Misplaced Pages

Missouri Executive Order 44: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editContent deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 10:27, 29 May 2024 editGottagitgud (talk | contribs)428 edits Per the Manual_of_Style/Latter_Day_Saints, "Mormon" is the preferred term in historical articles.Tags: Reverted Visual edit← Previous edit Latest revision as of 12:39, 20 September 2024 edit undoDaask (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, New page reviewers, Pending changes reviewers31,532 edits Remove unknown parameter to Template:Blockquote: collapsed. 
(34 intermediate revisions by 6 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Latter Day Saint extermination order}}
⚫ {{Short description|1838 state executive order}}Mormons were given a county of their own —]— in 1836, following their ] in 1833. However, the increasing influx of new converts moving to northwestern Missouri led them to begin settling in adjacent counties. Other settlers, who had operated under the assumption that Mormons would remain confined to ], became angry due to these new settlements.<ref name=":1">, quote.</ref>
]]]
'''Missouri Executive Order 44''' (known as the '''Mormon Extermination Order''') was a ] issued by Missouri Governor ] on October 27, 1838, in response to the ]. The clash had been triggered when a state militia unit from ] seized several Mormon hostages from ], and the subsequent attempt by the Mormons to rescue them.<ref name=DeVoto2000p84-85>{{harvnb|DeVoto|2000|pp=84–85}}</ref>


Based on exaggerated reports of the battle and rumors of Mormon military plans, Boggs claimed that the Mormons had committed "open and avowed defiance of the law" and had "made war upon the people of Missouri".<ref name=":2" /> Governor Boggs directed that "the Mormons must be treated as enemies, and must be exterminated or driven from the State if necessary for the public peace—their outrages are beyond all description".<ref name="G1839">{{Harvnb|Greene|1839|pp=8, 26}}</ref>
⚫ On July 4, 1838, ] member ] delivered ] in ], the county seat of Caldwell County. Rigdon wanted to make clear that Church members would meet any attacks on them with force. Far from settling tensions, Rigdon's oration had the opposite effect: it terrified and inflamed the residents of surrounding counties. By the fall of that same year these tensions escalated into open conflict, culminating in the looting and burning of several Mormon farms and homes, the sacking and burning of ] by the ], and the taking of Mormon hostages by Captain ] and his state militia unit, operating in northern Ray County (to the south of Caldwell).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Battle of Crooked River {{!}} Ray County Museum |url=https://raycountymuseum.org/home/history/battle-of-crooked-river/ |access-date=2023-11-07 |language=en |quote=Bogart and his party began visiting the homes of Latter-day Saints living in Bunkham's Strip, forcibly disarming them and ordering them to leave Ray County. Bogart then penetrated into Caldwell County and began to similarly harass Latter-day Saints there, advising them to remove to Far West, the county seat. Returning to Ray County, his men captured three Saints - Nathan Pinkham, Jr., William Seely, and Addison Green.}}</ref>


The order was directed to General ], and it was implemented by the state militia to forcefully displace the Mormons from Missouri. In response to the order, the Mormons surrendered and subsequently sought refuge in ]. In 1976, citing its unconstitutional nature, Missouri Governor ] formally rescinded it.
⚫ A Mormon armed group from the town of ] moved south to the militia camp on the ] in order to rescue the hostages, causing rumors of a planned full-scale invasion of Missouri that ran rampant throughout the summer and aroused terror throughout the western part of the state. These rumors only increased as reports of the ] reached the capital at ], with exaggerated accounts of Mormons supposedly slaughtering Bogart's militia company, including those who had surrendered.<ref name=":2">{{harvnb|LeSueur|1987|pp=143–144}}</ref> Further dispatches spoke of an impending attack on ], county seat of ], though in fact no such attack was ever contemplated.<ref>{{harvnb|LeSueur|1987|p=150}}</ref>
==Background==
{{main|Mormon War (1838)}}The relationship between the Mormons and the state of Missouri had its roots in 1830, when a group of missionaries were sent to western Missouri with the goal of proselytizing among the Native Americans. This group arrived in ], and initially encountered a welcoming response from some residents who were receptive to their message.<ref name=":0">{{harvnb|Allen|Leonard|1992|pp=136–138}}</ref> In summer of 1831, Jackson County was designated as the place of ], a sacred site where Mormons believed they would eventually ] and prepare for the ] of Jesus Christ. However, as the number of Mormons in the area grew, tensions emerged between the Mormons and their non-Mormon neighbors. This was partly due to the religious and cultural differences between the two groups, economic competition, political differences, and fears of cultural displacement.<ref name="DeVoto2000p84-85" /><ref>{{harvnb|LeSueur|1987|p=3}}</ref>]]]
Tensions reached a boiling point in summer of 1833, when two newspaper articles discussing Missouri laws concerning ] were published by the Mormon newspaper, '']'' in ]. These articles were interpreted by Missourians as inviting free blacks to settle in the county.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Frampton |first=T. Ward |date=2014 |title="Some Savage Tribe": Race, Legal Violence, and the Mormon War of 1838 |journal=Journal of Mormon History |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=175–207 |doi=10.2307/24243875 |issn=0094-7342 |jstor=24243875 |quote=Missourians ... interpreted the passage as clear evidence that the Mormons were encouraging and facilitating the settling of free blacks in Jackson County; Phelps immediately protested that his intent was actually to discourage that very thing. In the same issue, however, was a second article that seemed to betray where the Mormons' sympathies truly lay: "The saints must shun every appearance of evil. As to slaves we have nothing to say. In connection with the wonderful events of this age, much is doing towards abolishing slavery, and colonizing the blacks, in Africa."}}</ref> Residents of Jackson County, including several public officials, published a manifesto accusing the Mormons of having a "corrupting influence" on their slaves, and calling for their removal: "peaceably if we can, forcibly if we must."<ref name=":2">{{harvnb|LeSueur|1987|pp=143–144}}</ref> On the same day, July 20, 1833, the ] printing press, which published the newspaper in Independence, was destroyed by a mob.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Terror In Jackson County {{!}} Religious Studies Center |url=https://rsc.byu.edu/well-sing-well-shout/terror-jackson-county |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=rsc.byu.edu}}</ref>


