<br>14.2% of the U.S. population
			\| regions = ]{{·}}]{{·}}]{{·}}]
	\| popplace = ], ], ], ]''
	\| ~~langs~~ = ], ]		\| languages = Predominantly ]
			\| religions = Predominantly ]
	\| rels = ], ]
	\| related = ], ]
	}}		}}
			The term '''Hispanic''' ({{langx\|es\|hispano}}) refers to people, ], or countries related to ], the ], or {{lang\|es\|]}} broadly.<ref>{{Cite web \|last1=Lopez \|first1=Mark Hugo \|last2=Krogstad \|first2=Jens Manuel \|last3=Passel \|first3=Jeffrey S. \|title=Who is Hispanic? \|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2022/09/15/who-is-hispanic/ \|access-date=2023-01-05 \|website=Pew Research Center \|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Hispanidad \|url=https://www.filosofia.org/ave/002/b033.htm \|access-date=2023-01-05 \|website=www.filosofia.org}}</ref> In some contexts, ], "Hispanic" is used as an ] or ] term.<ref>{{Cite web \|last1=Lopez \|first1=Mark Hugo \|last2=Krogstad \|first2=Jens Manuel \|last3=Passel \|first3=Jeffrey S. \|title=Who is Hispanic? \|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/09/05/who-is-hispanic/ \|access-date=2023-10-15 \|website=Pew Research Center \|language=en-US \|quote=In the eyes of the Census Bureau, Hispanics can be of any race, because “Hispanic” is an ethnicity and not a race.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Davis \|first=Mike \|date=1999-04-01 \|title=Magical Urbanism: Latinos Reinvent the US Big City \|url=https://newleftreview.org/issues/i234/articles/mike-davis-magical-urbanism-latinos-reinvent-the-us-big-city \|journal=New Left Review \|issue=I/234 \|pages=3–43 \|quote=... ‘Hispanic,’ with its emphasis on Spanish-language heritage as the foundation of meta-ethnicity...}}</ref>
	])]]
	Hispanics constitute the largest minority group, by place of origin, in the United States. Blacks/African Americans are the nation's largest minority by race, as Hispanic is not a race: a Hispanic person may be of any race (white, black, Asian, ], mixed). As of ], ], Hispanics accounted for 14.1% of the population, around 41.3 million people. The Hispanic growth rate over the ], ] to ], ] period was 3.6% - higher than any other ethnic group in the United States, and in fact more than three times the rate of the nation's total population (at 1.0%). The projected Hispanic population of the United States for ], ], is of 102.6 million people. According to this projection, Hispanics will constitute 24% of the nation’s total population on that date.<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/population/001720.html \| title = Census Bureau Projects Tripling of Hispanic and Asian Populations in 50 Years; Non-Hispanic Whites May Drop To Half of Total Population }}</ref> These projections, however, are based on the problematic assumption that the children of the people who identify today as Latino or Hispanic will necessarily identify as Latino or Hispanic fifty years from now. Given that Hispanic is an ethnic identifier in the US Census, there is reason to believe that it will decrease in popularity as some Hispanics assimilate and become unhyphenated Americans.

			The term commonly applies to ] and Spanish-speaking (]) populations and countries in ] (the continent) and ] (] and the ] of ]), which were formerly part of the ] due to colonization mainly between the 16th and 20th centuries. The cultures of Hispanophone countries outside Spain have been influenced as well by the local ] or other foreign influences.
	Of the nation's total Hispanic population, 49% lives in ] or ]. Not counting ] — which is a territorial possession of the United States — ] is the state with the highest proportion of Hispanics, where 43% is of Hispanic origin. The proportion of Hispanics in the states of California and Texas exceeds 35% each.

			There was also Spanish influence in the former ], including the ], ], and other nations. However, Spanish is not a predominant language in these regions and, as a result, their inhabitants are not usually considered Hispanic.
	The Hispanic population of ], California - numbering over 4.6 million - is the largest of any county in the nation. <ref>{{cite web \| url = http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/facts_for_features_special_editions/005338.html \| title = Hispanic Heritage Month 2005: September 15-October 15 \| accessdate = 2006-12-27}}</ref> Meanwhile, for the ] to ] period, ] had the fastest growth rate in Hispanic population of any other county in the United States. <ref>{{cite web \| url = http://www.news-press.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060309/NEWS01/603090396/1075 \| title = (broken link)}}</ref>

			Hispanic culture is a set of customs, traditions, beliefs, and art forms in music, literature, dress, architecture, cuisine, and other cultural fields that are generally shared by peoples in Hispanic regions, but which can vary considerably from one country or territory to another. The ] is the main cultural element shared by Hispanic peoples.<ref name="Federal Highway Administration"/><ref name="SBA 8005"/>
	Some 64% of the nation's Hispanic population are of Mexican or ] ancestry. Another approximately 10% are of Puerto Rican background, with about 3% each of Cuban, Salvadoran and Dominican origins. The remainder are of other ]n, South American or other Hispanic or Latino origins.<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DatasetMainPageServlet?_program=ACS&_lang=en&_ts=134300672263 \| title = (non-specific citation)}}</ref>

			==Terminology==
	The overwhelming majority of Hispanics of Mexican ancestry are concentrated in the ]; ], ], ], ] and ]. The majority of the Hispanic population in the ], concentrated in southeastern ], are of ]n origin. The Hispanic population in the ], concentrated in ] and ], is composed mostly of Puerto Ricans, however, the Dominican population has risen considerably in the last decade, especially in proportion to that region's Hispanic population. The remainder of other Hispanics, composed of various ]n and South American origins, may be found throughout the country, though South Americans tend to concentrate on the ] (joining Puerto Ricans, Dominicans, and Cubans) and Central Americans on the ] (joining Mexicans/Mexican Americans).
			The term Hispanic derives from the ] word {{Lang\|la\|Hispanicus}}, the adjectival derivation of ''{{Lang\|la\|Hispania}}'', which means of the ] and possibly ] origin.<ref name=Harper>{{cite web \|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=Hispanic&searchmode=none \|title=Online Etymology Dictionary; Hispanic \|first=Douglas \|last=Harper \|access-date=10 February 2009}} Also: , on the same site.</ref> In English the word is attested from the 16th century (and in the late 19th century in American English).<ref>{{cite book\|last=Herbst \|first=Philip \|title=The Color of Words: An Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Ethnic Bias in the United States\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UiZQH5gHuggC&pg=PA107 \|date=1997 \|publisher=Intercultural Press \|isbn=978-1-877864-97-1 \|page=107 \|access-date=19 January 2016}}</ref>

			The words ''Spain'', ''Spanish'', and ''Spaniard'' are of the same etymology as ''{{Lang\|la\|Hispanus}}'', ultimately.<ref name=Harper/>
	There are few recent immigrants directly from Spain. In the 2000 Census, of the 2.5 million Americans of Spanish ancestry, 299,948 specifically reported their ancestry as ]<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf \| title = Ancestry: 2000}}</ref>, which was a significant decrease from the 1990 Census, where those who reported "Spaniard" numbered 519,136.<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0075/twps0075.pdf \| title = Identification of Hispanic Ethnicity in Census 2000: Analysis of Data Quality for the Question on Hispanic Origin \| format = pdf}}</ref> The Census Bureau attributes the decrease to the trend among increasing numbers of Hispanics of all national groups, including Spaniards, of identifying themselves with general labels such as "Hispanic" rather than a specific national origin.
			] of a young ] man, ].]]
			{{Lang\|la\|Hispanus}} was the Latin name given to a person from Hispania during ]. The ancient Roman ], which roughly comprised what is currently called the ], included the contemporary states of ], ], parts of ], ], and the ] of ].<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HdPYaA4nG8QC&pg=PA266\|title=Tingitana en la antigüedad tardía, siglos III-VII: autoctonía y romanidad en el extremo occidente mediterráneo\|last=Vega\|first=Noé Villaverde\|publisher=]\|year=2001\|isbn=978-84-89512-94-8\|page=266\|language=es\|trans-title=Tingitana in late antiquity, the III-VII centuries: the autochthonous and Roman world in the west end of the Mediterranean. Which answers the million dollar question. Portuguese people are considered to be Hispanic because of the origin of the familial background.\|access-date=19 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|url=https://archive.org/details/lateantiquitygui00bowe\|url-access=registration\|title=Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World\|last1=Bowersock\|first1=Glen Warren\|last2=Brown\|first2=Peter\|last3=Grabar\|first3=Oleg\|date=1999\|publisher=Harvard University Press\|isbn=978-0-674-51173-6\|page=\|access-date=19 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=12w3qo2hkq4C&pg=PA231\|title=Al-Andalus, Sepharad and Medieval Iberia: Cultural Contact and Diffusion\|last=Corfis\|first=Ivy A.\|date=2009\|publisher=BRILL\|isbn=978-90-04-17919-6\|page=231\|access-date=19 January 2016}}</ref> In English, the term ''Hispano-Roman'' is sometimes used.<ref name=Pohl>{{cite book\|last1=Pohl \|first1=Walter \|last2=Reimitz \|first2=Helmut \|title=Strategies of Distinction: The Construction of the Ethnic Communities, 300-800 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAZ1WNWSockC&q=Hispano-Romans&pg=PA117 \|date=1998 \|publisher=BRILL \|isbn=90-04-10846-7 \|page=117 \|access-date=19 January 2016}}</ref> The Hispano-Romans were composed of people from many different ], in addition to colonists from ].<ref>{{cite book\|last=Curchin \|first=Leonard A. \|title=The Romanization of Central Spain: Complexity, Diversity and Change in a Provincial Hinterland \|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1134451121 \|date=2004 \|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=1134451121 \|page=125}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://arkeotavira.com/Mapas/Iberia/Populi.pdf \|title=Pre-Roman Peoples and Languages of Iberia: An ethnological map of the Iberian Peninsula after the 2nd Punic War \|work=Campo Arqueológico de Tavira \|year=2011 \|access-date=19 January 2016 \|archive-date=22 January 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122004706/http://www.arkeotavira.com/Mapas/Iberia/Populi.pdf \|url-status=dead }}</ref> Some famous {{Lang\|la\|Hispani}} (plural of ''{{Lang\|la\|Hispanus}}'') and {{Lang\|la\|Hispaniensis}} were the emperors ], ], ], ] and ], the poets ], ] and ], the philosophers ] and ], and the usurper ]. A number of these men, such as Trajan, Hadrian and others, were in fact descended from Roman colonial families.<ref>{{cite book\|last=Dunstan \|first=William E. \|title=Ancient Rome \|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0742568342 \|date=2010 \|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishing, Inc. \|isbn=978-0742568341 \|page=312}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|last=Merivale \|first=Charles \|title=A General History of Rome \|url=https://archive.org/details/ageneralhistory06merigoog \|date=1875 \|publisher=D. Appleton and Co. \|page=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|last=Grainger \|first=John D. \|title=Nerva and the Roman Succession Crisis of AD 96-99 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0415349583 \|date=2004 \|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=0415349583 \|page=73}}</ref>

			Here follows a comparison of several terms related to ''Hispanic'':
	Several long-established Hispanic communities within the present-day territory of the United States do clearly fall within a traditional national origin category. One example is the ] population of northern New Mexico and southern ]. These peoples trace their ancestry to Spanish settlers who arrived in the region during the late ] through the ]. In addition, several ]s descend from ] and criollos of ]. People from these backgrounds often self-identify as "Hispano," "Spanish," or "Hispanic;" but generally not as "Mexican" or "Mexican-American." Likewise, southern Louisiana is home to communities of people of ] descent, known as ], in addition to other people of Spanish creole ancestry.
			* ''Hispania'' was the name of the ]/Iberia from the 3rd century BC to the 8th AD, both as a ] province and immediately thereafter as a ], 5th–8th century.
			* ''Hispano-Roman'' is used to refer to the culture and people of Hispania, both during the Roman period and subsequent Visigothic period.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia \|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/266981/Hispano-Roman \|title=Hispano-Roman \|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica \|access-date=19 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|last=Boyle \|first=Leonard E. \|title=Medieval Latin Palaeography: A Bibliographical Introduction \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1VCi0V2oBSkC&q=culture+Hispano-Roman&pg=PA115 \|date=1984 \|publisher=University of Toronto Press \|isbn=978-0-8020-6558-2 \|page=115 \|access-date=19 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="Merriam Webster Online">{{cite web \|url=http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/Hispanic \|title=Hispanic \|work=Merriam Webster Online \|access-date=19 January 2016}}</ref>
			* ''Hispanic'' is used to refer to modern Spain, to the Spanish language, and to the Spanish-speaking nations of the world, particularly the ].<ref name="Merriam Webster Online" /><ref>{{cite web \|url= http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/hispanic \|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120709050755/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Hispanic \|url-status= dead \|archive-date= 9 July 2012 \|title=Definition of Hispanic in English \|work=Oxford Dictionary \|access-date=19 January 2016}}</ref>
			* ''Spanish'' is used to refer to the people, nationality, culture, language and other things of Spain.
			* ''Spaniard'' is used to refer to the people of Spain.

