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{{Short description|Bolshevik government in Estonia}}
{{Infobox Former Country
{{Multiple issues|
|native_name = Eesti Töörahva Kommuuna
{{Expand Polish|topic=hist|date=January 2023}}
|conventional_long_name = Commune of the Working People of Estonia
{{Expand Estonian|topic=hist|date=January 2023}}
|common_name = Estonia
|continent = Europe
|region = Nordic countries
|year_start = 1918
|year_end = 1919
|date_start = November 29
|date_end = June 5
|event_start =
|event_end =
|p1 = Estonia
|flag_p1= Flag of Estonia.svg
|s1 = Estonia
|flag_s1= Flag of Estonia.svg
|image_flag =
|image_map = LocationEstonia.png
|image_map_caption = Location of Estonia
|capital = Narva
|government_type = Socialist republic
|legislature= ]¹
|title_leader= Chairman¹
|leader1 = Jaan Anvelt
|year_leader1 = 1918-1919
|common_languages= ], ]
|currency = ]
|footnotes=¹ Chairman (esimees) of the Soviet of The Commune of the Working People of Estonia (Eesti Töörahva Kommuuni Nõukogu]]
}} }}


{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
'''Commune of the Working People of Estonia''' (]: ''Eesti Töörahva Kommuun'', earlier ''Eesti Töörahva Kommuuna'', ]: ''Эстляндская Трудовая Коммуна'' or '''ЭТК''') was a short-lived ] in Russian-occupied parts of ] during the ]. It was established on ], ] in ], a day after conquest of this town by ]. The Commune was chaired by ] for the duration of its existence. In the beginning of its short existence this regime outlawed all people, loyal to legitimate government of Estonia, and made itself notorious committing ] in ] and ], among most known victims of these actions were bishop ] and pastor ]. In order to justify its aggression, Russian Soviet government on ], ] formally "recognized" this regime. Initially successful Russian offensive reached vicinity of 34 kilometres from ], before beginning of Estonian army's counteroffensive under Commander-in-Chief ] on ] ] and succeedingly driven out from Estonia. In this the Estonian Army was supported by the British Royal Navy, ] as well as Finnish, Swedish and Danish volunteer units. After expulsion from Estonia until its end commune practiced in ], then in ] and from ] ] in ].
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Estonian Workers' Commune
| native_name = ''Eesti Töörahva Kommuuna''
| common_name = Estonia
| status = State of ] (until December 7th, 1918)<ref name ="rev">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zlsvDwAAQBAJ | isbn=978-0-19-979421-8 | title=Russia in Flames: War, Revolution, Civil War, 1914-1921 | date=22 January 2024 | publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref>
| image_flag = Flag of the Estonian Workers' Commune (1918-1919).svg
| flag = List of Estonian flags#Historical flags
| flag_caption = Flag <ref name="f1">{{cite web | url=https://www.muis.ee/museaalView/2785195 | title=Eesti muuseumide veebivärav - Eesti Töörahva Kommuuni lipp }}</ref><ref name="f2">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1HMWAQAAIAAJ | isbn=978-9985-2-1053-6 | title=Эстонский флаг, эстонский герб | date=2005 | publisher=Авита }}</ref>
| image_map = Estonia on the globe (Europe centered).svg
| image_map_caption = Location of ] in northern Europe.
| capital = ]
| common_languages = ]<br/>]
| government_type = ]
| title_leader = Chairman<sup>a</sup>
| leader1 = ]
| year_leader1 = 1918–1919
| legislature = ]
| date_start = 29 November
| year_start = 1918
| date_end = 5 June
| year_end = 1919
| currency =
| footnote_a = Chairman (''Esimees'') of the Soviet of the Commune of the Working People of Estonia (''Eesti Töörahva Kommuuni Nõukogu'').
}}


