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{{Short description|Head of state of Saudi Arabia}} {{Short description|Head of state and government of Saudi Arabia}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2018}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{short description|None}}
{{Infobox monarchy

| royal_title = King
{{more footnotes needed|date=February 2017}}{{Infobox monarchy|royal_title=King|realm=Saudi Arabia|native_name={{lang|ar|ملك المملكة العربية السعودية}}|coatofarms=Royal Standard of Saudi Arabia.svg{{!}}border|coatofarms_article=Royal Standard of Saudi Arabia|type=saudi|image=File:Salman of Saudi Arabia - 2020 (49563590728) (cropped).jpg|incumbent=]|incumbentsince=23 January 2015|heir_presumptive=]|first_monarch=]|date=1720|residence=]<br> (]) <br> Al-Safa Palace <br> (]) <br> Al-Salam Palace <br> (]) <br> Tayibah Palace <br> (]) <br> Al-Aziziya Palace <br> (])|website=https://houseofsaud.com/}}{{Politics of Saudi Arabia}}{{Politics of Saudi Arabia}}
| realm = Saudi Arabia

| native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|ar|ملك المملكة العربية السعودية}}}}
The '''king of Saudi Arabia''', officially the '''King of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia''' ({{langx|ar| ملك المملكة العربية السعودية}}), is the ] and ] of the ] who holds ]. He is the head of the Saudi Arabian royal family, the ].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saudi Arabia - Government and society|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Saudi-Arabia|access-date=2020-07-26|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> The king is the ] of the ] and the head of the Saudi national ]. The king is called the "]" ({{lang|ar|خادم الحرمين الشريفين}}), a title that signifies Saudi Arabia's jurisdiction over the mosques of ] in ] and ] in ]. The title has been used many times through the history of Islam. The first Saudi king to use the title was ]; however, ] did not use the title after him. In 1986, ] replaced "]" with the title of Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, and it has been since used by both ] and ].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-01-27|title=Story behind the king's title|url=https://www.arabnews.com/saudi-arabia/news/695351|access-date=2020-07-26|website=Arab News|language=en}}</ref> The king has been named the most powerful and influential Muslim and Arab leader in the world according to the Muslim 500.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://theislamicinformation.com/news/king-salman-ranked-as-the-most-influential-muslim-in-2023/ | title=King Salman of Saudi Arabia Ranked as the Most Influential Muslim in 2023 | date=31 October 2022 }}</ref>
| coatofarms = Royal Standard of Saudi Arabia.svg{{!}}border
| coatofarms_article = Royal Standard of Saudi Arabia
| type = Saudi Arabian
| image = Salman of Saudi Arabia - 2020 (49563590728) (cropped).jpg
| incumbent = ]
| incumbentsince = 23 January 2015
| heir_presumptive = ]
| first_monarch = ]
| date = 23 September 1932
| residence = ]<br> (Riyadh)<br> Al-Salam Palace <br> (Jeddah)
| style = ] (formal) <br /> or <br /> ] (diplomatic relations)
| website = https://houseofsaud.com/
}}
{{Politics of Saudi Arabia}}
The '''King of Saudi Arabia''', officially the '''King of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia''' ({{lang-ar| ملك المملكة العربية السعودية}}), is the ] and ]/] of the ] who holds ]. He is the head of the Saudi Arabian royal family, the ].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saudi Arabia - Government and society|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Saudi-Arabia|access-date=2020-07-26|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> The king is the ] of the ] and the head of the Saudi national ]. The king is called the "]" ({{lang|ar|خادم الحرمين الشريفين}}), a title that signifies Saudi Arabia's jurisdiction over the mosques of ] in ] and ] in ]. The title has been used many times through the history of Islam. The first Saudi king to use the title was ]; however, ] did not use the title after him. In 1986, ] replaced "]" with the title of Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, and it has been since used by both ] and ].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-01-27|title=Story behind the king's title|url=https://www.arabnews.com/saudi-arabia/news/695351|access-date=2020-07-26|website=Arab News|language=en}}</ref> The king has been named the most powerful and influential Muslim and Arab leader in the world according to the Muslim 500.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://theislamicinformation.com/news/king-salman-ranked-as-the-most-influential-muslim-in-2023/ | title=King Salman of Saudi Arabia Ranked as the Most Influential Muslim in 2023 | date=31 October 2022 }}</ref>


==History== ==History==
], known in the West as Ibn Saud, regained his patrimony, which is known as today's Saudi Arabia in 1902. Restoring his family as emirs of ], he then established ] as his headquarters in 1922. Following the establishment of Riyadh as the capital of his state, Ibn Saud then captured ] in 1925.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History {{!}} The Embassy of The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|url=https://www.saudiembassy.net/history|access-date=2020-07-26|website=saudiembassy.net}}</ref> ], known in the West as Ibn Saud, regained his patrimony, which is known as today's Saudi Arabia in 1902. Restoring his family as emirs of ], he then established the ] as his headquarters in 1922. Following the establishment of Riyadh as the capital of his state, Ibn Saud then captured ] in 1925.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History {{!}} The Embassy of The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|url=https://www.saudiembassy.net/history|access-date=2020-07-26|website=saudiembassy.net}}</ref>


Ibn Saud proclaimed his dominions as the ] in 1921, shortly before completing the unification of the region. He was proclaimed king (]) of ] in 1926, and raised ] to a kingdom as well in 1927. For the next five years, Ibn Saud administered the two parts of his realm, the ] as separate units. On 23 September 1932, he formally united his territories into the ].<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Saudi Arabia|url=https://www.sa.undp.org/content/saudi_arabia/en/home/countryinfo.html|access-date=2020-07-26|website=UNDP in Saudi Arabia|language=en|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110202243/https://www.sa.undp.org/content/saudi_arabia/en/home/countryinfo.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Saudi Arabia. ( The Saudi National Day 23, Sep )|url=https://www.pmu.edu.sa/students/news/2013/7b32131c-3d4a-4bc9-8ed1-f8ef1c8a07df/index|access-date=2020-07-26|website=pmu.edu.sa}}</ref> Ibn Saud proclaimed his dominions as the ] in 1921, shortly before completing the unification of the region. He was proclaimed king (]) of ] in 1926, and raised ] to a kingdom as well in 1927. For the next five years, Ibn Saud administered the two parts of his realm, the ] as separate units. On 23 September 1932, he ] his territories into the ].<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Saudi Arabia|url=https://www.sa.undp.org/content/saudi_arabia/en/home/countryinfo.html|access-date=2020-07-26|website=UNDP in Saudi Arabia|language=en|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110202243/https://www.sa.undp.org/content/saudi_arabia/en/home/countryinfo.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Saudi Arabia. ( The Saudi National Day 23, Sep )|url=https://www.pmu.edu.sa/students/news/2013/7b32131c-3d4a-4bc9-8ed1-f8ef1c8a07df/index|access-date=2020-07-26|website=pmu.edu.sa}}</ref>