			''Hispania'' was divided into two provinces: ] and ]. In 27 BC, Hispania Ulterior was divided into two new provinces, ] and ], while Hispania Citerior was renamed ]. This division of Hispania explains the usage of the singular and plural forms (Spain, and The Spains) used to refer to the peninsula and its kingdoms in the Middle Ages.<ref>{{cite book\|last=O'Callaghan \|first=Joseph F. \|title=A History of Medieval Spain \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yA3p6v3UxyIC&pg=PA24 \|date=31 August 1983 \|publisher=Cornell University Press \|isbn=0-8014-9264-5 \|page=24 \|access-date=19 January 2016}}</ref>
	====History====
	{{main\|History of Hispanic people in the United States}}
	A continuous Hispanic presence in the territory of the United States has existed since the 16th century, earlier than any other group after the ]. Spaniards pioneered the present-day United States. The first confirmed European landing in the continental US was by ], who landed in 1513 at a lush shore he christened '']''. Within three decades of Ponce de León's landing, the Spanish became the first Europeans to reach the ], the ], the ] and the ]. Spanish ships sailed along the ], penetrating to present-day ], and up the ] as far as ]. From 1528 to 1536, four castaways from a Spanish expedition, including a "black ]", journeyed all the way from Florida to the ], 267 years before the ].

			Before the marriage of Queen ] and King ] in 1469, the four Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula—the Kingdom of ], the ], the ], and the ]—were collectively called The Spains. This revival of the old Roman concept in the ] appears to have originated in ], and was first documented at the end of the 11th century. In the ], the four kingdoms shared one vote.
	[[Image:Spanish Empire.png\|thumb\|450px\|An anachronous map showing areas of the United States and other territories pertaining to the Hispanic world over a period exceeding 400 years. For detailed key click on map.
	{{ legend \|#f00\| The Spanish colonial empire at its territorial height in 1790. }}
	{{ legend \|#f07\| ] (explored/claimed but never controlled or '']'') or short-lived / disputed ]. }}
	{{ legend \|#660066\| ] ] under the ], ]–]. }}
	{{ legend \|#f0f\| Territories lost at, or prior to, the ] ].}}
	{{ legend \|#734A12\| ] and ], ]–].}} ]]

			The terms ''Spain'' and ''the Spains'' were not interchangeable.<ref>{{cite book\|last=Rowe \|first=Erin Kathleen \|title=Saint and Nation: Santiago, Teresa of Avila, and Plural Identities in Early Modern Spain \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rDlqrxan22AC&pg=PA10 \|access-date=19 January 2016\|date=1 January 2011 \|publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press \|isbn=978-0-271-03773-8 \|page=10}}</ref> Spain was a ], home to several kingdoms (Christian and Muslim), with separate governments, laws, languages, religions, and customs, and was the historical remnant of the Hispano-Gothic unity.<ref>{{cite book\|last=Ruiz \|first=Teofilo F. \|title=Spain's Centuries of Crisis: 1300 - 1474 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DteXifpgh_UC&pg=PA1 \|access-date=19 January 2016\|date=15 April 2008 \|publisher=Wiley \|isbn=978-0-470-76644-6 \|page=1 }}</ref> Spain was not a political entity until much later, and when referring to the Middle Ages, one should not be confounded with the nation-state of today.<ref>{{cite book\|last=Baruque \|first=Julio Valdeón \|title=Las Raices Medievales de España \|trans-title=The medieval roots of Spain \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3WoApUAccnoC&pg=PA55 \|access-date=19 January 2016\|date=2002 \|publisher=Real Academia de la Historia \|language=es \|isbn=978-84-95983-95-4 \|page=55}}</ref> The term ''The Spains'' referred specifically to a collective of juridico-political units, first the Christian kingdoms, and then the different kingdoms ruled by the same king. Illustrative of this fact is the historical ecclesiastical title of ], traditionally claimed by the ], a Portuguese prelate.
	In 1540 ] undertook an extensive exploration of the present US, and in the same year ] led 2,000 Spaniards and Mexican Indians across today's ]-] border and traveled as far as central ], close to the exact geographic center of what is now the continental United States. Other Spanish explorers of the US make up a long list that includes, among others: ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. In all, Spaniards probed half of today's lower 48 states before the first English colonization attempt at ] in 1585.

			With the '']'', ] started to organize the fusion of his kingdoms that until then were ruled as distinct and independent, but this unification process lacked a formal and juridic proclamation.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Fernández \|first1=Luis Suárez \|last2=Baratech \|first2=Carlos E. Corona \|last3=Vicente \|first3=José Antonio Armillas \|title=Historia general de España y América \|trans-title=General History of Spain and America \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wLNVAv7N-_YC&pg=PA87 \|access-date=19 January 2016 \|date=1984 \|publisher=Ediciones Rialp \|isbn=978-84-321-2106-7 \|page=87 \|language=es }}{{Dead link\|date=February 2023 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|last=María \|first=María Paz Andrés Sáenz de Santa \|title=Homenaje a la Constitución Española: XXV aniversario \|trans-title=Tribute to the Spanish Constitution: XXV anniversary \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f1Syv68oJnsC&pg=PA123 \|access-date=19 January 2016\|date=1 January 2005 \|publisher=Universidad de Oviedo \|language=es \|isbn=978-84-8317-473-9 \|page=123}}</ref>
	The Spanish created the first permanent European settlement in the continental United States, at ], in 1565. ] also predates ] (founded in 1607) and ] (of '']'' and ] fame, founded in 1620). Later came Spanish settlements in ], ], ], ] and ], to name just a few. The Spanish even established a ] mission in ]'s ] 37 years before the founding of Jamestown.

			Although colloquially and literally the expression "King of Spain" or "King of the Spains" was already widespread,<ref>{{cite book\|last=Alcalá-Zamora \|first=José N. \|title=Felipe IV: el hombre y el reinado \|trans-title=Felipe IV: The Man and the Reign \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4aYgR5YFEtAC&pg=PA137 \|access-date=19 January 2016\|date=2005 \|publisher=CEEH \|language=es \|isbn=978-84-934643-0-1 \|page=137}}</ref> it did not refer to a unified nation-state. It was only in ] that was adopted the name ''Españas'' (Spains) for the Spanish nation and the use of the title of "king of the Spains".<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://bib.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/c1812/12260843118006070754624/ima0138.htm \|title=Constitucion politica de la Monarquia Española : Promulgada en Cadiz á 19 de Marzo de 1812 \|trans-title=Constitution of the Spanish Monarchy: Promulgated in Cadiz on 19 March 1812 \|work=Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes \|access-date=19 January 2016 \|language=es}}</ref> ] adopts for the first time the name "Spain" for the Spanish nation and from then on the kings would use the title of "king of Spain".<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Ruiz \|first1=Joaquín del Moral \|last2=Ruiz \|first2=Juan Pro \|last3=Bilbao \|first3=Fernando Suárez \|title=Estado y territorio en España, 1820–1930: la formación del paisaje nacional \|trans-title=State and Territory in Spain, 1820–1930: The formation of the national landscape \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RaC85UYvbtIC \|access-date=19 January 2016 \|date=2007 \|publisher=Los Libros de la Catarata \|language=es \|isbn=978-84-8319-335-8 }}{{Dead link\|date=February 2023 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
	Two iconic American stories have Spanish antecedents, too. Almost 80 years before ]'s alleged rescue by ], a man by the name of ] told of his remarkably similar rescue from execution by an Indian girl. Spaniards also held a ] — 56 years before the famous Pilgrims ] — when they feasted near St. Augustine with Florida Indians, probably on stewed pork and garbanzo beans. As late as 1783, at the end of the ], Spain held claim to roughly half of today's continental United States; in 1775, Spanish ships even reached ]. From 1819 to 1848, the United States and its army increased the nation's area by roughly a third at Spanish and Mexican expense, including three of today's four most populous states: ], ] and ]. Hispanics became the first American citizens in the newly acquired ] territory and remained a majority in several states until the 20th century. (See also ].)
			]. As a result of the significant mixing of populations during this time, the term "Hispanic" is often considered independent of racial background.]]
			The expansion of the ] between 1492 and 1898 brought thousands of Spanish migrants to the conquered lands, who established settlements, mainly in the Americas, but also in other distant parts of the world (as in the Philippines, the lone Spanish territory in Asia), producing a number of multiracial populations. Today, the varied populations of these places, including those with Spanish ancestry, are also designated as Hispanic.

			===Definitions in ancient Rome===<!--NEEDS WORK-->
	Hispanic soldiers have fought in all the ], and have earned the highest distinction of any US ethnic group.(, , , , ])
			The Latin gentile adjectives that belong to Hispania are ''Hispanus, Hispanicus,'' and ''Hispaniensis.'' A Hispanus is someone who is a native of Hispania with no foreign parents, while children born in Hispania of Roman parents were ''Hispanienses''. ''Hispaniensis'' means 'connected in some way to Hispania', as in "Exercitus Hispaniensis" ('the Spanish army') or "mercatores Hispanienses" ('Spanish merchants'). ''Hispanicus'' implies 'of' or 'belonging to' Hispania or the Hispanus or of their fashion as in "gladius Hispanicus".<ref>{{cite book\|title=The Gentleman's Magazine, and Historical Chronicle \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XaFJAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA326 \|access-date=19 January 2016 \|date=1820 \|publisher=E. Cave \|page=326}}</ref> The gentile adjectives were not ethnolinguistic but derived primarily on a geographic basis, from the toponym Hispania as the people of Hispania spoke different languages, although Titus Livius (]) said they could all understand each other, not making clear if they spoke dialects of the same language or were polyglots.<ref>{{cite web \|url= http://xtf.lib.virginia.edu/xtf/view?docId=legacy/uvaBook/tei/Liv3His.xml;chunk.id=d264;toc.depth=1;toc.id=d231;brand=default \|author=Titus Livius \|title=The History of Rome, Vol. III 25.33 \|work=University of Virginia Library \|access-date=19 January 2016\|author-link=Livy }}</ref>
			The first recorded use of an ] derived from the toponym Hispania is attested in one of the five fragments, of ] in 236 BC who wrote "Hispane, non Romane memoretis loqui me" ("Remember that I speak like a Hispanic not a Roman") as having been said by a native of Hispania.<ref>{{cite journal \|url=https://uib-es.academia.edu/EnriqueGarc%C3%ADaRiaza/Papers/1229269/GARCIA_RIAZA_E._Lengua_y_poder._Notas_sobre_los_origenes_de_la_latinizacion_de_las_elites_celtibericas_182-133_aC_Palaeohispanica_5-2005_637-655 \|title=Lengua y poder. Notas sobre los orígenes de la latinización de las élites celtibéricas (182–133 aC) \|trans-title=Language and power: Notes on the origins of colonization of the Celtic elites (182–133 BC) \|journal=Palaeohispanica \|issue=5 \|year=2005 \|pages=637–655 \|first=Enrique \|last=García Riaza \|access-date=19 January 2016 \|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|title=España Y Los Españoles \|trans-title=Spain and the Spanish \|first=Rubén \|last=Caba \|journal=Arbor \|volume=187 \|issue=September=October 2011 \|pages=977–982 \|issn=0210-1963 \|language=es\|doi=10.3989/arbor.2011.751n5013 \|year=2011 \|doi-access=free }}</ref>

