Misplaced Pages

Latest revision as of 02:43, 24 December 2024

Benelux Union Benelux Unie (Dutch) Union Benelux (French)
Logo of the Benelux
Member states of the Benelux Union Luxembourg Netherlands Belgium
Administrative centre and largest agglomeration	Brussels 50°51′N 4°21′E / 50.850°N 4.350°E / 50.850; 4.350
Official languages	French Dutch
Type	Politico-economic union
Member states	Belgium Netherlands Luxembourg
Legislature	Parliament
Establishment
• Customs union treaty signed	5 September 1944
• Customs union in effect	1 January 1948
• Renewal signed	17 June 2008
• Renewal in effect	1 January 2010
Area
• Total	75,140 km (29,010 sq mi)
Population
• 2024 estimate	30,451,700
• Density	405/km (1,048.9/sq mi)
GDP (nominal)	2021 estimate
• Total	€1.431 trillion
• Per capita	€47,700
Currency	Euro (EUR)
Time zone	UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2 (CEST)
Drives on	Right
Website benelux.int

The Benelux Union (Dutch: Benelux Unie; French: Union Benelux; Luxembourgish: Benelux-Unioun) or Benelux is a politico-economic union and formal international intergovernmental cooperation of three neighbouring states in Western Europe: Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. The name is a portmanteau formed from joining the first few letters of each country's name and was first used to name the customs agreement that initiated the union (signed in 1944). It is now used more generally to refer to the geographic, economic, and cultural grouping of the three countries.

The Benelux is an economically dynamic and densely populated region, with 5.6% of the European population (29.55 million residents) and 7.9% of the joint EU GDP (€36,000/resident) on 1.7% of the whole surface of the EU. In 2015, 37% of the total number of EU cross-border workers worked in the Benelux; 35,000 Belgian citizens work in Luxembourg, while 37,000 Belgian citizens cross the border to work in the Netherlands each day. In addition, 12,000 Dutch and close to a thousand Luxembourg residents work in Belgium.

The main institutions of the Union are the Committee of Ministers, the Council of the Union, the General Secretariat, the Interparliamentary Consultative Council and the Benelux Court of Justice while the Benelux Office for Intellectual Property covers the same land but is not part of the Benelux Union.

The Benelux General Secretariat is located in Brussels. It is the central platform of the Benelux Union cooperation. It handles the secretariat of the Committee of Ministers, the Council of Benelux Union and the sundry committees and working parties. The General Secretariat provides day-to-day support for the Benelux cooperation on the substantive, procedural, diplomatic and logistical levels. The Secretary-General is Frans Weekers from the Netherlands and there are two deputies: Deputy Secretary-General Michel-Etienne Tilemans from Belgium and Deputy Secretary-General Jean-Claude Meyer from Luxembourg.

The presidency of the Benelux is held in turn by the three countries for a period of one year. Belgium holds the presidency for 2024.

About 80 percent of the Benelux population speaks Dutch, about 20 percent speaks French and one percent Luxembourgish as their native language. A small minority under one percent are native German speakers.

History

In 1944, exiled representatives of the three countries signed the London Customs Convention, the treaty that established the Benelux Customs Union. Ratified in 1947, the treaty was in force from 1948 until it was superseded by the Benelux Economic Union. The initial form of economic cooperation expanded steadily over time, leading to the signing of the treaty establishing the Benelux Economic Union (Benelux Economische Unie, Union Économique Benelux) on 3 February 1958 in The Hague, which came into force on 1 November 1960. Initially, the purpose of cooperation among the three partners was to put an end to customs barriers at their borders and ensure free movement of persons, capital, services, and goods between the three countries. This treaty was the first example of international economic integration in Europe since the Second World War.

The three countries therefore foreshadowed and provided the model for future European integration, such as the European Coal and Steel Community, the European Economic Community (EEC), and the European Community–European Union (EC–EU). The three partners also launched the Schengen process, which came into operation in 1985. Benelux cooperation has been constantly adapted and now goes much further than mere economic cooperation, extending to new and topical policy areas connected with security, sustainable development, and the economy.