⚫ Mormons were given a county of their own —]— in 1836, following their ] in 1833.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bushman|2007|pp=344–345}}</ref> However, the increasing influx of new converts moving to northwestern Missouri led them to begin settling in adjacent counties. Other settlers, who had operated under the assumption that Mormons would remain confined to ], became angry due to these new settlements.<ref>{{harvnb|LeSueur|1990|pp=25–26}}</ref>
⚫ Previously, Governor Boggs had received word that Mormons had driven several citizens of ] (north of Caldwell) from their homes. He had then appointed General ] to lead the State Militia in assisting those citizens to return. But after hearing these reports, Governor Boggs issued new orders directing Clark to commence direct military operations and issued Missouri Executive Order 44.<ref name=":0">{{harvnb|Allen|Leonard|1992|pp=136–138}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Quinn|1994|p=100}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Office of the Secretary of State of Missouri|1841|pp=50–63}}</ref>


⚫ On July 4, 1838, ] member ] delivered ] in ], the county seat of Caldwell County. Rigdon wanted to make clear that Mormons would meet any attacks on them with force. Far from settling tensions, Rigdon's oration had the opposite effect: it terrified and inflamed the residents of surrounding counties.<ref name="LeSueur1990p37-43">{{harvnb|LeSueur|1990|pp=37–43}}</ref> By the fall of that same year these tensions escalated into open conflict, culminating in the siege of the Mormon settlement in Carroll County, the sacking and burning of ] by the ], and the taking of Mormon hostages by Captain ] and his state militia unit, operating in northern Ray County (to the south of Caldwell).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Battle of Crooked River {{!}} Ray County Museum |url=https://raycountymuseum.org/home/history/battle-of-crooked-river/ |access-date=2023-11-07 |language=en |quote=Bogart and his party began visiting the homes of Latter-day Saints living in Bunkham's Strip, forcibly disarming them and ordering them to leave Ray County. Bogart then penetrated into Caldwell County and began to similarly harass Latter-day Saints there, advising them to remove to Far West, the county seat. Returning to Ray County, his men captured three Saints - Nathan Pinkham, Jr., William Seely, and Addison Green.}}</ref>
==Human and economic losses==


⚫ A Mormon armed group from the town of ] moved south to the militia camp on the ] in order to rescue the hostages, causing rumors of a planned full-scale invasion of Missouri that ran rampant and aroused terror throughout the western part of the state. These rumors only increased as reports of the ] reached the capital at ], with exaggerated accounts of Mormons supposedly slaughtering Bogart's militia company, including those who had surrendered.<ref name=":2" /> Further dispatches spoke of an impending attack on ], county seat of ], though in fact no such attack was ever contemplated.<ref>{{harvnb|LeSueur|1987|p=150}}</ref>
=== Displacement ===


⚫ Previously, Governor Boggs had received word that Mormons had driven several citizens of ] (north of Caldwell) from their homes. He had then appointed General ] to lead the State Militia in assisting those citizens to return. But after hearing these reports, Governor Boggs issued new orders directing Clark to commence direct military operations and issued Missouri Executive Order 44.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{harvnb|Quinn|1994|p=100}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Office of the Secretary of State of Missouri|1841|pp=50–63}}</ref>
⚫ ]

==Enforcement==


General Clark cited Executive Order 44 soon after the Mormon settlers surrendered in November 1838, saying that violence would have been used had they chosen not to surrender.<ref name="Linn">{{harvnb|Linn|2010|p=121}}</ref> General Clark explicitly stated that the Mormons should expect no mercy and that their leaders would not be returned to them. Clark furthermore stated: General Clark cited Executive Order 44 soon after the Mormon settlers surrendered in November 1838, saying that violence would have been used had they chosen not to surrender.<ref name="Linn">{{harvnb|Linn|2010|p=121}}</ref>
⚫ {{blockquote|...The order of the governor was to me, that you should be exterminated, and not allowed to remain in the state; and had not your leaders been given up, and the terms of this treaty<ref>This refers to an agreement between the Church members leaders and General Samuel Lucas, signed under duress, which compelled the Latter-day Saints to give up their leaders, their arms and all of their lands and property, and to then leave Missouri. , p. 1.</ref> complied with, your families before this time would have been destroyed, and your houses in ashes. There is a discretionary power vested in my hands, which concerning your circumstances I will exercise for a season...<ref name=Lin>{{harvnb|Lin|1987}}</ref><ref>, p. 1.</ref>}}


{{blockquote|I do not say you shall go now, but you must not think of staying here another season, or of putting in crops, for the moment you do this, the citizens will be upon you; and if I am called here again, in a case of a non-compliance of a treaty made, do not think I will do as I have now. You need not expect any mercy, but extermination, for I am determined the governor's orders be executed. As for your leaders, do not think, do not imagine for a moment, do not let it enter into your mind, that they will be delivered and restored to you again, for their fate is fixed, their die is cast, their doom is sealed.}} General Clark explicitly stated that the Mormons should expect no mercy and that their leaders would not be returned to them. Clark furthermore stated:], to whom Governor Boggs addressed the Order]]{{blockquote|I do not say you shall go now, but you must not think of staying here another season, or of putting in crops, for the moment you do this, the citizens will be upon you; and if I am called here again, in a case of a non-compliance of a treaty made, do not think I will do as I have now. You need not expect any mercy, but extermination, for I am determined the governor's orders be executed. As for your leaders, do not think, do not imagine for a moment, do not let it enter into your mind, that they will be delivered and restored to you again, for their fate is fixed, their die is cast, their doom is sealed.}}


Consequently, approximately 15,000 Mormons promptly fled to Illinois, enduring the harsh winter conditions.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Black, Susan Easton |year=2001 |title=Quincy—A City of Refuge |url=http://www.mormonhistoricsitesfoundation.org/publications/studies_spring_01/MHS2.1Black.pdf |journal=] |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=83–94 |access-date=}}</ref>
Given recent activities involving other members of the state militia, the Mormons had valid reasons to take these threats seriously. Consequently, approximately 15,000 Mormons promptly fled to Illinois, enduring the harsh winter conditions.


