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'''Female genital mutilation in the Gambia''' is the practice of removing all or part of the female's genitalia for cultural reasons, believed by those who practice it to affect sexual purity and obedience<ref name=NYToverturn/> and required before marriage in some communities.<ref name="The Guardian_2023-10-11"/> The Gambia is one of 28 countries in Africa where female genital mutilation (FGM) is known to be practiced.<ref name=Fighting>{{cite journal|last1=Bitong|first1=Liliane|title=Fighting Genital Mutilation in Sierra Leone.|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|date=November 2005|volume=83|issue=11|pages=801–880|pmid=16302032|pmc=2626459}}</ref> '''Female genital mutilation in the Gambia''' is the practice of removing all or part of the female's genitalia for cultural reasons, believed by those who practice it to affect sexual purity and obedience<ref name=NYToverturn/> and required before marriage in some communities.<ref name="The Guardian_2023-10-11"/> The Gambia is one of 28 countries in Africa where ] (FGM) is known to be practiced.<ref name=Fighting>{{cite journal|last1=Bitong|first1=Liliane|title=Fighting Genital Mutilation in Sierra Leone.|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|date=November 2005|volume=83|issue=11|pages=801–880|pmid=16302032|pmc=2626459}}</ref>


==Prevalence== ==Prevalence==
Beginning in 2010, household surveys asked women about the FGM status of all their living daughters.<ref name=Unicef2013>{{harvnb|Yoder|Wang|Johansen|2013|loc=194}}; {{Cite web|author=Cappa, Claudia|url=http://data.unicef.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/FGMC_Lo_res_Final_26.pdf|title=Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: A Statistical Overview and Exploration of the Dynamics of Change|publisher=]|date=July 2013}}, page 25</ref> Gambia had the highest prevalence of female genital mutilation among girls aged 0–14. (56 percent)<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405083031/http://www.unicef.org/media/files/FGCM_Lo_res.pdf |date=5 April 2015 }}. For eight percent in Iraq, 27, box&nbsp;4.4, group&nbsp;5; for the regions in Iraq, 31, map&nbsp;4.6). Also see {{harvnb|Yasin|Al-Tawil|Shabila|Al-Hadithi|2013}}.</ref> Beginning in 2010, household surveys asked women about the FGM status of all their living daughters.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yoder|first1=P. Stanley|last2=Wang|first2=Shanxiao|last3=Johansen|first3=Elise|date=June 2013|title=Estimates of female genital mutilation/cutting in 27 African countries and Yemen|url=|journal=Studies in Family Planning|volume=44|issue=2|pages=189–204|doi=10.1111/j.1728-4465.2013.00352.x|issn=0039-3665|pmid=23720002}}</ref><ref name=Unicef2013>{{Cite web|author=Cappa, Claudia|url=http://data.unicef.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/FGMC_Lo_res_Final_26.pdf|title=Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: A Statistical Overview and Exploration of the Dynamics of Change|publisher=]|date=July 2013|page=25}}</ref> Out of all countries where surveys were conducted, the highest prevalence of female genital mutilation among girls aged 0–14 was in the Gambia. (56 percent)<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405083031/http://www.unicef.org/media/files/FGCM_Lo_res.pdf |date=5 April 2015 }}. For eight percent in Iraq, 27, box&nbsp;4.4, group&nbsp;5; for the regions in Iraq, 31, map&nbsp;4.6).</ref> According to a 2022 UNICEF report, 75 percent of Gambian girls aged 15–19 had been subjected to the practice.<ref name="UNICEF DATA_2022-06-17">{{Cite web|title=Towards ending harmful practices in Africa: A statistical overview of child marriage and female genital mutilation|url=https://data.unicef.org/resources/harmful-practices-in-africa/|website=]|date=2022-06-17|access-date=2024-04-18|language=en-US|first=Karoline|last=Hassfurter|page=7}}</ref>