The '''Estonian Workers' Commune<ref name ="rev"/>''' ({{langx|et|Eesti Töörahva Kommuun}}, initially ''{{lang|et|Eesti Töörahwa Kommuuna}}''; {{langx|ru|Эстляндская трудовая коммуна}} {{transliteration|ru|Estlyandskaya trudovaya kommuna}}, {{lang|ru|ЭТК}} or '''ETK''', also '''Estonian Labour Commune'''<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iFYBBAAAQBAJ | isbn=978-0-7735-6285-1 | title=Survival and Consolidation: The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, 1918-1921 | date=27 April 1992 | publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP }}</ref> and '''Commune of the Working People of Estonia'''<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DYyBEAAAQBAJ | isbn=978-91-87121-83-8 | title=Cultural Transformations After Communism: Central and Eastern Europe in Focus | date=8 January 2011 | publisher=Nordic Academic Press }}</ref>) was a government claiming the ]-occupied parts of ] as its territories during the ] and the ].<ref>{{cite book |title=Eesti ajalugu |language=et |trans-title=History of Estonia |author1-link=Küllo Arjakas |first1=Küllo |last1=Arjakas |author2-link=Mati Laur |first2=Mati |last2=Laur |author3-link=Tõnis Lukas |first3=Tõnis |last3=Lukas |author4-link=Ain Mäesalu |first4=Ain |last4=Mäesalu |publisher=] |location=] |date=1991 |page=261}}</ref> It was recognised as an independent state only by Russian SFSR on December 7th, 1918.<ref name ="rev"/>
==Members of Soviet, Commune of the Working People of Estonia==
*] – chairman and military
*] – interior (actually underground in Estonia, ] acting for him)
*] – economic affairs
*] – culture and public education
*] – foreign affairs (from ] ] ]) and state control (later ])
*] – social insurance (acting ])
*] – secretary


== Establishment and fall==
Most of them were executed during Stalinist ]s in Russia during 1930s.
The Commune was established in ] on 29 November 1918 with the support of the ]. It was chaired by ] for the duration of its existence.
Within areas of their control, the Commune closed churches, nationalised industry and the banks<ref>{{cite book |last=Miljan |first=Toivo |title=Historical Dictionary of Estonia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeXwMDZbTBoC&pg=PA226 |year=2004 |publisher=] |isbn=9780810865716 |page=226}}</ref> and outlawed representatives of the Provisional Government.<ref name="Karsten">{{cite journal |last=Brüggemann |first=Karsten |date=29 August 2008 |title="Foreign Rule" during the Estonian War of Independence 1918–1920: The Bolshevik Experiment of the "Estonian Worker's Commune" |journal=] |publisher=] |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=210–226 |doi=10.1080/01629770608628880 |s2cid=144738999}}</ref>


The Communist offensive was initially successful and eventually reached as far as 34 kilometres from ]. However, a counter-offensive begun on 7 January 1919 by the Estonian People's Force (''Rahvavägi'') under Commander-in-Chief ] eventually drove the Red Army out of Estonia, with international military aid primarily from the ]. The Commune was thus rendered defunct, claiming a ] in ], then ] and finally, from 17 May 1919, in ].
==See also==
]
*]
== International recognition ==
*]
The ] (RSFSR) formally recognised the ETK on 7 December 1918 and remained the only government to do so.<ref>''Eesti ajalugu'', a textbook for grade 11 by ], ], ] and ]; ], ] 1991; p. 263.</ref> At that time, Soviet Russia was itself not internationally recognised. One of the first international treaties recognising Russia's Soviet government as legitimate was the ] concluding the ] in 1920.

== Massacres ==
{{See also|Red terror}}
], among them Estonian bishop ], killed by the ] Bolsheviks]]

The regime instituted a reign of terror<ref>{{cite book |last=Miljan |first=Toivo |title=Historical Dictionary of Estonia |series=European Historical Dictionaries |volume=43 |year=2004 |publisher=] |isbn=0810849046 |page=226}}</ref> from November 1918 to January 1919.<ref name="Rauch">{{cite book |last=Von Rauch |first=Georg |title=The Baltic States – The Years of independence 1917 – 1940 |year=2006 |publisher=Hurst & Company |isbn=1850652333 |pages=58–59}}</ref> A considerable number of people were arrested in ] in December 1918 and a number of German estate owners were executed on the frozen river on 9 January 1919.<ref name="Rauch"/> A ] was also set up near Luga, in January 1919.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ammela |first1=Mari-Leen |title=Estonian Workers' Commune |url=http://www.estonica.org/en/Estonian_Workers%E2%80%99_Commune/ |website=estonica.org |accessdate=3 September 2019 |archive-date=21 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121121001/http://www.estonica.org/en/Estonian_Workers%E2%80%99_Commune/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Just before Tartu was seized, the Bolsheviks carried out the ] executing clergymen and other prisoners in the basement of the town's bank,<ref name="Rauch"/> among the victims were Bishop ], the priest {{Interlanguage link|Sergei Florinski|et|Sergi Florinski}} and the pastor {{Interlanguage link|Traugott Hahn|et}}.<ref name="Rauch"/> Around 500 people were killed in total.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tannberg |first1=Tonu |last2=Maesalu |first2=Ain |last3=Lukas |first3=Tonis |last4=Laur |first4=Mati |last5=Pajur |first5=Ago |title=History of Estonia |edition=2nd |year=1997 |publisher=Avita |isbn=9985206061 |page=212}}</ref>