==Succession== ==Succession==
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The king of Saudi Arabia is also considered the head of the ] and, until 2021, the ]. The ] was also the "]" until 2021 and is currently prime minister. The kings after Faisal have named a "second deputy prime minister" as the subsequent heir after the crown prince. The king of Saudi Arabia is also considered the head of the ] and, until 2021, the ]. The ] was also the "]" until 2021 and is currently prime minister. The kings after Faisal have named a "second deputy prime minister" as the subsequent heir after the crown prince.


==Royal Standard== ==Opposition==
] and can generally mean jail time for the critics. It can also result in death.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/02/saudi-expats-launch-opposition-party-on-anniversary-of-jamal-kashoggis-death|title = Saudi expats launch opposition party on anniversary of Jamal Khashoggi's death|website = ]|date = 2 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2020/country-chapters/saudi-arabia#:~:text=Saudi%20Arabia%20faced%20unprecedented%20international,dissidents%20and%20human%20rights%20activists.|title = Saudi Arabia: Events of 2019|date = 12 December 2019}}</ref>
{{See also|Flag of Saudi Arabia}}
*The Royal Flag consists of a green flag, with an ] inscription and a sword featured in white, and with the ] embroidered in gold in the lower right canton.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Royal Standard (Saudi Arabia)|url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/sa_royal.html|access-date=2020-07-28|website=crwflags.com}}</ref>
]
The script on the flag is written in the ]. It is the '']'' or Islamic declaration of faith:
: {{lang|ar|لَا إِلٰهَ إِلَّا الله مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ الله}}
: ''{{transl|ar|DIN|lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāh, muhammadun rasūlu-llāh}}''
:''There is no god but ]: Muhammad is the Messenger of God."''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/about/country-information/facts_and_figures/ |title=About Saudi Arabia: Facts and figures |publisher=The Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Washington D.C |access-date=24 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417231457/http://www.saudiembassy.net/about/country-information/facts_and_figures/ |archive-date=17 April 2012 }}</ref>


==Kings of Saudi Arabia (present)==
*The Royal Standard consists of a green flag, in the center of the national emblem embroidered with gold.


]
==Kings of Saudi Arabia (1932–present){{anchor|Kings of Saudi Arabia .281932.E2.80.93present.29}}==
This is a '''list of rulers of ]''', a kingdom on the ].
{{Infobox hrhstyles|royal name=The King of Saudi Arabia|image=]|dipstyle=]|offstyle=]}}

===Sheikhdom of Diriyah===
{{main|Sheikhdom of Diriyah}}
* 1446–1727 Sheikhdom of Diriyah
<section begin=Table /> <section begin=Table />
{{Succession table monarch {{Succession table monarch

| name1 = ''']'''
| name1 = ''']'''
| nickname1 =
| native1 = {{lang|ar|سعود الأول}}
| life1 = 1640 <br />–<br /> 1725
| reignstart1 = 1720
| reignend1 = 1725<br />(death by natural causes)
| notes1 = Was the eponymous ancestor of the House of Saud <br /> Son of ] Muhammad bin Muqrin
| family1 = Muqrin
| image1 =
| alt1 = Saud bin Muhammad Al Muqrin
}}
<section end=Table />

===First Saudi State===
{{main|Emirate of Diriyah}}
* 1727-1818 Emirate of Diriyah
{{Succession table monarch
| name1 = ''']'''
| nickname1 = Muhammad I of Saudi Arabia.jpg
| native1 = {{lang|ar|محمد بن سعود آل مقرن}}
| life1 = 1687–1765
| reignstart1 = 1727
| reignend1 = 1765
| notes1 = Founder of the ] and Son of Saud I
| family1 = ]
| image1 = Muhammad I of Saudi Arabia.jpg
| alt1 = Muhammad bin Saud
| name2 = ''']'''
| nickname2 =
| native2 = {{lang|ar|عبد العزيز بن محمد آل سعود}}
| life2 = 1721–1803
| reignstart2 = 1765
| reignend2 = 1803
| notes2 = Son of Imam Muhammad I
| family2 = ]
| image2 =
| alt2 = AbdulAziz bin Imam Muhammad I
| name3 = ''']'''
| native3 = {{lang|ar|سعود}}
| life3 = 1748–1814
| reignstart3 = 1803
| reignend3 = 1814
| notes3 = Son of Imam Abdulaziz I.
| family3 = ]
| image3 =
| alt3 = Saud bin Abdul-Aziz bin Muhammad bin Saud
| name4 = ''']'''
| nickname4 =
| native4 = {{lang|ar|عبد الله بن سعود آل سعود}}
| life4 = 1785–1818
| reignstart4 = 1814
| reignend4 = 1818
| notes4 = He was the last ruler of the ] and was executed by the ]. Son of Imam Saud II.
| family4 = ]
| image4 = Abdullah I of Saudi Arabia (Black Background).jpg
| alt4 = Abdullah bin Saud
}}