==Activism== ==Activism==
The ] campaigns against the practice. ] experts and lawyers commented on the plans to revoke the 2015 bill, saying it would undo decades of work to end the practice.<ref name=NYToverturn/> The ] urged the Gambia not to decriminalise the practice.<ref name="The Guardian_2024-04-11">{{Cite news|title=‘Right to freedom from torture’: UN experts urge the Gambia not to decriminalise FGM|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2024/apr/11/right-to-freedom-from-torture-un-experts-urge-the-gambia-not-to-decriminalise-fgm|work=The Guardian|date=2024-04-11|access-date=2024-04-18|first=|last=Eromo Egbejule}}</ref><ref name="gambia.un.org">{{Cite web|title=A Statement by The United Nations in The Gambia on Protecting the Rights of Girls and Women from Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)|url=https://gambia.un.org/en/261480-statement-united-nations-gambia-protecting-rights-girls-and-women-female-genital-mutilation|website=gambia.un.org|access-date=2024-04-18|language=en}}</ref> The ] and ''Safe Hands for Girls'', a local group, campaign to end the practice.<ref name="AP News_2024-03-18"/> ] experts and lawyers commented on the plans to revoke the 2015 bill, saying it would undo decades of work to end the practice.<ref name=NYToverturn/> The ] urged the Gambia not to decriminalise the practice.<ref name="The Guardian_2024-04-11">{{Cite news|title=‘Right to freedom from torture’: UN experts urge the Gambia not to decriminalise FGM|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2024/apr/11/right-to-freedom-from-torture-un-experts-urge-the-gambia-not-to-decriminalise-fgm|work=The Guardian|date=2024-04-11|access-date=2024-04-18|first=|last=Eromo Egbejule}}</ref><ref name="gambia.un.org">{{Cite web|title=A Statement by The United Nations in The Gambia on Protecting the Rights of Girls and Women from Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)|url=https://gambia.un.org/en/261480-statement-united-nations-gambia-protecting-rights-girls-and-women-female-genital-mutilation|website=gambia.un.org|access-date=2024-04-18|language=en}}</ref>

The ] is supportive of activists who seek to end the practice. In 2024, ] was awarded an ] at the ].<ref name="AP News_2024-03-18"/>


==Legality== ==Legality==
In 2015, the Gambia banned female genital mutilation.<ref name="The Guardian_2015-11-24">{{Cite news|title=The Gambia bans female genital mutilation|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/nov/24/the-gambia-bans-female-genital-mutilation|work=The Guardian|date=2015-11-24|access-date=2024-04-18|first=Kate|last=Lyons}}</ref> As of 2024, someone who is convicted of performing the practice could be given a fine of 50,000 ] (about 622 GBP or 735 USD) and/or up to three years in prison.<ref name="The Guardian_2023-10-11"/> In 2015, the Gambia banned female genital mutilation.<ref name="The Guardian_2015-11-24">{{Cite news|title=The Gambia bans female genital mutilation|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/nov/24/the-gambia-bans-female-genital-mutilation|work=The Guardian|date=2015-11-24|access-date=2024-04-18|first=Kate|last=Lyons}}</ref> As of 2024, someone who is convicted of performing the practice could be given a fine of 50,000 ] (about 622 GBP or US$735) and/or up to three years in prison.<ref name="The Guardian_2023-10-11"/> Enforcement of the law has been limited with only two cases being prosecuted from its inception to 2024.<ref name="AP News_2024-03-18">{{Cite web|title=Gambia lawmakers refer a repeal of the ban on female genital cutting to more committee discussions|url=https://apnews.com/article/gambia-female-genital-cutting-7ab84af16d6b986025dd344d615bfe19|website=AP News|date=2024-03-18|access-date=2024-04-18|language=en}}</ref>


In 2023, the conviction of three women for performing the practice led to debates in the country about the ban.<ref name="EL PAÍS English_2023-09-20">{{Cite web|title=‘A 30-year setback’ in The Gambia as religious and political leaders push to decriminalize female genital mutilation|url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-09-20/a-30-year-setback-in-the-gambia-as-religious-and-political-leaders-push-to-decriminalize-female-genital-mutilation.html|website=]|date=2023-09-20|access-date=2024-04-18|language=en-us|first=José|last=Naranjo}}</ref> Members of the ] backed a proposal to repeal the law. At the same time, the ] published a ] that requested the government to reconsider the 2015 ban while condemning anyone who criticizes female genital mutilation.<ref name="The Guardian_2023-10-11">{{Cite news|title=FGM ban in the Gambia under threat as calls grow to repeal law|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/oct/11/fgm-ban-in-the-gambia-under-threat-as-calls-grow-to-repeal-law|work=The Guardian|date=2023-10-11|access-date=2024-04-18|first=Sarah|last=Johnson}}</ref> In 2023, the conviction of three women for mutilating eight infants led to debates in the country about the ban.<ref name="EL PAÍS English_2023-09-20">{{Cite web|title=‘A 30-year setback’ in The Gambia as religious and political leaders push to decriminalize female genital mutilation|url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-09-20/a-30-year-setback-in-the-gambia-as-religious-and-political-leaders-push-to-decriminalize-female-genital-mutilation.html|website=]|date=2023-09-20|access-date=2024-04-18|language=en-us|first=José|last=Naranjo}}</ref> Abdoulie Fatty, an influential ], paid the fines to release the convicted women from prison and started campaigning to lift the ban on female genital mutilation.<ref name="www.aljazeera.com_2024-03-28">{{Cite web|title=‘Over my dead body’, say Gambian mothers amid efforts to lift FGM ban|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2024/3/28/mothers-fight-to-protect-daughters-as-the-gambia-considers-unbanning-fgm|website=]|date=2024-03-28|access-date=2024-04-18|language=en|first=Kaddy|last=Jawo}}</ref><ref name="standard.gm_2023-09-04">{{Cite web|title=Imam Fatty, others pay fines for women convicted of FGM|url=https://standard.gm/imam-fatty-others-pay-fines-for-women-convicted-of-fgm/|date=2023-09-04|access-date=2024-04-18|language=en-US|website=The Standard Newspaper}}</ref>