			===Definitions in Portugal, Spain, the rest of Europe===
	====Political trends====
			In Portugal, Hispanic refers to something historical related to ancient Hispania (especially the terms Hispano-Roman and Hispania) or the Spanish language and cultures shared by all the Spanish-speaking countries.<ref>{{cite web \|url= https://dicionario.priberam.org/hisp%c3%a2nico \|title=Significado / definição de hispânico \|work=Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa \|language=pt \|access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref> Although sharing the etymology for the word (pt: ''{{Lang\|pt\|hispânico}}'', es: ''{{Lang\|es\|hispánico}}''), the definition for Hispanic is different between Portugal and Spain.
	{{Unreferenced\|date=December 2006}}
			The ] (Spanish: Real Academia Española, RAE), the official royal institution responsible for regulating the Spanish language defines the terms "''{{Lang\|es\|hispano}}''" and "''{{Lang\|es\|hispánico}}''" (which in Spain have slightly different meanings) as:<ref>{{cite web \|url= http://dle.rae.es/?id=KW1s7dJ \|title=hispano. \|work=Diccionario de la lengua española \|publisher=Real Academia Española \|access-date=9 November 2016 \|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url= http://dle.rae.es/?id=KVkY2zv \|title=hispánico. \|work=Diccionario de la lengua española \|publisher=Real Academia Española \|access-date=9 November 2016 \|language=es}}</ref>
	{{main\|Hispanic and Latino politics in the United States}}
	]
	Hispanics differ on their political views. For example, many Cubans and Colombians tend to favor conservative political ideologies and support the ], while Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and Dominicans lean more towards the ]; however, because the latter groups are far more numerous (Mexicans alone are nearly 60% of Hispanics), the Democratic Party is considered to be in a far stronger position among Hispanics overall.

			''Hispano'':
	In the past two national election cycles the Presidency of ] has had a significant impact on the political leanings of Hispanic Americans. As a former Governor of ], President Bush has regarded the growing Hispanic community as a potential source of growth for the conservative and/or Republican movement--particularly because of the ] and more conservative social values that many Hispanic Americans share with the conservative element of the American political system. The U.S. Census indicates that the Hispanic population of the United States is the fastest growing minority in the country, and will hold considerable political clout within the next 50 years.{{Fact\|date=February 2007}}
			* 1. A native of ''Hispania''
			* 2. Belonging or relating to ''Hispania''
			* 3. Spanish, as applied to a person
			* 4. Of or pertaining to ]
			* 5. Of or pertaining to the population of Hispanic American origin who live in the United States of America
			* 6. A person of this origin who lives in the United States of America

			''Hispánico''
	Bush has made some gains for the Republican Party among Hispanics. For example, in the ], 72% of Hispanics backed ], but in 2000, that Democratic total fell to 62%, and down further to 58% in 2004, with Democrat ] winning Hispanics 58-40 over Bush.
			* 1. Belonging or relating to ancient ''Hispania'' or the people inhabiting the region
			* 2. Belonging or relating to Spain and Spanish-speaking countries

			The modern term to identify Portuguese and Spanish territories under a single nomenclature is "Iberian", and the one to refer to cultures derived from both countries in the Americas is "Iberian-American". These designations can be mutually recognized by people in Portugal and ]. "Hispanic" is totally void of any self-identification in Brazil, and quite to the contrary, serves the purpose of marking a clear distinction in relation to neighboring countries' culture. Brazilians may identify as Latin Americans, but refute being considered Hispanics because their language and culture are neither part of the Hispanic cultural sphere, nor Spanish-speaking world.
	It also breaks down by state. Hispanics in the West, especially in California, were much stronger for the Democratic Party than in Texas and Florida. California Latinos voted 63-32 for John Kerry in 2004, and both Arizona and New Mexico Latinos by a smaller 56-43 margin, but Texas Latinos were split nearly evenly, and Florida Latinos (mostly being Cuban American) actually backed President Bush by a 54-45 margin.

			In Spanish, the term "''{{Lang\|es\|hispano}}''", as in "''{{Lang\|es\|hispanoamericano}}''", refers to the people of Spanish origin who live in the Americas and to a relationship to Spain or to the Spanish language. There are people in Hispanic America that are not of Spanish origin, such as Amerindians- the original people of these areas, as well as Africans and people with origins from other parts of Europe.
	In the ], however, due to the heated debate of ] in addition to ] and the general misfortune of the Republican Party, Latinos went as strongly Democratic as they have since the Clinton years. Exit poll showed Latinos voting for Democrats by a lopsided 69-30 margin, with Florida Latinos for the first time split evenly. The runoff election in Texas' 23rd congressional district was seen as a bellwether of Latino politics, and Democrat ]'s unexpected (and unexpectedly decisive) defeat of Republican incumbent ] was seen as proof of a left lurch among Latino voters, as heavily Latino counties overwhelmingly backed Rodriguez, and heavily ] counties overwhelmingly backed Bonilla.

			Like in Portugal, in the rest of Europe (and wider world) the concept of 'Hispanic' refers to historical ancient Hispania (especially the term Hispano-Roman and Hispania during the Roman Empire) or the Spanish language and cultures shared by all the Spanish-speaking countries.<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.larousse.fr/dictionnaires/francais/hispanique/40038 \| title=Définitions : Hispanique - Dictionnaire de français Larousse \|website=Larousse.fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.wissen.de/fremdwort/hispanic \| title=Was bedeutet Hispanic \| Fremdwörter für Hispanic \|website=Wissen.de }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/ispanico/ \| title=Ispànico in Vocabolario \|website=Treccani.it }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://sv.bab.la/lexikon/engelsk-svensk/hispanic\|title=HISPANIC - svensk översättning - bab.la engelskt-svenskt lexikon\|website=Sv.bab.la\|access-date=25 July 2022}}</ref>
	Some political organizations associated with Hispanic Americans are ], the ], the ], and the ].

			===Definitions in the United States===
	====Cultural trends====
			{{See also\|Ethnic groups in the United States\|History of Hispanic and Latino Americans\|Race and ethnicity in the United States Census\|Hispanic and Latino (ethnic categories)}}
	''Main article: ]''
			], 1940 photograph.]]
			Both ''Hispanic'' and '']'' are widely used in American English for Spanish-speaking people and their descendants in the United States. While ''Hispanic'' refers to Spanish speakers overall, '']'' refers specifically to people of ]n descent. ''Hispanic'' can also be used for the people and culture of Spain as well as Latin America.<ref name="English Usage">{{cite book \|title=The American Heritage book of English usage \|date=1996 \|publisher=Houghton Mifflin \|isbn=978-0-395-76786-3 \|pages=198–199 \|url=https://archive.org/details/americanheritage00edi_4cp/page/198 \|url-access=registration \|ol=7467919M}}</ref> While originally the term ''Hispanic'' referred primarily to the ] within the ],<ref name="Cobos-1">Cobos, Rubén (2003) "Introduction", ''A Dictionary of New Mexico & Southern Colorado Spanish'' (2nd ed.); Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico Press; p. ix; {{ISBN\|0-89013-452-9}}</ref> today, organizations in the country use the term as a broad catchall to refer to persons with a historical and cultural relationship with Spain regardless of race and ethnicity.<ref name="Federal Highway Administration">{{cite web \|url=https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/hep/guidance/superseded/49cfr26.cfm \|title=Archived: 49 CFR Part 26 \|work=U.S. Department of Transportation \|access-date=19 January 2016 \|quote= 'Hispanic Americans,' which includes persons of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Dominican, Central or South American, or other Spanish or Portuguese culture or origin, regardless of race;"}}</ref><ref name="SBA 8005">{{cite web \|url=https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/SOP_80_05_3A.pdf \|title=SOP 80 05 3A: Overview of the 8(A) Business Development Program \|work=U.S. Small Business Administration \|date=11 April 2008 \|access-date=19 January 2016 \|quote="SBA has defined 'Hispanic American' as an individual whose ancestry and culture are rooted in South America, Central America, Mexico, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, or the Iberian Peninsula, including Spain and Portugal." \|archive-date=6 October 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006175409/https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/SOP_80_05_3A.pdf \|url-status=dead }}</ref> The United States Census Bureau uses ''Hispanic or Latino'' to refer to ''a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race'' <ref name="census.gov">{{cite web\|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-04.pdf \|title=The Hispanic Population: 2010 \|date=May 2011 \|work=U.S. Census Bureau \|access-date=19 January 2016}}</ref> and states that Hispanics or Latinos can be of any race and any ancestry.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.pewhispanic.org/2009/05/28/whos-hispanic/ \|title=Who's Hispanic? \|first1=Jeffrey S. \|last1=Passel \|first2=Paul \|last2=Taylor \|work=Pew Research Center \|date=28 May 2009 \|access-date=19 January 2016 \|archive-date=4 March 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304101031/http://www.pewhispanic.org/2009/05/28/whos-hispanic/ \|url-status=dead }}</ref>

			Because of the technical distinctions involved in defining "race" vs. "ethnicity", there is confusion among the general population about the designation of Hispanic identity. Currently, the United States Census Bureau defines six race categories:<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-02.pdf \|title=Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin \|work=U.S. Census Bureau \|date=March 2011 \|first1=Karen R. \|last1=Humes \|first2=Nicholas A. \|last2=Jones \|first3=Roberto R. \|last3=Ramirez \|access-date=19 January 2016 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429214029/http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-02.pdf \|archive-date=29 April 2011 }}</ref>
	Popular culture varies widely from one Hispanic community to another, but despite this several features tend to unite Hispanics from diverse backgrounds. Many Hispanics, including U.S.-born second and third generation Mexican-Americans, use the ] frequently and ] to varying degrees. The most usual pattern is monolingual Spanish usage among new migrants or older foreign born Hispanics (65% are Mexican), complete bilingualism among long settled immigrants and their children, and the use of ] and/or ] and colloquial Spanish within long established Hispanic communities by the third generation and beyond. In some families the children and grandchildren of immigrants speak mostly English with some Spanish words and phrases thrown in. More than half of U.S. Hispanics are bilingual in English and Spanish. Another one quarter, approximately, speak Spanish only, and the rest (perhaps one in seven Hispanics) speak English only. Overall, about three-fourths of the Hispanic population speaks English, most of them very well.<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/c2kbr-29.pdf \| title = Language Use and English-Speaking Ability: 2000}}</ref> This is especially due to the fact that 60% of Hispanics are US-born.
			* White or Caucasian
			* Black or African American
			* American Indian or Alaska Native
			* Asian
			* Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
			* Some Other Race

			A 1997 notice by the U.S. ] defined ''Hispanic or Latino'' persons as being "persons who trace their origin or descent to Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Central and South America, and other Spanish cultures."<ref name=omb>{{cite web \|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/omb/fedreg_1997standards \|title=Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity \|work=The White House Office of Management and Budget \|date=30 October 1997 \|access-date=29 January 2017}}</ref> The ] uses the ]s ''Hispanic or Latino'' to refer to "a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Hispanic culture or origin regardless of race."<ref name="census.gov"/>
	====Media====
	], the United States' largest Spanish-language television network]]
	The United States is home to thousands of ] media outlets ranging in size from giant commercial broadcasting networks and major Hispanic-oriented ]s with circulations numbering in the millions, to low-power AM radio stations with listeners numbering in the hundreds. There are hundreds of online media outlets targeting US Hispanic audiences, some of which are online versions of their printed counterparts and others online exclusively.