==== ''Extermination'' ====
While the term ''extermination'' was used in the order, today it is widely understood that Boggs did not intend the physical annihilation of the Mormon population.<ref name=":4">{{cite web |last=Whitman |first=Dale A. |authorlink=Dale A. Whitman |title=Extermination Order |url=http://ldsfaq.byu.edu/emmain.asp?number=74 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061020144758/http://ldsfaq.byu.edu/emmain.asp?number=74 <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate=2006-10-20 |accessdate=2007-02-04 |work=LDSFAQ |publisher=]}}</ref> Boggs would claim later in his life that his main desire was to subdue the Mormons without bloodshed.<ref name="LeSueur163" /> Scholars such as ] and Steven LeSueur suggest the word 'exterminate' reflects the historical usage of the term, which more broadly encompassed the expulsion or removal of a group or population from an area.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Pokin |first=Steve |title=Pokin Around: Was there ever a time in Missouri when you could legally kill a Mormon? |url=https://www.news-leader.com/story/news/local/ozarks/2018/09/01/missouri-executive-order-44-mormon-war/1147461002/ |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=Springfield News-Leader |language=en-US |quote=In 1838 parlance, Lawson says, the word "exterminate" primarily meant to "force to leave an area."}}</ref><ref name=":5" />
=== Deaths === === Deaths ===
The question of whether anyone was directly killed as a result of the Extermination Order between its issuance on October 27, 1838, and the Mormon surrender on November 1, 1838, has been a subject of intense historical debate. The prevailing consensus among scholars is that there is limited evidence to suggest that militiamen invoked the order to justify their actions during that period.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Baugh |first=Alexander |date=2009-01-01 |title=The Haun's Mill Massacre and the Extermination Order of Missouri Governor Lilburn W. Boggs |url=https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/facpub/3734 |journal=Faculty Publications}}</ref><ref name="LeSueur163">{{harvnb|LeSueur|1987|pp=163–164}}</ref> While the term ''extermination'' was used in the order, Boggs would claim later in his life that his main desire was to subdue the Mormons without bloodshed.<ref name="LeSueur163" /> Historians ] and Steven LeSueur suggest the word 'exterminate' reflects the historical usage of the term, which more broadly encompassed the expulsion or removal of a group or population from an area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Baugh |first=Alexander |date=2009-01-01 |title=The Haun's Mill Massacre and the Extermination Order of Missouri Governor Lilburn W. Boggs |url=https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/facpub/3734 |journal=Faculty Publications}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite web |last=Whitman |first=Dale A. |authorlink=Dale A. Whitman |title=Extermination Order |url=http://ldsfaq.byu.edu/emmain.asp?number=74 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061020144758/http://ldsfaq.byu.edu/emmain.asp?number=74 <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate=2006-10-20 |accessdate=2007-02-04 |work=LDSFAQ |publisher=]}}</ref>

The question of whether anyone was directly killed as a result of the Extermination Order between its issuance on October 27, 1838, and the Mormon surrender on November 1, 1838, has been a subject of intense historical debate. The prevailing consensus among scholars is that there is insufficient evidence to suggest that militiamen invoked the order to justify their actions during that period.<ref name="LeSueur163">{{harvnb|LeSueur|1987|pp=163–164}}</ref>


==== Haun's Mill ==== ==== Haun's Mill ====
{{main|Haun's Mill massacre}} {{main|Haun's Mill massacre}}


The ] took place on October 30, 1838, three days after the order. It was perpetrated by Missouri State Guardsmen from ] on the settlement of Haun's Mill, located in eastern Caldwell County near the Livingston County border. It resulted in the deaths of 18 people.<ref>{{harvnb|Arrington|Bitton|1979|p=45}}</ref> While most scholars state there is little evidence that the militiamen knew of the Executive Order,<ref name="Hartley">{{harvnb|Hartley|2001|pp=6, 20–23}}</ref><ref name="LeSueur163" /> there is at least one first-hand account claiming the perpetrators cited the governor's ordering their extermination as the motive of the massacre.<ref name="Tullidge">{{harvnb|Tullidge|1877|p=177}}</ref>
] ]
Many people connect Governor Boggs' order directly to the ] on October 30, 1838. At least one firsthand account asserts local Guardsmen referred to an order issued by the governor that sounds similar to Order 44 as justification for the Haun's Mill massacre.