In 1965, the treaty establishing a Benelux Court of Justice was signed. It entered into force in 1974. The court, composed of judges from the highest courts of the three states, has to guarantee the uniform interpretation of common legal rules. This international judicial institution is located in Luxembourg.

Renewal of the agreement

The 1958 Treaty between the Benelux countries establishing the Benelux Economic Union was limited to a period of 50 years. During the following years, and even more so after the creation of the European Union, the Benelux cooperation focused on developing other fields of activity within a constantly changing international context.

At the end of the 50 years, the governments of the three Benelux countries decided to renew the agreement, taking into account the new aspects of the Benelux-cooperation – such as security – and the new federal government structure of Belgium. The original establishing treaty, set to expire in 2010, was replaced by a new legal framework (called the Treaty revising the Treaty establishing the Benelux Economic Union), which was signed on 17 June 2008.

The new treaty has no set time limit and the name of the Benelux Economic Union changed to Benelux Union to reflect the broad scope on the union. The main objectives of the treaty are the continuation and enlargement of the cooperation between the three member states within a larger European context. The renewed treaty explicitly foresees the possibility that the Benelux countries will cooperate with other European member states or with regional cooperation structures. The new Benelux cooperation focuses on three main topics: internal market and economic union, sustainability, justice and internal affairs. The number of structures in the renewed Treaty has been reduced and thus simplified.

Activities since 2008

Benelux seeks region-to-region cooperation, be it with France and Germany (North Rhine-Westphalia) or beyond with the Baltic States, the Nordic Council, the Visegrad countries, or even further. In 2018, a renewed political declaration was adopted between Benelux and North Rhine-Westphalia to give cooperation a further impetus.

The Benelux is particularly active in the field of intellectual property. The three countries established a Benelux Trademarks Office and a Benelux Designs Office, both situated in The Hague. In 2005, they concluded a treaty establishing the Benelux Office for Intellectual Property, which replaced both offices upon its entry into force on 1 September 2006. This organisation is the official body for the registration of trademarks and designs in the Benelux. In addition, it offers the possibility to formally record the existence of ideas, concepts, designs, prototypes and the like.

Some examples of recent Benelux initiatives include: automatic level recognition of diplomas and degrees within the Benelux for bachelor's and master's programs in 2015, and for all other degrees in 2018; common road inspections in 2014; and a Benelux pilot with digital consignment notes (e-CMR) in 2017; a new Benelux Treaty on Police Cooperation in 2018, providing for direct access to each other's police databases and population registers within the limits of national legislation, and allowing some police forces to cross borders in some situations. The Benelux is also committed to working together on adaptation to climate change. A joint political declaration in July 2020 called on the European Commission to prioritise cycling in European climate policy and Sustainable Transport strategies, to co-finance the construction of cycling infrastructure, and to provide funds to stimulate cycling policy.

On 5 June 2018, the Benelux Treaty celebrated its 60 years of existence. In 2018, a Benelux Youth Parliament was created.

In addition to cooperation based on a Treaty, there is also political cooperation in the Benelux context, including summits of the Benelux government leaders. In 2019 a Benelux summit was held in Luxembourg. In 2020, a Benelux summit was held – online, due to the COVID-19 pandemic – under Dutch Presidency on 7 October between the prime ministers.

As of 1 January 2017, a new arrangement for NATO Air Policing started for the airspace of Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxemburg (Benelux). The Belgian Air Component and the Royal Netherlands Air Force will take four-month turns to ensure that Quick Reaction Alert (QRA) fighter jets are available at all times to be launched under NATO control.

Cooperation with other geopolitical regions

The Benelux countries also work together in the so-called Pentalateral Energy Forum, a regional cooperation group formed of five members—the Benelux states, France, Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Formed on 6 June 2007, the ministers for energy from the various countries represent a total of 200 million residents and 40% of the European electricity network.