===Second Saudi State===
{{main|Emirate of Nejd}}
* 1823-1891 Emirate of Nejd
{{Succession table monarch
|name5 = ''']'''
| nickname5 =
| native5 = {{lang|ar|ترکي بن عبدالله بن محمد}}
| life5 = 1755 – 1834
| reignstart5 = 1823
| reignend5 = 1834{{note|Assassinated|‡}}
| notes5 = Founder of the ] and grandson of Muhammad I
| family5 = ]
| image5 =
| alt5 = Turki bin Abdullah bin Muhammad
| name6 = ''']'''
| nickname6 =
| native6 = {{lang|ar|مشاري الأول}}
| life6 = 1786 – 1834
| reignstart6 = 1834
| reignend6 = 1834{{note|Assassinated|‡}}
| notes6 = Son of Imam Turki I
| family6 = ]
| image6 =
| alt6 = Mishari bin Abdulrahman bin Hasan bin Mishari Bin Saud

| name7 = ''']'''
| nickname7 =
| native7 = {{lang|ar|فيصل بن تركي بن عبد الله آل سعود}}
| life7 = 1785 – 1865
| reignstart7 = 1834
| reignend7 = 1838<br>(''First term.'')
| notes7 = Son of ]
| family7 = ]
| image7 =
| alt7 = Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud

| name8 = ''']'''
| nickname8 =
| native8 = {{lang|ar|خالد الأول}}
| life8 = ؟ - 1861
| reignstart8 = 1838
| reignend8 = 1841
| notes8 = Son of Imam Abdulaziz I
| family8 = ]
| image8 =
| alt8 = Khalid ibn Saud

| name9 = ''']'''
| nickname9 =
| native9 = {{lang|ar|عبد الله الثاني}}
| life9 = ؟ – 1843
| reignstart9 = 1841
| reignend9 = 1843
| notes9 = Son of Imam Saud II
| family9 = ]
| image9 =
| alt9 = Abdullah bin Thunayan Bin Ibrahim Al-Saud

| name10 = ''']'''
| nickname10 =
| native10 = {{lang|ar|فيصل بن تركي بن عبد الله آل سعود}}
| life10 = 1785 – 1865
| reignstart10 = 1843
| reignend10 = 1865<br>(''Second term.'')
| notes10 = son of ]
| family10 = ]
| image10 =
| alt10 = Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud

| name11 = ''']'''
| nickname11 =
| native11 = {{lang|ar|عبد الله الثالث}}
| life11 = 1831 – 1889
| reignstart11 = 1865
| reignend11 = 1871<br>(''First term.'')
| notes11 = son of ]
| family11 = ]
| image11 =
| alt11 = Abdullah bin Faisal bin Turki Al-Saud

| name12 = ''']'''
| nickname12 =
| native12 = {{lang|ar|سعود الثالث}}
| life12 = ؟ – 1874
| reignstart12 = 1871
| reignend12 = 1871<br>(''First term.'')
| notes12 = Son of Imam Abdullah I
| family12 = ]
| image12 =
| alt12 = Saud bin Faisal bin Turki Al Saud

| name13 = ''']'''
| nickname13 =
| native13 = {{lang|ar|عبد الله الثالث}}
| life13 = 1831 – 1889
| reignstart13 = 1871
| reignend13 = 1873<br>(''Second term.'')
| notes13 = son of ]
| family13 = ]
| image13 =
| alt13 = Abdullah bin Faisal bin Turki Al-Saud

| name14 = ''']'''
| nickname14 =
| native14 = {{lang|ar|سعود الثالث}}
| life14 = ؟ – 1874
| reignstart14 = 1873
| reignend14 = 1875<br>(''Second term.'')
| notes14 = Son of Imam Abdullah I
| family14 = ]
| image14 =
| alt14 = Saud bin Faisal bin Turki Al Saud

| name15 = ''']'''
| nickname15 =
| native15 = {{lang|ar|عبد الرحمن بن فيصل آل سعود}}
| life15 = 1850–1928
| reignstart15 = 1875
| reignend15 = 1876<br>(''First term.'')
| notes15 = Son of Imam Faisal I
| family15 = ]
| image15 = Abdul Rahman of Saudi Arabia.jpg
| alt15 = Abdul Rahman bin Faisal

| name16 = ''']'''
| nickname16 =
| native16 = {{lang|ar|عبد الله الثالث}}
| life16 = 1831 – 1889
| reignstart16 = 1876
| reignend16 = 1889<br>(''Third term.'')
| notes16 = son of ]
| family16 = ]
| image16 =
| alt16 = Abdullah bin Faisal bin Turki Al-Saud

| name17 = ''']'''
| nickname17 =
| native17 = {{lang|ar|عبد الرحمن بن فيصل آل سعود}}
| life17 = 1850–1928
| reignstart17 = 1889
| reignend17 = 1891<br>(''Second term.'')
| notes17 = Son of Imam Faisal I
| family17 = ]
| image17 = Abdul Rahman of Saudi Arabia.jpg
| alt17 = Abdul Rahman bin Faisal
}}