The Haun's Mill massacre was launched by Missouri State Guardsmen from ] on the settlement of Haun's Mill, located in eastern Caldwell County near the Livingston County line, which resulted in the deaths of 18 men and boys, some of whom were ] after surrendering.<ref name="Tullidge">{{harvnb|Tullidge|1877|p=177}}</ref>

Others state there is no evidence that the militiamen knew of the Executive Order, and participants in this massacre who spoke of it later never used Governor Boggs' decree to justify their actions.<ref name="Hartley">{{harvnb|Hartley|2001|pp=6, 20–23}}</ref><ref name="LeSueur163" />

However, the firsthand account explains soldiers stated the governor had ordered their expulsion or extermination if they did not leave at once.<ref name="Tullidge"/>
{{blockquote| {{blockquote|


Line 52: Line 54:
To date, there have been no reparations or other financial compensation for losses by either side in the conflict. Historian ] wrote: To date, there have been no reparations or other financial compensation for losses by either side in the conflict. Historian ] wrote:


{{blockquote|What the total of the pecuniary losses of the members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Missouri was cannot be accurately estimated. They asserted that in Jackson County alone, $120,000 worth of their property was destroyed, and that fifteen thousand of their number fled from the state. Smith, in a statement of his losses made after his arrival in Illinois, placed them at $1,000,000. In a memorial presented to Congress at this time the losses in Jackson County were placed at $175,000, and in the state of Missouri at $2,000,000. The efforts of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints to secure redress were long continued. Not only was Congress appealed to, but legislatures of other states were urged to petition in their behalf. The Senate committee at Washington reported that the matter was entirely within the jurisdiction of the state of Missouri. One of the latest appeals was addressed by Smith at Nauvoo in December, 1843, to his native state, Vermont, calling on the Green Mountain boys, not only to assist him in attaining justice in Missouri, but also to humble and chastise or abase her for the disgraces she has brought upon constitutional liberty, until she atones for her sin.<ref name=Linn />}} {{blockquote|What the total of the pecuniary losses of the members of the Mormons in Missouri was cannot be accurately estimated. They asserted that in Jackson County alone, $120,000 worth of their property was destroyed, and that fifteen thousand of their number fled from the state. Smith, in a statement of his losses made after his arrival in Illinois, placed them at $1,000,000. In a memorial presented to Congress at this time the losses in Jackson County were placed at $175,000, and in the state of Missouri at $2,000,000. The efforts of Mormons to secure redress were long continued. Not only was Congress appealed to, but legislatures of other states were urged to petition in their behalf. The Senate committee at Washington reported that the matter was entirely within the jurisdiction of the state of Missouri. One of the latest appeals was addressed by Smith at Nauvoo in December, 1843, to his native state, Vermont, calling on the Green Mountain boys, not only to assist him in attaining justice in Missouri, but also to humble and chastise or abase her for the disgraces she has brought upon constitutional liberty, until she atones for her sin.<ref name=Linn />}}

To put the dollar numbers in modern context: $1,000,000 in 1838 equals $31,913,655.91 in 2023.


==Aftermath== ==Aftermath==
], to whom Governor Boggs addressed the Order]]
⚫ Although the Church leaders surrendered at ] on November 1, Mormons (especially in outlying areas) continued to be subject to harassment and even forced ejection by citizens and militia units. The Church members in Caldwell County, as part of their surrender agreement, signed over all of their property to pay the expenses of the campaign against them; although this act was later held unlawful,<ref name=LeSueur225/> it became clear to them that departure from the state was the only option state officials were going to allow.


⚫ Despite surrendering at ] on November 1, Mormons (especially in outlying areas) continued to be subject to harassment by citizens and militia units.<ref name=":1" /> The Mormons in Caldwell County, as part of their surrender agreement, signed over all of their property to pay the expenses of the campaign against them; although this act was later held unlawful.<ref name="LeSueur225" />
Upon his arrival at Far West, General Clark delivered the following speech to the now-captive Church members, in which he directly invoked Order 44:


⚫ Though Clark had offered to allow the Mormons to remain in Missouri until the following spring, they decided to leave right away; according to one account, most had departed within ten days of Clark's speech.<ref name="Lin" /> Although Governor Boggs belatedly ordered a militia unit under Colonel ] to northern Missouri to stop ongoing depredations against the Latter Day Saints, he refused to repeal the order.<ref name=":1">{{harvnb|LeSueur|1987|pp=232–233}}</ref> The Missouri legislature deferred discussion of an appeal by Mormons to rescind the decree.<ref name="Anderson1994">{{Harvnb|Anderson|1994}}</ref>
⚫ {{blockquote|...The order of the governor was to me, that you should be exterminated, and not allowed to remain in the state; and had not your leaders been given up, and the terms of this treaty <ref>This refers to an agreement between the Church members leaders and General Samuel Lucas, signed under duress, which compelled the Latter-day Saints to give up their leaders, their arms and all of their lands and property, and to then leave Missouri. , p. 1.</ref> complied with, your families before this time would have been destroyed, and your houses in ashes. There is a discretionary power vested in my hands, which concerning your circumstances I will exercise for a season...<ref name=Lin>{{harvnb|Lin|1987}}</ref><ref>, p. 1.</ref>}}


⚫ ]
⚫ Though Clark had offered to allow the Church members to remain in Missouri until the following spring, they decided to leave right away; according to one account, most had departed within ten days of Clark's speech.<ref name=Lin/> Although Governor Boggs belatedly ordered a militia unit under Colonel ] (later to achieve fame as a ] ] general) to northern Missouri to stop ongoing depredations against the Mormons, he refused to repeal the order.<ref>{{harvnb|LeSueur|1987|pp=232–233}}</ref> The Missouri legislature deferred discussion of an appeal by Church leaders to rescind the decree. Nearly all of the approximately 15,000 Mormons left Missouri by the spring of 1839, and would not begin to return to Missouri until approximately 25 years later.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}