== Members of the Commune ==
* ] – Chairman of the council and People's Commissar of Defence
* ] – People's Commissar of the Interior (actually underground in Estonia, ] acting for him)
* ] – Commissioner for the National Economy
* ] – People's Commissar of Culture and Public Education
*Johannes Mägi – People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs (from 20 December 1918 ]) and state control (later ])
*] – Commissioner for Social Insurance (acting ])
*] – Executive Secretary of the council

Soviet authorities executed most of the members during the ].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.epl.ee/artikkel/400987 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120801131138/http://www.epl.ee/artikkel/400987 |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 August 2012 |title=Hea kommunist on surnud kommunist |language=et |trans-title=A good communist is a dead communist |last=Kaljuvee |first=Ardo |date=22 September 2007 |work=Eesti Päevaleht |access-date=7 March 2013}}</ref>

== See also ==
*] *]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}


==Reference== == Sources ==
* Szajkowski, Bogdan. ''The Establishment of Marxist Regimes''. London: Butterworths, 1982. p. 21-22. (ISBN 0-408-10834-7) * Szajkowski, Bogdan. ''The Establishment of Marxist Regimes''. London: Butterworths, 1982. p.&nbsp;21-22. ({{ISBN|0-408-10834-7}})
* {{cite web |url= http://bdcol.ee/fileadmin/docs/bdreview/bdr-2002-8-11.pdf |title= ''The Baltic States from 1914 to 1923: The First World War and the Wars of Independence'' |url-status= dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070616145931/http://bdcol.ee/fileadmin/docs/bdreview/bdr-2002-8-11.pdf |archivedate= 16 June 2007 }}&nbsp;{{small|(1.24&nbsp;])}} in ''Baltic Defence Review'', No.8, Volume 2/2002.


== External links == == External links ==
* * {{Dead link|date=July 2022}}
* * at arhiiv.ee.
* * at postimees.ee.


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{{Estonia-stub}}


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Latest revision as of 14:47, 9 November 2024

Bolshevik government in Estonia
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Estonian Workers' CommuneEesti Töörahva Kommuuna
1918–1919
Flag of Estonia Flag [1]
Location of Estonia in northern Europe.Location of Estonia in northern Europe.
StatusState of Russian SFSR (until December 7th, 1918)
CapitalNarva
Common languagesEstonian
Russian
GovernmentSoviet republic
Chairman 
• 1918–1919 Jaan Anvelt
LegislatureSoviet council
History 
• Established 29 November 1918
• Disestablished 5 June 1919
ISO 3166 codeEE
  1. Chairman (Esimees) of the Soviet of the Commune of the Working People of Estonia (Eesti Töörahva Kommuuni Nõukogu).

The Estonian Workers' Commune (Estonian: Eesti Töörahva Kommuun, initially Eesti Töörahwa Kommuuna; Russian: Эстляндская трудовая коммуна Estlyandskaya trudovaya kommuna, ЭТК or ETK, also Estonian Labour Commune and Commune of the Working People of Estonia) was a government claiming the Bolshevik-occupied parts of Republic of Estonia as its territories during the Estonian War of Independence and the Russian Civil War. It was recognised as an independent state only by Russian SFSR on December 7th, 1918.