===Third Saudi State (1902–present)===
{{main|Third Saudi State}}
{{transcluded section|source=King of Saudi Arabia}}
*1902 - 1913: ]
*1913 - 1921: ]
*1921 - 1926: ]
*1926 - 1932: ]
*1932–present: ]
<section begin=Table />
{{Succession table monarch
| name1 = ''']'''
| nickname1 = Ibn Saud | nickname1 = Ibn Saud
| native1 = {{lang|ar|عبد العزيز}} | native1 = {{lang|ar|عبد العزيز بن عبد الرحمن آل سعود}}
| life1 = {{Birth date|1875|1|15|df=y}} –<br/>{{Death date and age|1953|11|9|1875|1|15|df=y}} | life1 = {{Birth date|1875|1|15|df=y}} –<br/>{{Death date and age|1953|11|9|1875|1|15|df=y}}
| reignstart1 = 23 September 1932 (aged 57) | reignstart1 = 13 January 1902
| reignend1 = 9 November 1953<br/>(death by natural causes) | reignend1 = 9 November 1953<br/>(death by natural causes)
| notes1 = Reign established by conquest <br/> Son of ] and ] | notes1 = Reign established by conquest <br/> Son of Abdul Rahman bin Faisal and ]
| family1 = ] | family1 = ]
| image1 = Official Portrait of King Abdulaziz.jpg | image1 = Abdulaziz II of Saudi Arabia portrait.jpg
| alt1 = Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia | alt1 = Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia
| name2 = ''']''' | name2 = ''']'''
| nickname2 = | nickname2 =
| native2 = {{lang|ar|سعود}} | native2 = {{lang|ar|سعود بن عبد العزيز آل سعود}}
| life2 = {{Birth date|1902|1|12|df=y}} –<br/>{{Death date and age|1969|2|23|1902|1|12|df=y}} | life2 = {{Birth date|1902|1|15|df=y}} –<br/>{{Death date and age|1969|2|23|1902|1|12|df=y}}
| reignstart2 = 9 November 1953 (aged 51) | reignstart2 = 9 November 1953 (aged 51)
| reignend2 = 2 November 1964<br/>(abdicated) | reignend2 = 2 November 1964<br/>(abdicated)
Line 70: Line 269:
| image2 = Saud IV of Saudi Arabia portrait2.jpg | image2 = Saud IV of Saudi Arabia portrait2.jpg
| alt2 = Saud of Saudi Arabia | alt2 = Saud of Saudi Arabia
| name3 = ''']''' | name3 = ''']'''
| nickname3 = | nickname3 =
| native3 = {{lang|ar|فيصل}} | native3 = {{lang|ar|فيصل بن عبدالعزيز آل سعود}}
| life3 = {{Birth date|1906|4|14|df=y}} –<br/>{{Death date and age|1975|3|25|1906|4|14|df=y}} | life3 = {{Birth date|1906|4|14|df=y}} –<br/>{{Death date and age|1975|3|25|1906|4|14|df=y}}
| reignstart3 = 2 November 1964 (aged 58) | reignstart3 = 2 November 1964 (aged 58)
Line 80: Line 279:
| image3 = Faisal II of Saudi Arabia portrait.jpg | image3 = Faisal II of Saudi Arabia portrait.jpg
| alt3 = Faisal of Saudi Arabia | alt3 = Faisal of Saudi Arabia
| name4 = ''']''' | name4 = ''']'''
| nickname4 = | nickname4 =
| native4 = {{lang|ar|خالد}} | native4 = {{lang|ar|خالد بن عبد العزيز آل سعود}}
| life4 = {{Birth date|1913|2|13|df=y}} –<br/>{{Death date and age|1982|6|13|1913|2|13|df=y}} | life4 = {{Birth date|1913|2|13|df=y}} –<br/>{{Death date and age|1982|6|13|1913|2|13|df=y}}
| reignstart4 = 25 March 1975 (aged 62) | reignstart4 = 25 March 1975 (aged 62)
Line 88: Line 287:
| notes4 = Son of ] and ] | notes4 = Son of ] and ]
| family4 = Saud | family4 = Saud
| image4 = King Khalid bin Abdulaziz.jpg | image4 = Khalid II of Saudi Arabia portrait.jpg
| alt4 = Khalid of Saudi Arabia | alt4 = Khalid of Saudi Arabia
| name5 = ''']''' | name5 = ''']'''
| nickname5 = | nickname5 =
| native5 = {{lang|ar|فهد}} | native5 = {{lang|ar|فهد بن عبد العزيز آل سعود}}
| life5 =16 March 1921 – 1 August 2005 (aged 84) | life5 = 16 March 1920 – 1 August 2005 (aged 85)
| reignstart5 = 13 June 1982 (aged 61) | reignstart5 = 13 June 1982 (aged 62)
| reignend5 = 1 August 2005 (death by natural causes) | reignend5 = 1 August 2005 (death by natural causes)
| notes5 = Son of ] and ] | notes5 = Son of ] and ]
Line 100: Line 299:
| image5 = Fahd of Saudi Arabia Portrait.jpg | image5 = Fahd of Saudi Arabia Portrait.jpg
| alt5 = Fahd of Saudi Arabia | alt5 = Fahd of Saudi Arabia
| name6 = ''']''' | name6 = ''']'''
| nickname6 = | nickname6 =
| native6 = {{lang|ar|عبد الله}} | native6 = {{lang|ar|عبد الله بن عبدالعزيز آل سعود}}
| life6 = {{Birth date|1924|8|1|df=y}} –<br/>{{Death date and age|2015|1|23|1924|8|1|df=y}} | life6 = {{Birth date|1924|8|1|df=y}} –<br/>{{Death date and age|2015|1|23|1924|8|1|df=y}}
| reignstart6 = 1 August 2005 (aged 81) | reignstart6 = 1 August 2005 (aged 81)
Line 110: Line 309:
| image6 = King Abdullah bin Abdul al-Saud January 2007.jpg | image6 = King Abdullah bin Abdul al-Saud January 2007.jpg
| alt6 = Abdullah of Saudi Arabia | alt6 = Abdullah of Saudi Arabia
| name7 = ''']''' | name7 = ''']'''
| nickname7 = | nickname7 =
| native7 = {{lang|ar|سلمان}} | native7 = {{lang|ar|سلمان بن عبد العزیز آل سعود}}
| life7 = {{Birth date and age|1935|12|31|df=y. }} | life7 = {{Birth date and age|1935|12|31|df=y}}
| reignstart7 = 23 January 2015 (aged 79) | reignstart7 = 23 January 2015 (aged 79)
| reignend7 = | reignend7 = Incumbent
| notes7 = Son of ] and ] | notes7 = Son of ] and ]
| family7 = Saud | family7 = Saud
| image7 = Salman of Saudi Arabia - 2020 (49563590728) (cropped).jpg | image7 = Salman of Saudi Arabia - 2020 (49563590728) (cropped).jpg
| alt7 = Salman of Saudi Arabia | alt7 = Salman of Saudi Arabia
<!--| name8 = ''']'''
| nickname8 = MBS
| native8 = {{lang|ar|محمد بن سلمان بن عبدالعزيز آل سعود}}
| life8 = {{birth date and age|1985|8|31| df=y}}
| reignstart8 =
| reignend8 =
| notes8 = Son of King Salman and ]
| family8 = Saud
| image8 = King Salman adulahziz a
| alt8 = Mohammad bin Salman of Saudi Arabia-->
}} }}
<section end=Table /> <section end=Table />