In 2017 the members of the Benelux, the Baltic Assembly, three members of the Nordic Council (Sweden, Denmark and Finland), and all the other countries EU member states, sought to increase cooperation in the Digital Single Market, as well as discussing social matters, the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union, immigration and defence cooperation. Foreign relations in the wake of Russia's annexation of Crimea and the 2017 Turkish constitutional referendum were also on the agenda.

Since 2008 the Benelux Union works together with the German Land (state) North Rhine-Westphalia.

In 2018 Benelux Union signed a declaration with France to strengthen cross-border cooperation.

Politics

Benelux institutions

Under the 2008 treaty there are five Benelux institutions: the Benelux Committee of Ministers, the Benelux Council, the Benelux Parliament, the Benelux Court of Justice, the Benelux Secretariat General. Beside these five institutions, the Benelux Organisation for Intellectual Property is also an independent organisation.

Benelux Committee of Ministers: The Committee of Ministers is the supreme decision-making body of the Benelux. It includes at least one representative at ministerial level from the three countries. Its composition varies according to its agenda. The ministers determine the orientations and priorities of Benelux cooperation. The presidency of the Committee rotates between the three countries on an annual basis.

Benelux Council: The council is composed of senior officials from the relevant ministries. Its composition varies according to its agenda. The council's main task is to prepare the dossiers for the ministers.

Benelux InterParliamentary Consultative Council: The Benelux Parliament (officially referred to as an "Interparliamentary Consultative Council") was created in 1955. This parliamentary assembly is composed of 49 members from the respective national parliaments (21 members of the Dutch parliament, 21 members of the Belgian national and regional parliaments, and 7 members of the Luxembourg parliament). Its members inform and advise their respective governments on all Benelux matters. On 20 January 2015, the governments of the three countries, including, as far as Belgium is concerned, the community and regional governments, signed in Brussels the Treaty of the Benelux Interparliamentary Assembly. This treaty entered into force on 1 August 2019. This superseded the 1955 Convention on the Consultative Interparliamentary Council for the Benelux. The official name has been largely obsolete in daily practice for a number of years: both internally in the Benelux and in external references, the name Benelux Parliament has been used de facto for a number of years now.

Benelux Court of Justice: The Benelux Court of Justice is an international court. Its mission is to promote uniformity in the application of Benelux legislation. When faced with difficulty interpreting a common Benelux legal rule, national courts must seek an interpretive ruling from the Benelux Court, which subsequently renders a binding decision. The members of the Court are appointed from among the judges of the 'Cour de cassation' of Belgium, the 'Hoge Raad of the Netherlands' and the 'Cour de cassation' of Luxembourg.

Benelux General Secretariat: The General Secretariat, which is based in Brussels, forms the cooperation platform of the Benelux Union. It acts as the secretariat of the Committee of Ministers, the council and various commissions and working groups. The General Secretariat has years of expertise in the area of Benelux cooperation and is familiar with the policy agreements and differences between the three countries. Building on what already been achieved, the General Secretariat puts its knowledge, network and experience at the service of partners and stakeholders who endorse its mission. It initiates, supports and monitors cooperation results in the areas of economy, sustainability and security.

Benelux works together on the basis of an annual plan embedded in a four-year joint work programme.

Benelux legal instruments

The Benelux Union involves intergovernmental cooperation.

The Treaty establishing the Benelux Union explicitly provides that the Benelux Committee of Ministers can resort to four legal instruments (art. 6, paragraph 2, under a), f), g) and h)):

1. Decisions

Decisions are legally binding regulations for implementing the Treaty establishing the Benelux Union or other Benelux treaties.

Their legally binding force concerns the Benelux states (and their sub-state entities), which have to implement them. However, they have no direct effect towards individual citizens or companies (notwithstanding any indirect protection of their rights based on such decisions as a source of international law). Only national provisions implementing a decision can directly create rights and obligations for citizens or companies.