			The ] asked if the person was "Spanish/Hispanic/Latino". The ] uses the ''Hispanic or Latino'' to refer to "a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race."<ref name="census.gov"/> The Census Bureau also explains that "rigin can be viewed as the heritage, nationality group, lineage, or country of birth of the person or the person's ancestors before their arrival in the United States. People who identify their origin as Hispanic, Latino or Spanish may be of any race."<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.census.gov/population/hispanic/ \|title=Hispanic Origin \|work=U.S. Census Bureau \|access-date=19 January 2016 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119231531/http://www.census.gov/population/hispanic/ \|archive-date=19 January 2016 \|df=dmy-all }}</ref>
	In the aspect of ], otherwise known as non-commercial television, there are organizations that advocate a greater degree of programming from a Hispanic-American perspective in public television. The National Hispanic Media Coalition (NHMC) has been a leader since its founding in 1986 in advocating for Latino inclusion in television, radio and film.{{Fact\|date=February 2007}} In 1999, along with a board coalition of national Latino organizations, the NHMC led a "brownout" of the national television networks after discovering that there were no Latinos in any of their new shows that year.{{Fact\|date=February 2007}} This resulted in the signing of historic diversity agreements with ABC, CBS, Fox and NBC that have increased the hiring of Latino talent and other staff in all of the networks since then. Also prominent in this area is ] which funds programs of educational and cultural significance to Hispanic-Americans. These LPB-funded projects are distributed to various public television stations throughout the United States.

			The ] defines ''Hispanic'' as, "persons of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American, or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race."<ref name="Federal Highway Administration"/> This definition has been adopted by the ] as well as by many federal, state, and municipal agencies for the purposes of awarding government contracts to minority owned businesses.<ref name="SBA 8005"/>
	Noteworthy Spanish-language media outlets include:
			The ] and the ] include representatives of Spanish and Portuguese, Puerto Rican and Mexican descent. The ] is dedicated to the study of the arts and cultures of the Hispanic and ].<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.hispanicsociety.org/hispanic/museum.htm \|title=The Museum at the Hispanic Society of America \|work=hispanicsociety.org \|access-date=19 January 2016 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221201551/http://hispanicsociety.org/hispanic/museum.htm \|archive-date=21 December 2015 \|df=dmy-all }}</ref> The ], proclaimed champions of Hispanic success in higher education, is committed to Hispanic educational success in the United States, and the Hispanic and Lusitanic world.
	*] and ], respectively the first and second largest ] in the United States, each with affiliates in nearly every major U.S. market, including numerous affiliates internationally.
	*], a Spanish-language daily newspaper serving the greater ] market.
	*], a Spanish-language entertainment magazine distributed throughout the ].

			The U.S. ] encourages any individual who believes that he or she is Hispanic to self-identify as Hispanic.<ref>{{cite journal \|url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2005-11-28/pdf/05-23359.pdf \|title=Race and Ethnic Categories \|journal=] \|volume=70 \|number=227 \|date=28 November 2005 \|page=71295 \|access-date=19 January 2016}}</ref> The ] – ] encourages the same self-identification. As a result, individuals with origins to part of the ] may self-identify as Hispanic, because an employer may not override an individual's self-identification.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://kb.dol.gov/DOLArticlePage?agency=OFCCP&parentCatValue=Employer&article=ka1i0000000WEpsAAG \|title=May an employer override an individual's self-identification of race, gender or ethnicity based on the employer's visual observation? \|work=United States Department of Labor \|access-date=19 January 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221091531/http://kb.dol.gov/DOLArticlePage?agency=OFCCP&parentCatValue=Employer&article=ka1i0000000WEpsAAG \|archive-date=21 December 2016 \|url-status=dead \|df=dmy-all }}</ref>
	====Related terms to Hispanic used in the United States====

			The ] was the first time that a "Hispanic" identifier was used and data collected with the question. The definition of "Hispanic" has been modified in each successive census.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0075/twps0075.html#f1 \|first1=Arthur R. \|last1=Crese \|first2=Audrey Dianne \|last2=Schmidley \|first3=Roberto R. \|last3=Ramirez \|title=Identification of Hispanic Ethnicity in Census 2000: Analysis of Data Quality for the Question on Hispanic Origin, Population Division Working Paper No. 75 \|work=U.S. Census Bureau \|date=9 July 2008}}</ref>
	In the ], in the common usage, the term Hispanic may be interchangeable or related with the following terms. Note that this does not happen in ] and several other ] countries, which keep the original meaning of Hispanic according to the ].

			In a recent study, most Spanish speakers of Spanish or Hispanic American descent do not prefer the term ''Hispanic'' or ''Latino'' when it comes to describing their identity. Instead, they prefer to be identified by their country of origin. When asked if they have a preference for either being identified as ''Hispanic'' or ''Latino'', the Pew study finds that "half (51%) say they have no preference for either term."<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://washington.cbslocal.com/2012/04/04/study-most-hispanics-prefer-describing-identity-from-familys-country-of-origin/ \|title=Study: Most Hispanics Prefer Describing Identity From Family's Country Of Origin \|work=CBS DC \|access-date=19 January 2016}}</ref> Among those who do express a preference, "'Hispanic' is preferred over 'Latino' by more than a two-to-one margin—33% versus 14%." 21% prefer to be referred to simply as "Americans". A majority (51%) say they most often identify themselves by their family's country of origin, while 24% say they prefer a pan-ethnic label such as Hispanic or Latino.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.pewhispanic.org/2012/04/04/when-labels-dont-fit-hispanics-and-their-views-of-identity/ \|title=When Labels Don't Fit: Hispanics and Their Views of Identity \|date=4 April 2012 \|work=Pew Research Center's Hispanic Trends Project \|access-date=19 January 2016}}</ref>
	{{main\|Chicano}}
	''Chicano'' is a label for the cultural identity used by persons who live in the United States and have a strong sense of Mexican-American ethnic identity and an accompanying political consciousness.

			==Culture==
	{{main\|Latin peoples}}
			The ] is awarded to Hispanic writers, whereas the ] recognizes Hispanic musicians, and the Platino Awards as given to outstanding Hispanic films.
	''Latin'' most properly refers to the ], i.e. ] Europeans, and those tracing most of their ancestry to them.

			===Music===
	{{main\|Latin America}}
	A ~~''Latin~~ ~~American'' is a national~~ of ~~a ]~~ ~~country.~~		{{Main\|Music of Spain\|Music of Latin America\|Latin music (genre)}}

			Folk and popular dance and music also varies greatly among Hispanics. For instance, the music from Spain is a lot different from the ]n, although there is a high grade of exchange between both continents. In addition, due to the high national development of the diverse ], there is a lot of music in the ] (], ] and ], mainly). See, for instance, ] or ], ], and ]. ] is also a very popular music style in Spain, especially in ]. Spanish ballads "romances" can be traced in Argentina as "milongas", same structure but different scenarios.
	{{main\|Latino}}
	The term ''Latino'', as used in ] countries, is applied to persons of ]n descent. Since 2003, the official definition and usage of the term by the ] is strictly as an ethnic identifier, synonymous with the term Hispanic.<ref name = "omb">{{cite web
	\| url = http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/fedreg/1997standards.html
	\| title = Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity
	\| accessdate = 2007-03-18
	\| quote = OMB does not accept the recommendation to retain the single term "Hispanic." Instead, OMB has decided that the term should be "Hispanic or Latino." ... The provisions of these standards are effective immediately for all new and revised record keeping or reporting requirements that include racial and/or ethnic information. All existing record keeping or reporting requirements shall be made consistent with these standards at the time they are submitted for extension, or not later than January 1, 2003.}}
	</ref>

			On the other side of the ocean, Hispanic America is also home to a wide variety of music, even though ''Latin'' music is often erroneously thought of, as a single genre. Hispanic Caribbean music tends to favor complex polyrhythms of African origin. ] shows combined influences of mostly European and Native American origin, while traditional Northern Mexican music—] and ]— ], has influence from polka music brought by ]an settlers to ] which later influenced western music. The music of Hispanic Americans—such as ]—has influences in ], ], ], ], and ] as well as traditional Mexican music such as ]. Meanwhile, native ] sounds and melodies are the backbone of Peruvian and Bolivian music, but also play a significant role in the popular music of most South American countries and are heavily incorporated into the folk music of Ecuador and the tunes of Colombia, and in Chile where they play a fundamental role in the form of the greatly followed ]. In U.S. communities of immigrants from these countries it is common to hear these styles. ], ], ], ], ], ] and ] styles tend to appeal to the broader Hispanic population, and varieties of Cuban music are popular with many Hispanics of all backgrounds.

			===Literature===
			{{Main\|Hispanic literature}}

			], most prestigious literary award in the Spanish language]]
	==Religious diversity==
	With regard to religious affiliation among Hispanics, ] — specifically ] — is usually the first religious tradition that springs to mind. Indeed, the Spaniards took the Roman Catholic faith to Latin America, and Roman Catholicism continues to be the overwhelmingly predominant, but not the only, religious denomination amongst most Hispanics. A small number of Hispanics are also ].

			Spanish-language literature and folklore is very rich and is influenced by a variety of countries. There are thousands of writers from many places, and dating from the Middle Ages to the present. Some of the most recognized writers are:
	There are also Hispanic ]s, of which most are the descendants of ] Jews who migrated from Europe (German Jews, Russian Jews, Polish Jews, etc.) to Latin America, particularly ] (Argentina is host to the largest Jewish population in the Western Hemisphere outside of the United States)<ref name = "making room"/> in the 19th century and during and following ]. Some Hispanic Jews may also originate from the small communities of reconverted descendants of ] — those whose Spanish and Portuguese ] Jewish ancestors long ago hid their Jewish ancestry and beliefs in fear of persecution by the ] and ] in the ] and Latin America. There are also the now Catholic-professing descendants of ]s and the Hispano ] believed to exist in the once Spanish-held ] and scattered through Latin America. Additionally, there are Sephardic Jews who are descendants of those Jews who fled Spain to ], ], and ], some of who have now migrated to Latin America, holding on to some Spanish/Sephardic customs, such as the ] language. (See also ] and ].)

			* Spain: ], ], ], ], ],
	Among the Hispanic Catholics, most communities celebrate their homeland's patron ], dedicating a day for this purpose with festivals and religious services. Some Hispanics syncretize Roman Catholicism and African or Native American rituals and beliefs. Such is the case of ], popular with ]s and which combines old African beliefs in the form of Roman Catholic saints and rituals; or Guadalupism (the devotion towards ]) among Mexican American Roman Catholics. This latter hybridizes Catholic rites for the ] with those venerating the ] goddess ] (earth goddess, mother of the gods and protector of humanity) and has all her attributes also endowed to the Lady of Guadalupe, whose Catholic shrine stands on the same sacred Aztec site that had previously been dedicated to Tonatzín, on the hill of ] in Mexico.
			* Mexico: ], ],
			* Guatemala: ],
			* U.S.: ], ],
			* Cuba: ],
			* Colombia: ], ],
			* Uruguay: ], ],
			* Venezuela: ],
			* Nicaragua: ],
			* Peru: ], ]
			* Argentina: ], ], ], ]
			* Honduras: Roberto Quesada,
			* Chile: ], ],
			* Dominican Republic: ],
			* Equatorial Guinea: ],
			* Costa Rica: ] and
			* Ecuador: ].
			* Philippines: ], ], ]

			===Sports===
	While a tiny minority, there is number of ] in Latin America and the US.
			In the majority of the Hispanic countries, ] is the most popular sport. The men's national teams of Argentina, Uruguay and Spain have won the ] a total six times. The Spanish ] is one of the most popular in the world, known for ] and ]. Meanwhile, the ] is one of the strongest leagues in the Americas.