Governor Boggs himself was excoriated in portions of the Missouri press, as well as those of neighboring states, for his action in issuing this order.<ref name=LeSueur225>{{harvnb|LeSueur|1987|pp=225, 229, 237–238}}</ref> General ], a legislator and militia general from western Missouri who had refused to take part in operations, demanded that the Legislature formally state its opinion of Governor Boggs' order, for "he would not live in any state, where such authority was given".<ref>{{harvnb|LeSueur|1987|p=226}}</ref> Although his proposal and similar ones by others went down to defeat, Governor Boggs himself saw his once-promising political career destroyed to the point that, by the next election, his own ] was reluctant to be associated with him.<ref name=LeSueur258>{{harvnb|LeSueur|1987|pp=258–259}}</ref> After surviving an assassination attempt in 1842, Governor Boggs ultimately emigrated to California, where he died in relative obscurity in the ] in 1860.<ref name=LeSueur258/> Governor Boggs was excoriated in portions of the Missouri press, as well as those of neighboring states, for his action in issuing this order.<ref name="LeSueur225">{{harvnb|LeSueur|1987|pp=225, 229, 237–238}}</ref> General ], a legislator and militia general from western Missouri who had refused to take part in operations, demanded that the legislature formally state its opinion of Governor Boggs' order, for "he would not live in any state, where such authority was given".<ref>{{harvnb|LeSueur|1987|p=226}}</ref> Although his proposal and similar ones by others went down to defeat, Governor Boggs himself saw his once-promising political career destroyed to the point that, by the next election, his own ] was reluctant to be associated with him.<ref name="LeSueur258">{{harvnb|LeSueur|1987|pp=258–259}}</ref> After surviving an assassination attempt in 1842, Governor Boggs ultimately emigrated to California, where he died in relative obscurity in the ] in 1860.<ref name="LeSueur258" />


==Rescission== ==Rescission==
] ]


In late 1975, President Lyman F. Edwards of the ] ] of the ], invited then Missouri Governor ] to participate in the June 25, 1976, stake's annual conference as a good-will gesture for the ].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.jwha.info/mmff/exorder.htm |title= The Extermination Order and How it was Rescinded |publisher= ] |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110526042751/http://www.jwha.info/mmff/exorder.htm |archive-date= May 26, 2011 }}</ref> As part of his address at that conference, 137 years after being signed and citing the ] nature of Governor Boggs' directive, Governor Bond presented the following Executive Order:<ref>{{cite web |last= Whitman |first= Dale A. |author-link= Dale A. Whitman |title= Extermination Order |work= LDSFAQ |publisher= ] |url= http://ldsfaq.byu.edu/emmain.asp?number=74 |access-date= February 4, 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061020144758/http://ldsfaq.byu.edu/emmain.asp?number=74 <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date= October 20, 2006 }}</ref> In late 1975, President Lyman F. Edwards of the ] ] of the ], invited then Missouri Governor ] to participate in the June 25, 1976, annual stake conference as a good-will gesture for the ].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.jwha.info/mmff/exorder.htm |title= The Extermination Order and How it was Rescinded |publisher= ] |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110526042751/http://www.jwha.info/mmff/exorder.htm |archive-date= May 26, 2011 }}</ref> As part of his address at that conference, 137 years after being signed and citing the ] nature of Governor Boggs' directive, Governor Bond presented the following Executive Order:<ref>{{cite web |last= Whitman |first= Dale A. |author-link= Dale A. Whitman |title= Extermination Order |work= LDSFAQ |publisher= ] |url= http://ldsfaq.byu.edu/emmain.asp?number=74 |access-date= February 4, 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061020144758/http://ldsfaq.byu.edu/emmain.asp?number=74 <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date= October 20, 2006 }}</ref>


{{blockquote|WHEREAS, on October 27, 1838, the Governor of the State of Missouri, Lilburn W. Boggs, signed an order calling for the extermination or expulsion of Mormons from the State of Missouri; and {{blockquote|WHEREAS, on October 27, 1838, the Governor of the State of Missouri, Lilburn W. Boggs, signed an order calling for the extermination or expulsion of Mormons from the State of Missouri; and
Line 86: Line 84:


(Signed) Christopher S. Bond, Governor.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.sos.mo.gov/archives/resources/findingaids/miscMormRecs/eo/19760625_RescisOrder.pdf |title= Governor Bond's Rescission order |work= The Missouri Mormon War collection |publisher= Missouri State Archives }}</ref>}} (Signed) Christopher S. Bond, Governor.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.sos.mo.gov/archives/resources/findingaids/miscMormRecs/eo/19760625_RescisOrder.pdf |title= Governor Bond's Rescission order |work= The Missouri Mormon War collection |publisher= Missouri State Archives }}</ref>}}

==Original text==
{{wikisource|Missouri Executive Order 44}}]

⚫ Missouri Executive Order Number 44 reads as follows:

{{blockquote|
Headquarters of the Militia,

City of Jefferson, Oct. 27, 1838.

Gen. John B. Clark:

Sir: Since the order of this morning to you, directing you to cause four hundred mounted men to be raised within your division, I have received by Amos Reese, Esq., of Ray county, and Wiley C. Williams, Esq., one of my aids{{sic}}, information of the most appalling character, which entirely changes the face of things, and places the Mormons in the attitude of an open and avowed defiance of the laws, and of having made war upon the people of this state. Your orders are, therefore, to hasten your operation with all possible speed. The Mormons must be treated as enemies, and must be exterminated or driven from the state if necessary for the public peace—their outrages are beyond all description. If you can increase your force, you are authorized to do so to any extent you may consider necessary. I have just issued orders to Maj. Gen. Willock, of Marion county, to raise five hundred men, and to march them to the northern part of Daviess, and there unite with Gen. Doniphan, of Clay, who has been ordered with five hundred men to proceed to the same point for the purpose of intercepting the retreat of the Mormons to the north. They have been directed to communicate with you by express, you can also communicate with them if you find it necessary. Instead therefore of proceeding as at first directed to reinstate the citizens of Daviess in their homes, you will proceed immediately to Richmond and then operate against the Mormons. Brig. Gen. Parks of Ray, has been ordered to have four hundred of his brigade in readiness to join you at Richmond. The whole force will be placed under your command.