Members of the ] backed a proposal to repeal the law. At the same time, the ] published a ] that requested the government to reconsider the 2015 ban while condemning anyone who criticizes female genital mutilation.<ref name="The Guardian_2023-10-11">{{Cite news|title=FGM ban in the Gambia under threat as calls grow to repeal law|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/oct/11/fgm-ban-in-the-gambia-under-threat-as-calls-grow-to-repeal-law|work=The Guardian|date=2023-10-11|access-date=2024-04-18|first=Sarah|last=Johnson}}</ref>

⚫ In 2024, 42 out of 47 members of the Gambia National Assembly voted in favor of sending a bill to a committee for review. This bill would overturn the 2015 ban.<ref name=NYToverturn>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/18/world/africa/gambia-female-genital-cutting.html|title=Gambia Moves Toward Overturning Landmark Ban on Female Genital Cutting|date=2024-03-18|first=Ruth|last=Maclean|work=]}}</ref><ref name="AP News_2024-03-18"/><ref name=NPRrepeal>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2024/03/22/1239276999/the-gambia-is-debating-whether-to-repeal-its-ban-on-female-genital-mutilation|title=The Gambia is debating whether to repeal its ban on female genital mutilation|date=2024-03-22|first=Diane|last=Cole|work=]}}</ref><ref name="Reuters">{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/gambia-mp-defends-bid-legalise-female-genital-mutilation-2024-04-08/|title=Gambia MP defends bid to legalise female genital mutilation|date=2024-04-08|first=Sofia|last=Christensen|website=]}}</ref> Following widespread protest and a human rights campaign, lawmakers reversed opinion and voted to keep the ban in place.<ref name="Bloomberg_News_2024-07-15">{{Cite web|title=‘Gambia Upholds Landmark Ban on Female Genital Cutting|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-07-15/gambia-upholds-landmark-ban-on-female-genital-cutting|website=]|date=2024-07-15|access-date=2024-07-18|language=en-us|first1=Modou|last1=Joof|first2=Yinka|last2=Ibukun}}</ref>


⚫ In 2024, 42 out of 47 members of the Gambia National Assembly voted in favor of sending a bill to a committee for review. This bill would overturn the 2015 ban.<ref name=NYToverturn>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/18/world/africa/gambia-female-genital-cutting.html|title=Gambia Moves Toward Overturning Landmark Ban on Female Genital Cutting|date=2024-03-18|first=Ruth|last=Maclean|work=]}}</ref><ref name="AP News_2024-03-18">{{Cite web|title=Gambia lawmakers refer a repeal of the ban on female genital cutting to more committee discussions|url=https://apnews.com/article/gambia-female-genital-cutting-7ab84af16d6b986025dd344d615bfe19|website=AP News|date=2024-03-18|access-date=2024-04-18|language=en}}</ref><ref name=NPRrepeal>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2024/03/22/1239276999/the-gambia-is-debating-whether-to-repeal-its-ban-on-female-genital-mutilation|title=The Gambia is debating whether to repeal its ban on female genital mutilation|date=2024-03-22|first=Diane|last=Cole|work=]}}</ref><ref name="Reuters">{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/gambia-mp-defends-bid-legalise-female-genital-mutilation-2024-04-08/|title=Gambia MP defends bid to legalise female genital mutilation|date=2024-04-08|first=Sofia|last=Christensen}}</ref>
==References== ==References==
{{Reflist}} {{Reflist}}


{{Female genital mutilation}}] {{Female genital mutilation}}
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Latest revision as of 01:16, 19 July 2024

Female genital mutilation in the Gambia is the practice of removing all or part of the female's genitalia for cultural reasons, believed by those who practice it to affect sexual purity and obedience and required before marriage in some communities. The Gambia is one of 28 countries in Africa where female genital mutilation (FGM) is known to be practiced.