2. Agreements

The Committee of Ministers can draw up agreements, which are then submitted to the Benelux states (and/or their sub-state entities) for signature and subsequent parliamentary ratification. These agreements can deal with any subject matter, also in policy areas that are not yet covered by cooperation in the framework of the Benelux Union.

These are in fact traditional treaties, with the same direct legally binding force towards both authorities and citizens or companies. The negotiations do however take place in the established context of the Benelux working groups and institutions, rather than on an ad hoc basis.

3. Recommendations

Recommendations are non-binding orientations, adopted at ministerial level, which underpin the functioning of the Benelux Union. These (policy) orientations may not be legally binding, but given their adoption at the highest political level and their legal basis vested directly in the Treaty, they do entail a strong moral obligation for any authority concerned in the Benelux countries.

4. Directives

Directives of the Committee of Ministers are mere inter-institutional instructions towards the Benelux Council and/or the Secretariat-General, for which they are binding. This instrument has so far only been used occasionally, basically in order to organize certain activities within a Benelux working group or to give them impetus.

All four instruments require the unanimous approval of the members of the Committee of Ministers (and, in the case of agreements, subsequent signature and ratification at national level).

Characteristics

Countries

Associated territories

See also

• Admiral Benelux
• EU Med Group
• Baltic Assembly
• Inner Six
• Low Countries
• Nordic Council
• United Kingdom of the Netherlands
• Visegrád Group
• Polish–Czechoslovak confederation
• Proposed United Kingdom Confederation