I am very respectfully,

yr obt st ,

L. W. Boggs,

Commander-in-Chief.<ref name="G1839"/>
⚫ }}


==See also== ==See also==
Line 404: Line 425:
{{refend}} {{refend}}


==Further reading==
* {{cite book
| first = William Alexander
| last = Linn
| year = 1901
| chapter = Book III, Chapter VIII: A State of Civil War
| title = The Story of the Mormons: From the Date of their Origin to the Year 1901
| place = New York
| publisher = Macmillan
| oclc = 621583
| pages = 200–207
| chapter-url = https://archive.org/stream/storyofmormonsfr00linn#page/200/mode/2up
| url = https://archive.org/details/storyofmormonsfr00linn
⚫ }}


==External links== ==External links==

⚫ {{wikisource|Missouri Executive Order 44}}
*, the battle correspondence leading up to, and including, the Extermination Order – presented by Latter-day Saint historian Mel Tungate. *, the battle correspondence leading up to, and including, the Extermination Order – presented by Latter-day Saint historian Mel Tungate.
* include both the original Executive Order 44 and the rescinding order as PDFs – presented by the Missouri Secretary of State. * include both the original Executive Order 44 and the rescinding order as PDFs – presented by the Missouri Secretary of State.

Latest revision as of 12:39, 20 September 2024

Latter Day Saint extermination order
Missouri Governor Lilburn Boggs

Missouri Executive Order 44 (known as the Mormon Extermination Order) was a state executive order issued by Missouri Governor Lilburn Boggs on October 27, 1838, in response to the Battle of Crooked River. The clash had been triggered when a state militia unit from Ray County seized several Mormon hostages from Caldwell County, and the subsequent attempt by the Mormons to rescue them.

Based on exaggerated reports of the battle and rumors of Mormon military plans, Boggs claimed that the Mormons had committed "open and avowed defiance of the law" and had "made war upon the people of Missouri". Governor Boggs directed that "the Mormons must be treated as enemies, and must be exterminated or driven from the State if necessary for the public peace—their outrages are beyond all description".

The order was directed to General John Bullock Clark, and it was implemented by the state militia to forcefully displace the Mormons from Missouri. In response to the order, the Mormons surrendered and subsequently sought refuge in Nauvoo, Illinois. In 1976, citing its unconstitutional nature, Missouri Governor Kit Bond formally rescinded it.

Background

Main article: Mormon War (1838)

The relationship between the Mormons and the state of Missouri had its roots in 1830, when a group of missionaries were sent to western Missouri with the goal of proselytizing among the Native Americans. This group arrived in Jackson County, Missouri, and initially encountered a welcoming response from some residents who were receptive to their message. In summer of 1831, Jackson County was designated as the place of Zion, a sacred site where Mormons believed they would eventually gather and prepare for the Second Coming of Jesus Christ. However, as the number of Mormons in the area grew, tensions emerged between the Mormons and their non-Mormon neighbors. This was partly due to the religious and cultural differences between the two groups, economic competition, political differences, and fears of cultural displacement.

Destruction of the printing press, by C.C.A Christensen

Tensions reached a boiling point in summer of 1833, when two newspaper articles discussing Missouri laws concerning slavery were published by the Mormon newspaper, the Evening and the Morning Star in Independence, Missouri. These articles were interpreted by Missourians as inviting free blacks to settle in the county. Residents of Jackson County, including several public officials, published a manifesto accusing the Mormons of having a "corrupting influence" on their slaves, and calling for their removal: "peaceably if we can, forcibly if we must." On the same day, July 20, 1833, the W. W. Phelps printing press, which published the newspaper in Independence, was destroyed by a mob.

Mormons were given a county of their own —Caldwell County— in 1836, following their expulsion from Jackson County in 1833. However, the increasing influx of new converts moving to northwestern Missouri led them to begin settling in adjacent counties. Other settlers, who had operated under the assumption that Mormons would remain confined to Caldwell County, became angry due to these new settlements.

On July 4, 1838, First Presidency member Sidney Rigdon delivered an oration in Far West, the county seat of Caldwell County. Rigdon wanted to make clear that Mormons would meet any attacks on them with force. Far from settling tensions, Rigdon's oration had the opposite effect: it terrified and inflamed the residents of surrounding counties. By the fall of that same year these tensions escalated into open conflict, culminating in the siege of the Mormon settlement in Carroll County, the sacking and burning of Gallatin by the Danites, and the taking of Mormon hostages by Captain Samuel Bogart and his state militia unit, operating in northern Ray County (to the south of Caldwell).

A Mormon armed group from the town of Far West moved south to the militia camp on the Crooked River in order to rescue the hostages, causing rumors of a planned full-scale invasion of Missouri that ran rampant and aroused terror throughout the western part of the state. These rumors only increased as reports of the Battle of Crooked River reached the capital at Jefferson City, with exaggerated accounts of Mormons supposedly slaughtering Bogart's militia company, including those who had surrendered. Further dispatches spoke of an impending attack on Richmond, county seat of Ray County, though in fact no such attack was ever contemplated.

Previously, Governor Boggs had received word that Mormons had driven several citizens of Daviess County (north of Caldwell) from their homes. He had then appointed General John Bullock Clark to lead the State Militia in assisting those citizens to return. But after hearing these reports, Governor Boggs issued new orders directing Clark to commence direct military operations and issued Missouri Executive Order 44.

Enforcement

General Clark cited Executive Order 44 soon after the Mormon settlers surrendered in November 1838, saying that violence would have been used had they chosen not to surrender.

...The order of the governor was to me, that you should be exterminated, and not allowed to remain in the state; and had not your leaders been given up, and the terms of this treaty complied with, your families before this time would have been destroyed, and your houses in ashes. There is a discretionary power vested in my hands, which concerning your circumstances I will exercise for a season...