Establishment and fall

The Commune was established in Narva on 29 November 1918 with the support of the Red Army. It was chaired by Jaan Anvelt for the duration of its existence. Within areas of their control, the Commune closed churches, nationalised industry and the banks and outlawed representatives of the Provisional Government.

The Communist offensive was initially successful and eventually reached as far as 34 kilometres from Tallinn. However, a counter-offensive begun on 7 January 1919 by the Estonian People's Force (Rahvavägi) under Commander-in-Chief Johan Laidoner eventually drove the Red Army out of Estonia, with international military aid primarily from the British Empire. The Commune was thus rendered defunct, claiming a government in exile in Pskov, then Luga and finally, from 17 May 1919, in Staraya Russa.

Flag

International recognition

The Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (RSFSR) formally recognised the ETK on 7 December 1918 and remained the only government to do so. At that time, Soviet Russia was itself not internationally recognised. One of the first international treaties recognising Russia's Soviet government as legitimate was the Treaty of Tartu concluding the Estonian War of Independence in 1920.

Massacres

See also: Red terror
Corpses of victims of the 1919 Tartu Credit Center Massacre, among them Estonian bishop Platon, killed by the winthdrawing Bolsheviks

The regime instituted a reign of terror from November 1918 to January 1919. A considerable number of people were arrested in Tartu in December 1918 and a number of German estate owners were executed on the frozen river on 9 January 1919. A concentration camp was also set up near Luga, in January 1919. Just before Tartu was seized, the Bolsheviks carried out the Tartu Credit Center Massacre executing clergymen and other prisoners in the basement of the town's bank, among the victims were Bishop Platon, the priest Sergei Florinski [et] and the pastor Traugott Hahn [et]. Around 500 people were killed in total.

Members of the Commune

Soviet authorities executed most of the members during the Great Purge.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Eesti muuseumide veebivärav - Eesti Töörahva Kommuuni lipp".
  2. ^ Эстонский флаг, эстонский герб. Авита. 2005. ISBN 978-9985-2-1053-6.
  3. ^ Russia in Flames: War, Revolution, Civil War, 1914-1921. Oxford University Press. 22 January 2024. ISBN 978-0-19-979421-8.
  4. Survival and Consolidation: The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, 1918-1921. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. 27 April 1992. ISBN 978-0-7735-6285-1.
  5. Cultural Transformations After Communism: Central and Eastern Europe in Focus. Nordic Academic Press. 8 January 2011. ISBN 978-91-87121-83-8.
  6. Arjakas, Küllo; Laur, Mati; Lukas, Tõnis; Mäesalu, Ain (1991). Eesti ajalugu [History of Estonia] (in Estonian). Tallinn: Koolibri. p. 261.
  7. Miljan, Toivo (2004). Historical Dictionary of Estonia. Scarecrow Press. p. 226. ISBN 9780810865716.
  8. Brüggemann, Karsten (29 August 2008). ""Foreign Rule" during the Estonian War of Independence 1918–1920: The Bolshevik Experiment of the "Estonian Worker's Commune"". Journal of Baltic Studies. 37 (2). Routledge: 210–226. doi:10.1080/01629770608628880. S2CID 144738999.
  9. Eesti ajalugu, a textbook for grade 11 by Küllo Arjakas, Mati Laur, Tõnis Lukas and Ain Mäesalu; Koolibri, Tallinn 1991; p. 263.
  10. Miljan, Toivo (2004). Historical Dictionary of Estonia. European Historical Dictionaries. Vol. 43. Scarecrow Press. p. 226. ISBN 0810849046.
  11. ^ Von Rauch, Georg (2006). The Baltic States – The Years of independence 1917 – 1940. Hurst & Company. pp. 58–59. ISBN 1850652333.
  12. Ammela, Mari-Leen. "Estonian Workers' Commune". estonica.org. Archived from the original on 21 January 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2019.
  13. Tannberg, Tonu; Maesalu, Ain; Lukas, Tonis; Laur, Mati; Pajur, Ago (1997). History of Estonia (2nd ed.). Avita. p. 212. ISBN 9985206061.
  14. Kaljuvee, Ardo (22 September 2007). "Hea kommunist on surnud kommunist" [A good communist is a dead communist]. Eesti Päevaleht (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 1 August 2012. Retrieved 7 March 2013.

Sources

External links


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