Notes

1. In the Caribbean parts of the Netherlands, namely Bonaire, Saba and Sint Eustatius.

References

1. "Révision portant sur le traité de 1958" (PDF) (in French). 2008. Article 38 : le français et le néerlandais sont les langues officielles des institutions de l'Union Benelux
2. ^ Peaslee, Amos Jenkins; Xydis, Dorothy Peaslee (1974). International governmental organizations. BRILL. p. 165. ISBN 978-90-247-1601-2. Retrieved 4 September 2011.
3. ^ "Bevolkingsteller". Statistics Netherlands (in Dutch). Retrieved 9 June 2021.
4. ^ "Structure of the Population". Statbel. Retrieved 10 September 2024.
5. "Statistiques // Luxembourg". statistiques.public.lu. 10 September 2024. Retrieved 10 September 2024.
6. "Statistiques // Luxembourg". statistiques.public.lu. 10 September 2024. Retrieved 10 September 2024.
7. "Gross domestic product at market prices (Current prices and per capita)". Eurostat.
8. "Over de Benelux" (in Dutch). Benelux. Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2015. Dit alles onder een nieuwe naam: de Benelux Unie.
9. "A propos du Benelux" (in French). Benelux. Retrieved 9 February 2015. Le 17 juin 2008, un nouveau Traité Benelux était signé. Désormais, la coopération va se concentrer sur trois thèmes-clés: le marché intérieur & l'union économique, le développement durable et la justice & les affaires intérieures et tout ceci sous un nouveau nom: l'Union Benelux.
10. "De Benelux" (in Luxembourgish). Government of Luxembourg. 4 January 2018. Retrieved 21 October 2018. D'Benelux-Unioun besteet aus dem Kinnekräich Belsch, dem hollännesche Kinnekräich an dem Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg.
11. "Benelux Treaty of Economic Union - Belgium-Luxembourg-Netherlands [1958]".
12. Revue de l'Institut International de Statistique (1947) Vol. 15, No. 1/4, page 43. However, according to The Economist, it was coined in August 1946 by that newspaper's correspondent in Belgium ("Going Dutch". The Economist. 3 May 2008. Retrieved 6 September 2012.).
13. "Facts and figures, EU demographics | European Union". european-union.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
14. "Benelux Summit Jount Declaration 2015 - A Benelux Action Plan for jobs and growth" (PDF). Brussels. 29 April 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 April 2024.
15. "Benelux | Definition, Countries, History, & Facts". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
16. "Algemene voorstelling van het Benelux-Gerechtshof". Benelux-Gerechtshof. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
17. "Benelux union". Archived from the original on 1 October 2009.
18. "Entrepreneurs | Benelux Office for Intellectual Property". www.boip.int. Archived from the original on 4 June 2015.
19. "oÉcrsroru du Comité de Ministres Benelux" (PDF). benelux.int (in French). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 September 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
20. "Trait_Benelux_inspection_du_transport_routier" (PDF). benelux.int (in French). Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 April 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
21. "Traité entre le Royaume de Belgiqu€, le Grand-Duché de Luxembourg et le Royaume des Pays-Bas en matière de coopération policière" (PDF). benelux.int (in French). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 August 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
22. "Benelux :: Benelux countries take the lead in stimulating European cycling policy". www.benelux.int. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
23. "Benelux Countries Take the Lead in Stimulating European Cycling Policy". Dutch Cycling Embassy. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
24. Morgan, Sam (16 July 2020). "View from Brussels: Bicycles and the post-virus silver bullet". eandt.theiet.org. E&T. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
25. de Muyser, Alain (3 June 2018). "A 60th anniversary for the Benelux Union". Diplomat Magazine. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
26. "Benelux Prime Ministers' Summit" (PDF) (Press release). Luxembourg. 2 April 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
27. "Joint Declaration Benelux Summit" (Press release). Ministry of General Affairs (Netherlands). 7 October 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
28. ERR (22 June 2017). "Ratas meets with Benelux, Nordic, Baltic leaders in the Hague".
29. "Benelux +". Benelux. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
30. "History of the Benelux". Benelux. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
31. "The Benelux". gouvernement.lu. 4 January 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
32. Vermeulen, Gert; Bondt, Wendy De (28 January 2015). Justice, Home Affairs and Security. European and international institutional and policy development. Maklu. p. 25. ISBN 978-90-466-0747-3.
33. Puig, Lluís Maria de (1 January 2008). International Parliaments. Council of Europe. p. 70. ISBN 978-92-871-6450-6.
34. "PDF" (PDF).
35. Belkahla, Mehdi. "Benelux Court of Justice" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 February 2020.
36. "Benelux".
37. "Économie". le Secrétariat général de l’Union Benelux.
38. "Common Work Programme" (PDF). Benelux Union. January 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
39. "Intergovernmental cooperation of the Baltic and the Benelux countries | Regional cooperation | Lithuania in the Region and the World | Foreign Policy | Ministry of Foreign Affairs". Archived from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
40. "trait_Benelux_17.06.2008Ondertekend" (PDF). benelux.int. 3 February 1958. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
41. ^ "Belgium". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. 26 May 2022. (Archived 2022 edition.)
42. ^ "Netherlands". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. 26 May 2022. (Archived 2022 edition.)