			However, ] is the most popular sport in some Central American and Caribbean countries (especially Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, and Venezuela), as well as in the diaspora in the United States. Notable Hispanic teams in early baseball are the ], ] and ]. The ] recognizes Hispanic baseball personalities. Nearly 30 percent (22 percent foreign-born Hispanics) of ] players today have Hispanic heritage.
	In the United States some 70% of U.S. Hispanics report themselves Catholic, and 23% Protestant, with 6% having no affiliation.<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://www.pewtrusts.org/pdf/religion_hispanic_churches.pdf \| type = PDF \| title = Hispanic Churches in American Public Life: Summary of Findings \| accessdate = 2006-12-27 \|date= 2003-01 \| author = Espinosa, Gastón \| co-author = Elizondo, Virgilio; Miranda, Jesse}}</ref> A minority among the Roman Catholics, about one in five, are charismatics. Among the Protestant, 85% are "]" and belong to ] or ] churches. Among the smallest groups, less than 1%, are U.S. Hispanic Jews and U.S. Hispanic Muslims. Most U.S. Hispanic Muslims are recent converts. {{Fact\|date=February 2007}}

			Several Hispanic sportspeople have been successful worldwide, such as ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] (association football), ], ], ], ], ], ] and ] (auto racing), ], ], ], ], ], ] (motorcycle racing), ], ], ] (basketball), ], ], ] (boxing), ], ], ], ], ] (cycling), ], ], ], ], ] (golf), ] (field hockey), ], ], ], ], ] (tennis).
	==Music==
	{{main\|Music of Spain\|Latin American music}}
	{{seealso\|Music of Portugal}}
	Folk and popular dance and music also varies greatly among Hispanics. For instance, the music from ] is a lot different from the ]n, although there is a high grade of exchange between both continents. In addition, due to the high national development of the diverse ], there is a lot of music in the ] (] and ], mainly). See, for instance, ] or ].

			Notable Hispanic sports television networks are ], ] and ].
	On the other side, ] is home to a wide variety of music, instead it's usual to speak about "Latin" music as a single genre. Hispanic Caribbean music tends to favor complex polyrhythms of African origin. ] shows combined influences of mostly Spanish and Native American origin, while traditional Northern Mexican music — ] and ] — is more influenced by country-and-western music and the ], brought by ]an settlers to ]. The music of Mexican Americans — such as ] — has influences in ] and ] music in addition to traditional Mexican music. Meanwhile, native ] sounds and melodies are the backbone of Peruvian and Bolivian music, but also play a significant role in the popular music of most South American countries and are heavily incorporated into the folk music of Ecuador and Chile and the tunes of Colombia, and again in Chile where they play a fundamental role in the form of the greatly followed ]. In US communities of immigrants from these countries it is common to hear these styles. ], ], ] and ] styles tend to appeal to the broader Hispanic population, and varieties of Cuban music are popular with many Hispanics of all backgrounds.

	==~~Literature~~==		===Religion===
			The Spanish and the Portuguese took the ] faith to their colonies in the Americas, Africa, and Asia; Catholicism remains the predominant religion amongst most Hispanics.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-christians/\|title=Christians\|website=Pewresearch.org\|date=18 December 2012\|access-date=25 July 2022}}</ref> A small but growing number of Hispanics belong to a ] denomination. Hispanic Christians form the ] in the world, about 18% of the ] are Hispanic (around 430 million).<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Johnson \|first1=Todd M. \|last2=Zurlo \|first2=Gina A. \|last3=Hickman \|first3=Albert W. \|last4=Crossing \|first4=Peter F. \|title=Christianity 2018: More African Christians and Counting Martyrs \|journal=International Bulletin of Mission Research \|date=November 2017 \|volume=42 \|issue=1 \|pages=20–28 \|doi=10.1177/2396939317739833 \|s2cid=165905763 \|access-date=24 September 2019\|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320788300}}</ref>
	{{Expand\|date=March 2007}}

			In the United States, some 65% of Hispanics and Latinos report themselves Catholic and 21% Protestant, with 13% having no affiliation.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.pewtrusts.org/pdf/religion_hispanic_churches.pdf \|title=Hispanic Churches in American Public Life: Summary of Findings \|access-date=27 December 2006 \|date=January 2003 \|last1=Espinosa \|first1=Gastón \|last2=Elizondo \|first2=Virgilio \|last3=Miranda \|first3=Jesse \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061101044854/http://www.pewtrusts.org/pdf/religion_hispanic_churches.pdf \|archive-date=1 November 2006}}</ref> A minority among the Catholics, about one in five, are ]. Among the Protestant, 85% are "]" and belong to ] or ] churches. Among the smallest groups, less than 4%, are Jewish.
	There is a huge variety of literature from US Hispanics and the Hispanic countries. Of the most recognized writers are ], ], and ], ], ] amongst others.

			{\| class="wikitable sortable"
	==Cuisine==
			! width="170 px" style="background:Lavender; color:Black"\| Countries
	"Hispanic cuisine" as the term is applied in the Western Hemisphere, is a misnomer. The vast majority of foods in "Latin America" are of ] origins, and not of ].
			! Population Total
	The cuisine of Spain often mirrors the cuisines of its ] neighbors, and in addition to the abundance of ]s, ], ]es, ] and meats, foreign influences, such as the use of ], were introduced during the ].
			! width="170 px" style="background:Lavender; color:Black" \| Christians %
			! Christian Population
			! width="170 px" style="background:Lavender; color:Black" \| Unaffiliated %
			! Unaffiliated Population
			! width="170 px" style="background:Lavender; color:Black"\| Other religions %
			! Other religions Population
			!Source
			\|-
			\|{{flag\|Argentina}}
			\|43,830,000\|\|85.4%
			\|37,420,000
			\|\|12.1%
			\|5,320,000
			\|\|2.5%
			\|1,090,000
			\|<ref name="auto">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/\|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050\|website=Pewforum.org\|date=2 April 2015\|access-date=2020-10-18\|archive-date=21 December 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/\|url-status=dead}}</ref>
			\|-
			\|{{flag\|Bolivia}}
			\|11,830,000\|\|94.0%
			\|11,120,000
			\|\|4.1%
			\|480,000
			\|\|1.9%
			\|230,000
			\|<ref name="auto"/>
			\|-
			\|{{flag\|Chile}}
			\|18,540,000\|\|88.3%
			\|16,380,000
			\|\|9.7%
			\|1,800,000
			\|\|2.0%
			\|360,000
			\|<ref name="auto"/>
			\|-
			\|{{flag\|Colombia}}
			\|52,160,000\|\|92.3%
			\|48,150,000
			\|\|6.7%
			\|3,510,000
			\|\|1.0%
			\|500,000
			\|<ref name="auto"/>
			\|-
			\|{{flag\|Costa Rica}}
			\|5,270,000
			\|90.8%
			\|4,780,000
			\|8.0%
			\|420,000
			\|1.2%
			\|70,000
			\|<ref name="auto"/>
			\|-
			\|{{flag\|Cuba}}
			\|11,230,000
			\|58.9%
			\|6,610,000
			\|23.2%
			\|2,600,000
			\|17.9%
			\|2,020,000
			\|<ref name="auto"/>
			\|-
			\|{{flag\|Dominican Republic}}
			\|11,280,000
			\|88.0%
			\|9,930,000
			\|10.9%
			\|1,230,000
			\|1.1%
			\|120,000
			\|<ref name="auto"/>
			\|-
			\|{{flag\|Ecuador}}
			\|16,480,000\|\|94.0%
			\|15,490,000
			\|\|5.6%
			\|920,000
			\|\|0.4%
			\|70,000
			\|<ref name="auto"/>
			\|-
			\|{{flag\|El Salvador}}
			\|6,670,000
			\|88.0%
			\|5,870,000
			\|11.2%
			\|740,000
			\|0.8%
			\|60,000
			\|<ref name="auto"/>
			\|-
			\|{{flag\|Equatorial Guinea}}
			\|1,469,000
			\|88.7%
			\|1,303,000
			\|5.0%
			\|73,000
			\|6.3%
			\|93,000
			\|<ref name="auto"/>
			\|-
			\|{{flag\|Guatemala}}
			\|18,210,000
			\|95.3%
			\|17,360,000
			\|3.9%
			\|720,000
			\|0.8%
			\|130,000
			\|<ref name="auto"/>
			\|-
			\|{{flag\|Honduras}}
			\|9,090,000
			\|87.5%
			\|7,950,000
			\|10.5%
			\|950,000
			\|2.0%
			\|190,000
			\|<ref name="auto"/>
			\|-
			\|{{flag\|Mexico}}
			\|126,010,000
			\|94.1%
			\|118,570,000
			\|5.7%
			\|7,240,000
			\|0.2%
			\|200,000
			\|<ref name="auto"/>
			\|-
			\|{{flag\|Nicaragua}}
			\|6,690,000
			\|85.3%
			\|5,710,000
			\|13.0%
			\|870,000
			\|1.7%
			\|110,000
			\|<ref name="auto"/>
			\|-
			\|{{flag\|Panama}}
			\|4,020,000
			\|92.7%
			\|3,720,000
			\|5.0%
			\|200,000
			\|2.3%
			\|100,000
			\|<ref name="auto"/>
			\|-
			\|{{flag\|Paraguay}}
			\|7,630,000\|\|96.9%
			\|7,390,000
			\|\|1.1%
			\|90,000
			\|\|2.0%
			\|150,000
			\|<ref name="auto"/>
			\|-
			\|{{flag\|Peru}}
			\|32,920,000\|\|95.4%
			\|31,420,000
			\|\|3.1%
			\|1,010,000
			\|\|1.5%
			\|490,000
			\|<ref name="auto"/>
			\|-
			\|{{flag\|Philippines}}
			\|118,000,000
			\|84%
			\|85,645,362
			\|0.04043%
			\|43,931
			\|15.3%
			\|18,054,000
			\|<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Religious Affiliation in the Philippines (2020 Census of Population and Housing) {{!}} Philippine Statistics Authority {{!}} Republic of the Philippines \|url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/religious-affiliation-philippines-2020-census-population-and-housing \|access-date=2024-04-09 \|website=psa.gov.ph}}</ref>
			\|-
			\|{{flag\|Puerto Rico}}
			\|3,790,000
			\|90.5%
			\|3,660,000
			\|7.3%
			\|80,000
			\|2.2%
			\|40,000
			\|<ref name="auto"/>
			\|-
			\|{{flag\|Spain}}
			\|48,400,000
			\|75.2%
			\|34,410,000
			\|21.0%
			\|10,190,000
			\|3.8%
			\|1,800,000
			\|<ref name="auto"/>
			\|-
			\|{{flag\|Uruguay}}
			\|3,490,000\|\|57.0%
			\|1,990,000
			\|\|41.5%
			\|1,450,000
			\|\|1.5%
			\|50,000
			\|<ref name="auto"/>
			\|-
			\|{{flag\|Venezuela}}
			\|33,010,000\|\|89.5%
			\|29,540,000
			\|\|9.7%
			\|3,220,000
			\|\|0.8%
			\|250,000
			\|<ref name="auto"/>
			\|}

			==== Christianity ====
	Traditional Mexican, Salvadoran, Cuban, Puerto Rican, Spanish, Argentine, and Peruvian cooking, for example, all vary greatly from each other, and take on new forms in the United States. While ] is the most familiar variety of "Hispanic food" in most of the United States, it is not representative of the cuisine of most other Hispanic peoples, in that is is heavily representative of ] (]) foods.
			] wearing her canonical crown]]
			Among the Spanish-speaking Catholics, most communities celebrate their homeland's ], dedicating a day for this purpose with festivals and religious services. Some Spanish-speakers in Latin America syncretize Roman Catholicism and African or Native American rituals and beliefs. Such is the case of ], popular with ], which combines old African beliefs in the form of Roman Catholic saints and rituals. Other syncretistic beliefs include ] and ].<ref name="mrt.com">{{cite web\|url=http://www.mrt.com/news/article/Univision-Curanderos-carry-on-traditions-of-7572561.php\|title=Univision: Curanderos carry on traditions of Catholicism, African rites\|website=mrt.com\|date=15 February 2005}}</ref> In Catholic tradition, '']'' is considered the Patroness of the ] and the ].<ref>{{cite book\|title=Fodor's Spain\|first=William \|last=Curtis\|year=2004\| isbn=9781400012701\| page =232\|publisher=University of Michigan Press\|quote=the Virgen del Pilar, the patron saint not only of peninsular Spain but of the entire Hispanic world.}}</ref>

			==== Islam ====
	The cuisines of Mexico, El Salvador and other Central American countries are still heavily dependent and greatly indebted to staples of the cuisine and diet of the Aztec and Maya, including ], ]s, ]s. After 1492 these tradition came to be melded with those from Spain to form the modern cuisines of that region. Among the more popular and well known dishes of this region are ]s, ]s, ]s, rice and beans, ], and ].
			While a tiny minority, there are some Muslims in Latin America, in the United States,<ref name=":LMS">{{cite journal \|last=Espinosa \|first=Gaston \|date=2017 \|title=Latino Muslims in the United States: Reversion, Politics, and Islamidad \|url=http://www.raceandreligion.com/JRER/Volume_8_%282017%29.html \|journal=Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Religion \|volume=8 \|access-date=31 July 2017}}</ref> and in the Philippines. Those in the Philippines live predominantly in ].<ref> {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603143753/http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=472375&publicationSubCategoryId=205 \|date=June 3, 2016 }}. (May 29, 2009). '']''. Retrieved 2009-07-10, "Eight million Muslim Filipinos, representing 10 percent of the total Philippine population, ...".</ref>

			==== Judaism ====
	Cuban and Puerto Rican cuisines, on the other hand, tend to use a lot of pork and can be heavily dependent on starchy ]s, ] and ], and the most prominent incluences on their Spanish culinary traditions are those which were introduced by African slaves, and to a lesser degree, French influence from Haiti and later Chinese immigrants. Hot, spicy foods are practically unknown in traditional Spanish-Caribbean dishes.
			There are also Spanish-speaking ], most of whom are the descendants of ] who migrated from Europe (German Jews, Russian Jews, Polish Jews, etc.) to Hispanic America, particularly ], ], ], and ] (Argentina is host to the third-largest Jewish population in the Western Hemisphere, after the United States and Canada)<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://jppi.org.il/uploads/JPPI_2014-2015_Annual_Assessment-English.pdf \|title=Annual Assessment: The Situation and Dynamics of the Jewish People \|year=2015 \|page=18 \|work=The Jewish People Policy Planning Institute \|access-date=19 January 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224004229/http://jppi.org.il/uploads/JPPI_2014-2015_Annual_Assessment-English.pdf \|archive-date=24 December 2015 \|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.ujc.org/section.html?id=29 \|title=Global Jewish Populations \|work=United Jewish Federations \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531003148/http://www.ujc.org/section.html?id=29 \|archive-date=2008-05-31 }}</ref> in the 19th century and following World War II. Many Spanish-speaking Jews also originate from the small communities of reconverted descendants of ]—those whose Spanish ] ancestors long ago hid their Jewish ancestry and beliefs in fear of persecution by the ] in the ] and Ibero-America. The Spanish Inquisition led to many forced conversions of Spanish Jews.

			Genetic studies on the (male) ] conducted by the ] in 2008 appear to support the idea that the number of forced conversions have been previously underestimated significantly. They found that twenty percent of Spanish males have Y-chromosomes associated with Sephardic Jewish ancestry.<ref>{{cite news \|first=Nicholas \|last=Wade \|title=Gene Test Shows Spain's Jewish and Muslim Mix \|newspaper=] \|date=5 December 2008 \|page=A12 \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/05/science/05genes.html \|url-access=subscription }}</ref> This may imply that there were more forced conversions than was previously thought.
	The Argentine diet is heavily influenced by Argentina's position as one of the world's largest beef and wine producers. Grilled meats are a staple of most meals as are pastas, potatoes, rice, and a variety of vegetables (Argentina is a huge exporter of agricultural products). As one of the world's largest producers, wine is as much a staple drink to Argentines as beer is to Germans.

			There are also thought to be many Catholic-professing descendants of ]s and Spanish-speaking ] in the ] and scattered through Hispanic America. Additionally, there are Sephardic Jews who are descendants of those Jews who fled Spain to Turkey, ], and North Africa, some of whom have now migrated to Hispanic America, holding on to some Spanish/Sephardic customs, such as the ] language, which mixes Spanish, Hebrew, Arabic and others, though written with Hebrew and Latin characters.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Ladino \|title=Ladino \|work=Online Etymology Dictionary \|access-date=19 January 2016}}</ref> ] were also African slaves captive in Spain held prior to the colonial period in the Americas. (See also ] and ].)
	In ] and ], potato dishes are typical since the potato is originally from this region. Beef and chicken are common sources of meat as is the ], a South American relative of the ]. Given the coastal location, both countries have extensive fishing fleets, which provide a wealth of seafood options, including the signature South American dish, ]. Rice also plays an important role in Peruvian cuisine.

			==See also==
	This diversity in staples and cuisine is also evident in the differing regional cuisines within the national borders of the individual countries. Most groceries in heavily Hispanic areas carry a wide array of specialty Latin American products, in addition to the widely available brands of ]s and Mexican style ].
			{{Portal\|Hispanic and Latino American}}
			* ]
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			* ] <small>(])</small>
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	==~~Symbols~~==		== Notes ==
			{{Reflist}}
	===Flag===
	]

			== References ==
	While relatively unknown, there is a flag representing the countries of ], its people, history and shared cultural legacy.
			<!-- Please order books alphabetically by the author's last name -->
			* {{cite book \|url=https://www.questia.com/read/89008973/ethnic-ironies-latino-politics-in-the-1992-elections \|title=Ethnic Ironies: Latino Politics in the 1992 Elections \|last1=De la Garza \|first1=Rodolfo O. \|first2=Louis \|last2=Desipio \|year=1996 \|publisher=Westview Press \|location=Boulder, Colorado \|access-date=30 August 2023 \|archive-date=22 August 2019 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822192328/https://www.questia.com/read/89008973/ethnic-ironies-latino-politics-in-the-1992-elections \|url-status=dead }}
			* {{cite journal \|last=Maura \|first=Juan Francisco \|title=Caballeros y rufianes andantes en la costa atlántica de los Estados Unidos: Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón y Alvar Núñez Cabeza \|journal=Revista Canadiense de Estudios Hispánicos \|volume=35 \|issue=2 \|year=2011 \|pages=305–328}}
			* {{cite journal \|last=Maura \|first=Juan Francisco \|title=Nuevas aportaciones al estudio de la toponimia ibérica en la América Septentrional en el siglo XVI \|journal=Bulletin of Spanish Studies \|volume=86 \|issue=5 \|year=2009 \|pages=577–603 \|doi=10.1080/14753820902969345\|s2cid=192056139 }}
			* {{cite journal \|last=Maura \|first=Juan Francisco \|title=Sobre el origen hispánico del nombre 'Canadá' \|journal=Lemir: Revista de literatura medieval y del Renacimiento \|issue=20 \|year=2016 \|pages=17–52 \|url=http://parnaseo.uv.es/Lemir/Revista/Revista20/02_Maura_Juan.pdf}}
			* {{Cite journal\|last1=Price \|first1=Marie D. \|last2=Cooper \|first2=Catherine W. \|journal=] \|title=Competing Visions, Shifting Boundaries: The Construction of Latin America as a World Region \|volume=106 \|number=3 \|pages=113–122 \|date=May 2007 \|doi=10.1080/00221340701599113\|bibcode=2007JGeog.106..113P \|s2cid=129773519 }}

			==External links==
	It was created in October of 1933 by Ángel Camblor, captain of the Uruguayan army. It was adopted by all the states of Latin America during ''La Conferencia Panamericana'' (The Pan-American Conference) held that same year in ], ].<ref name=flag> </ref>

			{{Authority control}}
	The white background stands for peace, the ] ] in ] symbolizes the light shining on the American continent, and the three crosses represent ]' ]s, the ], ], and ] used in his first voyage from ] to the ] in 1492. The ] color of the crosses evokes the ] banner.
			{{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2017}}

	===Hymn===
	{{Latino}}
	The hymn of the Americas was composed by R. Sciamarella in conmemoration of the Day of the Americas (''Día de las Américas'') which commemorates the foundation of the Union of the American Republics (''Unión de Repúblicas Americanas'', predecessor of the ]). Therefore it is not a hymn for all the Hispanics but just for those from the ].

	:'''Himno de las Américas'''
	:''(R. Sciamarella)''

	:''Un canto de amistad, de buena vecindad,''
	:''unidos nos tendrá eternamente.''
	:''Por nuestra libertad, por nuestra lealtad''
	:''debemos de vivir gloriosamente.''

	:''Un símbolo de paz alumbrará el vivir''
	:''de todo el Continente Americano.''
	:''Fuerza de Optimismo, fuerza de la hermandad''
	:''será este canto de buena vecindad.''

	:''Argentina, Brasil y Bolivia,''
	:''Colombia, Chile y Ecuador,''
	:''Uruguay, Paraguay, Venezuela,''
	:''Guatemala y El Salvador,''
	:''Costa Rica, Haití y Nicaragua,''
	:''Honduras y Panamá,''
	:''Norteamérica, México y Perú,''
	:''Cuba y Canadá:''

	:''¡Son hermanos soberanos de la libertad!''
	:''¡Son hermanos soberanos de la libertad!''

	:'''Hymn of the Americas'''
	:''(translation)''

	:''A song of friendship, of good neighborhood,''
	:''will unite us eternally.''
	:''For our liberty, for our loyalty,''
	:''we must live gloriously.''

	:''A symbol of peace will illuminate the life''
	:''of all the American Continent.''
	:''A force of Optimism, a force of brotherhood''
	:''shall be this song of good neighborhood.''

	:''Argentina, Brazil and Bolivia,''
	:''Colombia, Chile and Ecuador,''
	:''Uruguay, Paraguay, and Venezuela,''
	:''Guatemala and El Salvador,''
	:''Costa Rica, Haiti and Nicaragua,''
	:''Honduras and Panama,''
	:''North America, Mexico and Peru,''
	:''Cuba and Canada:''

	:''They are sovereign brothers of freedom!''
	:''They are sovereign brothers of freedom!''

	In this version, "Haiti" refers to the Dominican Republic and perhaps also to the Republic of Haiti, as the name Haiti is one of the names of the island of Hispaniola, where both nations are located. Furthermore, from 1822 to 1844 the Republic of Haiti included the entire island. In an alternate version, the countries are re-arranged, "''Canadá''" is removed (as the already mentioned "''Norteamérica''" implies both the ] and ]), and "''Santo Domingo''" (i.e. ]) is added instead.

	:''Argentina, Brasil y Bolivia,''
	:''Colombia, Chile y Ecuador,''
	:''Uruguay, Venezuela y Honduras''
	:''Guatemala y El Salvador,''
	:''Costa Rica, Haití y Nicaragua,''
	:''Cuba y Paraguay,''
	:''Norteamérica, México y Perú,''
	:''Santo Domingo y Panamá:''

	==References==
	*
	==Footnotes==
	<div class="references-small">
	<!--<nowiki>
	See http://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref> and </ref> tags, and the template below.
	</nowiki>-->
	{{FootnotesSmall\|resize=92%}}
	</div>

	==See also==
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
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	* ]
	* ]
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	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]

	==External links==
	*
	*
	*
	* Indigenous rights and education organization that aggressively challenges the application of the Hispanic label toward people of Mexican and Central American descent. The groups states that the US government's usage of the term "Hispanic" is a top-down method of ethnically cleansing their indigenous identities.
	* Examines the creation of the Hispanic label by Richard Nixon.
	* Newspaper editorial criticizing the usage of the terms "Hispanic" and "Latino" as being oversimplifications of what is essentially a Mexican-dominant group, not all being Spanish speakers.
	* A White Argentine questions the application of the Hispanic label to non-white Spanish speakers.
	*
	*
	*
	*
	*
	*
	*
	*
	*
	*
	*
	*
	* Website listing the USA's major Latino/Hispanic Politicians
	</b>

	]		]
	]		]
			]
			]
			]

	]		]
	]
	]
	]
	]
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	]
	]

Latest revision as of 21:18, 26 November 2024

Spanish-speaking cultures and persons This article is about the term referring to the people of Spanish-speaking cultures. For other uses, see Hispanic (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Latin Americans or Latinx. "Hispano" redirects here. For other uses, see Hispano (disambiguation). Ethnic group

Hispanics
Spanish: Hispanos
Regions with significant populations
Hispanic America · United States · Spain · Hispanic Africa
Languages
Predominantly Spanish
Religion
Predominantly Roman Catholic

The term Hispanic (Spanish: hispano) refers to people, cultures, or countries related to Spain, the Spanish language, or Hispanidad broadly. In some contexts, especially within the United States, "Hispanic" is used as an ethnic or meta-ethnic term.

The term commonly applies to Spaniards and Spanish-speaking (Hispanophone) populations and countries in Hispanic America (the continent) and Hispanic Africa (Equatorial Guinea and the disputed territory of Western Sahara), which were formerly part of the Spanish Empire due to colonization mainly between the 16th and 20th centuries. The cultures of Hispanophone countries outside Spain have been influenced as well by the local pre-Hispanic cultures or other foreign influences.

There was also Spanish influence in the former Spanish East Indies, including the Philippines, Marianas, and other nations. However, Spanish is not a predominant language in these regions and, as a result, their inhabitants are not usually considered Hispanic.

Hispanic culture is a set of customs, traditions, beliefs, and art forms in music, literature, dress, architecture, cuisine, and other cultural fields that are generally shared by peoples in Hispanic regions, but which can vary considerably from one country or territory to another. The Spanish language is the main cultural element shared by Hispanic peoples.

Terminology

The term Hispanic derives from the Latin word Hispanicus, the adjectival derivation of Hispania, which means of the Iberian Peninsula and possibly Celtiberian origin. In English the word is attested from the 16th century (and in the late 19th century in American English).

The words Spain, Spanish, and Spaniard are of the same etymology as Hispanus, ultimately.

Hispanus was the Latin name given to a person from Hispania during Roman rule. The ancient Roman Hispania, which roughly comprised what is currently called the Iberian Peninsula, included the contemporary states of Spain, Portugal, parts of France, Andorra, and the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. In English, the term Hispano-Roman is sometimes used. The Hispano-Romans were composed of people from many different Indigenous tribes, in addition to colonists from Italia. Some famous Hispani (plural of Hispanus) and Hispaniensis were the emperors Trajan, Marcus Aurelius, Hadrian, Theodosius I and Magnus Maximus, the poets Marcus Annaeus Lucanus, Martial and Prudentius, the philosophers Seneca the Elder and Seneca the Younger, and the usurper Maximus of Hispania. A number of these men, such as Trajan, Hadrian and others, were in fact descended from Roman colonial families.

Here follows a comparison of several terms related to Hispanic:

Hispania was the name of the Iberian Peninsula/Iberia from the 3rd century BC to the 8th AD, both as a Roman Empire province and immediately thereafter as a Visigothic kingdom, 5th–8th century.
Hispano-Roman is used to refer to the culture and people of Hispania, both during the Roman period and subsequent Visigothic period.
Hispanic is used to refer to modern Spain, to the Spanish language, and to the Spanish-speaking nations of the world, particularly the Americas.
Spanish is used to refer to the people, nationality, culture, language and other things of Spain.
Spaniard is used to refer to the people of Spain.

Hispania was divided into two provinces: Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior. In 27 BC, Hispania Ulterior was divided into two new provinces, Hispania Baetica and Hispania Lusitania, while Hispania Citerior was renamed Hispania Tarraconensis. This division of Hispania explains the usage of the singular and plural forms (Spain, and The Spains) used to refer to the peninsula and its kingdoms in the Middle Ages.

Before the marriage of Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon in 1469, the four Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula—the Kingdom of Portugal, the Crown of Aragon, the Crown of Castile, and the Kingdom of Navarre—were collectively called The Spains. This revival of the old Roman concept in the Middle Ages appears to have originated in Provençal, and was first documented at the end of the 11th century. In the Council of Constance, the four kingdoms shared one vote.

The terms Spain and the Spains were not interchangeable. Spain was a geographic territory, home to several kingdoms (Christian and Muslim), with separate governments, laws, languages, religions, and customs, and was the historical remnant of the Hispano-Gothic unity. Spain was not a political entity until much later, and when referring to the Middle Ages, one should not be confounded with the nation-state of today. The term The Spains referred specifically to a collective of juridico-political units, first the Christian kingdoms, and then the different kingdoms ruled by the same king. Illustrative of this fact is the historical ecclesiastical title of Primate of the Spains, traditionally claimed by the Archbishop of Braga, a Portuguese prelate.

With the Decretos de Nueva Planta, Philip V started to organize the fusion of his kingdoms that until then were ruled as distinct and independent, but this unification process lacked a formal and juridic proclamation.

Although colloquially and literally the expression "King of Spain" or "King of the Spains" was already widespread, it did not refer to a unified nation-state. It was only in the constitution of 1812 that was adopted the name Españas (Spains) for the Spanish nation and the use of the title of "king of the Spains". The constitution of 1876 adopts for the first time the name "Spain" for the Spanish nation and from then on the kings would use the title of "king of Spain".

The expansion of the Spanish Empire between 1492 and 1898 brought thousands of Spanish migrants to the conquered lands, who established settlements, mainly in the Americas, but also in other distant parts of the world (as in the Philippines, the lone Spanish territory in Asia), producing a number of multiracial populations. Today, the varied populations of these places, including those with Spanish ancestry, are also designated as Hispanic.

Definitions in ancient Rome

The Latin gentile adjectives that belong to Hispania are Hispanus, Hispanicus, and Hispaniensis. A Hispanus is someone who is a native of Hispania with no foreign parents, while children born in Hispania of Roman parents were Hispanienses. Hispaniensis means 'connected in some way to Hispania', as in "Exercitus Hispaniensis" ('the Spanish army') or "mercatores Hispanienses" ('Spanish merchants'). Hispanicus implies 'of' or 'belonging to' Hispania or the Hispanus or of their fashion as in "gladius Hispanicus". The gentile adjectives were not ethnolinguistic but derived primarily on a geographic basis, from the toponym Hispania as the people of Hispania spoke different languages, although Titus Livius (Livy) said they could all understand each other, not making clear if they spoke dialects of the same language or were polyglots. The first recorded use of an anthroponym derived from the toponym Hispania is attested in one of the five fragments, of Ennius in 236 BC who wrote "Hispane, non Romane memoretis loqui me" ("Remember that I speak like a Hispanic not a Roman") as having been said by a native of Hispania.

Definitions in Portugal, Spain, the rest of Europe

In Portugal, Hispanic refers to something historical related to ancient Hispania (especially the terms Hispano-Roman and Hispania) or the Spanish language and cultures shared by all the Spanish-speaking countries. Although sharing the etymology for the word (pt: hispânico, es: hispánico), the definition for Hispanic is different between Portugal and Spain. The Royal Spanish Academy (Spanish: Real Academia Española, RAE), the official royal institution responsible for regulating the Spanish language defines the terms "hispano" and "hispánico" (which in Spain have slightly different meanings) as:

Hispano:

1. A native of Hispania
2. Belonging or relating to Hispania
3. Spanish, as applied to a person
4. Of or pertaining to Hispanic America
5. Of or pertaining to the population of Hispanic American origin who live in the United States of America
6. A person of this origin who lives in the United States of America

Hispánico

1. Belonging or relating to ancient Hispania or the people inhabiting the region
2. Belonging or relating to Spain and Spanish-speaking countries

The modern term to identify Portuguese and Spanish territories under a single nomenclature is "Iberian", and the one to refer to cultures derived from both countries in the Americas is "Iberian-American". These designations can be mutually recognized by people in Portugal and Brazil. "Hispanic" is totally void of any self-identification in Brazil, and quite to the contrary, serves the purpose of marking a clear distinction in relation to neighboring countries' culture. Brazilians may identify as Latin Americans, but refute being considered Hispanics because their language and culture are neither part of the Hispanic cultural sphere, nor Spanish-speaking world.

In Spanish, the term "hispano", as in "hispanoamericano", refers to the people of Spanish origin who live in the Americas and to a relationship to Spain or to the Spanish language. There are people in Hispanic America that are not of Spanish origin, such as Amerindians- the original people of these areas, as well as Africans and people with origins from other parts of Europe.

Like in Portugal, in the rest of Europe (and wider world) the concept of 'Hispanic' refers to historical ancient Hispania (especially the term Hispano-Roman and Hispania during the Roman Empire) or the Spanish language and cultures shared by all the Spanish-speaking countries.

Definitions in the United States

Both Hispanic and Latino are widely used in American English for Spanish-speaking people and their descendants in the United States. While Hispanic refers to Spanish speakers overall, Latino refers specifically to people of Latin American descent. Hispanic can also be used for the people and culture of Spain as well as Latin America. While originally the term Hispanic referred primarily to the Hispanos of New Mexico within the United States, today, organizations in the country use the term as a broad catchall to refer to persons with a historical and cultural relationship with Spain regardless of race and ethnicity. The United States Census Bureau uses Hispanic or Latino to refer to a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race and states that Hispanics or Latinos can be of any race and any ancestry.

Because of the technical distinctions involved in defining "race" vs. "ethnicity", there is confusion among the general population about the designation of Hispanic identity. Currently, the United States Census Bureau defines six race categories:

White or Caucasian
Black or African American
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
Some Other Race

A 1997 notice by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget defined Hispanic or Latino persons as being "persons who trace their origin or descent to Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Central and South America, and other Spanish cultures." The United States Census uses the ethnonyms Hispanic or Latino to refer to "a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Hispanic culture or origin regardless of race."

The 2010 census asked if the person was "Spanish/Hispanic/Latino". The United States census uses the Hispanic or Latino to refer to "a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race." The Census Bureau also explains that "rigin can be viewed as the heritage, nationality group, lineage, or country of birth of the person or the person's ancestors before their arrival in the United States. People who identify their origin as Hispanic, Latino or Spanish may be of any race."

The U.S. Department of Transportation defines Hispanic as, "persons of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American, or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race." This definition has been adopted by the Small Business Administration as well as by many federal, state, and municipal agencies for the purposes of awarding government contracts to minority owned businesses. The Congressional Hispanic Caucus and the Congressional Hispanic Conference include representatives of Spanish and Portuguese, Puerto Rican and Mexican descent. The Hispanic Society of America is dedicated to the study of the arts and cultures of the Hispanic and Lusitanic world. The Hispanic Association of Colleges and Universities, proclaimed champions of Hispanic success in higher education, is committed to Hispanic educational success in the United States, and the Hispanic and Lusitanic world.

The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission encourages any individual who believes that he or she is Hispanic to self-identify as Hispanic. The United States Department of Labor – Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs encourages the same self-identification. As a result, individuals with origins to part of the Spanish Empire may self-identify as Hispanic, because an employer may not override an individual's self-identification.

The 1970 census was the first time that a "Hispanic" identifier was used and data collected with the question. The definition of "Hispanic" has been modified in each successive census.

In a recent study, most Spanish speakers of Spanish or Hispanic American descent do not prefer the term Hispanic or Latino when it comes to describing their identity. Instead, they prefer to be identified by their country of origin. When asked if they have a preference for either being identified as Hispanic or Latino, the Pew study finds that "half (51%) say they have no preference for either term." Among those who do express a preference, "'Hispanic' is preferred over 'Latino' by more than a two-to-one margin—33% versus 14%." 21% prefer to be referred to simply as "Americans". A majority (51%) say they most often identify themselves by their family's country of origin, while 24% say they prefer a pan-ethnic label such as Hispanic or Latino.