==Genealogy==
===Current heirs-presumptive===
{{House of Saud Tree}}
*]: ], born {{Birth date and age|1985|8|31|df=y}}; son of ] and ].<ref>{{Cite news|date=22 October 2018|title=Who is Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed?|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-40354415|access-date=28 July 2020}}</ref>

==Opposition==
] and can generally mean jail time for the critics. It can also result in death.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/02/saudi-expats-launch-opposition-party-on-anniversary-of-jamal-kashoggis-death|title = Saudi expats launch opposition party on anniversary of Jamal Khashoggi's death|website = ]|date = 2 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2020/country-chapters/saudi-arabia#:~:text=Saudi%20Arabia%20faced%20unprecedented%20international,dissidents%20and%20human%20rights%20activists.|title = Saudi Arabia: Events of 2019|date = 12 December 2019}}</ref>


==Timeline== ==Timeline==
Line 146: Line 332:


DateFormat = yyyy DateFormat = yyyy
Period = from:1930 till:2024 Period = from:1720 till:2023
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:10 start:1930 ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:10 start:1720


Colors = Colors =
id:Lifespan value:red legend: Lifespan id:Imam value:green legend: Imam
id:Crown_Prince value:yellow legend: Prince
id:King value:green legend: King


Legend = columns:4 left:150 top:24 columnwidth:100 Legend = columns:4 left:150 top:24 columnwidth:100
Line 168: Line 352:
barset:PM barset:PM


from: 1932 till: 1953 color:king text:"]" fontsize:10 from: 1720 till: 1725 color:Imam text:"]" fontsize:10
from: 1953 till: 1964 color:king text:"]" fontsize:10 from: 1744 till: 1765 color:Imam text:"]" fontsize:10
from: 1964 till: 1975 color:king text:"]" fontsize:10 from: 1765 till: 1803 color:Imam text:"]" fontsize:10
from: 1975 till: 1982 color:king text:"]" fontsize:10 from: 1803 till: 1814 color:Imam text:"]" fontsize:10
from: 1982 till: 2005 color:king text:"]" fontsize:10 from: 1814 till: 1818 color:Imam text:"]" fontsize:10
from: 2005 till: 2015 color:king text:"]" fontsize:10 from: 1823 till: 1834 color:Imam text:"]" fontsize:10
from: 2015 till: end color:king text:"]" fontsize:10 from: 1834 till: 1834 color:Imam text:"]" fontsize:10
from: 1834 till: 1838 color:Imam text:"]" fontsize:10
from: 1838 till: 1841 color:Imam text:"]" fontsize:10
from: 1841 till: 1843 color:Imam text:"]" fontsize:10
from: 1843 till: 1865 color:Imam text:"]" fontsize:10
from: 1865 till: 1871 color:Imam text:"]" fontsize:10
from: 1871 till: 1871 color:Imam text:"]" fontsize:10
from: 1871 till: 1873 color:Imam text:"]" fontsize:10
from: 1873 till: 1875 color:Imam text:"]" fontsize:10
from: 1875 till: 1876 color:Imam text:"]" fontsize:10
from: 1876 till: 1889 color:Imam text:"]" fontsize:10
from: 1889 till: 1891 color:Imam text:"]|" fontsize:10
from: 1902 till: 1953 color:Imam text:"]" fontsize:10
from: 1953 till: 1964 color:Imam text:"]" fontsize:10
from: 1964 till: 1975 color:Imam text:"]" fontsize:10
from: 1975 till: 1982 color:Imam text:"]" fontsize:10
from: 1982 till: 2005 color:Imam text:"]" fontsize:10
from: 2005 till: 2015 color:Imam text:"]" fontsize:10
from: 2015 till: end color:Imam text:"]" fontsize:10


</timeline> </timeline>


==Standard of the Kingdom==
{{^}}
{{See also|Flag of Saudi Arabia}}
The Royal Standard consists of a green flag, with an ] inscription and a sword featured in white, and with the ] embroidered in gold in the lower right canton of the year 1973.
<gallery class="center">
File:Royal Standard of Saudi Arabia.svg|{{FIAV|sinister}} Royal Flag of the King <br /> (Ratio: 2:3)
File:Royal Standard of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.svg|Royal Standard of the King <br /> (Ratio: 1:1)
</gallery>
The script on the flag is written in the ]. It is the '']'' or Islamic declaration of faith:

: {{lang|ar|لَا إِلٰهَ إِلَّا الله مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ الله}}
: ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāh, muhammadun rasūlu-llāh}}''
:''There is no other god but ], Muhammad is the messenger of God.''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/about/country-information/facts_and_figures/ |title=About Saudi Arabia: Facts and figures |publisher=The Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Washington D.C |accessdate=24 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417231457/http://www.saudiembassy.net/about/country-information/facts_and_figures/ |archivedate=17 April 2012 }}</ref>

<gallery class="center">
File:Royal Flag of Saudi Arabia (1938-1953).svg|{{FIAV|sinister}}Royal Flag of the King (1938-1953)<br /> (Ratio: 2:3)
File:Royal Banner of Saudi Arabia (1938-1953).svg|{{FIAV|sinister}}Royal Banner of the King (1938-1953)<br /> (Ratio: 12:25)
File:Royal Standard of Saudi Arabia (1938-1953).svg|{{FIAV|sinister}}Royal Standard of the King (1938-1953) <br /> (Ratio: 1:1)
File:Royal Flag of Saudi Arabia (1953-1964).svg|{{FIAV|sinister}}Royal Flag of the King (1953-1964) <br /> (Ratio: 2:3)
File:Royal Standard of Saudi Arabia (1953-1964).svg|Royal Standard of the King (1953-1964) <br /> (Ratio: 1:1)
File:Royal Flag of Saudi Arabia (1964-1973).svg|{{FIAV|sinister}}Royal Flag of the King (1964-1973) <br /> (Ratio: 2:3)
File:Royal Standard of Saudi Arabia (1964-1973).svg|Royal Standard of the King (1964-1973) <br /> (Ratio: 1:1)
</gallery>