43. ^ "Luxembourg". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. 26 May 2022. (Archived 2022 edition.)
44. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
45. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
46. "Language selection - Statbel" (PDF). www.statbel.fgov.be. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 October 2008.
47. "Urbanaudit.org". Archived from the original on 9 January 2006.
48. "Urbanaudit.org". Archived from the original on 9 January 2006.
49. "Urbanaudit.org". Archived from the original on 9 January 2006.
50. "Urbanaudit.org". Archived from the original on 9 January 2006.
51. "Urbanaudit.org". Archived from the original on 9 January 2006.
52. Statistics Netherlands.
53. Koninkrijksrelaties, Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en. "Wet gebruik Friese taal". wetten.overheid.nl.
54. Koninkrijksrelaties, Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en. "Invoeringswet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba". wetten.overheid.nl.
55. Eurobarometer 393: Discrimination in the EU in 2012 (PDF). European Commission. pp. 233–234. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
56. Schmeets, Hans; Mensvoort, Carly van (2015). Religieuze betrokkenheid van bevolkingsgroepen, 2010–2014 Archived 15 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek
57. "Discrimination in the EU in 2012 – Special Eurobarometer 393 (The question asked was "Do you consider yourself to be...?")" (PDF). European Commission. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
58. ^ "World Economic Outlook Database". International Monetary Fund. April 2016.
59. ^ "GDP (current US$)" (PDF). World Development Indicators. World Bank. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 June 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
60. ^ "GDP and its breakdown at current prices in US Dollars". United Nations Statistics Division. December 2015.
61. ^ "GDP (Official Exchange Rate)". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
62. ^ Some data refers to IMF staff estimates but some are actual figures for the year 2015, made in April 2016. World Economic Outlook Database-April 2016, International Monetary Fund. Accessed on 12 April 2016.
63. ^ Data refer mostly to the year 2014. selecting all countries, GDP per capita (current US$), World Bank. Accessed on 9 July 2015.
64. ^ National Accounts Main Aggregates Database, December 2014, (Select all countries, "GDP, Per Capita GDP - US Dollars", and 2014 to generate table), United Nations Statistics Division. Accessed on 4 January 2016.
65. ^ "Report for Selected Country Groups and Subjects (PPP valuation of country GDP)". IMF. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
66. ^ Data (2 July 2015). ""Gross domestic product 2014, PPP", World Bank, accessed on 2 July 2015" (PDF). Data.worldbank.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 2 July 2015.; European Union calculated by sum of individual countries.
67. ^ "The World Factbook—Central Intelligence Agency". Archived from the original on 13 June 2007.
68. ^ World Economic Outlook Database, April 2016, International Monetary Fund. Database updated on 12 April 2016. Accessed on 14 April 2016.
69. ^ "GDP per capita, PPP (current international $)", World Development Indicators database, World Bank. Database updated on 11 April 2016. Accessed on 14 April 2016.
70. ^ GDP - per capita (PPP), The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency. Accessed on 7 March 2014.
71. ^ "The World Factbook—Central Intelligence Agency". Archived from the original on 17 May 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
72. ^ "World Economic and Financial Surveys" (PDF). imf.org. 1 April 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
73. IISS 2014, pp. 77–79
74. IISS 2014, pp. 121–123
75. IISS 2014, p. 117
76. ^ "COUNTRY COMPARISON :: LABOR FORCE". cia.gov. Archived from the original on 30 May 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
77. "Beschikking van het Comité van Ministers van de Benelux Economische Unie tot opstelling van een Protocol tot wijziging van het Verdrag van 31 maart 1665 betreffende de instelling en het statuut van een Benelux-Gerechtshof" (PDF). Benelux.int (in Dutch). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 September 2021.
78. ^ "Aruba". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. 19 May 2022. (Archived 2022 edition.)
79. ^ "Curacao". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. 19 May 2022. (Archived 2022 edition.)
80. ^ "Saint Martin". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. 30 May 2022. (Archived 2022 edition.)

Further reading

• Kersten, A.E. (1982). Maken drie kleinen een grote? De politieke invloed van de Benelux, 1945-1955. Bussum: Van Holkema & Warendorf. OCLC 63269615.
• Willy van Ryckeghem : Benelux in: The European Economy - Growth and Crisis, Andrea Boltho, Editor, Oxford University Press, 1982, ISBN 0-19-877118-5.

External links

Official sites

• Official website (in Dutch and French)
• Benelux Court of Justice Archived 25 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
• Benelux Office for Intellectual Property Archived 2 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine

v t e Benelux
Belgium Netherlands Luxembourg
Benelux Parliament · Flag of Benelux

• Benelux
• Regions of Europe
• History of the Low Countries
• Economic history of Belgium
• Economic history of Luxembourg
• Economic history of the Netherlands
• 1944 establishments in the Netherlands
• 1944 establishments in Belgium
• 1944 establishments in Luxembourg
• International economic organizations
• International organizations based in Europe
• International relations
• Supranational unions
• Organizations established in 1944
• Northwestern Europe
• Bottom-up regional groups within the European Union