Culture

The Miguel de Cervantes Prize is awarded to Hispanic writers, whereas the Latin Grammy Award recognizes Hispanic musicians, and the Platino Awards as given to outstanding Hispanic films.

Music

Main articles: Music of Spain, Music of Latin America, and Latin music (genre)

Folk and popular dance and music also varies greatly among Hispanics. For instance, the music from Spain is a lot different from the Hispanic American, although there is a high grade of exchange between both continents. In addition, due to the high national development of the diverse nationalities and regions of Spain, there is a lot of music in the different languages of the Peninsula (Catalan, Galician and Basque, mainly). See, for instance, Music of Catalonia or Rock català, Music of Galicia, Cantabria and Asturias, and Basque music. Flamenco is also a very popular music style in Spain, especially in Andalusia. Spanish ballads "romances" can be traced in Argentina as "milongas", same structure but different scenarios.

On the other side of the ocean, Hispanic America is also home to a wide variety of music, even though Latin music is often erroneously thought of, as a single genre. Hispanic Caribbean music tends to favor complex polyrhythms of African origin. Mexican music shows combined influences of mostly European and Native American origin, while traditional Northern Mexican music—norteño and banda— polka, has influence from polka music brought by Central European settlers to Mexico which later influenced western music. The music of Hispanic Americans—such as tejano music—has influences in rock, jazz, R&B, pop, and country music as well as traditional Mexican music such as Mariachi. Meanwhile, native Andean sounds and melodies are the backbone of Peruvian and Bolivian music, but also play a significant role in the popular music of most South American countries and are heavily incorporated into the folk music of Ecuador and the tunes of Colombia, and in Chile where they play a fundamental role in the form of the greatly followed nueva canción. In U.S. communities of immigrants from these countries it is common to hear these styles. Rock en español, Latin hip-hop, Salsa, Merengue, Bachata, Cumbia and Reggaeton styles tend to appeal to the broader Hispanic population, and varieties of Cuban music are popular with many Hispanics of all backgrounds.

Literature

Main article: Hispanic literature

Spanish-language literature and folklore is very rich and is influenced by a variety of countries. There are thousands of writers from many places, and dating from the Middle Ages to the present. Some of the most recognized writers are:

Spain: Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, Lope de Vega, Calderón de la Barca, Federico García Lorca, Miguel de Unamuno,
Mexico: Carlos Fuentes, Octavio Paz,
Guatemala: Miguel Ángel Asturias,
U.S.: George Santayana, Sabine Ulibarri,
Cuba: José Martí,
Colombia: Gabriel García Márquez, Rafael Pombo,
Uruguay: Horacio Quiroga, Cristina Peri Rossi,
Venezuela: Rómulo Gallegos,
Nicaragua: Rubén Darío,
Peru: Mario Vargas Llosa, Ciro Alegría
Argentina: Luisa Valenzuela, Julio Cortázar, Jorge Luis Borges, Ernesto Sabato
Honduras: Roberto Quesada,
Chile: Pablo Neruda, Gabriela Mistral,
Dominican Republic: Pedro Henríquez Ureña,
Equatorial Guinea: Juan Tomás Ávila Laurel,
Costa Rica: Joaquin Garcia Monge and
Ecuador: Juan León Mera.
Philippines: Jose Rizal, Luis Rodriguez Varela, Jesus Balmori

Sports

In the majority of the Hispanic countries, association football is the most popular sport. The men's national teams of Argentina, Uruguay and Spain have won the FIFA World Cup a total six times. The Spanish La Liga is one of the most popular in the world, known for FC Barcelona and Real Madrid. Meanwhile, the Argentine Primera División is one of the strongest leagues in the Americas.

However, baseball is the most popular sport in some Central American and Caribbean countries (especially Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, and Venezuela), as well as in the diaspora in the United States. Notable Hispanic teams in early baseball are the All Cubans, Cuban Stars and New York Cubans. The Hispanic Heritage Baseball Museum recognizes Hispanic baseball personalities. Nearly 30 percent (22 percent foreign-born Hispanics) of MLB players today have Hispanic heritage.

Several Hispanic sportspeople have been successful worldwide, such as Diego Maradona, Alfredo di Stefano, Lionel Messi, Diego Forlán, Fernando Torres, Xavi, Andrés Iniesta, Iker Casillas, Xabi Alonso (association football), Juan Manuel Fangio, Juan Pablo Montoya, Eliseo Salazar, Fernando Alonso, Marc Gené, Carlos Sainz Sr. and Carlos Sainz Jr. (auto racing), Ángel Nieto, Dani Pedrosa, Jorge Lorenzo, Marc Márquez, Marc Coma, Nani Roma (motorcycle racing), Emanuel Ginóbili, Pau Gasol, Marc Gasol (basketball), Julio César Chávez, Saúl Álvarez, Carlos Monzón (boxing), Miguel Indurain, Alberto Contador, Santiago Botero, Rigoberto Urán, Nairo Quintana (cycling), Roberto de Vicenzo, Ángel Cabrera, Sergio García, Severiano Ballesteros, José María Olazábal (golf), Luciana Aymar (field hockey), Rafael Nadal, Marcelo Ríos, Guillermo Vilas, Gabriela Sabatini, Juan Martín del Potro (tennis).

Notable Hispanic sports television networks are ESPN Deportes, Fox Deportes and TyC Sports.

Religion

The Spanish and the Portuguese took the Catholic faith to their colonies in the Americas, Africa, and Asia; Catholicism remains the predominant religion amongst most Hispanics. A small but growing number of Hispanics belong to a Protestant denomination. Hispanic Christians form the largest ethno-linguistic group among Christians in the world, about 18% of the world's Christian population are Hispanic (around 430 million).

In the United States, some 65% of Hispanics and Latinos report themselves Catholic and 21% Protestant, with 13% having no affiliation. A minority among the Catholics, about one in five, are charismatics. Among the Protestant, 85% are "Born-again Christians" and belong to Evangelical or Pentecostal churches. Among the smallest groups, less than 4%, are Jewish.

Countries	Population Total	Christians %	Christian Population	Unaffiliated %	Unaffiliated Population	Other religions %	Other religions Population
Argentina	43,830,000	85.4%	37,420,000	12.1%	5,320,000	2.5%	1,090,000
Bolivia	11,830,000	94.0%	11,120,000	4.1%	480,000	1.9%	230,000
Chile	18,540,000	88.3%	16,380,000	9.7%	1,800,000	2.0%	360,000
Colombia	52,160,000	92.3%	48,150,000	6.7%	3,510,000	1.0%	500,000
Costa Rica	5,270,000	90.8%	4,780,000	8.0%	420,000	1.2%	70,000
Cuba	11,230,000	58.9%	6,610,000	23.2%	2,600,000	17.9%	2,020,000
Dominican Republic	11,280,000	88.0%	9,930,000	10.9%	1,230,000	1.1%	120,000
Ecuador	16,480,000	94.0%	15,490,000	5.6%	920,000	0.4%	70,000
El Salvador	6,670,000	88.0%	5,870,000	11.2%	740,000	0.8%	60,000
Equatorial Guinea	1,469,000	88.7%	1,303,000	5.0%	73,000	6.3%	93,000
Guatemala	18,210,000	95.3%	17,360,000	3.9%	720,000	0.8%	130,000
Honduras	9,090,000	87.5%	7,950,000	10.5%	950,000	2.0%	190,000
Mexico	126,010,000	94.1%	118,570,000	5.7%	7,240,000	0.2%	200,000
Nicaragua	6,690,000	85.3%	5,710,000	13.0%	870,000	1.7%	110,000
Panama	4,020,000	92.7%	3,720,000	5.0%	200,000	2.3%	100,000
Paraguay	7,630,000	96.9%	7,390,000	1.1%	90,000	2.0%	150,000
Peru	32,920,000	95.4%	31,420,000	3.1%	1,010,000	1.5%	490,000
Philippines	118,000,000	84%	85,645,362	0.04043%	43,931	15.3%	18,054,000
Puerto Rico	3,790,000	90.5%	3,660,000	7.3%	80,000	2.2%	40,000
Spain	48,400,000	75.2%	34,410,000	21.0%	10,190,000	3.8%	1,800,000
Uruguay	3,490,000	57.0%	1,990,000	41.5%	1,450,000	1.5%	50,000
Venezuela	33,010,000	89.5%	29,540,000	9.7%	3,220,000	0.8%	250,000

Christianity

Among the Spanish-speaking Catholics, most communities celebrate their homeland's patron saint, dedicating a day for this purpose with festivals and religious services. Some Spanish-speakers in Latin America syncretize Roman Catholicism and African or Native American rituals and beliefs. Such is the case of Santería, popular with Afro-Cubans, which combines old African beliefs in the form of Roman Catholic saints and rituals. Other syncretistic beliefs include Spiritism and Curanderismo. In Catholic tradition, Our Lady of the Pillar is considered the Patroness of the Hispanic people and the Hispanic world.

Islam

While a tiny minority, there are some Muslims in Latin America, in the United States, and in the Philippines. Those in the Philippines live predominantly in Bangsamoro.

Judaism

There are also Spanish-speaking Jews, most of whom are the descendants of Ashkenazi Jews who migrated from Europe (German Jews, Russian Jews, Polish Jews, etc.) to Hispanic America, particularly Argentina, Uruguay, Peru, and Cuba (Argentina is host to the third-largest Jewish population in the Western Hemisphere, after the United States and Canada) in the 19th century and following World War II. Many Spanish-speaking Jews also originate from the small communities of reconverted descendants of anusim—those whose Spanish Sephardi Jewish ancestors long ago hid their Jewish ancestry and beliefs in fear of persecution by the Spanish Inquisition in the Iberian Peninsula and Ibero-America. The Spanish Inquisition led to many forced conversions of Spanish Jews.

Genetic studies on the (male) Y-chromosome conducted by the University of Leeds in 2008 appear to support the idea that the number of forced conversions have been previously underestimated significantly. They found that twenty percent of Spanish males have Y-chromosomes associated with Sephardic Jewish ancestry. This may imply that there were more forced conversions than was previously thought.

There are also thought to be many Catholic-professing descendants of marranos and Spanish-speaking crypto-Jews in the Southwestern United States and scattered through Hispanic America. Additionally, there are Sephardic Jews who are descendants of those Jews who fled Spain to Turkey, Syria, and North Africa, some of whom have now migrated to Hispanic America, holding on to some Spanish/Sephardic customs, such as the Ladino language, which mixes Spanish, Hebrew, Arabic and others, though written with Hebrew and Latin characters. Ladinos were also African slaves captive in Spain held prior to the colonial period in the Americas. (See also History of the Jews in Hispanic America and List of Hispanic American Jews.)

Notes

Lopez, Mark Hugo; Krogstad, Jens Manuel; Passel, Jeffrey S. "Who is Hispanic?". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
"Hispanidad". www.filosofia.org. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
Lopez, Mark Hugo; Krogstad, Jens Manuel; Passel, Jeffrey S. "Who is Hispanic?". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 15 October 2023. In the eyes of the Census Bureau, Hispanics can be of any race, because "Hispanic" is an ethnicity and not a race.
Davis, Mike (1 April 1999). "Magical Urbanism: Latinos Reinvent the US Big City". New Left Review (I/234): 3–43. ... 'Hispanic,' with its emphasis on Spanish-language heritage as the foundation of meta-ethnicity...
^ "Archived: 49 CFR Part 26". U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved 19 January 2016. 'Hispanic Americans,' which includes persons of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Dominican, Central or South American, or other Spanish or Portuguese culture or origin, regardless of race;"
^ "SOP 80 05 3A: Overview of the 8(A) Business Development Program" (PDF). U.S. Small Business Administration. 11 April 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2016. SBA has defined 'Hispanic American' as an individual whose ancestry and culture are rooted in South America, Central America, Mexico, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, or the Iberian Peninsula, including Spain and Portugal.
^ Harper, Douglas. "Online Etymology Dictionary; Hispanic". Retrieved 10 February 2009. Also: etymology of "Spain", on the same site.
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