General Clark explicitly stated that the Mormons should expect no mercy and that their leaders would not be returned to them. Clark furthermore stated:

General John Bullock Clark, to whom Governor Boggs addressed the Order

I do not say you shall go now, but you must not think of staying here another season, or of putting in crops, for the moment you do this, the citizens will be upon you; and if I am called here again, in a case of a non-compliance of a treaty made, do not think I will do as I have now. You need not expect any mercy, but extermination, for I am determined the governor's orders be executed. As for your leaders, do not think, do not imagine for a moment, do not let it enter into your mind, that they will be delivered and restored to you again, for their fate is fixed, their die is cast, their doom is sealed.

Consequently, approximately 15,000 Mormons promptly fled to Illinois, enduring the harsh winter conditions.

Deaths

While the term extermination was used in the order, Boggs would claim later in his life that his main desire was to subdue the Mormons without bloodshed. Historians Alexander L. Baugh and Steven LeSueur suggest the word 'exterminate' reflects the historical usage of the term, which more broadly encompassed the expulsion or removal of a group or population from an area.

The question of whether anyone was directly killed as a result of the Extermination Order between its issuance on October 27, 1838, and the Mormon surrender on November 1, 1838, has been a subject of intense historical debate. The prevailing consensus among scholars is that there is insufficient evidence to suggest that militiamen invoked the order to justify their actions during that period.

Haun's Mill

Main article: Haun's Mill massacre

The Haun's Mill massacre took place on October 30, 1838, three days after the order. It was perpetrated by Missouri State Guardsmen from Livingston County on the settlement of Haun's Mill, located in eastern Caldwell County near the Livingston County border. It resulted in the deaths of 18 people. While most scholars state there is little evidence that the militiamen knew of the Executive Order, there is at least one first-hand account claiming the perpetrators cited the governor's ordering their extermination as the motive of the massacre.

Haun's Mill by C. C. A. Christensen

"Halt!" commanded the leader of a band of well-mounted and well-armed mobocrats, who charged down upon them as they journeyed on their way.

"If you proceed any farther west," said the captain, "you will be instantly shot."

"Wherefore?" inquired the pilgrims.

"You are d__d Mormons!"

"We are law-abiding Americans, and have given no cause of offence."

"You are d__d Mormons. That's offense enough. Within ten days every Mormon must be out of Missouri, or men, women, and children will be shot down indiscriminately. No mercy will be shown. It is the order of the Governor that you should all be exterminated; and by God you will be."

Financial losses

To date, there have been no reparations or other financial compensation for losses by either side in the conflict. Historian William Alexander Linn wrote:

What the total of the pecuniary losses of the members of the Mormons in Missouri was cannot be accurately estimated. They asserted that in Jackson County alone, $120,000 worth of their property was destroyed, and that fifteen thousand of their number fled from the state. Smith, in a statement of his losses made after his arrival in Illinois, placed them at $1,000,000. In a memorial presented to Congress at this time the losses in Jackson County were placed at $175,000, and in the state of Missouri at $2,000,000. The efforts of Mormons to secure redress were long continued. Not only was Congress appealed to, but legislatures of other states were urged to petition in their behalf. The Senate committee at Washington reported that the matter was entirely within the jurisdiction of the state of Missouri. One of the latest appeals was addressed by Smith at Nauvoo in December, 1843, to his native state, Vermont, calling on the Green Mountain boys, not only to assist him in attaining justice in Missouri, but also to humble and chastise or abase her for the disgraces she has brought upon constitutional liberty, until she atones for her sin.

Aftermath

Despite surrendering at Far West on November 1, Mormons (especially in outlying areas) continued to be subject to harassment by citizens and militia units. The Mormons in Caldwell County, as part of their surrender agreement, signed over all of their property to pay the expenses of the campaign against them; although this act was later held unlawful.

Though Clark had offered to allow the Mormons to remain in Missouri until the following spring, they decided to leave right away; according to one account, most had departed within ten days of Clark's speech. Although Governor Boggs belatedly ordered a militia unit under Colonel Sterling Price to northern Missouri to stop ongoing depredations against the Latter Day Saints, he refused to repeal the order. The Missouri legislature deferred discussion of an appeal by Mormons to rescind the decree.

"Crossing the Mississippi on the Ice" by C.C.A. Christensen

Governor Boggs was excoriated in portions of the Missouri press, as well as those of neighboring states, for his action in issuing this order. General David Atchison, a legislator and militia general from western Missouri who had refused to take part in operations, demanded that the legislature formally state its opinion of Governor Boggs' order, for "he would not live in any state, where such authority was given". Although his proposal and similar ones by others went down to defeat, Governor Boggs himself saw his once-promising political career destroyed to the point that, by the next election, his own party was reluctant to be associated with him. After surviving an assassination attempt in 1842, Governor Boggs ultimately emigrated to California, where he died in relative obscurity in the Napa Valley in 1860.

Rescission

Kit Bond, the governor who rescinded the Mormon Extermination Order

In late 1975, President Lyman F. Edwards of the Far West stake of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, invited then Missouri Governor Kit Bond to participate in the June 25, 1976, annual stake conference as a good-will gesture for the United States Bicentennial. As part of his address at that conference, 137 years after being signed and citing the unconstitutional nature of Governor Boggs' directive, Governor Bond presented the following Executive Order:

WHEREAS, on October 27, 1838, the Governor of the State of Missouri, Lilburn W. Boggs, signed an order calling for the extermination or expulsion of Mormons from the State of Missouri; and

WHEREAS, Governor Boggs' order clearly contravened the rights to life, liberty, property and religious freedom as guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States, as well as the Constitution of the State of Missouri; and

WHEREAS, in this bicentennial year as we reflect on our nation's heritage, the exercise of religious freedom is without question one of the basic tenets of our free democratic republic;

Now, THEREFORE, I, CHRISTOPHER S. BOND, Governor of the State of Missouri, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the State of Missouri, do hereby order as follows:

Expressing on behalf of all Missourians our deep regret for the injustice and undue suffering which was caused by the 1838 order, I hereby rescind Executive Order Number 44, dated October 27, 1838, issued by Governor Lilburn W. Boggs.