Prevalence

Beginning in 2010, household surveys asked women about the FGM status of all their living daughters. Out of all countries where surveys were conducted, the highest prevalence of female genital mutilation among girls aged 0–14 was in the Gambia. (56 percent) According to a 2022 UNICEF report, 75 percent of Gambian girls aged 15–19 had been subjected to the practice.

Activism

The Gambia Committee on Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children and Safe Hands for Girls, a local group, campaign to end the practice. Human rights experts and lawyers commented on the plans to revoke the 2015 bill, saying it would undo decades of work to end the practice. The UN urged the Gambia not to decriminalise the practice.

The United States of America is supportive of activists who seek to end the practice. In 2024, Fatou Baldeh was awarded an International Women of Courage Award at the White House.

Legality

In 2015, the Gambia banned female genital mutilation. As of 2024, someone who is convicted of performing the practice could be given a fine of 50,000 dalasi (about 622 GBP or US$735) and/or up to three years in prison. Enforcement of the law has been limited with only two cases being prosecuted from its inception to 2024.

In 2023, the conviction of three women for mutilating eight infants led to debates in the country about the ban. Abdoulie Fatty, an influential Imam, paid the fines to release the convicted women from prison and started campaigning to lift the ban on female genital mutilation.

Members of the National Assembly of the Gambia backed a proposal to repeal the law. At the same time, the Gambia Supreme Islamic Council published a fatwa that requested the government to reconsider the 2015 ban while condemning anyone who criticizes female genital mutilation.

In 2024, 42 out of 47 members of the Gambia National Assembly voted in favor of sending a bill to a committee for review. This bill would overturn the 2015 ban. Following widespread protest and a human rights campaign, lawmakers reversed opinion and voted to keep the ban in place.

References

  1. ^ Maclean, Ruth (2024-03-18). "Gambia Moves Toward Overturning Landmark Ban on Female Genital Cutting". The New York Times.
  2. ^ Johnson, Sarah (2023-10-11). "FGM ban in the Gambia under threat as calls grow to repeal law". The Guardian. Retrieved 2024-04-18.
  3. Bitong, Liliane (November 2005). "Fighting Genital Mutilation in Sierra Leone". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 83 (11): 801–880. PMC 2626459. PMID 16302032.
  4. Yoder, P. Stanley; Wang, Shanxiao; Johansen, Elise (June 2013). "Estimates of female genital mutilation/cutting in 27 African countries and Yemen". Studies in Family Planning. 44 (2): 189–204. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4465.2013.00352.x. ISSN 0039-3665. PMID 23720002.
  5. Cappa, Claudia (July 2013). "Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: A Statistical Overview and Exploration of the Dynamics of Change" (PDF). UNICEF. p. 25.
  6. UNICEF 2013 Archived 5 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine. For eight percent in Iraq, 27, box 4.4, group 5; for the regions in Iraq, 31, map 4.6).
  7. Hassfurter, Karoline (2022-06-17). "Towards ending harmful practices in Africa: A statistical overview of child marriage and female genital mutilation". UNICEF. p. 7. Retrieved 2024-04-18.
  8. ^ "Gambia lawmakers refer a repeal of the ban on female genital cutting to more committee discussions". AP News. 2024-03-18. Retrieved 2024-04-18.
  9. Eromo Egbejule (2024-04-11). "'Right to freedom from torture': UN experts urge the Gambia not to decriminalise FGM". The Guardian. Retrieved 2024-04-18.
  10. "A Statement by The United Nations in The Gambia on Protecting the Rights of Girls and Women from Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)". gambia.un.org. Retrieved 2024-04-18.
  11. Lyons, Kate (2015-11-24). "The Gambia bans female genital mutilation". The Guardian. Retrieved 2024-04-18.
  12. Naranjo, José (2023-09-20). "'A 30-year setback' in The Gambia as religious and political leaders push to decriminalize female genital mutilation". El País. Retrieved 2024-04-18.
  13. Jawo, Kaddy (2024-03-28). "'Over my dead body', say Gambian mothers amid efforts to lift FGM ban". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2024-04-18.
  14. "Imam Fatty, others pay fines for women convicted of FGM". The Standard Newspaper. 2023-09-04. Retrieved 2024-04-18.
  15. Cole, Diane (2024-03-22). "The Gambia is debating whether to repeal its ban on female genital mutilation". NPR.
  16. Christensen, Sofia (2024-04-08). "Gambia MP defends bid to legalise female genital mutilation". Reuters.
  17. Joof, Modou; Ibukun, Yinka (2024-07-15). "'Gambia Upholds Landmark Ban on Female Genital Cutting". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 2024-07-18.
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