===Current heir-presumptive===
* ]: ], born {{Birth date and age|1985|8|31|df=y}}; son of ] and ].<ref>{{Cite news|date=22 October 2018|title=Who is Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed?|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-40354415|access-date=28 July 2020}}</ref>

==Royal Standard==
{{See also|Flag of Saudi Arabia}}
* The Royal Flag consists of a green flag, with an ] inscription and a sword featured in white, and with the ] embroidered in gold in the lower right canton.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Royal Standard (Saudi Arabia)|url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/sa_royal.html|access-date=2020-07-28|website=crwflags.com}}</ref>
]
The script on the flag is written in the ]. It is the '']'' or Islamic declaration of faith:
: {{lang|ar|لَا إِلٰهَ إِلَّا الله مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ الله}}
: ''{{transl|ar|DIN|lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāh, muhammadun rasūlu-llāh}}''
: ''There is no god but ]: Muhammad is the Messenger of God."''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/about/country-information/facts_and_figures/ |title=About Saudi Arabia: Facts and figures |publisher=The Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Washington D.C |access-date=24 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417231457/http://www.saudiembassy.net/about/country-information/facts_and_figures/ |archive-date=17 April 2012 }}</ref>

* The Royal Standard consists of a green flag, in the center of the national emblem embroidered with gold.



] in Saudi Arabia under various kings]]
{{clear}}


==See also== ==See also==
*] *]
* ]
* ]
*]


==References== ==References==
{{reflist}} {{reflist}}
{{refbegin}}

{{note|Assassinated|‡}} assassinated.
{{SaudiKings}}
{{refend}}
{{notelist}}
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Kings of Saudi Arabia}}
{{Saudi Arabia topics}}
{{Monarchies}}
{{Saudi Kings}}
{{Saudi Arabia topics}} {{Saudi Arabia topics}}
{{Portal bar|Saudi Arabia|Monarchy}}
{{List of Current Heads of State of G20}} {{List of Current Heads of State of G20}}
{{Portal bar|Saudi Arabia|Monarchy|Politics}} {{Portal bar|Saudi Arabia|Monarchy|Politics}}


] ]
]
]
]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
]

Latest revision as of 07:00, 23 December 2024

Head of state and government of Saudi Arabia

This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
King of Saudi Arabia
ملك المملكة العربية السعودية
Royal Standard of Saudi Arabia
Incumbent
Salman
since 23 January 2015
Details
StyleThe Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
Heir presumptiveMohammad bin Salman Al Saud
First monarchSaud I
Formation1720
ResidenceAl-Yamamah Palace
(Riyadh)
Al-Safa Palace
(Mecca)
Al-Salam Palace
(Jeddah)
Tayibah Palace
(Medina)
Al-Aziziya Palace
(Dammam)
Websitehttps://houseofsaud.com/
Politics of Saudi Arabia

Arab League Member State of the Arab League

Basic Law
Monarchy
Government
Legal system


Recent elections
Administrative divisions
Foreign relations
flag Saudi Arabia portal
Politics of Saudi Arabia

Arab League Member State of the Arab League

Basic Law
Monarchy
Government
Legal system


Recent elections
Administrative divisions
Foreign relations
flag Saudi Arabia portal

The king of Saudi Arabia, officially the King of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Arabic: ملك المملكة العربية السعودية), is the head of state and head of government of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia who holds absolute power. He is the head of the Saudi Arabian royal family, the House of Saud. The king is the commander-in-chief of the Saudi Arabian Armed Forces and the head of the Saudi national honors system. The king is called the "Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques" (خادم الحرمين الشريفين), a title that signifies Saudi Arabia's jurisdiction over the mosques of Masjid al-Haram in Mecca and Al-Masjid an-Nabawi in Medina. The title has been used many times through the history of Islam. The first Saudi king to use the title was Faisal; however, King Khalid did not use the title after him. In 1986, King Fahd replaced "His Majesty" with the title of Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, and it has been since used by both King Abdullah and King Salman. The king has been named the most powerful and influential Muslim and Arab leader in the world according to the Muslim 500.

History

King Abdulaziz Al Saud, known in the West as Ibn Saud, regained his patrimony, which is known as today's Saudi Arabia in 1902. Restoring his family as emirs of Emirate of Riyadh, he then established the Sultanate of Nejd as his headquarters in 1922. Following the establishment of Riyadh as the capital of his state, Ibn Saud then captured Hejaz in 1925.

Ibn Saud proclaimed his dominions as the Sultanate of Nejd in 1921, shortly before completing the unification of the region. He was proclaimed king (malik) of Hejaz in 1926, and raised Nejd to a kingdom as well in 1927. For the next five years, Ibn Saud administered the two parts of his realm, the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd as separate units. On 23 September 1932, he formally united his territories into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Succession

Further information: Succession to the Saudi Arabian throne

The kings since Ibn Saud's death have all been his sons, and all likely immediate successors to the reigning King Salman will be from among his progeny. This makes the Saudi monarchy quite distinct from Western monarchies, which usually feature large, clearly defined royal families and orders of succession, and use the primogeniture system of succession. Muhammad bin Nayef was the first grandson of Ibn Saud to be in the line of succession before being deposed from the position of Crown Prince by a royal decree in 2017.

Other functions

The king of Saudi Arabia is also considered the head of the House of Saud and, until 2021, the prime minister. The crown prince was also the "deputy prime minister" until 2021 and is currently prime minister. The kings after Faisal have named a "second deputy prime minister" as the subsequent heir after the crown prince.

Opposition

Criticism of the King, religious leaders, or government is not allowed and can generally mean jail time for the critics. It can also result in death.

Kings of Saudi Arabia (present)

Flag of the Al Saud dynasty

This is a list of rulers of Saudi Arabia, a kingdom on the Arabian Peninsula.

Sheikhdom of Diriyah

Main article: Sheikhdom of Diriyah
  • 1446–1727 Sheikhdom of Diriyah
NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImage
Saud I
  • سعود الأول
1640
–
1725		17201725
(death by natural causes)		Was the eponymous ancestor of the House of Saud
Son of Emir Muhammad bin Muqrin		Muqrin


First Saudi State

Main article: Emirate of Diriyah
  • 1727-1818 Emirate of Diriyah
NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImage
Muhammad bin Saud
  • Muhammad I of Saudi Arabia.jpg
  • محمد بن سعود آل مقرن
1687–176517271765Founder of the Saudi State and Son of Saud ISaudMuhammad bin Saud
Abd al-Aziz bin Muhammad
  • عبد العزيز بن محمد آل سعود
1721–180317651803Son of Imam Muhammad ISaud
Saud bin Abd al-Aziz bin Muhammad
  • سعود
1748–181418031814Son of Imam Abdulaziz I.Saud
Abdullah bin Saud
  • عبد الله بن سعود آل سعود
1785–181818141818He was the last ruler of the First Saudi State and was executed by the Ottomans. Son of Imam Saud II.SaudAbdullah bin Saud

Second Saudi State

Main article: Emirate of Nejd
  • 1823-1891 Emirate of Nejd
NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImage
Turki bin Abdullah
  • ترکي بن عبدالله بن محمد
1755 – 183418231834^‡Founder of the Second Saudi State and grandson of Muhammad ISaud
Mishari
  • مشاري الأول
1786 – 183418341834^‡Son of Imam Turki ISaud
Faisal bin Turki
  • فيصل بن تركي بن عبد الله آل سعود
1785 – 186518341838
(First term.)		Son of Imam TurkiSaud
Khalid I
  • خالد الأول
؟ - 186118381841Son of Imam Abdulaziz ISaud
Abdullah II
  • عبد الله الثاني
؟ – 184318411843Son of Imam Saud IISaud
Faisal bin Turki
  • فيصل بن تركي بن عبد الله آل سعود
1785 – 186518431865
(Second term.)		son of Imam TurkiSaud
Abdullah III
  • عبد الله الثالث
1831 – 188918651871
(First term.)		son of Imam FaisalSaud
Saud III
  • سعود الثالث
؟ – 187418711871
(First term.)		Son of Imam Abdullah ISaud
Abdullah III
  • عبد الله الثالث
1831 – 188918711873
(Second term.)		son of Imam FaisalSaud
Saud III
  • سعود الثالث
؟ – 187418731875
(Second term.)		Son of Imam Abdullah ISaud
Abdul Rahman bin Faisal
  • عبد الرحمن بن فيصل آل سعود
1850–192818751876
(First term.)		Son of Imam Faisal ISaudAbdul Rahman bin Faisal
Abdullah III
  • عبد الله الثالث
1831 – 188918761889
(Third term.)		son of Imam FaisalSaud
Abdul Rahman bin Faisal
  • عبد الرحمن بن فيصل آل سعود
1850–192818891891
(Second term.)		Son of Imam Faisal ISaudAbdul Rahman bin Faisal

Third Saudi State (1902–present)

Main article: Third Saudi State This section is transcluded from King of Saudi Arabia. (edit | history)
NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImage
Abdulaziz of Saudi Arabia
  • Ibn Saud
  • عبد العزيز بن عبد الرحمن آل سعود
(1875-01-15)15 January 1875 –
9 November 1953(1953-11-09) (aged 78)		13 January 19029 November 1953
(death by natural causes)		Reign established by conquest
Son of Abdul Rahman bin Faisal and Sara bint Ahmed Al Sudairi		SaudIbn Saud of Saudi Arabia
Saud of Saudi Arabia
  • سعود بن عبد العزيز آل سعود
(1902-01-15)15 January 1902 –
23 February 1969(1969-02-23) (aged 67)		9 November 1953 (aged 51)2 November 1964
(abdicated)		Son of King Abdulaziz and Wadha bint Muhammad Al OrairSaudSaud of Saudi Arabia
Faisal of Saudi Arabia
  • فيصل بن عبدالعزيز آل سعود
(1906-04-14)14 April 1906 –
25 March 1975(1975-03-25) (aged 68)		2 November 1964 (aged 58)25 March 1975
(assassinated)		Son of King Abdulaziz and Tarfa bint Abdullah Al SheikhSaudFaisal of Saudi Arabia
Khalid of Saudi Arabia
  • خالد بن عبد العزيز آل سعود
(1913-02-13)13 February 1913 –
13 June 1982(1982-06-13) (aged 69)		25 March 1975 (aged 62)13 June 1982 (death by natural causes)Son of King Abdulaziz and Al Jawhara bint Musaed bin Jiluwi Al SaudSaudKhalid of Saudi Arabia
Fahd of Saudi Arabia
  • فهد بن عبد العزيز آل سعود
16 March 1920 – 1 August 2005 (aged 85)13 June 1982 (aged 62)1 August 2005 (death by natural causes)Son of King Abdulaziz and Hussa bint Ahmed Al SudairiSaudFahd of Saudi Arabia
Abdullah of Saudi Arabia
  • عبد الله بن عبدالعزيز آل سعود
(1924-08-01)1 August 1924 –
23 January 2015(2015-01-23) (aged 90)		1 August 2005 (aged 81)23 January 2015 (death by natural causes)Son of King Abdulaziz and Fahda bint Asi Al ShuraimSaudAbdullah of Saudi Arabia
Salman of Saudi Arabia
  • سلمان بن عبد العزیز آل سعود
 (1935-12-31) 31 December 1935 (age 88)23 January 2015 (aged 79)IncumbentSon of King Abdulaziz and Hussa bint Ahmed Al SudairiSaudSalman of Saudi Arabia


Genealogy

Family tree of Saudi monarchs
Saud bin Muhammad Al Muqrin
1640–1726
ThunayyanMuhammad
1687–1765
Emir of Diriyah
r. 1744–1765		FarhanMishari
IbrahimAbdulaziz
1720–1803
Emir of Diriyah
r. 1765–1803		Abdullah
1725–1812
ThunayyanSaud
1748–1814
Emir of Diriyah
r. 1803–1814		Turki
1755–1834
Emir of Nejd
r. 1819–1820, r. 1823–1834
Abdullah
d. 1843
Emir of Nejd
r. 1841–1843		Abdullah
d. 1819
Emir of Diriyah
r. 1814–1818		Mishari
1786–1834
Emir of Nejd
r. 1834		Khalid
1811–1865
Emir of Nejd
r. 1838–1841		Faisal
1785–1865
Emir of Nejd
r. 1834–1838, r. 1843–1865		Juluwi
Abdullah
1831–1889
Emir of Nejd
r. 1865–1871, r. 1871–1873, r. 1876–1889		Saud
1833–1875
Emir of Nejd
r. 1871, r. 1873–1875		Abdul Rahman
1850–1928
Emir of Nejd
r. 1875–1876, r. 1889–1891
Abdulaziz (Ibn Saud)
1875–1953
Emir of Nejd
r. 1902–1932
King of Saudi Arabia
r. 1932–1953
Saud
1902–1969
King of Saudi Arabia
r. 1953–1964		Faisal
1906–1975
King of Saudi Arabia
r. 1964–1975		Khalid
1913–1982
King of Saudi Arabia
r. 1975–1982		Fahd
1920, 1921, or 1923–2005
King of Saudi Arabia
r. 1982–2005		Abdullah
1924–2015
King of Saudi Arabia
r. 2005–2015		Salman
b. 1935
King of Saudi Arabia
r. 2015–present
Mohammed bin Salman
b. 1985
Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia

Timeline

Salman of Saudi ArabiaAbdullah of Saudi ArabiaFahd of Saudi ArabiaKhalid of Saudi ArabiaFaisal of Saudi ArabiaSaud of Saudi ArabiaIbn SaudAbdul Rahman bin FaisalAbdullah bin Faisal bin Turki Al SaudAbdul Rahman bin FaisalSaud bin Faisal bin Turki Al SaudAbdullah bin Faisal bin Turki Al SaudSaud bin Faisal bin Turki Al SaudAbdullah bin Faisal bin Turki Al SaudFaisal bin Turki bin Abdullah Al SaudAbdullah bin Thunayan Al SaudKhalid bin Saud Al Saud (died 1865)Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah Al SaudMishariTurki bin Abdullah bin MuhammadAbdullah bin SaudSaud bin Abdul-Aziz bin Muhammad bin SaudAbdul-Aziz bin MuhammadMuhammad bin SaudSaud ibn Muhammad ibn Muqrin

Standard of the Kingdom

See also: Flag of Saudi Arabia

The Royal Standard consists of a green flag, with an Arabic inscription and a sword featured in white, and with the national emblem embroidered in gold in the lower right canton of the year 1973.

  • Royal Flag of the King (Ratio: 2:3) Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag Royal Flag of the King
    (Ratio: 2:3)
  • Royal Standard of the King (Ratio: 1:1) Royal Standard of the King
    (Ratio: 1:1)

The script on the flag is written in the Thuluth script. It is the shahada or Islamic declaration of faith:

لَا إِلٰهَ إِلَّا الله مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ الله
lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāh, muhammadun rasūlu-llāh
There is no other god but God, Muhammad is the messenger of God.
  • Royal Flag of the King (1938-1953) (Ratio: 2:3) Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flagRoyal Flag of the King (1938-1953)
    (Ratio: 2:3)
  • Royal Banner of the King (1938-1953) (Ratio: 12:25) Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flagRoyal Banner of the King (1938-1953)
    (Ratio: 12:25)
  • Royal Standard of the King (1938-1953) (Ratio: 1:1) Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flagRoyal Standard of the King (1938-1953)
    (Ratio: 1:1)
  • Royal Flag of the King (1953-1964) (Ratio: 2:3) Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flagRoyal Flag of the King (1953-1964)
    (Ratio: 2:3)
  • Royal Standard of the King (1953-1964) (Ratio: 1:1) Royal Standard of the King (1953-1964)
    (Ratio: 1:1)
  • Royal Flag of the King (1964-1973) (Ratio: 2:3) Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flagRoyal Flag of the King (1964-1973)
    (Ratio: 2:3)
  • Royal Standard of the King (1964-1973) (Ratio: 1:1) Royal Standard of the King (1964-1973)
    (Ratio: 1:1)

Current heir-presumptive

Royal Standard

See also: Flag of Saudi Arabia
  • The Royal Flag consists of a green flag, with an Arabic inscription and a sword featured in white, and with the national emblem embroidered in gold in the lower right canton.
Royal Flag of the King Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag

The script on the flag is written in the Thuluth script. It is the shahada or Islamic declaration of faith:

لَا إِلٰهَ إِلَّا الله مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ الله
lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāh, muhammadun rasūlu-llāh
There is no god but God: Muhammad is the Messenger of God."
  • The Royal Standard consists of a green flag, in the center of the national emblem embroidered with gold.


See also

References

  1. "Saudi Arabia - Government and society". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
  2. "Story behind the king's title". Arab News. 27 January 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
  3. "King Salman of Saudi Arabia Ranked as the Most Influential Muslim in 2023". 31 October 2022.
  4. "History | The Embassy of The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia". saudiembassy.net. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
  5. "About Saudi Arabia". UNDP in Saudi Arabia. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
  6. "History of Saudi Arabia. ( The Saudi National Day 23, Sep )". pmu.edu.sa. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
  7. "Governance and Politics of Saudi Arabia". Fanack.com. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
  8. "Mohammed bin Salman becomes Saudi Crown Prince with 31 out of 34 votes". Al Arabiya English. 21 June 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
  9. "Saudi expats launch opposition party on anniversary of Jamal Khashoggi's death". TheGuardian.com. 2 October 2020.
  10. Saudi Arabia: Events of 2019. 12 December 2019.
  11. James Wynbrandt (2010). A Brief History of Saudi Arabia (berilustrasi ed.). Infobase Publishing. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-8160-7876-9. 9780816078769.
  12. "About Saudi Arabia: Facts and figures". The Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Washington D.C. Archived from the original on 17 April 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
  13. "Who is Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed?". BBC News. 22 October 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
  14. "Royal Standard (Saudi Arabia)". crwflags.com. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
  15. "About Saudi Arabia: Facts and figures". The Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Washington D.C. Archived from the original on 17 April 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2012.

^‡ assassinated.

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