In witness I have hereunto set my hand and caused to be affixed the great seal of the State of Missouri, in the city of Jefferson, on this 25 day of June, 1976.

(Signed) Christopher S. Bond, Governor.

Original text

The original handwritten order

Missouri Executive Order Number 44 reads as follows:

Headquarters of the Militia,

City of Jefferson, Oct. 27, 1838.

Gen. John B. Clark:

Sir: Since the order of this morning to you, directing you to cause four hundred mounted men to be raised within your division, I have received by Amos Reese, Esq., of Ray county, and Wiley C. Williams, Esq., one of my aids [sic], information of the most appalling character, which entirely changes the face of things, and places the Mormons in the attitude of an open and avowed defiance of the laws, and of having made war upon the people of this state. Your orders are, therefore, to hasten your operation with all possible speed. The Mormons must be treated as enemies, and must be exterminated or driven from the state if necessary for the public peace—their outrages are beyond all description. If you can increase your force, you are authorized to do so to any extent you may consider necessary. I have just issued orders to Maj. Gen. Willock, of Marion county, to raise five hundred men, and to march them to the northern part of Daviess, and there unite with Gen. Doniphan, of Clay, who has been ordered with five hundred men to proceed to the same point for the purpose of intercepting the retreat of the Mormons to the north. They have been directed to communicate with you by express, you can also communicate with them if you find it necessary. Instead therefore of proceeding as at first directed to reinstate the citizens of Daviess in their homes, you will proceed immediately to Richmond and then operate against the Mormons. Brig. Gen. Parks of Ray, has been ordered to have four hundred of his brigade in readiness to join you at Richmond. The whole force will be placed under your command.

I am very respectfully,

yr obt st ,

L. W. Boggs,

Commander-in-Chief.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ DeVoto 2000, pp. 84–85
  2. ^ LeSueur 1987, pp. 143–144
  3. ^ Greene 1839, pp. 8, 26
  4. ^ Allen & Leonard 1992, pp. 136–138
  5. LeSueur 1987, p. 3
  6. Frampton, T. Ward (2014). ""Some Savage Tribe": Race, Legal Violence, and the Mormon War of 1838". Journal of Mormon History. 40 (1): 175–207. doi:10.2307/24243875. ISSN 0094-7342. JSTOR 24243875. Missourians ... interpreted the passage as clear evidence that the Mormons were encouraging and facilitating the settling of free blacks in Jackson County; Phelps immediately protested that his intent was actually to discourage that very thing. In the same issue, however, was a second article that seemed to betray where the Mormons' sympathies truly lay: "The saints must shun every appearance of evil. As to slaves we have nothing to say. In connection with the wonderful events of this age, much is doing towards abolishing slavery, and colonizing the blacks, in Africa."
  7. "Terror In Jackson County | Religious Studies Center". rsc.byu.edu. Retrieved 2023-11-07.
  8. Bushman 2007, pp. 344–345
  9. LeSueur 1990, pp. 25–26 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLeSueur1990 (help)
  10. LeSueur 1990, pp. 37–43 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLeSueur1990 (help)
  11. "Battle of Crooked River | Ray County Museum". Retrieved 2023-11-07. Bogart and his party began visiting the homes of Latter-day Saints living in Bunkham's Strip, forcibly disarming them and ordering them to leave Ray County. Bogart then penetrated into Caldwell County and began to similarly harass Latter-day Saints there, advising them to remove to Far West, the county seat. Returning to Ray County, his men captured three Saints - Nathan Pinkham, Jr., William Seely, and Addison Green.
  12. LeSueur 1987, p. 150
  13. Quinn 1994, p. 100
  14. Office of the Secretary of State of Missouri 1841, pp. 50–63
  15. ^ Linn 2010, p. 121
  16. This refers to an agreement between the Church members leaders and General Samuel Lucas, signed under duress, which compelled the Latter-day Saints to give up their leaders, their arms and all of their lands and property, and to then leave Missouri. General Clark's Speech, p. 1.
  17. ^ Lin 1987 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLin1987 (help)
  18. General Clark's Speech, p. 1.
  19. Black, Susan Easton (2001). "Quincy—A City of Refuge" (PDF). Mormon Historical Studies. 2 (1): 83–94.
  20. ^ LeSueur 1987, pp. 163–164
  21. Baugh, Alexander (2009-01-01). "The Haun's Mill Massacre and the Extermination Order of Missouri Governor Lilburn W. Boggs". Faculty Publications.
  22. Whitman, Dale A. "Extermination Order". LDSFAQ. BYU Studies. Archived from the original on 2006-10-20. Retrieved 2007-02-04.
  23. Arrington & Bitton 1979, p. 45
  24. Hartley 2001, pp. 6, 20–23
  25. Tullidge 1877, p. 177
  26. ^ LeSueur 1987, pp. 232–233
  27. ^ LeSueur 1987, pp. 225, 229, 237–238
  28. Anderson 1994
  29. LeSueur 1987, p. 226
  30. ^ LeSueur 1987, pp. 258–259
  31. "The Extermination Order and How it was Rescinded". John Whitmer Historical Association. Archived from the original on May 26, 2011.
  32. Whitman, Dale A. "Extermination Order". LDSFAQ. BYU Studies. Archived from the original on October 20, 2006. Retrieved February 4, 2007.
  33. "Governor Bond's Rescission order" (PDF). The Missouri Mormon War collection. Missouri State Archives.

References


External links

1838 Mormon War
Latter Day Saint movement
Fundamental ideas
History
Sacred texts
Founders and leaders
LDS denominations
Doctrines and practices
Controversies
Culture
The Mormon Image
Places
Related
Categories: